Mkpuchi: Ndepụta nzuzo nke gọọmentị Australia nke ntọala US

Nke Richard Tanter dere. Pel na mgbakasị ahụ, Julaị 25, 2023

Kedu ihe gọọmentị nke ndị otu US ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Hungary, Norway, Philippines, na gọọmentị ochie nke Afghanistan, nwere nke gọọmentị Australia na-enweghị? Azịza ya bụ echiche nke ezi ọbụbụeze, yana ọrụ maka nghọta nke bụ mba ọzọ nye gọọmentị Australia, ọkachasị gọọmentị Albanese dị ugbu a.

Na Nọvemba 2011, Prime Minista Julia Gillard na Onye isi ala Barack Obama kwupụtara atụmatụ maka ibuga US kwa afọ. Ndị agha ntụgharị mmiri gaa Darwin na US Air Force ụgbọ elu gaa na ọdụ Australia na Northern Territory, na-amalite na Eprel 2012.

The United States – Australia Force Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọrịta bịanyere aka na 12 Ọgọstụ 2014 mebere usoro nkwalite dị ukwuu nke nhazi njikọ nke ndị isi abụọ ahụ malitere. N'ime afọ iri gara aga, gọọmentị abụọ ahụ emeela nnukwu ego maka mmepe akụrụngwa na ụlọ nchekwa Australia dị na ugwu Australia n'okpuru isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere Ngalaba Nchebe Ọstrelia. Initiative na-aga n'ihu na United States Force Posture.

Akụkụ bụ isi nke Agreement Posture Force bụ echiche nke 'Ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara' nke akọwapụtara na Nkeji edemede I nke Agreement dị ka ndị a:

'“Ihe eji arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ekwekọrịtara” pụtara akụrụngwa na mpaghara dị na mpaghara Australia nyere Australia nke enwere ike depụta ya na Annex A agbakwunyere na nkwekọrịta a, yana akụrụngwa na mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara Australia dịka enwere ike ịnye site n'Australia na n'ọdịnihu, nke United States Forces, United States Contractors, dabere, na ndị ọrụ United States ndị ọzọ dị ka e kwekọrịtara, ga-enwe ikike ịnweta na iji dị ka Agreement a.'

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, n'ime afọ itoolu na-esochi mbinye aka nke Force Posture Agreement na 2014, ọ dịghị ụdị nke Annex A nke Agreement egosila ọha na eze, ọ dịghịkwa nkwupụta gọọmentị gosipụtara nke ọma na ụlọ ọrụ ADF ọ bụla enyerela aka dị ka Ụlọ Ekwekọrịtara ma ọ bụ Mpaghara n'okpuru. ihe ndekọ akụkọ ego na 2014 FPA. Weebụsaịtị ngalaba nchekwa 'United States Force Posture Initiatives' na-enye ọtụtụ ihe isi mmalite gbasara akụkụ dị iche iche nke mbido. Mana ọ nweghị otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a nwere ma ọ bụ rụtụ aka na ozi ọ bụla nke ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa Australia bụ ụlọ ọrụ ekwenyero na mpaghara nke, n'okpuru FPA, ndị agha US nwere ikike ịnweta.

Ikekwe ihe atụ kacha mara amara ruo taa mmetụta nke Agreement Force Posture Agreement bụ nnukwu nkwalite nke RAAF Base Tindal dị nso na Katherine, gụnyere ihe karịrị ijeri ijeri $ 1.5 nke Australia kwadoro na ntinye ego US $ 360 iji kwado mbugharị nke USAF. B-52H atụmatụ ogbunigwe, gbakwunyere akụrụngwa iji nabata ụgbọ mmiri nke US na Australian logistics na-enye ụgbọ elu, ụgbọ mmiri na-eku mmanụ, ndị agha nchebe, na ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ na ụgbọ elu na-achịkwa - na ndị ọrụ ha na-arụ ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide - iso B-52 na-aga n'ihu. maka China.

Ajụjụ dị mfe kwesịrị ịbụ: kedu ebe nchekwa nchekwa Australia ka ndị agha United States na ndị ọrụ ngo nwere ohere n'okpuru Agreement Posture Force?

Site na ọkwa ihe owuwu nke gọọmentị Australia, Northern Territory na United States, ọ ga-ekwe omume iwulite ndepụta mbụ siri ike nke ọrụ akụrụngwa Force Posture Initiative, opekata mpe maka ugwu Australia, n'ụdị atọ:

Mpaghara Ọzụzụ Northern Territory yana ọrụ nkwalite ọkwa

Robertson Barracks Mechie Mpaghara Ọzụzụ,

Mpaghara Ọzụzụ Flat Kangaroo,

Mpaghara Ọzụzụ Ugwu Bundey

Mpaghara Ọzụzụ Ubi Bradshaw

Mgbasawanye ntọala RAAF

RAAF Base Darwin

RAAF Base Tindal

Ebe nchekwa nnukwu mmiri mmiri US, East Arm, Darwin
Defence Logistics Agency / Crowley Solutions

Ekwesịrị imesi ya ike na nke a bụ ndepụta mmalite, yana ọkwa na 2021 na-egosi mgbasawanye na nkwalite maka t.Hree n'ihu setịpụ nke 'Enwekwuo nkwado' gafere Marine Rotational Force na US Air Force, ịgụnye ndị agha ala, ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri, na ngwa agha, nkwado na akụrụngwa. Onye ọ bụla na-egosi ohere ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbasaa ohere nke ndị agha US na ndị ọrụ ngo na akụrụngwa ADF.

Na Disemba 2022 otu ndị minista nchekwa na ndị ozi mba ofesi Australia-United States ekwuputala atụmatụ maka ịkwalite RAAF na ADF ndị ọzọ 'bare bases' n'ebe ugwu Australia dị ka onyinye na US Air Force na-eme atụmatụ ime ka logistics dịgasị iche iche na mmanụ ụgbọala na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara iji mebie atụmatụ iku China.

'Ụlọ ọrụ imekọ ihe'

Nke a dị ukwuu nke a na-ahụ anya nke ukwuu, dị oke ọnụ, na atụmatụ atụmatụ akụrụngwa dị mkpa na-egosi ogologo ndepụta nke ụlọ nchekwa ihe nchebe Australia nwere ọkwa dị ukwuu nke ịnweta US karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ kemgbe 1945. Gọọmenti Albanese gosipụtara echiche ya na okwu a malite na nkwenye ya nke nkwado maka 'ụlọ ọrụ nkwonkwo' a ma ama nke ọma - ọkachasị nnukwu ọgụgụ isi nke a maara dị ka 'njikọ n'ezie na okike' Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap n'èzí Alice Springs, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri seismic nuklia nke USAF na-arụkwa na Alice Springs, yana obere mana. Ihe agha dị mkpa USAF/BOM na-arụ Learmonth Solar Observatory na Exmouth Peninsula na ndịda North West Cape. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a bụ isiokwu nke ogologo oge (site na 1950s na 1960s) nkwekọrịta onye ọ bụla na-emegide FPI.

Agbanyeghị, na nkwupụta minista na 9 nke ọnwa Febụwarị nke afọ a, Minista nchekwa Richard Marles kwupụtara ụdị ntọala ọhụrụ nke ndị agha US nwere ohere, n'okpuru isiokwu enwere ike ịkpọ aha 'ụlọ ọrụ'.

Dị ka Marles si kwuo

'Anyị na-emekọkwa ihe site na ụlọ ọrụ Australia nwere na nke a na-achịkwa, dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Harold E Holt Naval na ọdụ nkwurịta okwu Satellite nke Australian Defense.'

Ihe ọ bụla ọzọ Marles nwere ike ịpụtala ebe a, ntụaka maka North West Cape bụ ntakịrị ihe. nke Australia netwọkụ kachasị nke akụrụngwa teknụzụ dị elu na Exmouth Peninsula bụ ugbu a n'ụlọ ọ bụghị nanị na nnọọ ala ugboro okpuru mmiri nkwurịta okwu ọdụ na North West Cape guzobere na 1960, kamakwa ọhụrụ Space onyunyo Telescope na Space onyunyo Radar, n'ezie jikọrọ ọnụ nke ma militaries, na-eri nri ha data na orbiting iro Satellites ka. Ngwakọta Space Command na US maka nkwadebe maka mgba ndị agha maka 'isi' na mbara igwe.

Nke ọ bụla n'ime ụlọ ọrụ 'njikọ-ish' ndị a na Exmouth Peninsula, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta US wuru n'otu oge n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ oloko Satellite Satellite nke Australian Defence na-egosi interception base n'akụkụ ndịda na Kojarena dị nso na Geraldton, nwere usoro nkwekọrịta nke ha - ikekwe. dị iche na mechara mepụta 2014 Force posture Agreement.

Ndepụta ntọala efu nke ndị agha US nwere ohere

Nchegbu ndị a niile, yana echiche mmekọrịta ọha na eze ọhụrụ nke 'ụlọ ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ', na-eme ajụjụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ADF bụ Force Posture Agreement na-enye ndị agha United States ohere ma n'usoro na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Gịnị mere na nzuzo?

Na 10 Maachị 2023, etinyere ngwa n'okpuru Iwu nnwere onwe nke ozi na Ngalaba Nchebe na-achọ 'otu 'Annex A' na Agreement Force Posture Agreement n'etiti Gọọmenti Australia na Gọọmenti United States.'

Na 28 Eprel 2023, onye ọrụ nwere ọrụ zara ngwa ahụ (Defence FOI 576/22/23), na-achọpụta na ha achọpụtala 'otu akwụkwọ dabara n'ime oke arịrịọ a' mana gọnarị ịnweta akwụkwọ n'okpuru ngalaba 33 (a). (iii) nke Iwu FOI, n'ihi na mwepụta nke akwụkwọ ahụ 'ga-eme ka, ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịtụ anya na ọ ga-ebute, mebie mmekọrịta mba ụwa nke Commonwealth. Enwere ike ịtụ anya na mwepụta nke ozi a ga-emebi ezi mmekọrịta Australia na gọọmentị ọzọ. Karịsịa, mkpughe nke akwụkwọ dị n'ime oke nwere ike ime ka enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ntụkwasị obi na Gọọmenti Australia, na n'ihi ya, ndị ọrụ mba ofesi nwere ike ghara ịdị njikere iso ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Australia nwee mmekọrịta n'ọdịnihu.'

Na 10 Mee 2023 onye anamachọihe rịọrọ ka nyocha nke mkpebi a dịka enyere n'okpuru Iwu FOI. Dịka n'oge edere, ọ nweghị nsonaazụ nyocha a na-apụta.

Agbanyeghị, na 7 June 2023, iche na ngwa FOIA na-aga n'ihu, onye isi oche nke Independent and Peaceful Australia Network, Annette Brownlie, degaara odeakwụkwọ nke ngalaba nchekwa, Greg Moriarty, na-arịọ ka ịnweta Annex A nke Agreement Force Posture ma ọ bụ gaa na ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ nkwekọrịta na mpaghara n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ.

Na 27 June, Moriarty zara Brownlie n'okwu ịtụnanya, n'ihi ọganihu nke ngwa FOIA, njirimara ya nke akwụkwọ dị mkpa, ọjụjụ ịnweta, na nleba anya na-echere ọjụjụ FOIA ahụ:

'Ọ bụ ezie na Agreement Force Posture Agreement na-ezo aka na 'Annex A' nwere ike na-ekpuchi akụrụngwa na mpaghara ndị a kwadoro, Annex A emepụtabeghị… maka nchekwa, Kevin Andrews na 30 Mee 2015.'

Moriarty gara n'ihu:

'Nkwekọrịta nghọta nke a adịghị n'ihu ọha n'ihi nhazi ya.'

Na 13 Julaị 2023 etinyere ngwa FOIA maka ịnweta Memorandum of Understanding on Facilities and Areas Agreement, na nzaghachi na-echere.

Gịnị kpatara ịgbachi nkịtị?

Enwere akụkụ dị iche iche na-agbagwoju anya na gọọmentị Albanese jụrụ ịhapụ ndepụta nke akụrụngwa na mpaghara ndị agha US nwere ike ịbanye n'okpuru 2014 Force Posture Agreement ma ọ bụ MOU na akụrụngwa na mpaghara nkwekọrịta otu afọ gachara.

Ọ bụghị na nzuzo a bụ ọrụ naanị nke Labour: tupu nkwupụta Moriarty akwụsịla n'ọnwa gara aga, ọ dị ka enweghị gọọmentị Australia na-ekwu maka ịdị adị MOU n'etiti Mee 2015 na June 2023. Naanị ihe ndekọ ọha dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ịdị adị MOU yiri ka ọ bụ US. Foto mgbasa ozi ngalaba nchekwa nke onye bụbu minista nchekwa Kevin Andrews bịanyere aka na MOU na 30 Mee 2015.

Ọ bụghịkwa ihe ijuanya kpamkpam na Mgbakwunye na-edepụta ntọala ndị a kpọtụrụ aha dị ka ihe ga-ekwe omume na Agreement Force Posture adịghị apụta na ederede e bipụtara n'oge ahụ. Ebe ọ bụla a tụlere ma ọ bụ mebere ntọala, nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na-achọ mkparịta ụka ogologo oge, ọ bụghị ihe karịrị ajụjụ ndị na-abụghị usoro dị ka ọrụ maka mmepe ihe onwunwe, okwu ego, ọrụ kọstọm, na visa ndị ọrụ mba ọzọ na ọkwa ụtụ isi.

Nke ka njọ, itinye nkuzi gọọmentị Australia nke Ọmụma zuru oke na nkwenye (Isiokwu II (2)) na inye ọtụtụ ọrụ US na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta ohere ịnweta ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ntọala ndị ọzọ enwere ike ịmalite ọrụ agha ga-, ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya kpọrọ ihe. , chọrọ ụfọdụ atụmatụ siri ike na echiche iwu. Dị ka Henry Henry na Cam Hawker dọrọ aka ná ntị na mmalite nke mmepe nke Force Posture Agreement, ịtọ ntọala Australian akara nke arụmọrụ nke US iwe - na, n'ihe banyere B-52 na B-2 bọmbụ, ikekwe ngwá agha nuklia - usoro nyiwe na-ama jijiji. Usoro nke 'ihe ọmụma zuru oke na nkwekọ' bụ ihe na-adịghị mma karịa ọbụna n'ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi.

N'ụzọ ọ bụla, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na usoro a weere akụkụ kachasị mma nke otu afọ, na-akpata, dị ka Moriarty si kwuo, na May 2015 MOU.

Mana ezigbo ajụjụ ka dị maka ihe kpatara gọọmentị Australia na gọọmentị Albanese siri kpebisie ike idobe ndepụta ntọala nzuzo.

Ntụle mbụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe gbasara nchekwa nchekwa nke enwere ike imebi ya site na mkpughe na ndị agha US na ndị ọrụ ngo nwere ohere ịnweta otu ụlọ nchekwa. N'okwu n'ozuzu, nyere ọnụọgụ ozi ọha na eze - ọ bụghị opekata mpe site na isi mmalite mgbasa ozi gọọmentị US na Australian Defense - gbasara ịnweta US na opekata mpe iri na abuo ụlọ ọrụ ADF, nke a bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Ọzọkwa, ịchọpụta ọnụnọ nke ndị agha US na ndị ọrụ n'ime obodo ndị dị nso na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa nke dị n'ime ime obodo na Australia agaghị anwale ọtụtụ ndị nta akụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi mba ofesi na ịnweta Google Earth ma ọ bụ ụlọ mmanya mpaghara.

Ntụle nke abụọ nwere ike ịbụ, dị ka atụpụtara site na ihe kpatara ịjụ FOIA ịnweta Annex A, na mkpughe 'nwere ike ime ka enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ntụkwasị obi na gọọmentị Australia' ma mebie mmekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ na United States. Ọzọ, n'ụkpụrụ, enwere ike ịtụ anya nsonaazụ dị otú ahụ - ma ọ bụrụ na United States nwere nchegbu miri emi banyere mkpughe dị otú ahụ.

N'ezie, enwere ezi ihe mere a ga-eji chee na nke a abụghị ikpe, na n'ezie, ọnọdụ ahụ n'ezie nwere ike gbanwee - ọ bụ gọọmentị Australia, ọ bụghị nke US, nke na-ekwenyesi ike na ogo nke ịnweta ọ na-enye. Ndị agha US na ndị ọrụ ngo ekwesịghị ikpughere ọhaneze Australia.

United States emeela ndokwa maka ịnweta ndị agha US gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ nkwekọrịta na mpaghara nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mba gburugburu ụwa, n'okpuru ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta nkwado nchekwa, ọnọdụ nke nkwekọrịta agha, nkwekọrịta nkwado nkwado, na nkwekọrịta aha ya bụ nke. jiri akpaokwu doro anya nke 'Agreeed Facilities and Area'.

Ntụle dị mkpirikpi nke data ndị mepere emepe na-egosi na n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya US emewo nkwekọrịta n'ụzọ doro anya gbasara ịnweta 'Ụlọ Ọrụ na Mpaghara' na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mba ndị jikọrọ aka na ndị na-abụghị ndị mmekọ gụnyere, ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị nanị, Afghanistan, Estonia, Ghana, Guatemala, Hungary, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands (Curacao), Norway, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Senegal, Slovak Republic, na Spain.

Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ n'ime nkwekọrịta ndị a adịghị enye data ọha gbasara ụlọ ọrụ agụnyere dị ka 'Ụlọ Ọrụ na Mpaghara Agreered', ụfọdụ na-eme, gụnyere opekempe ise dị mkpa US jikọrọ aka nke a na-akpọ aha ụlọ ọrụ nnabata.

Tebụl 1 na-akọwapụta nkwekọrịta na nso nso a ya na ndị mmekọ US ise na-ekwupụta n'ihu ọha nke akụrụngwa ekwenyere na mpaghara nke ndị agha US ga-enweta n'okpuru nkwekọrịta dị otú ahụ. Atọ ndị dị otú ahụ jikọrọ aka - Hungary, Norway, na Poland - bụ ndị òtù NATO; ọzọ, Philippines, na-alọghachi na nso a jikọrọ ọnọdụ mgbe interregnum; na nke ise, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, bụ ezigbo mmekọ nke United States ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. (N'ịgbakwụnye, Papua New Guinea abanyela na United States nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta nchekwa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Dị ka isi mmalite mgbasa ozi na-akwadobeghị na ohere ịnweta ederede kọrọ nke nkwekọrịta, ụlọ ọrụ PNG ise, gụnyere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu atọ, gụnyere dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara nkwekọrịta.)

Tebụl 1. Mba ndị nwere nkwekọrịta nchekwa na United States na-akọwapụta n'ihu ọha akụrụngwa na mpaghara nke ndị agha US nwere ike ịnweta [Rịba ama: Ntọhapụ PNG na mgbasa ozi akwadobeghị nke ọma]

Nchọpụta ọhaneze dị n'edemede nke nkwekọrịta nchekwa abụọ ndị a nke ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara ekwenyere na mba ndị a ga-achọrịrị nkwenye nke gọọmentị abụọ metụtara.

Nke a na-egosi na n'ime opekata mpe ise ndị a nwere nnukwu mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na atụmatụ dị mkpa maka United States, ma gọọmentị US na gọọmentị ndị ọbịa nabatara mkpughe nke ndepụta akụrụngwa na mpaghara ndị agha US nwere ike ịnweta.

N'ihe m maara, ọ nweghị mbọ ọ bụla n'ime gọọmentị niile jikọrọ aka, gụnyere gọọmentị United States, iji gbanwee mkpebi ime ka ọha na eze mara ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị agha US nwere ike ịbanye na mba ndị metụtara ya.

Ihe atụ ndị a nke gọọmentị ma ndị isi United States jikọrọ aka na United States ịnakwere mbipụta dị otú ahụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Agreeed na Mpaghara nke ndị agha US nwere ohere na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iweda nkwupụta nke gọọmenti Australia nke na-ekpughe ndepụta nke Ụlọ ọrụ na Mpaghara Agreed. N'okpuru MOU ga-abụrịrị ihe na-emebi mmekọrịta ntụkwasị obi na gọọmentị ọzọ.

More fundamentally ka, ajụjụ ahụ na-aghọ 'Gịnị nwere ma ọ bụ ka ọchịchị nke Hungary, Norway, Philippines, na mbụ puppet ọchịchị nke Afghanistan, nwere na Australian ọchịchị adịghị?' Azịza ya ga-enwe ihe jikọrọ ya na echiche nke ezi ọbụbụeze na ọrụ nke ịkọwapụta ndị mba ọzọ nye gọọmentị Australia, ọkachasị gọọmentị Albanese dị ugbu a.

Ihe edeturu onye ode akwụkwọ: Ekele m Kellie Tranter, Annette Brownlie na Vince Scappatura.