By Pat Elder, Afrilu 25, 2019
Labarin fuka-fukan, da kakin zuma, da gargaɗin da ba a yi ba, da kuma haɗarin injiniya na yau da kullum
A cikin tarihin Girkanci, labari na Daedalus da Icarus sun ba da darasi cewa dan Adam bai taba koya ba. Daedalus da ɗansa, Icarus aka kulle a hasumiya. Don tserewa, Daedalus ya halicci fuka-fuki daga gashin gashin tsuntsaye. Daedalus ya gargadi dansa kada ya tashi kusa da rana don tsoron cewa kakin zuma zai narke. Icarus ya tashi, ya damu da abin da ya saba, kuma ya yi farin ciki da rana. Fuka-fukansa ya fadi, Icarus ya mutu.
Masana fasaha masu ban mamaki sun kubuta daga ikon mu da kuma 'yan Adam. Abubuwa biyu masu ban mamaki a cikin 1938 sune kamar Daedalus 'kafa fuka-fuki don tsinkewa: raguwa na atomashin uranium ta Nazi Jamus, da kuma gano duk wani abu da poly fluoroalkyl abubuwa (PFAS) by Dupont chemists a New Jersey.
Albert Einstein ya fahimci cewa Nasis na iya inganta makamin nukiliya kuma ya jagoranci shi don yin shawarwari don ƙirƙirar makaman nukiliya ta Amurka. Lokacin da ya yi latti, ya yi takaici game da rawar da ya taka wajen samar da irin wannan karfi. "Rashin wutar lantarki ta atomatik ya canza kome sai dai yanayin tunaninmu, saboda haka muna tafiya zuwa ga bala'i mai ban mamaki," in ji shi.
Haka kuma ya shafi aikin injiniya na zamani.
A lokaci guda, duniya ta shaida haɗarin gano wani fili na PFAS wanda aka sani da polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Kamar raba uranium atom, wannan shine ɗayan mahimman binciken kimiyya a duk tarihin ɗan adam. Roy J. Plunkett ne ya gano PTFE a kamfanin Dupont's Laboratory Jackson da ke Deepwater, New Jersey.
Kayan fasaha yafi rikitarwa fiye da kakin zuma da fuka-fukan Daedalus yayi, amma sakamakon, kamar rarraba atomar. suna da damar yin aiki tare da halakar da bil'adama.
Plunkett ya samar da nau'in fam na tetrafluoroethylene gas (TFE) da kuma adana shi a cikin kananan cylinders a yanayin sanyi-ice-sanyi kafin zuwan shi. Lokacin da ya shirya silinda don amfani, babu wani gas ɗin da ya fito-duk da haka silinda yayi nauyi kamar yadda yake. Plunkett ya buɗe Pandora's cylinder kuma an sami farin foda wanda ba shi da amfani ga kusan dukkanin sunadarai kuma ana ɗaukarsa abu mafi santsi a rayuwa - kuma mafi ƙarfin zafin jiki.
An yi amfani da shi don kera kayayyakin Teflon kuma bambance-bambancen karatu sun zama sinadarin aiki a cikin kumfa mai yaƙi da wuta yayin atisayen wuta na yau da kullun a sansanonin soja da filayen jirgin sama. Ana amfani da mahaɗan masu ban mamaki a cikin yadudduka-da ruwa mai ƙyama, goge-goge, kakin zuma, fenti, marufin abinci, kayan haƙori, kayayyakin tsabtace, kwalliyar Chrome, masana'antar kera lantarki, da dawo da mai, don sanya wasu aikace-aikace. Wadannan hanyoyi - musamman amfani da PFAS azaman kumfa mai kama da wuta wanda ke kutsawa cikin ruwan karkashin kasa - ya ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta su shiga jikin mutum wanda yake riƙe su har abada. Nazarin 2015 da Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Nutrition ta Amurka ta gano PFAS a cikin kashi 97 na samfurin jinin mutum. Kimanin abubuwa 5,000 masu sinadarin sunadarai da aka haɓaka tun farkon binciken su. PFAS shine bayyanar yau ta akwatin Pandora, wani labarin Girka.
A bayyane yake, Zeus har yanzu yana ɗaukar fansa akan Prometheus da ɗayan mutane saboda satar wuta daga sama. Zeus ya gabatar da Pandora ga ɗan'uwan Prometheus Epimetheus. Pandora ya ɗauki akwatin da alloli suka ce yana ƙunshe da kyaututtuka na musamman daga gare su, amma ba a ba ta izinin buɗe akwatin ba. Duk da gargaɗin, Pandora ya buɗe akwatin da ke ƙunshe da cuta, mutuwa da wasu mugayen abubuwa waɗanda aka sake su zuwa duniya. Pandora ta tsorata, saboda ta ga duk mugayen ruhohin suna fitowa kuma sunyi kokarin rufe akwatin da sauri, rufewa Fata ciki!
Dukkan abubuwa 5,000 PFAS an yarda su zama masu guba.
Harkokin lafiyar kamuwa da waɗannan abubuwa sun hada da misalai da yawa da sauran rikitattun ciki masu ciki. Suna gurɓata ruwan nono na mutane da rashin lafiyar jariran da ke shayarwa. Per da poly fluoroalkyls suna ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar hanta, cutar sankarar koda, babban cholesterol, karuwar haɗarin cututtukan thyroid, tare da kansar mahaifa, micro-azzakari, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin maza.
A halin yanzu, EPA ba ya yarda ya tsara abubuwa. Yana da yammacin yamma kuma mashahurin ba shi da wuri. Ƙungiyar nan marar amfani ta zabi ta kafa 70 mai zaman lafiyar rayuwa shawarwari (LHA) don shan ruwa. Shawara ba tilas bane.
LHA shine ƙaddamar da sunadarai a cikin ruwan sha wanda ba a tsammanin zai haifar da wani mummunan sakamako na noncarcinogenic na tsawon rayuwa. LHA ya dogara ne akan fallasa wani balagagge mai nauyin kilo 70 wanda yake shan lita 2 na ruwa kowace rana.
Idan babu aiki mai kyau na EPA, New Jersey, wurin haifuwa ta kowane abu da poly fluoroalkyl abubuwa, kawai ya aiwatar da mawuyacin shan shari'ar kasar da kuma yanayin ruwa na 10 ppt na PFAS da 10 ppt na PFOA. Kungiyoyin muhalli sun yi kira ga iyakar 5 ppt ga kowane sinadarai. Philippe Grandjean da abokan aiki a Harvard TH Chan Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a sun ce fallasar ppt 1 cikin ruwan sha na yin illa ga lafiyar mutum.
Sabbin ƙa'idodin New Jersey ba za su shafi shigarwar DoD ba kamar tsohuwar Trenton Naval Air Warfare Centre da aka rufe a 1997. Gwajin kwanan nan a can ya nuna Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa sun gurɓata ruwan tare da 27,800 ppt na PFAS yayin da Joint Base McGuireDix-Lakehurst ya ba ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa ruwan tare da 1,688 ppt na abubuwa. Akwai wurare da yawa na tsaro a cikin jihar waɗanda ba a haɗa su a cikin ba Rahoton DoD a kan yaduwar cutar PFAS, ko da yake an san su don amfani da abubuwa.
Airungiyar Sojan Sama ta Ingila a Alexandria Louisiana, wani kayan aiki da aka rufe a 1992, kwanan nan an gano cewa yana da ppt 10,900,000 na sinadarin a cikin ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa. Wasu mazauna kusa da tushe ana amfani dasu da ruwa mai kyau. Ba kamar New Jersey ba, Louisiana ba ta da himma wajen kare 'yan ƙasa. Louisiana a bayyane ta gamsu da rashin aikin tarayya akan PFAS.
An fitar da kwanan nan ta EPA Abubuwa na Per- da na Polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) Shirin Ayyukan ya kasa aiwatar da iyakoki don tsara PFAS kuma ya raina tasirin tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam na magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. Sojoji da kamfanonin da ke gurɓata na iya numfasawa yayin da suke ci gaba da sanya wa jama'a guba.
Yana da m. PFAS zai iya canjawa yadda mutane suke iya amsawa zuwa cututtuka. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa daukan hotuna ga PFAS na iya canza sautin gaggawa da kuma ƙara haɓaka ga cututtuka. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa kamfanonin PFAS suna hade da canje-canje a cikin furta 52 jinsin da ke cikin ayyukan immunological da ci gaba. A takaice, PFAS yana da damar kashe tsarin rigakafi. Tare da kusan dukkanin 'yan adam da ke dauke da wadannan gubobi, ya kamata mu damu.
Kodayake EPA ba ta magance shi ba, masana kimiyya sun danganta da matakan PFAS a cikin jinin masu juna biyu zuwa wadannan halayen a cikin 'ya'yansu:
- Raguwar matakan antibody da aka haifar da maganin alurar riga kafi kuma ya canza magungunan lafiyar yara a cikin yara.
- Ƙananan cututtuka da cutar rubella a cikin maganin alurar riga kafi.
- Yawan yawan sanyi a cikin yara,
- Gastroenteritis a cikin yara.
- Ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin cututtuka na numfashi a cikin shekaru 10 na farko.
Icarus ya faɗi cikin mutuwarsa, ba tare da fahimtar haɗarin fasahar mahaifinsa ba. Mun zama Icarus. Dole ne waɗanda ke da kyakkyawar niyya don kiyaye lafiyar ɗan Adam su lura da lafiyar mu da amincin mu. Abin baƙin ciki, wannan ba gaskiyarmu ba ce.
"Idan za mu zauna kusa da wadannan sinadarai, mu ci mu sha, mu shigar da su cikin kasusuwan kashinmu - da mun san wani abu game da yanayinsu da karfinsu."
- Rachel Carson, Ruwan Bazara
