By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Satumba 29, 2014
Ba lallai bane mu san menene Musteite ba, amma ina mai tunanin zai taimaka idan munyi hakan. Ina amfani da kalmar ne don ma'anar "samun wata dangantaka ta musamman ga siyasar AJ Muste."
Ina da mutane suna gaya mani ni Musteite ne lokacin da nake da kyakkyawar fahimta game da AJ Muste. Zan iya fada cewa abin yabo ne, kuma daga mahallin na ɗauka yana nufin cewa ni mutumin da yake son kawo ƙarshen yaƙi. Ina tsammani nayi irin goge wannan daga ba karamin yabo bane. Me ya sa za a yi la'akari da shi musamman ma abin yabo ko kuma mai saurin kawo ƙarshen yaƙi? Lokacin da wani yake so ya gama da fyaɗe kwata-kwata ko cin zarafin yara ko bautar ko wasu mugunta, ba za mu kira su da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ko yabe su a matsayin tsarkaka ba. Me yasa yaki ya banbanta?
Da yiwuwar yakin bazai bambanta ba, domin a cire shi duka, zai iya zama tunanin cewa na dauki na uku daga AJ Muste, kamar yadda yawancinmu suka karɓa daga gare shi, ko mun san shi ko babu. Gwargwadon tasirinsa shine dukkanin tunaninmu game da aiki da tsarawa da kuma yancin 'yanci da tashin hankali na zaman lafiya. Sabon tarihinsa, American Gandhi: AJ Muste da Tarihin Addini a cikin karni na ashirin na Leilah Danielson ya cancanci karantawa, kuma ya ba ni sabuwar ƙaunata ga Muste duk da littafin da kansa ya nuna rashin nuna kauna.
Martin Luther King Jr. ya fada wa wani masanin tarihin Muste da ya gabata, Nat Hentoff, "Abinda ya fi dacewa a yanzu game da daukar matakin kai tsaye ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a fagen dangantakar jinsi ya fi karfin AJ fiye da kowa a kasar." Haka kuma an yarda da shi cewa ba tare da Muste ba da ba za a sami irin wannan ƙawancen haɗin gwiwa don yaƙi da Vietnam ba. Masu fafutuka a Indiya sun kira shi "Gandhi Ba'amurke."
An haifi Gandhi a cikin 1885 kuma ya yi hijira tare da iyalinsa a lokacin 6 daga Holland zuwa Michigan. Ya yi karatu a Holland, Michigan, garin nan da muka karanta a cikin shafukan farko Blackwater: Yunƙurin Armyarfin Sojojin Haɗaɗɗiyar theasashen Duniya, kuma a kwaleji daga baya Yariman Masarauta sun ba da kuɗi mai yawa, wanda Blackwater ya fito. Labaran Muste da Yarima duka sun fara ne da Calvinism na Dutch kuma sun ƙare sosai kamar yadda ake tsammani. Dangane da haɗarin ɓata wa kiristocin da ke sha'awar ko wanne mutum rai, ina ganin babu wani labari - kuma ba rai - da zai sha wahala da an bar addinin.
Muste dã bai yarda da ni ba, tabbas, kamar yadda wasu nau'ikan addinai suka kasance jigon tunaninsa yayin yawancin rayuwarsa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya kasance mai wa’azi kuma memba na Fellowungiyar Zaman Lafiya (FOR). Ya yi adawa da yaƙi a cikin 1916 lokacin da adawa da yaƙi ya kasance karɓaɓɓe. Kuma lokacin da yawancin sauran ƙasar suka faɗi a layi a bayan Woodrow Wilson kuma suna son yaƙi cikin biyayya a cikin 1917, Muste bai canza ba. Ya yi adawa da yaƙi da takunkumi. Ya goyi bayan gwagwarmaya don 'yancin jama'a, koyaushe ana fuskantar hari yayin yaƙe-yaƙe. Teungiyar 'Yancin Civilungiyar' Yanci ta Amurka (ACLU) ta Muste ta YI don abokan aiki a 1917 don magance alamun yaƙi, kamar yadda yake a yau. Muste ya ƙi yin wa'azi don tallafawa yaƙi kuma ya zama dole ya yi murabus daga cocinsa, yana mai faɗi a wasikar murabus ɗin cewa cocin ya kamata a mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar "yanayin ruhaniya wanda ya kamata ya dakatar da yaƙin kuma ya sa duk yaƙe-yaƙe abin da ba za a taɓa tsammani ba." Muste ya zama mai ba da gudummawa tare da ACLU yana ba da shawara ga waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da imaninsu da sauransu waɗanda aka tsananta don adawa da yaƙi a New England. Ya kuma zama Quaker.
A cikin 1919 Muste ya sami kansa a matsayin jagoran yajin aiki na ma'aikatan masaka 30,000 a Lawrence, Massachusetts, yana koyo kan aikin - kuma a kan layin tsinke, inda 'yan sanda suka kama shi kuma suka ci zarafinsa, amma ya dawo nan da nan layin. A lokacin da gwagwarmayar ta ci nasara, Muste babban sakatare ne na sabuwar Kamfanin Amincewa da Ma'aikatan Amurka. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, yana jagorantar Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Brookwood a wajen Katonah, New York. A tsakiyar 1920s, kamar yadda Brookwood ya yi nasara, Muste ya zama jagora na ƙungiyar kwadago na ci gaba a duk ƙasar. A lokaci guda, ya yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na kasa FOR daga 1926-1929 da kuma a kwamitin kasa na ACLU. Brookwood ya yi gwagwarmaya don kawo rarrabuwar kawuna da yawa har sai Kungiyar Kwadago ta Amurka ta rusa ta da hare-hare daga dama, ta taimaka kadan da hare-hare daga hagu daga 'yan kwaminisanci. Muste ya yi aiki tuƙuru don yin kwadago, ya kafa Taro don Ci gaban Aikin Aiki, da kuma shiryawa a Kudancin, amma "idan za mu kasance da halaye a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago," in ji shi, "dole ne mu sami matsayin haɗin kai, kuma, idan muka ya kamata mu samu hakan, ya biyo baya, saboda abu daya, cewa ba za mu iya amfani da dukkan lokacinmu a cikin rikici da fada da juna ba - watakila kashi 99 na lokacin, amma ba kusan dari bisa dari ba. ”
Mawallafin tarihin Muste ya bi tsarin wannan kashi 99 cikin 1933 na wasu surori, wanda ya shafi rikice-rikicen masu gwagwarmaya, shirya marasa aikin yi, kafa kungiyar Ma'aikatan Amurka a 1934, da kuma a XNUMX yajin aikin Auto-Lite a Toledo, Ohio, hakan ya haifar da samuwar Autoungiyar Ma'aikata ta Autoungiya. Marasa aikin yi, shiga cikin yajin aikin a madadin ma’aikata, suna da mahimmanci ga cin nasara, kuma jajircewar da suka yi na iya taimakawa ma’aikatan yanke shawarar yajin aiki tun farko. Muste ya kasance tsakiyar wannan duka kuma ya kasance mai adawa da tsarin fasikanci a cikin waɗannan shekarun. Tsoffin daliban Muste ne suka jagoranci yajin aikin na zama a Goodyear a cikin Akron.
Muste ya nemi fifita gwagwarmayar tabbatar da wariyar launin fata da kuma amfani da dabarun Gandhian, yana mai nacewa kan canje-canje a al'adu, ba wai kawai gwamnati ba. "Idan za mu sami sabuwar duniya," in ji shi, "dole ne mu sami sababbin maza; idan kuna son juyi, dole ne a canza muku. ” A cikin 1940, Muste ya zama sakataren ƙasa na FOR kuma ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Gandhian game da rarrabuwar kai, ya kawo sabbin ma'aikata ciki har da James Farmer da Bayard Rustin, da kuma taimakawa wajen kafa Majalissar Daidaitan Ra'ayi (CORE). Ayyukan rashin zaman lafiya wanda mutane da yawa ke haɗuwa da 1950s da 1960s sun fara ne a cikin 1940s. Tafiya ta Sulhu ta gabaci Hawan 'Yanci shekara 14.
Muste ya yi hasashen haɓakar Industrialungiyar Masana'antu ta Soja da kuma son faɗaɗa yaƙin bayan yakin duniya na II Amurka a 1941. Wani wuri fiye da fahimtar yawancin Amurkawa, har ma da mai ba da labarinsa, Muste ya sami hikimar ci gaba da adawa da yaƙi a lokacin duniya ta biyu yaƙe-yaƙe, neman shawara a maimakon kariya ta rashin tsaro da lumana, haɗin kai, da kuma manufofin ƙasashen waje masu karimci, da kare haƙƙin Amurkawan Jafananci, da sake adawa da cin zarafin da ake yi wa lancin jama'a. “Idan ba zan iya kaunar Hitler ba, ba zan iya kauna ba kwata-kwata,” in ji Muste, yana mai bayyana babban bakin da ke nuna cewa ya kamata mutum ya so makiyinsa, amma yin hakan a shari’ar farko wacce kusan kowa yake, har zuwa yau, masu ba da shawara don kyawun tashin hankali da ƙiyayya.
Tabbas, waɗanda suka yi hamayya da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da mummunan yarjejeniyar da aka gama shi, da kuma rura wutar fascism na shekaru - kuma wa zai ga abin da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II zai kawo, kuma waɗanda suka ga damar dabarun Gandhian - dole ne sun sami wahala fiye da yawancin yarda da cewa yaƙin ba makawa bane kuma yakin duniya na II yayi daidai.
Muste, na tabbata, bai gamsu da kallon gwamnatin Amurka ba ta ƙirƙirar yakin sanyi da masarautar duniya daidai da nasa hasashen. Muste ya ci gaba da turawa gaba dayan kungiyar yakin, yana mai cewa, “ainihin hanyoyin da al'ummomi ke amfani da su don samarwa kansu kariya 'ta kare' da kuma ta 'wucin gadi' kuma 'tsaro' shine babban cikas ga samun tsaro na gaskiya ko na dindindin. Suna son injunan kasa da kasa domin tseren makaman nukiliya ya daina; amma tseren makaman nukiliya dole ne su tsaya ko kuma manufar duniya ta koma baya ta yadda dan adam zai iya kaiwa. ”
A wannan lokaci, 1948-1951 cewa MLK Jr. na halarci Seminar Ilimin tauhidin na Crozer, yana halartar jawabai ta wurin, da karatun littattafai, ta hanyar Muste, wanda zai shawarce shi daga bisani a cikin aikinsa, kuma wanda zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karfafawa jama'a shugabannin 'yanci su yi adawa da yaki a Vietnam. Muste ya yi aiki tare da kwamiti na Amisoshin Amurkan, da sauran kungiyoyi, ciki har da kwamitin don dakatar da gwajin H-Bomb, wanda zai zama kwamitin kasa da kasa kan batun nukiliya na Sane (SANE); da kuma Brigade na Duniya na Duniya.
Muste ya yi kashedi game da yakin Amurka a kan Vietnam a 1954. Ya jagoranci adawa da shi a 1964. Ya yi gwagwarmaya da babbar nasara don fadada kawancen yaki da yaki a 1965. A lokaci guda, ya yi gwagwarmaya da dabarun shayar da adawa a yakin a ƙoƙari don neman ƙarin kira. Ya yi imanin cewa “rarrabuwar kawuna” ya kawo “saɓani da banbance-banbance” a farfajiyar kuma ya ba da damar yiwuwar samun babban rabo. Muste ya shugabanci Kwamitin Tattaunawa na 8 ga Nuwamba (MOBE) a 1966, yana shirin aiwatar da wani babban aiki a watan Afrilu 1967. Amma bayan dawowa daga tafiya zuwa Vietnam a watan Fabrairu, ya ba da jawabi game da tafiyar, kuma ya kwana har dare yana tsara sanarwar zanga-zangar Afrilu , ya fara gunaguni game da ciwon baya kuma bai daɗe sosai ba.
Bai ga jawabin Sarki a Cocin Riverside ba a ranar 4 ga Afrilu. Bai ga taron jama'a ba ko jana'izar da yawa da kansa. Bai ga yakin ya ƙare ba. Bai ga makamin yaƙi da shirin yaƙi suna ci gaba ba kamar ƙaramin abu ne aka koya. Bai ga ja da baya ba daga adalcin tattalin arziki da ci gaban gwagwarmaya a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Amma AJ Muste ya kasance can kafin. Ya ga abubuwan da suka faru a shekarun 1920 da 1930 kuma ya rayu don taimakawa kawo zaman lafiya na 1960s. Lokacin da, a cikin 2013, matsin lamba na jama'a ya taimaka wajen dakatar da harin makami mai linzami kan Siriya, amma babu wani abu mai kyau da ya maye gurbinsa, kuma an ƙaddamar da harin makami mai linzami shekara guda daga baya a kan kishiyar a yakin Siriya, Muste ba zai gigice ba. Dalilin sa ba shine hana wani yaƙi ba amma kawar da tsarin yaƙi, shine dalilin sabon yakin a cikin 2014 World Beyond War.
Me za mu iya koya daga wani kamar Muste wanda ya jimre tsawon lokacin da zai ga wasu, amma ba duka ba, game da ra'ayin sa na gaba-gaba? Bai damu da zabe ba ko da jefa kuri'a. Ya ba da fifikon aiki kai tsaye ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Ya nemi kafa mafi girman kawancen hadin gwiwa, gami da mutanen da basu yarda da shi ba da kuma junan su kan tambayoyi na asali amma wadanda suka amince da mahimmin al'amarin da ke gabansu. Duk da haka ya nemi kiyaye waɗannan ƙawancen ba sassauƙa kan batutuwan da suka fi muhimmanci. Ya nemi ciyar da burin su gaba a matsayin abin da ya dace da kuma shawo kan abokan hamayya ta hankali da tausayawa, ba tilastawa ba. Ya yi aiki don canza ra'ayoyin duniya. Ya yi aiki don gina ƙungiyoyin duniya, ba kawai na cikin gida ko na ƙasa ba. Kuma, ba shakka, ya nemi kawo ƙarshen yaƙi, ba wai kawai don maye gurbin yaƙi ɗaya da wani daban ba. Wannan yana nufin gwagwarmaya da wani yaƙi, amma yin hakan ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa don rage ko soke kayan aikin da ke bayanta.
Ba ni bane, bayan duk, kyakkyawan Musteite. Na yarda da yawa, amma ba duka ba. Na yi watsi da kwadaitar addininsa. Kuma tabbas ba ni da yawa kamar AJ Muste, ba ni da ƙwarewarsa, abubuwan da yake so, iyawarsa, da nasarorin da ya samu. Amma ina jin kusancin sa kuma ina yabawa fiye da yadda ake kira na Musteite. Kuma ina godiya da cewa AJ Muste da miliyoyin mutanen da suka yaba da aikinsa ta wata hanya sun ba ni shi. Tasirin Muste akan mutane kowa ya sani, kamar Martin Luther King, Jr., da mutanen da suka rinjayi mutane kowa ya sani, kamar Bayard Rustin, yana da mahimmanci. Ya yi aiki tare da mutanen da har yanzu ke aiki a cikin zaman lafiya kamar David McReynolds da Tom Hayden. Ya yi aiki tare da James Rorty, mahaifin ɗaya daga cikin farfesoshin kwalejinmu, Richard Rorty. Ya dau lokaci a Seminar tauhidin tauhidi, inda iyayena suke karatu. Ya zauna a kan wannan shingen, idan ba ginin ba, inda na zauna na ɗan lokaci a Titin 103rd da West End Avenue a New York, kuma ga alama Muste ya auri wata kyakkyawar mace mai suna Anne wacce ta bi Anna, kamar ni Ni Don haka, Ina son saurayin Amma abin da yake ba ni fata shine iyakar Musteism a cikin al'adunmu gabaɗaya, da yiwuwar wata rana duk mu zama Musteites.
