ndi Daniel Hale, Umboni Wazithunzi, July 26, 2021
Pomwe a Purezidenti a Joe Biden atenga nawo mbali asitikali ankhondo aku US ku Afghanistan, mkangano womwe udatenga pafupifupi zaka 20, Purezidenti Joe Biden atagonjetsa asitikali ankhondo aku United States ku Afghanistan, mkangano womwe udatenga zaka pafupifupi 20, Unduna wa Zachilungamo ku US ukufuna chigamulo chankhanza kwambiri chifukwa choulula chidziwitso kosaloledwa pamlandu wotsutsana ndi wankhondo wakale waku Afghanistan.
A Daniel Hale, omwe "adalandira mlandu" chifukwa chophwanya lamulo la Espionage Act, adayankha zoyipa zomwe apolisiwo adalemba polemba kalata kwa Woweruza Liam O'Grady, woweruza ku khothi lachigawo ku Eastern District ya Virginia. Titha kuwona kuti khotilo lisanapereke chigamulo, koma koposa zonse, limafotokoza zodzitchinjiriza zake zomwe boma la US komanso khothi la US sakanamulola kuti akaonekere pamaso pa oweruza.
M'kalata yomwe adasumira kukhothi pa Julayi 22, Hale amalankhula za kulimbana kwake ndi kukhumudwa komanso kupsinjika kwamphamvu pambuyo pake (PTSD). Amakumbukira ziwonetsero zankhondo zaku US kuchokera pomwe adatumizidwa kupita ku Afghanistan. Amalimbana ndikubwerera kwawo kuchokera kunkhondo ku Afghanistan komanso zisankho zomwe amayenera kuchita kuti apitilize ndi moyo wake. Ankafuna ndalama ku koleji, ndipo pomalizira pake adagwira ntchito ndi womanga chitetezo, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti agwire ntchito ku National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).
"Ndikasiya kusankha zochita," akukumbukira Hale, "ndimatha kuchita zomwe ndimayenera kuchita pamaso pa Mulungu ndi chikumbumtima changa. Yankho lidabwera kwa ine, kuti ndithetse ziwawa, ndiyenera kupereka moyo wanga osati wa munthu wina. ” Chifukwa chake, adalumikizana ndi mtolankhani yemwe adalankhulapo naye kale.
Hale akuyenera kuweruzidwa pa Julayi 27. Adali mgulu la pulogalamu ya drone ku US Air Force ndipo pambuyo pake adagwira ntchito ku NGA. Adaimba mlandu pa Marichi 31 pamlandu umodzi wophwanya lamulo la Espionage Act, pomwe adapereka zikalata kwa Intercept woyambitsa mnzake Jeremy Scahill ndikulemba mosadziwika mutu wa m'buku la Scahill, The Compass Complex: Mkati mwa Boma Chinsinsi cha Drone Warfare Program.
Anamugwira ndipo anamutumiza ku ndende ya William G. Truesdale ku Alexandria, Virginia, pa Epulo 28. Katswiri wochotsa milandu pamilandu yoyeserera milandu ndi kuzenga milandu dzina lake Michael adaphwanya chinsinsi cha odwala ndipo adafotokozera khothi zokhudzana ndi thanzi lake lamisala.
Anthu adamva kuchokera kwa Hale ku Sonia Kennebeck Mbalame Yachilengedwe zolemba, zomwe zidatulutsidwa mu 2016. Mbali lofalitsidwa mu New York Magazine wolemba Kerry Howley adagwira mawu a Hale ndikufotokoza zambiri za nkhani yake. Komabe uwu ndi mwayi woyamba atolankhani komanso anthu kukhala nawo kuyambira pomwe adamangidwa ndikumangidwa kuti awerenge malingaliro a Hale osasunthika pazisankho zomwe adachita kuti awulule zenizeni za nkhondo zankhondo.
Pansipa pali cholembedwa chomwe chidasinthidwa pang'ono kuti chiwerengeke, komabe, palibe chilichonse chomwe chasinthidwa mwanjira iliyonse, mawonekedwe, kapena mawonekedwe.
TRANSCRIPT
Wokondedwa Woweruza O'Grady:
Si chinsinsi kuti ndimavutika kuti ndikhale wokhumudwa komanso wamavuto atatha kupwetekedwa mtima. Zonsezi zimachokera kuubwana wanga wokula m'mapiri akumidzi ndipo zidawonjezeredwa ndikumenya nawo nkhondo nthawi yankhondo. Matenda okhumudwa nthawi zonse. Ngakhale kupsinjika, makamaka kupsinjika chifukwa cha nkhondo, kumatha kuwonekera nthawi zosiyanasiyana komanso munjira zosiyanasiyana. Zizindikiro zazitali za munthu wodwala PTSD ndi kukhumudwa nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa kunja ndipo zimadziwika kulikonse. Mizere yolimba yokhudza nkhope ndi nsagwada. Maso, omwe kale anali owala komanso otakata, tsopano akuya komanso owopsa. Ndi kutaya mwadzidzidzi chidwi cha zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa chisangalalo.
Izi ndi kusintha kwakukulu pamakhalidwe anga omwe amadziwika ndi omwe adandidziwa usanachitike komanso pambuyo pa ntchito yankhondo. [Kuti] nthawi ya moyo wanga wonse nditatumikira ku United States Air Force inali ndi lingaliro kwa ine ikanakhala chonamizira. Ndizowona kunena kuti zidasinthiratu mtundu wanga waku America. Popeza ndasintha kosatha ulusi wa mbiri ya moyo wanga, ndikulowerera m'mbiri ya dziko lathu. Kuti ndimvetse bwino kufunika kwa momwe izi zidachitikira, ndikufuna kufotokoza zomwe zandichitikira ku Afghanistan momwe zidalili mu 2012 komanso momwe ndidaphwanya lamulo la Espionage Act, chifukwa chake.
M'malo mwanga monga katswiri wazamawu ku Bagram Airbase, ndidapangidwa kuti ndidziwe komwe kuli mafoni am'manja omwe amakhulupirira kuti ali m'manja mwa omwe amadziwika kuti omenyera nkhondo. Kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi pamafunika kulumikizana ndi ma satelayiti omwe amayenda padziko lonse lapansi omwe amatha kulumikizana mosadukiza ndi ndege zoyenda kutali, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ma drones.
Kulumikizana kokhazikika ndikapangidwe ka foni yam'manja ikapezeka, wofufuza zithunzi ku US, mogwirizana ndi woyendetsa ndege wa drone ndi woyendetsa kamera, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zomwe ndidapereka kuti ndiwone zonse zomwe zidachitika m'masomphenya a drone . Izi zinkachitika kawirikawiri kuti alembe miyoyo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya omwe akukayikira kuti ndi asitikali. Nthawi zina, pansi pazoyenera, amayesa kugwidwa. Nthawi zina, chisankho chowanyanyala ndi kuwapha pomwe adayimilira chimayesedwa.
Nthawi yoyamba yomwe ndidawona kunyanyala kwa drone kudabwera patangopita masiku ochepa kuchokera pomwe ndidafika ku Afghanistan. M'mawa kwambiri, m'mawa, gulu la amuna linali litasonkhana m'mapiri m'chigawo cha Paktika mozungulira moto wanyamula zida ndi tiyi. Kuti adanyamula zida zawo sizikanawoneka ngati wamba m'malo omwe ndidakulira, makamaka m'malo amitundu osaloledwa ndi akuluakulu aku Afghanistan kupatula kuti pakati pawo panali omwe akukayikira kuti ndi membala wa a Taliban, opatsidwa kutali ndi foni yam'manja yomwe ili m'thumba mwake. Ponena za otsalawo, kukhala ndi zida, msinkhu wankhondo, ndikukhala pamaso pa omwe akumenyera kuti anali omenyera nkhondo kunali umboni wokwanira wowayikiranso. Ngakhale adakumana mwamtendere, osawopseza, tsogolo la amuna omwe akumwa tiyi tsopano adakwaniritsidwa. Ndimangoyang'ana pomwe ndimakhala ndikuyang'ana kudzera pamakina oyang'anira makompyuta pomwe phokoso lowopsa ladzidzidzi la Hellfire lidagwa, ndikuthira matumbo ofiira ofiira kumbali ya phiri lam'mawa.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mpaka lero, ndikupitilizabe kukumbukira zochitika zingapo zachiwawa zomwe zimachitika ndikutulutsa kozizira kwa mpando wapakompyuta. Palibe tsiku lomwe limadutsa sindifunsa kulungamitsidwa kwa zochita zanga. Malinga ndi malamulo a chinkhoswe, Zitha kukhala zololedwa kwa ine kuti ndithandizire kupha amuna aja - omwe sindinayankhule chilankhulo chawo, miyambo yomwe sindimamvetsetsa, komanso milandu yomwe sindimatha kuzindikira - modetsa nkhawa momwe ndimawawonera kufa. Koma zitha kuwonedwa ngati zolemekezeka kwa ine kupitilizabe kudikirira mwayi wotsatira wakupha anthu osakayikira, omwe nthawi zambiri samakhala pachiwopsezo kwa ine kapena munthu wina aliyense panthawiyo. Musaganize zolemekezeka, zingatheke bwanji kuti munthu aliyense woganiza akupitilizabe kukhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kuti chitetezo cha United States of America chikhale ku Afghanistan ndikupha anthu, palibe m'modzi mwa iwo amene adayambitsa ziwopsezo za Seputembara 11 pa ife mtundu. Ngakhale zili choncho, mu 2012, chaka chathunthu pambuyo pa kutha kwa Osama bin Laden ku Pakistan, ndinali mgulu la kupha anyamata osochera, omwe anali ana chabe patsiku la 9/11.
Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za chibadwa changa chabwinopo, ndinapitilizabe kutsatira malamulo ndikumvera lamulo langa poopa kukumana ndi zovuta. Komabe, nthawi yonseyi, kudziwika bwino kuti nkhondoyi sinakhudzana kwenikweni ndi kuletsa uchigawenga kuti usabwere ku United States komanso zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuteteza phindu la opanga zida ndi omwe amatchedwa makontrakitala achitetezo. Umboni wa izi udawonetsedwa ponseponse. Pankhondo yayitali kwambiri, yopititsa patsogolo ukadaulo kwambiri m'mbiri ya America, asitikali a mgwirizano amaposa mayunifolomu ovala asitikali awiri mpaka 2 ndipo amalandila ndalama zokwanira kakhumi kulipira kwawo. Pakadali pano, zilibe kanthu kuti kaya, monga ndidawonera, mlimi waku Afghanistan adawombedwa pakati, komabe mozindikira mozama ndikuyesera kutulutsa matumbo ake pansi, kapena ngati bokosi lomenyedwa ndi mbendera yaku America latsitsidwa ku Arlington National Manda akumva malonje a mfuti 1. Bang, bang, bang. Zonsezi zimathandizira kutsata kosavuta kwa ndalama pamwazi-wawo ndi wathu. Ndikaganiza za izi, ndimakhala wachisoni komanso manyazi ndekha pazinthu zomwe ndachita kuti ndichirikize.
Tsiku lowopsa kwambiri m'moyo wanga lidabwera miyezi ingapo nditatumizidwa ku Afghanistan pomwe ntchito yoyang'anira nthawi zonse idasanduka tsoka. Kwa milungu ingapo takhala tikutsatira mayendedwe a mphete za opanga bomba apamtunda omwe amakhala mozungulira Jalalabad. Mabomba apagalimoto oyendetsedwa kumayendedwe aku US anali atayamba kukhala owopsa komanso owopsa nthawi yotentha, kuyesetsa kwakukulu kuti athe kuletsa. Kunali masana kwa mphepo komanso mitambo pomwe m'modzi mwa omwe akuwakayikira atapezeka kuti walowera chakum'mawa, akuyendetsa liwiro lalikulu. Izi zidadabwitsa akuluakulu anga omwe amakhulupirira kuti mwina akufuna kuthawa kudutsa malire kupita ku Pakistan.
Sitata ya drone inali mwayi wathu wokha ndipo idayamba kale kupanga mzere kuti awombere. Koma Predator drone yocheperako idavutikira kuwona m'mitambo ndikulimbana ndi mafunde amphamvu. Malipiro amodzi MQ-1 adalephera kulumikizana ndi chandamale chake, m'malo mwake adasowa ndimamita ochepa. Galimotoyo, yowonongeka koma yoyendabe, idapitilira patsogolo pambuyo popewa chiwonongeko. M'kupita kwanthawi, phokoso la chida china chikubwera litatha, kuyimitsa kunayima, kutuluka mgalimoto, ndikudziyesa ngati sakhulupirira kuti akadali ndi moyo. Kuchokera mbali yonyamula panabwera mayi atavala burka yosadziwika. Chodabwitsa monga zidangodziwira kuti panali mkazi, mwina mkazi wake, pomwepo ndi bambo yemwe timafuna kupha mphindi zapitazo, ndinalibe mwayi wowona zomwe zidachitika drone asanasinthe kamera yake pomwe adayamba mwamantha kuti atulutse kena kake kumbuyo kwa galimoto.
Masiku angapo adadutsa ndisanaphunzire mwachidule kuchokera kwa wamkulu wanga pazomwe zidachitika. Panalidi mkazi wa wodandaula anali naye mgalimoto ndipo kumbuyo kunali ana awo aakazi awiri, azaka 5 ndi 3 wazaka. Gulu la asitikali aku Afghanistan lidatumizidwa kukafufuza komwe galimoto idayima tsiku lotsatira.
Ndiko komwe adawapeza atayikidwa potayira pafupi. [Mwana wamkazi wamkulu] adapezeka atamwalira chifukwa cha mabala osadziwika omwe adayambitsidwa ndi chovala choboola thupi lake. Mng'ono wake anali wamoyo koma anali atataya madzi kwambiri.
Pomwe mkulu wanga wamkulu amatitumizira izi, zimawoneka ngati akunyoza, osati chifukwa choti tidawombera munthu ndi banja lake molakwika, titapha mwana wake wamkazi, koma kwa yemwe akumuganizira kuti wapanga bomba atalamula mkazi wake amataya matupi a ana awo aakazi mu zinyalala kuti awiriwo athawe mwachangu malire. Tsopano, ndikakumana ndi munthu amene amaganiza kuti nkhondo zankhondo zopanda nkhondo ndizoyenera ndipo zimasunga America kukhala yotetezeka, ndimakumbukira nthawiyo ndikudzifunsa kuti ndingapitilize bwanji kukhulupirira kuti ndine munthu wabwino, woyenera moyo wanga ndi ufulu kutsatira chimwemwe.
Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, pamsonkhano wotsanzikana ndi ife omwe tikufuna kusiya ntchito yankhondo, ndidakhala ndekha, ndikusangalatsidwa ndi kanema wawayilesi, pomwe ena adakumbukira limodzi. Pa wailesi yakanema anali kuswa nkhani za purezidenti [Obama] kupereka ndemanga zake zoyambirira pagulu za mfundo zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa drone pankhondo. Ndemanga zake zidapangidwa kuti zitsimikizire anthu za malipoti akuwunika zakufa kwa anthu wamba pakuwombedwa ndi ma drone komanso kutsata nzika zaku America. Purezidenti adanena kuti "kutsimikizika" kwakukulu kuyenera kukumana kuti zitsimikizire kuti palibe anthu wamba.
Koma kuchokera pazomwe ndimadziwa za komwe anthu wamba atha kupezeka, ophedwa nthawi zambiri amakhala adani osankhidwa pokhapokha atatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi ena. Ngakhale zinali choncho, ndidapitilizabe kumvera mawu ake pomwe Purezidenti amapitiliza kufotokoza momwe drone ingagwiritsire ntchito kuwononga munthu yemwe "akuwopseza" ku United States.
Pogwiritsa ntchito fanizo lotenga chowombera, ndikuwona gulu lodzitamandira la anthu, purezidenti adayerekezera kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones kuteteza yemwe angakhale chigawenga kuti asachite chiwembu chake choyipa. Koma monga ndidamvetsetsa kuti, khamu lodzikuza lidakhala iwo omwe amakhala mwamantha ndi mantha a ma drones mumlengalenga ndipo wowombayo yemwe anali pamwambowu anali ine. Ndinayamba kukhulupirira kuti mfundo zakupha a drone zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusokeretsa anthu kuti azititeteza, ndipo nditasiya usirikali, ndikupanganso zomwe ndidakhala nawo, ndidayamba kuyankhula , ndikukhulupirira kuti kutenga nawo gawo mu pulogalamu ya drone kunali kolakwika kwambiri.
Ndinadzipereka pantchito yolimbana ndi nkhondo ndipo ndinapemphedwa kuti ndikachite nawo msonkhano wamtendere ku Washington, DC, kumapeto kwa Novembala 2013. Anthu anali atasonkhana kuchokera kudziko lonse lapansi kuti adzafotokozere zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'nthawi ya ma drones. Faisal bin Ali Jaber anali atachoka ku Yemen kuti atiuze zomwe zinachitikira mchimwene wake Salim bin Ali Jaber ndi msuweni wawo Waleed. Waleed anali wapolisi, ndipo Salim anali imam wotchuka kwambiri wozimitsa moto, wodziwika popereka maulaliki kwa anyamata za njira yopita ku chiwonongeko atasankha kutenga jihad yachiwawa.
Tsiku lina mu Ogasiti 2012, mamembala am'deralo a Al Qaeda akuyenda m'mudzi mwa Faisal m'galimoto atamuwona Salim mumthunzi, adamuyandikira, ndikumupempha kuti abwere adzayankhule nawo. Palibe amene anaphonya mwayi wolalikira achinyamata, Salim adayenda mosamala ndi Waleed pambali pake. Faisal ndi anthu ena m'mudzimo adayamba kuyang'ana patali. Kupitilirabe kunalinso wowoneka ngati Reaper drone akuwoneka, nayenso.
Pomwe Faisal amafotokoza zomwe zidachitika kenako, ndidadzimva kuti ndabwezeretsedwera komwe ndidakhalako tsiku lomwelo, 2012. Faisal komanso anthu am'mudzimo panthawiyo anali kuti sanali okhawo omwe amayang'ana Salim akuyandikira jihadist m'galimoto. Kuchokera ku Afghanistan, ine ndi aliyense wogwira ntchito tinayimitsa ntchito yawo kuti tiwone kuphedwa kumene kunatsala pang'ono kuchitika. Pakudina batani lochokera mtunda wautali kwambiri, zida ziwiri za Hellfire zidafuula kuchokera kumwamba, kenako zina ziwiri. Popanda kuonetsa kukhumudwa, ine ndi omwe anali pafupi nane tinawomba mmanja ndikusangalala mosangalala. Patsogolo pa holo yosalankhula, Faisal analira.
Patatha sabata imodzi msonkhano wamtendere udalandira ntchito yabwino ngati ndiyambanso kugwira ntchito ngati kontrakitala waboma. Sindikumva bwino ndi lingalirolo. Mpaka pomwepo, malingaliro anga okha omwe adalekanitsidwa asitikali anali kulembetsa ku koleji kuti amalize digiri yanga. Koma ndalama zomwe ndimapeza zinali zochuluka kwambiri kuposa zomwe ndinkapanga kale; kwenikweni, zinali zoposa zomwe anzanga ophunzira ku koleji anali kupanga. Chifukwa chake nditailingalira mosamala, ndidachedwa kupita kusukulu semester ndipo ndidayamba ntchitoyo.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, sindinkakhala womasuka ndikalingalira zogwiritsa ntchito usilikali pantchito yanga yapadera. Munthawi imeneyi, ndinali ndikugwiritsabe zomwe ndidakumana nazo, ndipo ndimayamba kudzifunsa ngati ndikuthandizanso pamavuto azachuma komanso nkhondo povomera kuti ndibwerere ngati kontrakitala wachitetezo. Choyipa chachikulu chinali nkhawa yanga yomwe idakulirakulira kuti aliyense amene ndimakhala naye akutenga nawo mbali pazachinyengo komanso kukana zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa malipiro athu okwera pantchito yosavuta. Chomwe ndimaopa kwambiri panthawiyo chinali chiyeso choti ndisakufunseni.
Ndiye zidachitika kuti tsiku lina nditaweruka kuntchito ndimakhala ndimacheza ndi anzanga omwe ndikugwira nawo ntchito yomwe luso lawo ndimasilira. Anandilanditsa, ndipo ndinali wokondwa kuti awalandira. Koma, ndinakhumudwa, ubwenzi wathu watsopano udasokonekera mwadzidzidzi. Adasankha kuti tingotenga kamphindi kuti tiwone limodzi zolemba zakale zomwe zachitika kale. Zikondwerero zoterezi zomwe zimachitika pakompyuta kuti ziwonerere zomwe zimatchedwa "zolaula zankhondo" sizinali zatsopano kwa ine. Ndinkadya nawo nthawi zonse ndikupita ku Afghanistan. Koma patsikulo, zaka zitadutsa izi, anzanga atsopano [adadandaula] ndikuseka, monganso anzanga akale, pakuwona amuna opanda chiyembekezo kumapeto komaliza kwa moyo wawo. Ndinakhala ndikumayang'aniranso, osanena kanthu, ndikumva mtima wanga ukusweka.
Wolemekezeka, chinyengo chachikulu chomwe ndidamvetsetsa pamtundu wankhondo ndikuti nkhondo ndiyopweteka. Ndikukhulupirira kuti munthu aliyense amene angaitanidwe kapena kukakamizidwa kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yolimbana ndi anzawo akulonjezedwa kuti adzakumana ndi zoopsa zina. Mwanjira imeneyi, palibe msirikali wodalitsika chifukwa chobwerera kunyumba kuchokera kunkhondo osavulala motero.
Crux wa PTSD ndikuti ndi chisokonezo chamakhalidwe chomwe chimavulaza mabala osawoneka pa psyche ya munthu wopangidwira kulemera kwazidziwitso atapulumuka chochitika chowawa. Momwe PTSD imawonetsera zimadalira momwe mwambowo uliri. Ndiye woyendetsa drone angachite bwanji izi? Mfuti yopambana, mosadandaula, akumva chisoni, amasungabe ulemu wake pomenyana ndi mdani wake pankhondo. Woyendetsa ndege wotsimikiza ali ndi mwayi woti sakuyenera kuwona zowopsa pambuyo pake. Koma ndikadatani ndikadatha kupirira nkhanza zosatsutsika zomwe ndimapitilira?
Chikumbumtima changa, chomwe chidatigwira kale, chidatsitsimuka. Poyamba, ndinayesera kunyalanyaza. Ndikulakalaka kuti winawake, wodziwika bwino kuposa ine, abwere kudzandichitira chikhochi. Koma ichi, nawonso, chinali kupusa. Ndikasiya kusankha zochita, nditha kuchita zomwe ndiyenera kuchita pamaso pa Mulungu ndi chikumbumtima changa. Yankho linandidzera, kuti ndisiye zachiwawa, ndiyenera kupereka moyo wanga osati wa munthu wina.
Chifukwa chake ndidalumikizana ndi mtolankhani wofufuza yemwe ndidali naye pachibwenzi choyambirira ndikumuuza kuti ndili ndi china chake chomwe anthu aku America akuyenera kudziwa.
Mwaulemu,
A Daniel Hale
