Drone Blowback ikubwera

Wolemba John Feffer, Kuwongolera

Kuphedwa kwa mtsogoleri wa Taliban Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansour kumapeto sabata yatha sikunali kuwombera kwina.

Choyamba, zinali yoyendetsedwa ndi ankhondo aku US, osati CIA, yomwe yakonza pafupifupi ma drone onse ku Pakistan.

Chachiwiri, sizinachitike ku Afghanistan kapena kudera lotchedwa Pakistan lotchedwa osayeruzika lotchedwa Federally Adminended Tribal Areas, kapena FATA. Chida chotsogozedwa chinatembenuza a Toyota yoyera ndi ma passenger ake awiri pamoto wamoto pamsewu woyenda bwino ku Balochistan, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Pakistan.

Asanachite izi, Pakistan idalola dziko la United States kuti liyende kuthambo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa FATA, malo achitetezo a Taliban. Koma Purezidenti Obama adaganiza zodutsa "chingwe chofiira" ichi kuti akatenge Mansour (ndipo driver taxi, Muhammad Azam, yemwe anali ndi vuto loti azikhala ndi womutsutsa wolakwika panthawi yolakwika).

Atsogoleri aku Pakistani adalembetsa kusavomereza kwawo. Malinga ndi kazembe wakale waku United States Sherry Rehman, "Kugunda kwa Drone ndikosiyana ndi ena onse chifukwa sikunangoyambiranso mtundu wamtunduwu womwe siwothandiza kwina, komanso kosaloledwa komanso kopitilira muyeso kumayendedwe ake."

Mwanjira ina, ngati United States itumiza madongosolo aku Balochistan, chingalepheretse chiyani kutenga wachiwembu mumisewu yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri ku Karachi kapena Islamabad?

Akuluakulu a Obama akudziyendetsa bwino pochotsa munthu wina woipa yemwe amalimbana ndi asitikali aku US ku Afghanistan. Koma kukwapula komweku sikungatulutse kufunitsitsa kwa Taliban kuti achite nawo zokambirana ndi boma la Afghanistan. Mansour, malinga ndi oyang'anira, adatsutsa zokambirana zoterezi, ndipo a Taliban adatero anakana kulowa nawo zokambirana ku Pakistan ndi Quadrilateral Coordination Gulu - Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, United States - pokhapokha asitikali akunja atachotsedwa koyamba ku Afghanistan.

Njira ya "kupha mtendere" ya maboma a Obama ikhoza kuwonongeka.

Malinga ndi atsogoleri apamwamba a Taliban, Imfa ya Mansour ithandiza gulu lowumbali kugwirizanitsa mozungulira mtsogoleri watsopano. Mosiyana ndi izi, ngakhale anali olosera zam'tsogolo motere, a Taliban amatha kucheka mizu ndikulola mabungwe ena ochulukirapo ngati al-Qaeda ndi Islamic State kudzaza zopanda kanthu. Munthawi yachitatu, kuwombera kwa Drone sikudzakhala ndi vuto lililonse ku Afghanistan konse, kuyambira nyengo yankhondo ino zikuchitika kale ndipo a Taliban akufuna kulimbitsa malo awo ogulitsa asanalankhule.

Mwanjira ina, United States sichingadziwe ngati kumwalira kwa Massoud kudzapititsa patsogolo kapena kusokoneza zolinga za US mdera lino. Menyedwe wa drone ndi, makamaka, crapshoot.

Menyanowu umabweranso nthawi yomwe malamulo aku US akuwonekera kwambiri mu United States. Pambuyo pazowunikira zingapo zakudziyimira pawokha zovulaza za drone, olamulira a Obama adzamasulidwa posachedwa kuyerekezera kwake Mwa kuchuluka kwa omenyera nkhondo ndi osamenyera nkhondo okhala pankhondo. Kudziyesa kwatsopano kwakumayendedwe ka ma drone ku FATA kumanena kuti "kuwombera" koyembekezeka kale sikunachitike. Ndipo olamulira a Obama akuyesetsa kukakamiza mfundo ku Afghanistan yomwe yalephera kuletsa magulu ankhondo aku US monga momwe analonjezera, atembenukire kwathunthu pantchito yankhondo ku boma la Afghanistan, kapena aletse a Taliban kupanga zopambana nkhondo yankhondo.

Imfa ya Massoud ndi chitsanzo chaposachedwa kwambiri ku United States kugawa imfa pamtunda poyesa kuyambitsa mikangano yomwe yakhalapo mpaka kalekale. Kulondola kwa kumenyaku kumatsutsa kusalingalira kwa mfundo za US komanso kusatheka kokwanira kukwaniritsa zolinga za US monga zanenedwa.

Funso Lopumira

Mawu oti "blowback" poyambilira anali mawu a CIA pa osakonzekera - komanso zotsutsa - zotsatirapo za zochita zamisala. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino chinali kugwirana chanza kwa US ndi mfuti kwa omenya nkhondo khumi ndi awiriwo akumenyana ndi a Soviets ku Afghanistan. Ena mwa omenyerawa, kuphatikiza Osama bin Laden, pamapeto pake amatembenuza zida zawo motsutsana ndi zigoli za US pokhapokha Asoviet atachoka kale kudzikolo.

Kampeni yama US Drone sikuti ndi ntchito yobisalira, ngakhale CIA yakana kuvomereza mbali yake pomenya nawo nkhondo (Pentagon imakhala yotseguka kwambiri pokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwa ma drones pomenya zigoli zina zankhondo). Koma omwe akutsutsa ma drone - ndekha omwe ndidaphatikizidwa - adanenanso kuti zovuta zonse zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma drone zimabweretsa mavuto. Drone akumenya ndi mkwiyo zomwe amapanga zimathandizira kuti athe kugwira anthu a Taliban ndi mabungwe ena owonjezera.

Ngakhale omwe akukhudzidwa ndi pulogalamuyi afikanso pamalingaliro amodzimodzi.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani izi, kudandaulira kosadandaulira kwa Purezidenti Obama kuchokera kwa akatswiri anayi a Air Force omwe amayendetsa ma drones. "Anthu wamba osawadziwa omwe tidawapha adangokulitsa nkhawa za chidani zomwe zimayambitsa uchigawenga ndi magulu ngati ISIS, ndikugwiranso ntchito ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yophunzitsira anthu," adakangana mu kalata November watha. "Akuluakulu ndiomwe amatsogolera adapanga pulogalamu ya drone yomwe ndi imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri yopitilira zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi."

Koma tsopano pakubwera Aqil Shah, pulofesa ku Yunivesite ya Oklahoma, yemwe wangotsala adafalitsa lipoti kuyesa kupeputsa chidacho.

Malinga ndi zoyeserera zingapo za 147 zomwe adachita ku North Waziristan, dera lomwe lili ku FATA ya Pakistan yomwe yakhazikitsa chiwonetsero chachikulu kwambiri cha omenyera, 79 peresenti ya omwe adayankha amathandizira ntchitoyi. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kumenyanako sikawapha anthu omwe sanamenyane nawo. Komanso, malinga ndi akatswiri omwe a Shah akusimba, "anthu ambiri m'derali amakonda kuyendetsedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Pakistan komanso zida zoyendera ndege zomwe zimawononga kwambiri moyo ndi katundu wa nzika."

Sindikukayika kuti apeza izi. Anthu ambiri ku Pakistan samvera chisoni a Taliban. Malinga ndi a posachedwa Pew, 72 peresenti ya omwe anafunsidwa ku Pakistan anali ndi malingaliro oyipa a Taliban (ndi ovota kale kutanthauza kuti kusowa kwa chithandizo kumeneku kumafikira ku FATA). Drones mosakayikira ali bwino kuposa ntchito zausirikali zaku Pakistan, monga momwe zikuyimira kusintha pamalingaliro owopsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi United States pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam kuwononga zigawo zazikulu za Southeast Asia.

Kafukufuku wa Shah sanali kwenikweni asayansi. Adavomereza kuti mayeso ake "sanali oimira" - kenako akupereka lingaliro la anthu onse a FATA. Ndi zoona kuti ma poloti ena angapo zikutanthauza kuti a Pakistanis m'dziko lonselo amatsutsana ndi pulogalamu ya drone ndipo amakhulupirira kuti imalimbikitsa nkhondo, koma zisankhozi sizinaphatikizepo FATA.

Koma kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa Shah ndikuwonetsa kuti gawo lalikulu lothandizira pulogalamu ya drone limatanthawuza kuti palibe blowback yomwe yachitika. Ngakhale kuyankhulana kwakeko kunali kowaimira, Sindimamvetsetsa kudumpha kumeneku.

Blowback sikutanthauza kutsutsa konsekonse. Pafupifupi ochepa chabe a mujahedeen omwe adapita kukamenya nkhondo ndi Osama bin Laden. Ndi owerengeka ochepa chabe a Contras omwe adagwira nawo ntchito omwe amapopera mankhwala ku United States.

Sichili ngati anthu onse a FATA apita kujowina Taliban. Ngati ndi anyamata ochepa okha omwe amalowa nawo gulu la Taliban chifukwa chokwiya chifukwa cha ziwonetserozo, ndiye kuti bweranso. Pali anthu opitilira 4 miliyoni omwe akukhala mu FATA. Gulu lankhondo la anthu a 4,000 ndi 1 peresenti ya anthu - ndipo limagwera mosavuta mkati mwa 21 peresenti ya omwe adatsutsa omwe sanavomereze ma drones pazomwe anapeza a Shah.

Ndipo bwanji za wapolisi wodzipha yemwe amayamba njira yankhanza chifukwa chomenyera mbale adachotsa mbale wake? Wophulitsa bomba wa Times Square, Faisal Shahzad, anali zolimbikitsa osachepera pang'ono mwaakumenyedwa ndi drone ku Pakistan, ngakhale sanaphe aliyense m'banjamo.

Pamapeto pake, blowback atha kukhala munthu m'modzi wakwiya komanso wotsimikiza yemwe amalemba mbiri popanda kuyamba kuwonetsa.

Mavuto Ena a Drone

Nkhani yovuta ndi vuto limodzi mwamavuto ambiri okhala ndi mfundo za US drone.

Omwe akutsutsana ndi ma drones nthawi zonse amakangana kuti kumenya nkhondo ndi komwe kumapangitsa anthu ovulala kwambiri kuposa kuwombera ndege. "Zomwe ndinganene motsimikiza ndizakuti kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba ovutitsidwa pantchito zotsogola kuli kotsika kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa ovulala omwe amapezeka munkhondo wamba," Purezidenti Obama anati mu April.

Ngakhale izi zitha kukhala zowona chifukwa cha bomba lopanda tsankho, silikhala zowona chifukwa cha kampeni ya ndege yomwe United States ikuchita ku Syria ndi Afghanistan.

"Kuchokera pomwe Obama adalowa ofesi, chiwopsezo cha 462 chidachitika ku Pakistan, Yemen, ndi Somalia apha anthu wamba aku 289, kapena munthu m'modzi pakuwombera kwa 1.6," lembani Mika Zenko ndi Amelia Mae Wolf posachedwa Malonda Achilendo chidutswa. Poyerekeza, chiwopsezo cha anthu wamba ku Afghanistan kuyambira pomwe Obama adatenga udindo akhala munthu mmodzi pa bomba limodzi la 21 lidagwa. Pankhondo yolimbana ndi Islamic State, mlingo anali nzika imodzi pa mabomba a 72 adatsika.

Ndiye pali funso la malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. United States yakhala ikuwongolera ma drone kunja kwa zigawo za nkhondo. Idapanso nzika zaku US. Ndipo zimachitika popanda kudutsa njira iliyonse yovomerezeka. Purezidenti amasainirana ndi zomwe akufuna kuti aphedwe, kenako CIA ikugwira zakupha kwawoku.

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti boma la US likuti kuwomberako ndikololedwa chifukwa amalimbana nawo omenyera nkhondo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi zigawenga. Chifukwa chake, United States imatha kupha aliyense yemwe imamuwona ngati wachigawenga kulikonse padziko lapansi. Malipoti angapo a UN apeza amatcha kumenyedwa kosaloledwa. Osachepera kwambiri, ma drones amaimira a vuto lalikulu kumalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi.

Ndiye pali lingaliro lotsutsana la ma signature omwe amachitika. Ziwopsezo izi sizikulunjika anthu mwachindunji, koma aliyense amene akutsutsana ndi chigawenga pazomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi gawo la zigawenga. Safuna kuvomerezedwa ndi Purezidenti. Menyedwe izi zadzetsa zolakwitsa zina zazikulu, kuphatikizapo kuphedwa kwa nzika za 12 ku Yemeni mu Disembala 2013 zomwe zidafuna madola miliyoni miliyoni pakupereka zipepeso. Atsogoleri aku Obama sakusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi.

Pomaliza, pali nkhani ya kuchuluka kwa ma drone. Zinkakhala kuti ku United States kokha ndi amene anali ndi ukadaulo watsopano. Koma masiku amenewo apita kale.

"Mayiko makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu ndi limodzi ali ndi kuthekera kokuyenda, ndipo 19 itakhala ndi zida zamagetsi kapena ipanga ukadaulo," alemba James Bamford. "Mayiko osachepera asanu ndi amodzi kupatula America agwiritsa ntchito ma drones pomenya nkhondo, ndipo mu 2015, kampani yoona za chitetezo ya Teal Group idayerekezera kuti kupanga ma drone kukhoza kukhala $ 93 biliyoni pazaka khumi zikubwerazi - zomwe zikupitilira katatu mtengo wamsika wapano."

Pakadali pano, United States imayendetsa dziko lonse lapansi mosavomerezeka. Koma pamene chiwopsezo choyambirira cha Drone chikuchitika motsutsana ndi United States - kapena mabungwe azigawenga motsutsana ndi nzika zaku US m'maiko ena - kuwombera kwenikweni kuyambika.