Tarihi: Yaki Yayi dai dai

Gaskiya: Babu wani daga cikin ka'idoji na "ka'idar yaki kawai" mai daraja da ke riƙe da bincike na zamani, kuma buƙatunta cewa ayi amfani da yaƙi kawai azaman makoma ta ƙarshe ba zai yuwu ba a cikin wani zamani lokacin da wasu hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba ke tabbatar da cewa ba su da iyaka.

Tunanin cewa yaƙe-yaƙe wani lokaci, daga aƙalla ɓangare ɗaya, ana ɗaukarsa “mai adalci” ne a cikin al'adun Yammacin ta hanyar ka'idar yaƙi kawai, wani rukuni na tsohuwar koyarwar mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka waɗanda ba sa riƙe bincike.

Shin yakin da zai dace da dukkan ka'idodin ka'idar yaki kawai, domin ya zama daidai, to lallai ya zama mafi girma fiye da duk wani lalacewa ta hanyar kiyaye yakin basasa. Ba zai zama kyakkyawan sakamako a karshe idan an sami yakin basasa idan shirye-shiryen yaƙe-yaƙe da dukan yakin basasa marasa rinjaye da waɗannan shirye-shiryen suka motsa su ba, fiye da yakin da aka yi daidai. Harkokin yakin, hakika, ya haifar da haɗarin nukiliyar nukiliya. Wannan shine babbar hanyar sauyin yanayi. Ita ce babbar mawuyacin yanayin yanayi. Yawanci mafi yawan lalacewa ta hanyar karkatar da kudade daga bukatun mutane da muhalli fiye da ta rikici. Wannan ita ce kadai wurin da za a iya samun kudade mai yawa don yin ƙoƙari mai tsanani don matsawa zuwa ayyukan ci gaba. Wannan shine babban abin da ke haifar da rushewar 'yancin jama'a, da kuma jagorancin magungunan tashin hankali da ƙiyayya da girman kai a al'adun da ke kewaye. Kungiyar Militarism ta tayar da 'yan sanda a yankunansu, da kuma hankalinsu. Yakin da ya dace zai zama nauyi mai nauyi.

Amma ba kawai yakin basasa zai yiwu ba. Wasu ka'idojin ka'idar yaki kawai maganganu ne kawai, ba za a iya auna su kwata-kwata ba, don haka ba za'a iya haduwa da ma'ana ba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da “niyya mai kyau,” “dalili kawai,” da “daidaito.” Wasu ba dalilan ɗabi'a bane kwata-kwata. Waɗannan sun haɗa da “ayyanawa a fili” da “wanda ke bisa doka da iko.” Amma wasu ba sa yiwuwa ga kowane yaƙi ya hadu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da “makoma ta ƙarshe,” “mai yuwuwar samun nasara,” “waɗanda ba sa yaƙi da rigakafi,” “sojojin maƙiyi da ake girmamawa a matsayinsu na mutane,” da “fursunonin yaƙi da aka ɗauka a matsayin waɗanda ba sa yaƙi.” An tattauna kowane ma'auni a cikin littafin David Swanson Yakin Ba Yayi Kawai. Bari mu tattauna anan kadai, mafi mashahuri: “makoma ta ƙarshe,” wanda aka cire daga wannan littafin.

Last Dabbab

Tabbas mataki ne zuwa ga hanya madaidaiciya yayin da al'adu suka motsa daga sha'awar Theodore Roosevelt don buɗe sabon yaƙi don yaƙi, don nuna cewa duniya tana faɗin cewa kowane yaƙi yana kuma dole ne ya zama makoma ta ƙarshe. Wannan yaudarar ta zama gama gari a yanzu, don haka kawai jama'ar Amurka suka dauke ta ba tare da sun fada ba. Wani binciken masana da aka gudanar kwanan nan ya gano cewa jama'ar Amurka sunyi imanin cewa duk lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta gabatar da yaki, to ta riga ta gajiyar da duk wasu hanyoyin. Lokacin da aka tambayi wani rukuni idan sun goyi bayan wani yaƙi, kuma an tambayi rukuni na biyu idan sun goyi bayan wannan yaƙi bayan an gaya musu cewa duk hanyoyin ba su da kyau, kuma an tambayi rukuni na uku idan sun goyi bayan wannan yaƙi duk da cewa akwai kyakkyawan madadin, ƙungiyoyi biyu na farko sun yi rijista daidai da matakin tallafi, yayin da goyon bayan yaƙi ya ragu sosai a rukuni na uku. Wannan ya sa masu binciken suka yanke hukunci cewa idan ba a ambaci wasu abubuwa na daban ba, mutane ba sa zaton sun wanzu-maimakon haka, mutane suna zaton an riga an gwada su.[i]

An yi shekaru da yawa ana kokarin a Washington, DC, don fara yaki da Iran. Wasu daga cikin matsin lamba sun zo a cikin 2007 da 2015. Idan da an fara wannan yaƙin a kowane wuri, babu shakka za a bayyana shi a matsayin mafaka ta ƙarshe, duk da cewa zaɓin kawai ba fara wannan yaƙi ba an zaɓi shi a lokuta da yawa . A cikin 2013, Shugaban Amurka ya gaya mana game da gaggawa "makoma ta ƙarshe" da ake buƙatar ƙaddamar da wani babban harin bam a Siriya. Sannan ya sauya shawararsa, galibi saboda adawa da shi. Ya zama zaɓi na ba bama-bamai Syria kuma yana samuwa.

Ka yi tunanin wani mashawarcin giya wanda ya ci kowane dare ya cinye barasa mai yawa kuma wanda kowace safiya ya yi rantsuwa cewa shan wiski ita ce makomarsa ta ƙarshe, ba shi da wani zaɓi ko kaɗan. Mai sauƙin tunanin, babu shakka. Mai shaye-shaye koyaushe zai ba da kansa ga kansa, duk da rashin hankali dole ne a yi shi. A gaskiya janye barasa na iya haifar da kamewa ko mutuwa. Amma janyewar yaƙi zai iya yin hakan? Ka yi tunanin duniyar da kowa ya yarda da kowane mai shan giya, ciki har da mai shan yakin, kuma ya ce wa juna da gaske "Ba shi da wani zabi. Da gaske ya gwada komai kuma." Ba haka zato ba, ko? Kusan wanda ba a iya misaltuwa, a zahiri. Kuma duk da haka:

An dai yarda cewa Amurka tana yaki ne a Siriya a matsayin mafakar karshe, ko da yake:

  • {Asar Amirka ta shafe shekaru da yawa, don yin watsi da} o} arin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke yi, a zaman lafiya a Siriya[ii]
  • {Asar Amirka ta watsar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar Rasha game da Syria a 2012.[iii]
  • Kuma a lokacin da Amurka ta yi ikirarin da aka kai harin bam din nan da nan a matsayin "makomar karshe" a cikin 2013 amma Amurka ta yi tsayayya da rashin amincewa, ana bin wasu zabin.
 

A cikin 2015, membobin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa yarjejeniyar nukiliya da Iran ta buƙaci ƙi da Iran ta kai hari a matsayin mafaka ta ƙarshe. Ba a ambaci tayin Iran na 2003 don sasanta shirin nukiliyarta ba, tayin da Amurka ta yi watsi da shi da sauri.

An yarda cewa Amurka tana kashe mutane tare da jiragen ruwa a matsayin mafakar karshe, duk da cewa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan lokuta da Amurka ta san sunayen mutanen da yake so, mutane da yawa (da kuma dukkanin waɗannan) iya kasancewa an kama shi sauƙi.[iv]

An yi imani da cewa Amurka ta kashe Osama bin Laden a matsayin mafaka ta karshe, har sai wadanda abin ya shafa sun yarda cewa manufar "kashe ko kama" ba ta hada da duk wani shiri na kamawa (kama) ba kuma bin Laden ba shi da makami lokacin da yake kashe.[v]

An yi imanin cewa Amurka ta kai wa Libya hari a cikin 2011, ta kifar da gwamnatinta, kuma ta rura wutar rikicin yanki a matsayin makoma ta karshe, duk da cewa a cikin Maris din 2011 kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka na da shirin samar da zaman lafiya a Libya amma NATO ta hana shi, ta hanyar kirkirar "babu yankin tashi" da kuma fara tashin bam, don tafiya zuwa Libya don tattaunawa a kai. A watan Afrilu, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta sami damar tattauna shirin nata tare da shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi, kuma ya bayyana yarjejeniyarsa.[vi] NATO ta sami izini na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kare 'yan Libiya da ake zargin sun kasance cikin haɗari, amma ba shi da izini don ci gaba da boma boma-bamai a kasar ko kuma karya gwamnati.

Kusan duk wanda yake aiki, kuma yana so ya ci gaba da yin aiki, wani babban rahotanni na watsa labaran Amurka ya ce Amurka ta kai hari kan Iraki a 2003 a matsayin mafakar karshe ko ma'anar da ake nufi da, ko kuma wani abu, ko da yake:

  • Shugaban {asar Amirka, ya yi amfani da shirye-shirye, don fara yakin basasa.[vii]
  • Gwamnatin Iraqi ta tuntubi Vincent Cannistraro na CIA tare da tayin barin sojojin Amurka su binciki duk kasar.[viii]
  • Gwamnatin Iraki ta ba da damar gudanar da zabe a cikin kasa a cikin shekaru biyu.[ix]
  • Gwamnatin Iraki ta ba da shawarar ga tsohon shugaban kasar Bush, Richard Perle, da ya bude dukkanin kasar don bincikar binciken, don mayar da wanda ake zargi a harin bom na 1993 World Trade Center, don taimakawa wajen yaki da ta'addanci, da kuma tallafa wa kamfanonin mai.[X]
  • Shugaban kasar Iraki ya ba da labari, a cikin asusun cewa shugaban kasar Amurka ya ba da shugabancin Spain, don barin Iraki idan zai iya ci gaba da dala biliyan 1.[xi]
  • {Asar Amirka tana da wani zaɓi na kawai ba fara wani yakin ba.
 

Yawancin mutane suna zaton Amurka ta mamaye Afghanistan a 2001 kuma ta ci gaba da zama tun daga jerin “wuraren shakatawa na ƙarshe,” duk da cewa Taliban ta sha ba da tayin mika bin Laden zuwa wata ƙasa ta uku don fuskantar shari'a, al Qaeda ba ta da kasancewa mai mahimmanci a Afghanistan don yawancin lokacin yakin, kuma janyewa ya kasance zaɓi a kowane lokaci.[xii]

Da yawa suna kula da cewa Amurka ta tafi yaƙi da Iraki a cikin 1990-1991 a matsayin “makoma ta ƙarshe,” duk da cewa gwamnatin Iraki a shirye take ta sasanta ficewa daga Kuwait ba tare da yaƙi ba kuma a ƙarshe ta ba da shawarar kawai ficewa daga Kuwait cikin makonni uku ba tare da yanayi ba. Sarkin Jordan, Paparoma, Shugaban Faransa, Shugaban Tarayyar Soviet, da wasu da yawa sun roki irin wannan sasantawar cikin lumana, amma Fadar White House ta nace kan “makamarta ta ƙarshe”.[xiii]

Har ma da kawar da ayyukan da ke ƙara yawan haɓaka, samar da makamai, da karfafa ikon gwamnatoci, da kuma shawarwarin karya wanda ake nufi da sauƙaƙe maimakon guje wa yaki, za a iya dawo da tarihin yakin Amurka a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kamar yadda labarin wani jerin ba da jimawa ba. damar samun zaman lafiya a hankali ya kauce wa duk farashi.

Mexico ta yarda ta yi shawarwari da sayar da yankin arewacinta, amma Amurka ta so ta dauki ta hanyar kisan kai. Spain na son batun Maine don zuwa sasantawar duniya, amma Amurka ta so yaƙi da daula. Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da shawarar tattaunawar zaman lafiya kafin Yaƙin Koriya. (Asar Amirka ta lalata shawarwarin neman zaman lafiya ga Vietnam daga Vietnam, Vietnam, da Faransanci, ba tare da nuna damuwa ba game da "makomar karshe" a kan kowane zaɓi, daga ranar da Lamarin Gulf na Tonkin ya ba da umarnin yaƙi duk da cewa bai taɓa faruwa ba.[xiv]

Idan ka duba cikin isassun yaƙe-yaƙe, za ka ga kusan abubuwa iri ɗaya da aka yi amfani da su a wani lokaci azaman uzurin yaƙi kuma a wani lokacin ba komai ba. Shugaba George W. Bush ya ba da shawara ga Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair cewa samun harbi a jirgin sama na U2 zai iya sa su shiga yakin da suke so.[xv] Duk da haka lokacin da Soviet Union ta harbe jirgin saman U2, shugaban kasar Dwight Eisenhower bai fara yaki ba.

Ee, ee, ee, wanda zai iya amsawa, daruruwan yaƙe-yaƙe na ainihi da rashin adalci ba su ne wuraren zama na ƙarshe ba, kodayake magoya bayansu suna iƙirarin matsayin su. Amma ka'ida kawai War zai zama makoma ta ƙarshe. Shin hakan? Shin da gaske ne babu sauran zaɓin da zai yi daidai da na ɗabi'a ko na sama? Allman da Winright sun ambaci Paparoma John Paul II kan “aikin kwance damarar wannan mai zagon kasa idan duk wasu hanyoyi sun tabbatar ba shi da amfani.” Amma “kwance ɗamarar yaƙi” da gaske yake daidai da “bam ko mamayewa”? Mun ga yaƙe-yaƙe da aka ƙaddamar da zato don kwance ɗamara, kuma sakamakon ya kasance ya fi makamai fiye da dā. Me game dakatar da hannu a matsayin hanyar da za ta yiwu ta ɓarna? Menene game da jirgin hannu a duniya? Mene ne game da tattalin arziki da wasu matsalolin da za su rushe?

Babu wani lokaci da tashin bam a Ruwanda zai zama "makoma ta ƙarshe". Akwai lokacin da whenan sanda da makami za su iya taimakawa, ko yanke siginar rediyo da ake amfani da ita don tsokanar kashe-kashe na iya taimakawa. Akwai lokuta da yawa lokacin da ma'aikatan zaman lafiya marasa makamai zasu taimaka. Akwai wani lokacin da neman ba da lissafi game da kisan shugaban zai taimaka. Akwai shekaru uku a gabanin lokacin da aka guji ɗora hannu da ba da kuɗin kashe-kashen Yuganda zai taimaka.

Iƙirarin “resortarshe na ƙarshe” yawanci ba shi da ƙarfi idan mutum ya yi tunanin komawa baya a lokacin zuwa lokacin rikici, amma yana da rauni sosai idan mutum yana tunanin yin tafiya a gaba. Yawancin mutane da yawa suna ƙoƙarin ba da hujja don Yaƙin Duniya na II fiye da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, duk da cewa ɗayansu ba zai taɓa faruwa ba tare da ɗayan ba ko kuma ba tare da halin bebe na kawo ƙarshensa ba, wanda ya sa masu kallo da yawa a lokacin suka hango Yakin Duniya na II tare da mahimmancin gaskiya . Idan har kai hari kan ISIS a Iraki yanzu ya zama "makoma ta karshe" kawai saboda yakin da ya karu ne a 2003, wanda ba zai iya faruwa ba tare da Yakin Gulf na farko ba, wanda ba zai iya faruwa ba tare da ba da makamai da goyon bayan Saddam Hussein ba a yakin Iran da Iraki, da sauransu a cikin karnonin da suka gabata. Tabbas rashin adalci na musabbabin rikice-rikicen baya haifar da duk sabon yanke hukunci ba daidai ba, amma suna ba da shawarar cewa wani da ke da ra'ayin banda yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​kamata ya shiga tsakani a cikin ɓarnar lalacewar rikice-rikicen rikice-rikicen kai.

Koda a lokacin rikici, shin da gaske rikici ne na gaggawa kamar yadda masu goyan bayan yaƙi ke da'awa? Shin agogo yana da alamar gaske a nan fiye da yadda ake azabtar da gwaje-gwajen tunani? Allman da Winright sun ba da shawarar wannan jerin hanyoyin maye gurbin yakin wanda dole ne ya kare domin yaki ya zama makoma ta karshe: “takunkumi mai kyau, kokarin diflomasiyya, tattaunawar wani bangare, ko kuma wani lokaci.”[xvi] Shi ke nan? Wannan jerin suna zuwa cikakken jerin wadatattun hanyoyin abin da Gidan Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa ya nuna "Duk Abubuwan Da Aka Kamata" shine ga komai. Yakamata su sake masa suna "Kashi Biyu na Abubuwan Da Aka Kamata." Daga baya, Allman da Winright sun faɗi iƙirarin cewa hamɓarar da gwamnatoci ya fi alheri fiye da “ƙunshe” da su. Wannan hujja, marubutan sun tabbatar, tana ƙalubalantar “masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin yaƙi na zamani iri ɗaya.” Yana aikata? Wanne zaɓi waɗancan nau'ikan nau'ikan biyu ne ake ganin sun fi so? "Kwacewa"? Wannan ba hanya ce ta zaman lafiya ba kuma tabbas ba shine kawai hanyar yaƙi ba.

Idan da gaske an kawo hari kan wata ƙasa kuma ta zaɓi yin yaƙi don kare kanta, da ba ta da lokacin takunkumi da kowane ɗayan zaɓuɓɓukan da aka lissafa. Ba zai ma sami lokaci don tallafi na ilimi ba daga masana ka'idar Just War. Zai kawai sami kansa yana yaƙi da baya. Yankin ka'idar yaki kawai don aiki a ciki shine, sabili da haka, aƙalla a cikin babban ɓangare, waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe waɗanda ba su da kariya, waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe waɗanda suke "tsinkaye," "m," "kariya," da dai sauransu.

Mataki na farko daga ainihin kariya shine yakin da aka ƙaddamar don hana afkuwar hari. Gwamnatin Obama ta, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sake fassara ta "sananne" don nufin wataƙila wata rana. Daga nan sai suka yi ikirarin cewa suna kisan kai tare da jirage marasa matuka kawai mutanen da suka kirkiro "wata barazana da ci gaba da barazana ga Amurka." Tabbas, idan ya kasance sananne a ƙarƙashin ma'anar da aka saba, ba zai ci gaba ba, saboda hakan zai faru.

Ga nassi mai mahimmanci daga Ma'aikatar Shari'a "Farar Takarda" mai ma'anar "sananne":

"[T] yana da sharadin cewa shugaba mai gudanar da aiki ya gabatar da barazanar 'kai tsaye' ta kai hari ga Amurka ba ya bukatar Amurka ta samu kwararan hujjoji cewa wani takamaiman hari kan Amurka da muradun Amurka zai faru nan gaba. ”[xvii]

Gwamnatin George W. Bush ta ga abubuwa kamar haka. Tsarin Amurka na Tsaron Kasa na 2002 ya ce: “Mun san cewa mafi kyawun tsaronmu laifi ne mai kyau.”[xviii] Hakika, wannan ƙarya ne, yayin da yaƙe-yaƙe masu yaƙe-yaƙe ke haifar da haɓaka. Amma yana da admirably gaskiya.

Da zarar muna magana ne game da shawarwarin yakin da ba na kariya ba, game da rikice-rikicen da mutum ke da lokacin saka takunkumi, diflomasiyya, da kuma wa'adi, mutum kuma yana da lokacin kowane irin abubuwa. Abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su sun hada da: ba da kariya ba tare da kariya ba (ba tare da makami ba) na farar hula: sanar da kungiyar nuna adawa ga duk wani yunkuri na neman aiki, zanga-zangar duniya da zanga-zanga, shawarwarin kwance damarar yaki, ba da sanarwar raba makamai, alamomin kawance gami da taimako, daukar rikici zuwa sasantawa ko kotu, hada taro kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu, tattaunawar maido da sulhu, jagoranci ta misali ta hanyar shiga yarjejeniyoyi masu daure kai ko Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya ko kuma ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, diflomasiyyar farar hula, hadin gwiwar al'adu, da kirkirar rikice-rikicen abubuwa marasa iyaka.

Amma menene idan muka yi tunanin yakin kare kai tsaye, ko dai tsoron mamayewa da ba'a da karfi na Amurka, ko yakin Amurka da aka gani daga wancan gefen? Shin kawai don Vietnamese ta yi yaƙi da baya? Shin kawai don Iraqi ta yi yaƙi da baya? Da sauransu. (Ina nufin wannan ya hada da yanayin kai hari kan ainihin kasar Amurka, ba hari ba, misali, sojojin Amurka a Syria. Kamar yadda nake rubutawa, gwamnatin Amurka tana barazanar “kare” dakarunta a Siriya ya kamata gwamnatin Siriya ta "kawo musu hari".)

Amsar a takaitacciyar wannan tambaya shine cewa idan mai aikata laifuka ya hana shi, babu tsaro. Juyawar juriya ga yakin Amurka a cikin barazanar kara yawan kayan aikin soja na Amurka ya yi rikici sosai har ma don mai kula da lobbyist na K.

Amsar da ta fi tsayi kadan ita ce, ba galibi rawar da ta dace ba ce ga wanda aka haifa kuma yake zaune a Amurka don ba da shawara ga mutanen da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin bam ɗin Amurka cewa ya kamata su yi gwaji tare da juriya mara ƙarfi.

Amma amsar da ta dace tana da ɗan wahala fiye da ɗayan waɗannan. Amsa ce da zata fi fitowa fili idan muka kalli duka hare-haren kasashen waje da juyin juya hali / yakin basasa. Akwai wasu na karshen da za a duba, kuma akwai karin misalai masu karfi da za a nuna. Amma manufar ka'idar, gami da ka'idar Anti-Just-War, ya kamata ya taimaka wajen samar da misalai na zahiri na duniya na kyakkyawan sakamako, kamar su amfani da tashin hankali kan mamayar kasashen waje.

Karatu kamar Erica Chenoweth's sun tabbatar da cewa rashin jituwa da zalunci ga zalunci zai iya yin nasara, kuma nasarar zata fi wanzuwa, fiye da adawa mai ƙarfi.[xix] Don haka idan muka kalli wani abu kamar juyin juya hali mara kyau a Tunisia a cikin 2011, zamu iya gano cewa ya cika sharuɗɗa da yawa kamar kowane yanayi don Yaƙin Justarshe, sai dai cewa ba yaƙi bane. Mutum ba zai koma baya ba ya yi jayayya don dabarun da ba zai iya cin nasara ba amma zai iya haifar da ƙarin ciwo da mutuwa. Zai yiwu yin hakan na iya zama hujja na Yaƙin Just War. Wataƙila za a iya yin gardama game da Yaƙin Just, ba tare da izini ba, don “shiga tsakani” na Amurka ta 2011 don kawo dimokiradiyya zuwa Tunisia (ban da rashin iyawar Amurka a bayyane na yin wannan abu, da kuma tabbas bala’in da zai haifar) Amma da zarar kun yi juyin juya hali ba tare da kashe-kashe da mutuwa ba, ba zai iya zama da ma'ana don gabatar da duk kisan da mutuwa ba-ba idan an kirkiro sabbin taruka dubu daya na Geneva ba, kuma ba tare da ajizancin nasarar ba.

Kodayake yawancin misalan misalai na yanzu har yanzu ba su da tsayayya ga matsayi na kasashen waje, akwai wadanda suka riga sun fara da'awar samun nasara. Ga Stephen Zunes:

"Tsayayyar rashin amincewa ta samu nasara kuma ta kalubalanci aikin soja na kasashen waje. A lokacin farko na Palasdinawa a cikin 1980s, yawancin mutanen da aka yi amfani da su sun zama ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kanta ta hanyar hadin kai da kuma kafa wasu cibiyoyin da suka dace, suka tilasta Israilawa ta ba da izini don samar da Hukumomin Palestine da kuma shugabancin kai ga mafi yawan birane yankunan West Bank. Tsayayyar rashin amincewa a cikin yankin Sahara ta Yamma ya tilasta Maroko ya ba da shawara ta musamman-yayin da har yanzu Morocco ya cancanta ya baiwa Sahrawi damar da suke da shi na amincewa da kansu - aƙalla ya yarda cewa ƙasar ba kawai wani ɓangare na Morocco ba ne.

“A cikin shekarun karshe na mamayar Jamusawa na Denmark da Norway a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, 'yan Nazi ba su daina sarrafa jama'a ba. Lithuania, Latvia, da Estonia sun 'yantar da kansu daga mamayar Soviet ta hanyar adawa mai ƙarfi kafin rugujewar USSR. A cikin Labanon, kasar da yaki ya lalata shekaru gommai, an kawo karshen shekaru talatin na mamayar Syria ta hanyar babban bore, tashin hankali a 2005. Kuma a shekarar da ta gabata, Mariupol ya zama gari mafi girma da aka kwato daga hannun ‘yan tawayen da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha a Ukraine , ba ta hanyar fashewar bama-bamai da bindigogin igwa da sojojin Yukren ba, amma a lokacin da dubban ma’aikatan karfe da ba su dauke da makami suka yi maci cikin lumana cikin sassan da ke cikin garin ta tare da korar ‘yan awaren masu dauke da makamai.”[xx]

Mutum na iya neman yiwuwar misalai da yawa na jurewa na Nazis, da kuma juriya na Jamus da yaƙin mamaye na Ruhr a cikin 1923, ko watakila a cikin nasarar da aka samu a cikin Filipinas da ci gaba da nasarar Ecuador a yada bayanan sojin Amurka , kuma ba shakka misali na Ghenthian na tayar da Birtaniya daga India. Amma yawancin misalan misalai na nasara a kan cin zarafi a gida yana samar da jagora ga aikin gaba.

Don kasancewa na mutunci, hakuri mai tsayayya ga ainihin harin bai kamata ya bayyana ya fi dacewa da nasara ba fiye da amsa tashin hankali. Sai dai kawai ya buƙaci yana kusa da kamar yadda ya dace. Domin idan ya ci nasara zai yi haka ba tare da wata mummunar cutar ba, kuma nasararsa zai kasance mai yiwuwa.

Idan ba a kai hari ba, yayin da ake ikirarin cewa ya kamata a kaddamar da yaki a matsayin "makoma ta karshe," hanyoyin da ba su dace ba kawai ana bukatar su ne masu ma'ana. Ko a wannan halin, dole ne a yi ƙoƙari kafin a ƙaddamar da yaƙi a matsayin “mafaka ta ƙarshe.” Amma saboda basu da iyaka iri-iri kuma ana iya gwada su akai-akai, a ƙarƙashin ma'ana ɗaya, mutum ba zai taɓa kaiwa ga ma'anar da kai wa wata ƙasa makoma ta ƙarshe ba.

Idan za ku iya cimma hakan, yanke shawarar kirki zai buƙaci amfanin amfanin ku na yaki ya fi duk lalacewa ta hanyar riƙe da yakin.

Duba Jerin Haɓaka Ayyukan Nasarar Ayyukan Rashin Tashin Hankali da Aka Yi Amfani da su maimakon Yaƙe-yaƙe.

Bayanan kalmomi

[i] David Swanson, "Nazari Ya Gano Mutane Suna ɗaukan Yaƙi Ne Kawai Na Ƙarshe," http://davidswanson.org/node/4637

[ii] Nicolas Davies, Alternet, "'Yan Tawaye Masu Amincewa da Yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya: Ta yaya Amurka ke Taimakawa don Kashe Zaman Lafiya a Siriya," http://www.alternet.org/world/armed-rebels-and-middle-eheast-power-plays-how- us-taimaka-kashe-zaman lafiya-syria

[iii] Julian Borger da Bastien Inzaurralde, "Yamma 'sun yi watsi da tayin Rasha a cikin 2012 don samun Assad na Siriya gefe,'" https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/15/west-ignored-russian- tayin-a cikin-2012-don-samu-siriya-assad-mataki-gefe

[iv] Farea Al-muslimi shaida a Drone Wars Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtQ_mMKx3Ck

[v] Mirror, "Navy Seal Rob O'Neill wanda ya kashe Osama bin Laden yayi ikirarin Amurka ba ta da niyyar kama 'yan ta'adda," http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/navy-seal-rob-oneill-who- 4612012 Duba kuma: ABC News, "Osama Bin Laden ba ya dauke da makami lokacin da aka kashe shi, Fadar White House ta ce,"

;

[vi] The Washington Post, "Gaddafi ya yarda da taswirar hanyar da shugabannin Afirka za su samar."

[vii] Duba http://warisacrime.org/whitehousememo

[viii] Julian Borger a Washington, Brian Whitaker da Vikram Dodd, The Guardian, “Saddam ya yi matukar neman ya kare yaki,” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/07/iraq.brianwhitaker

[ix] Julian Borger a Washington, Brian Whitaker da Vikram Dodd, The Guardian, “Saddam ya yi matukar neman ya kare yaki,” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/07/iraq.brianwhitaker

[x] Julian Borger a Washington, Brian Whitaker da Vikram Dodd, The Guardian, “Saddam ya yi matukar neman ya kare yaki,” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/07/iraq.brianwhitaker

[xi] Memo na taro: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bush-Aznar_memo da rahoton labarai: Jason Webb, Reuters "Bush ya yi tunanin Saddam ya shirya guduwa: ba da rahoto," http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-bush-spain-idUSL2683831120070926

[xii] Rory McCarthy, The Guardian, "Sabon tayin akan Bin Laden," https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11

[xiii] Clyde Haberman, New York Times, "Paparoma yayi tir da yakin Gulf a matsayin 'Duhu'," http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/world/pope-denounces-the-gulf-war-as-darkness.html

[xiv] David Swanson, War ne A Lie, http://warisalie.org

[xv] Memo na Fadar White House: http://warisacrime.org/whitehousememo

[xvi] Mark J. Allman & Tobias L. Winright, Bayan Mashawarwar Smoke: Yin Hadarin Karshe da War War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2010) p. 43.

[xvii] Ma'aikatar Shari'a Farin Takarda, http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/020413_DOJ_White_Paper.pdf

[xviii] Dabarar Tsaro ta Ƙasa ta 2002, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/national/nss-020920.pdf

[xix] Erica Chenoweth da Maria J. Stephan, Dalilin da ya sa yunkuri na yakin basasa: Tasirin Lafiya na Cutar Tashin hankali (Jami'ar Columbia University Press, 2012).

[xx] Stephen Zunes, "Maɗaukaki zuwa Yaƙi daga Ƙasa," http://www.filmsforaction.org/articles/alternatives-to-war-from-the-bottom-up/

Muhawara

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