Kashe Kayan Kayan Gida na Tsarin Mat

(Wannan sashe na 26 na World Beyond War farar takarda Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya: Wani Gida don Yaƙin. Ci gaba da gabanin | wadannan sashi.)

Makamai na hallaka hallakaswa ne mai kyau tabbataccen ra'ayi game da War System, ƙarfafa yaduwarta kuma tabbatar da cewa yakin da ke faruwa yana da yiwuwar halakar duniyar duniya. Makaman nukiliya, sunadarai da makamai masu guba suna nuna ikon su na kashe da maimata yawan mutane, suna shafe dukan biranen da har ma yankuna duka da lalacewar baza'a iya ba.

Makaman nukiliya

A halin yanzu akwai yarjejeniyoyi da suka haramta amfani da makaman nukiliya da kuma makamai masu guba amma babu yarjejeniya da ta haramta makaman nukiliya. 1970 Yarjejeniyar ba da raguwa (NPT) ta ba da sanarwar cewa makaman nukiliya guda biyar da aka yarda da su - Amurka, Rasha, Burtaniya, Faransa da China - ya kamata su yi kyakkyawan imani don kawar da makaman nukiliya, yayin da duk sauran wadanda suka sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar NPT suka yi alkawarin ba za su mallaki makaman nukiliyar ba. Kasashe uku ne kawai suka ki shiga NPT - Indiya, Pakistan, da Isra’ila — kuma suka mallaki tarin makaman nukiliya. Koriya ta Arewa, ta dogara ga yarjejeniyar NPT don fasahar nukiliya ta "zaman lafiya", ta fita daga yarjejeniyar ta hanyar amfani da fasahar "salama" don haɓaka kayan fissi don ƙarfin nukiliya don kera bam ɗin nukiliya.^note9 Lallai, kowane tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da makamashin nukiliya ce mai amfani da bam.

Yaƙe-yaƙe da ake kira "iyakance" yawan makaman nukiliya zai kashe miliyoyin, haifar da yanayin nukiliya da kuma haifar da rashin abinci na duniya baki ɗaya wanda zai haifar da yunwa na miliyoyin. Dukkan tsarin dabarun nukiliya ya dogara ne akan harsashin karya, saboda tsarin kwamfuta yana nuna cewa kawai ƙananan ƙananan warheads da aka lalata zai iya haifar da rufewar aikin noma na tsawon shekaru goma-a sakamakon haka, hukuncin kisa ga 'yan Adam. Kuma halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu shine ga mafi girma da kuma mafi girma ga tsarin rashin kayan aiki ko sadarwa wanda zai haifar da makaman nukiliya.

Saki mafi girma zai iya shafe dukan rayuwar duniya. Wadannan makamai suna barazanar tsaro ga kowa da kowa a ko'ina.^note10 Yayin da wasu yarjejeniyar sulhu na makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da tsohuwar Soviet Union sun rage yawan nau'in makaman nukiliya (56,000 a daya batu), har yanzu akwai 16,300 a duniya, kawai 1000 wanda ba a Amurka ko Rasha ba.^note11 Abin da ya fi muni, yarjejeniyar da aka ba da izinin "sabuntawa," wata alama ce ta samar da sababbin makamai da tsarin bayarwa, wanda dukkanin jihohin nukiliya suke yi. Rashin makaman nukiliya bai tafi ba; ba ma da jingina a baya na kogon-yana cikin biliyoyin daloli da kuma farashin da za a iya amfani dasu a wasu wurare. Tun lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gwagwarmaya ta musamman a cikin 1998, Amurka ta kaddamar da gwaje-gwaje ta gwajin gwagwarmaya na makaman nukiliya, tare da gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci, 1,000 ƙafa a ƙasa da filin hamada a filin gwajin Nevada a yankin yammacin Shoshone . {Asar Amirka ta yi 28 irin wannan gwaje-gwajen har zuwa yau, ta hawan plutonium tare da sunadarai, ba tare da haifar da wani sashi ba, saboda haka "ƙananan mahimmanci".^note12 A gaskiya, gwamnatin Obama na shirin bayar da ku] a] en ku] a] en dalar Amirka dubu uku, a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, don sababbin kamfanonin bam da kuma suturar na'urori, da jiragen saman jiragen saman, da kuma sababbin makaman nukiliya.^note113

Wara'idar Yaƙin yaƙi na al'ada yana yin hujja cewa makaman nukiliya suna hana yaƙi – abin da ake kira rukunan "Ƙaddar da Mutual Mutual" ("MAD"). Yayinda yake da gaskiya cewa ba a taɓa amfani dashi tun lokacin 1945 ba, ba abu ne mai mahimmanci ba a gane cewa MAD ne dalilin. Kamar yadda Daniel Ellsberg ya nuna, duk shugaban Amurka tun lokacin Truman ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya a matsayin barazana ga sauran kasashe don samun su don ba da damar Amurka ta sami hanyar. Bugu da ƙari kuma, irin wannan rukunan yana dogara ne akan bangaskiya mai ban tsoro a cikin tunanin da shugabannin siyasa suke ciki a halin da ake ciki a rikicin, har abada. MAD ba ta tabbatar da tsaro ba ko dai ta hanyar ba da izini ba ne daga cikin wadannan makamai masu linzami ko kuma wani kisa da wata al'umma ta yi zaton cewa an yi ta kai hari ko kuma farautar farko. A hakika, an tsara wasu makaman nukiliya ta hanyar samar da makaman nukiliya don wannan makasudin Cruise Missile (wanda ke sneaks karkashin radar) da kuma Matsalar Farko, kai hari mai sauri, makami mai linzami na gaba. Tattaunawa mai mahimmanci ya faru a lokacin Yakin Cold game da bukatan "Kaddamarwa na farko", wanda Amurka zata fara amfani da makaman nukiliya a kan Soviet Union don kawar da ikonta na kaddamar da makaman nukiliya ta hanyar soke umurnin da iko, ta fara tare da Kremlin. Wasu masu sharhi sun rubuta game da "nasarar" yaki da makaman nukiliya inda kawai za a kashe 'yan miliyoyin miliyoyin, kusan dukkanin fararen hula.^note14 Makaman nukiliya suna da lalata da rashin hauka.

Ko da ba a yi amfani dasu ba da gangan, akwai abubuwa da dama da makaman nukiliya da aka kai a jiragen sama sun fadi a ƙasa, ba sa'a ba ne kawai da suturawa da jinginar plutonium a ƙasa, amma ba zai fita ba.^note15 A cikin 2007, wasu makamai masu linzamin Amurka guda shida da ke dauke da makaman nukiliya sunyi kuskuren daga Arewacin Dakota zuwa Louisiana da kuma bama-bamai na nukiliya ba a gano su ga 36 hours ba.^note16 Akwai rahotanni game da shan giya da rashin talaucin da masu aikin hidima ke sanyawa a karkashin kasa da ke da alhakin kaddamar da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Amurka da aka sa a kan gashi-faɗakarwa da kuma nunawa a garuruwan Rasha.^note17 Amurka da Rasha kowannensu yana da dubban makamai masu linzami na nukiliya da kuma shirye don a yayata juna. Wani tauraron dan adam na Norwegian ya wuce-a kan Rasha kuma an kama shi don kai hare-haren har zuwa minti na karshe lokacin da aka dakatar da ta'addanci.^note18note19

1970 NPT ta ƙare ne a 1995, kuma an ba shi tsawon lokaci a wannan lokaci, tare da tanadi don yin nazarin shekaru biyar da shirya tarurruka a tsakanin. Don samun yarjejeniya ga tsawo na NPT, gwamnatoci sun yi alkawarin gudanar da taro don tattaunawa da makamai masu guba a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A kowace shekara biyar na bita, an ba da sababbin alkawurran, irin su gagarumar yarjejeniya ga kawar da makaman nukiliya, da kuma hanyoyin "matakan" da ake buƙata don ɗaukar makaman nukiliya, wanda babu wani abu girmama.^note20 A Kayan Yarjejeniyar Tsaro na Kayan Gida, wanda} ungiyoyin jama'a suka ha] a da masana kimiyya, lauyoyi, da sauran masana, sun amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya^note21 wanda aka ba da ita, "za a haramta dukkanin Amurka daga neman ko shiga cikin 'bunkasa, gwaji, samarwa, ƙaddamarwa, canja wuri, amfani da barazanar yin amfani da makaman nukiliya.'" Ya samar da matakan da za a buƙaci don halakar da arsenals da kuma tsare kayan ƙarƙashin ikon tabbatar da ƙasashen duniya.^note22

Don lalata ƙungiyoyin jama'a da yawancin makaman nukiliya ba, babu wani matakan da aka tsara a yawancin taron da aka yi na NPT. Biyowa mai muhimmanci ta hanyar Red Cross International don yin sanadiyar abubuwan da ke faruwa na makamai na nukiliya, wani sabon yakin neman sulhuntaccen yarjejeniya ba tare da sanya makaman nukiliya ba a Oslo a 2013, tare da biyo bayan taro a Nayarit, Mexico da Vienna a 2014.^note23 Akwai lokacin da za a bude wannan tattaunawar bayan taron taron na 2015 NPT, a ranar 70th Anniversary na mummunan lalatawar Hiroshima da Nagasaki. A taron Vienna, gwamnatin Austria ta sanar da alkawarin da za a yi don kare makaman nukiliya, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "yin amfani da matakai masu dacewa don cika lalata doka don haramtawa da kawar da makaman nukiliya" da kuma "don haɗin kai tare da dukan masu ruwa da tsaki don cimma wannan manufa. "^note24 Bugu da ƙari, Vatican ya yi magana a wannan taro kuma a karo na farko ya bayyana cewa deterrence na nukiliya ba shi da lalata kuma makamai ya kamata a haramta.^note25 Tsarin yarjejeniya ba zai sanya matsa lamba ba kawai a kan makaman nukiliya ba, amma a kan gwamnatocin da ke ketare a karkashin tsarin nukiliyar Amurka, a kasashen NATO da ke dogara ga makaman nukiliya don "deterrence" da kasashe kamar Australia, Japan da Koriya ta Kudu.^note26 Bugu da kari, tashoshin Amurka game da shirin nukiliyar 400 sun kai hari a jihohin NATO, Belgium, Netherlands, Italiya, Jamus da Turkiyya, wadanda kuma za a tilasta su daina "shirye-shiryen rabawa na nukiliya" kuma su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.^note27

Kayan Gida da Daban Halitta

Makamai masu guba sun hada da ciwo na halitta irin su cutar Ebola, typhus, kanananpox, da sauransu wanda aka canza a cikin lab don zama mai karfi don haka babu maganin maganin guba. Amfani da su zai iya fara wani annoba a duniya. Saboda haka yana da mahimmanci don biyan yarjejeniyar da aka rigaya wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Tsarin Tsaro na Alternative. A Yarjejeniyar kan haramtacciyar cigaba, samarwa da ƙaddamar da bacteriological (halittu) da kayan aiki na Toxin da kuma halakar su an bude don sa hannu a 1972 kuma ya shiga karfi a cikin 1975 a ƙarƙashin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ya hana masu sanya hannu na 170 daga mallakan ko bunkasa waɗannan makaman. Duk da haka, babu wata hanyar tabbatarwa kuma yana buƙatar ƙarfafa kundin tsarin dubawa (watau, kowace ƙasa na iya ƙalubalanci wani wanda ya amince da gaba zuwa dubawa.)

The Yarjejeniyar kan haramtacciyar cigaba, Samar da kayan aiki da kayan amfani da makamai masu guba da kuma ɓarna ya hana haɓaka, samarwa, saye, adanawa, riƙewa, canja wuri ko amfani da makamai masu guba. Kasashen da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun amince da lalata duk wani tarin makamai masu guba da za su iya rikewa da duk wani kayan aiki da ya samar da su, da kuma duk wani makami mai guba da suka yi watsi da shi a yankin wasu Jihohin a baya kuma don samar da tsarin tabbatar da kalubale na wasu sinadarai masu guba da magabatansu… domin tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da waɗannan sinadarai ne kawai don dalilan da ba'a hana su ba. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1997. Ganin cewa tarin kayan makamai masu guba na duniya ya ragu matuka, har ila yau, babbar lalata makasudin nesa.^note28 An yi nasarar aiwatar da yarjejeniyar a 2014 kamar yadda Siriya ta kori kayan da ke cikin makamai masu guba.

(Ci gaba da gabanin | wadannan sashi.)

Muna so mu ji daga gare ku! (Don Allah raba abubuwan da ke ƙasa)

Yaya wannan ya jagoranci ka don yin tunani daban-daban game da sauran abubuwa zuwa yaki?

Menene za ku ƙara, ko canza, ko tambaya game da wannan?

Mene ne zaka iya yi don taimaka wa mutane da yawa su fahimci wadannan hanyoyi zuwa yaki?

Ta yaya zaku iya daukar mataki don yin wannan madadin zuwa yaki?

Don Allah a raba wannan abu yadu!

Related posts

Duba sauran sassan da suka shafi “Securityarfafa tsaro”

Dubi cikakken abubuwan da ke ciki don Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya: Wani Gida don Yaƙin

Notes:
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons (koma zuwa babban labarin)
10. Dubi rahoton da Nobel Peace Laureate Organization Kungiyar likita ta kasa da kasa don magance yaki da makaman nukiliya "Yunhuriyar Nuclear: mutane biliyan biyu a hadari" (koma zuwa babban labarin)
11. ibid (koma zuwa babban labarin)
12. ibid (koma zuwa babban labarin)
13. http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pollux120612 (koma zuwa babban labarin)
14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 (koma zuwa babban labarin)
15. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub585.pdf (koma zuwa babban labarin)
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents (koma zuwa babban labarin)
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_incident (koma zuwa babban labarin)
18. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (koma zuwa babban labarin)
19. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (koma zuwa babban labarin)
20. Duba, Eric Schlosser, Umurnin da Sarrafawa: Makaman nukiliya, Rikicin Damasku, da Maganin Tsaro; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov (koma zuwa babban labarin)
21. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04/LookingBack (koma zuwa babban labarin)
22. http://www.inesap.org/book/securing-our-survival (koma zuwa babban labarin)
23. Wadannan kasashe da ke da makaman nukiliya sun zama dole ne su halakar da makaman nukiliya a cikin jerin samfurori. Wadannan hanyoyi guda biyar za su cigaba kamar haka: daukar makaman nukiliya ba da fargaba, cire makamai daga kayan aiki, cire makamai masu linzamin nukiliya daga motoci masu hawa, dakatar da makamai, cirewa da kuma rarraba 'yankunan' 'da kuma sanya kayan fissile karkashin ikon kasa. A karkashin tsari na samfurin, ana amfani da motoci da aka tura su ko kuma su juya zuwa wani damar da ba ta nukiliya ba. Bugu da ƙari, NWC zai hana yin amfani da makamai-kayan aiki na fissile. Jam'iyyun Jam'iyyun za su kafa hukumar kare hakkin makaman nukiliya wanda za a yi tasiri tare da tabbatarwa, tabbatar da bin doka, yanke shawara, da kuma samar da wani dandalin tattaunawa da hadin gwiwa a tsakanin dukkan jihohi. Hukumar za ta ƙunshi wani taro na Jam'iyyun jihohi, majalisar zartarwa da sakataren fasaha. Za a buƙaci dukkanin jihohi daga dukkanin Jam'iyyun Jam'iyyun game da duk makaman nukiliya, kayan aiki, wurare, da kuma kayan aikin ceto a cikin mallakar su ko iko tare da wurare. "Amincewa: A karkashin tsarin 2007 model na NWC," Ana buƙatar Jam'iyyun Jam'iyya don daukar matakan majalisa don bayar da ladaran da ake tuhumar mutanen da ke aikata laifuka da kuma kariya ga mutanen da suka yi rahoton raunin yarjejeniyar. Har ila yau, ana buƙatar jihohi don kafa hukuma mai kula da ayyuka na ƙasa. Yarjejeniyar za ta yi amfani da hakkoki da wajibai ba kawai ga Jam'iyyun Jam'iyyun ba, har ma ga mutane da kuma hukumomi. Za a iya jayayya da jayayya na shari'a game da Yarjejeniyar ta ICJ [Kotun Kasa ta Duniya] tare da amincewa da juna tsakanin Amurka. Ƙungiyar za ta iya samun damar yin shawarwari game da shawara daga ICJ game da wata hujja ta shari'a. Har ila yau, Yarjejeniyar za ta samar da jerin abubuwan da aka kammala karatun da aka ba su, game da shaidar da ba a bin doka ba, ta hanyar shawarwari, bayani, da kuma shawarwari. Idan ya cancanta, za a iya gabatar da kararrakin zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Tsaron Tsaro. "[Source: Shirye-shiryen Barazana na Nuclear, http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-nuclear-weapons-ventionvention-nwc/ ] ((koma zuwa babban labarin)
24. www.icanw.org (koma zuwa babban labarin)
25. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/austrian-pledge-to-ban-nuclear-weapons (koma zuwa babban labarin)
26. http://www.paxchristi.net/sites/default/files/nuclearweaponstimeforabolitionfinal.pdf (koma zuwa babban labarin)
27. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_06/NATO_Sticks_With_Nuclear_Policy (koma zuwa babban labarin)
28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing (koma zuwa babban labarin)