Satumba
Satumba 1
Satumba 2
Satumba 3
Satumba 4
Satumba 5
Satumba 6
Satumba 7
Satumba 8
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Satumba 10
Satumba 11
Satumba 12
Satumba 13
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Satumba 19
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Satumba 21
Satumba 22
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Satumba 24
Satumba 25
Satumba 26
Satumba 27
Satumba 28
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Satumba 30
Satumba 1. A wannan rana a cikin 1924 shirin Dawes ya fara aiki, ceto na kudi na Jamus wanda zai iya hana Yunƙurin ya tashi idan ya fara ba da girma ko karimci. Yarjejeniyar ta Versailles wacce ta kawo karshen yakin duniya na daya ta nemi a hukunta dukkan kasar ta Jamus, ba wai kawai masu yin yakin ba, wadanda ke jagorantar masu sa ido don hango yakin duniya na II. Wancan yakin na ƙarshe ya ƙare da taimako ga Jamus maimakon azabtar da kuɗi, amma Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya biyo bayan buƙatun cewa Jamus ta biya ta hanci. Zuwa 1923 Jamus ta gaza biyan bashin bashin yakinta, tana jagorantar sojojin Faransa da Belgium don mamaye kwarin Kogin Ruhr. Mazauna sun tsunduma cikin adawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba, suna rufe masana'antar da kyau. Kungiyar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi Ba’amurke Charles Dawes ya shugabanci wani kwamiti don magance rikicin. Tsarin da aka samu ya fitar da sojoji daga cikin Ruhr, ya rage biyan bashi, kuma ya ba Jamus rancen daga bankunan Amurka. An ba Dawes lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1925 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka daga 1925-1929. Shirin Matasa ya kara rage kudaden da Jamus ke biya a cikin 1929, amma ya yi latti sosai don kawar da ci gaban bacin rai da kishin daukar fansa. Daga cikin waɗanda ke adawa da Tsarin Matasa akwai Adolf Hitler. Tsarin Dawes, mafi kyau ko mara kyau, ya danganta tattalin arzikin Turai da na Amurka. A ƙarshe Jamus ta biya bashinta na Yaƙin Duniya na inaya a cikin shekara ta 2010. Dubun dubatan sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Jamus har abada.
Satumba 2. A wannan rana a 1945, yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare tare da jigilar Japan a Tokyo Bay. A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin, Japan ta aika da sakon waya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet tana mai bayyana muradin ta na mika wuya. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, bayan ganawa da shugaban Soviet Joseph Stalin, Shugaban Amurka Harry Truman ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na Stalin yana ambaton sakon waya, sannan ya kara da cewa, “Ku yi imani Japs zai nade kafin Rasha ta shigo. Ina da tabbacin za su yi lokacin da Manhattan ya bayyana a kan su mahaifarsa. ” Wannan magana ce game da Manhattan Project wanda ya ƙirƙiri bama-bamai na nukiliya. An gaya wa Truman tsawon watanni na sha'awar Japan na mika wuya idan har za ta iya kiyaye sarki. Mashawarcin Truman James Byrnes ya gaya masa cewa jefa bamabaman nukiliya a Japan zai ba Amurka damar “zartar da sharuddan kawo karshen yakin.” Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Ruwa James Forrestal ya rubuta a littafinsa na rubutu cewa Byrnes "ya fi matukar son a shawo kan lamarin na Japan kafin Russia ta shigo." Truman ya ba da umarnin tashin bama-bamai a ranakun 6 da 9 na watan Agusta, kuma Russia ta kai hari a Manchuria a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta. Soviet ta mamaye Japan, yayin da Amurka ta ci gaba da harin bam na nukiliya. Masana sun kira binciken Bama-bamai na dabarun Amurka sun kammala da cewa a watan Nuwamba ko Disamba, “Japan za ta mika wuya ko da ba a jefa bam din atom ba, ko da kuwa Rasha ba ta shiga yakin ba, kuma ko da ba a shirya wani mamayewa ba ko kuma an yi niyya. ” Janar Dwight Eisenhower ya bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi kafin tashin bama-baman. Japan ta ci gaba da rike masarautarta
Satumba 3. A wannan rana a 1783, zaman lafiya na Paris ya kasance a matsayin Birtaniya ya amince da 'yancin kai na Amurka. Gwamnonin yankunan da suka zama Amurka sun fito ne daga wani dan takara mai daraja mai daraja a Birtaniya zuwa ga wani babban namiji mai daraja mai aminci ga Amurka. Gyaran kungiyoyi masu yawa da manoma da ma'aikata da masu bautar da suka yi ba su rage ba bayan juyin juya hali. Ci gaba da bunkasa hakkokin jama'a ya ci gaba da ci gaba, sau da yawa a wani lokaci, kuma sau da yawa ya ragu a baya irin wannan cigaban a kasashe kamar Kanada wanda bai taba yaki da Birtaniya ba. Aminci na Paris ya zama mummunan labarai ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurkan, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta hana karuwar fadar yammacin Turai, wanda yanzu ya fara hanzari. Har ila yau, mummunan labari ne, ga kowa da kowa, da bautar da a cikin sabuwar {asar Amirka. Bautar da za a yi a cikin Birtaniya ta kasance a baya fiye da Amurka, kuma a mafi yawan wurare ba tare da wani yaki ba. Abin dandano don yaki da fadada shi ne, a gaskiya, don haka rayuwa a cikin sabuwar ƙasa, cewa a cikin 1812 Congressional magana game da yadda Canadians za su maraba da US takeover a matsayin 'yanci ya jagoranci War na 1812, wanda ya samu sabon birnin Washington kone . Mutanen Kanada, sun fito ne, ba su da sha'awar zamawa fiye da yadda Cubans, ko Filipinos, ko Hawaii, ko Guatemalans, ko Vietnamese, ko Iraki, ko Afghanistan ko mutanen da ke cikin ƙasashe da yawa. shekaru da yawa inda dakarun Amurka suka dauka a kan rawar da Burtaniya ta yi.
Satumba 4. A wannan rana a cikin 1953 Garry Davis ya kafa Gida ta Duniya. Ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Amurka, Broadway tauraro, kuma ɗan harin bam a Yaƙin Duniya na II. “Tun daga farkon aiki na a kan Brandenburg,” ya rubuta daga baya, “Na ji baƙin ciki a zuciya. Maza da mata da yara nawa na kashe? ” A cikin 1948 Garry Davis ya yi watsi da fasfon Amurka ya zama ɗan duniya. Shekaru biyar bayan haka ya kirkiro Gwamnatin Duniya wacce ta sanya hannu kusan 'yan ƙasa miliyan ɗaya kuma ta ba da fasfo ɗin da galibi ƙasashe ke amincewa da su. "Fasfo na Duniya abin dariya ne, in ji Davis," amma duk sauran fasfo din ma haka suke. Nasu abin dariya ne a kanmu kuma namu abin dariya ne a tsarin. ” Davis ya yada zango a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Paris, ya tarwatsa tarurruka, ya jagoranci taruka, ya kuma samar da labarai masu yawa. An hana shi shiga Jamus ko komawa Faransa, sai ya yi zango a kan iyaka. Davis ya nuna adawa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin kawancen kasashen da aka tsara don amfani da yaki don kawo karshen yaki - sabani ne mara fata. Shekaru da yawa kawai suna da alama suna ƙarfafa shari'arsa. Shin muna buƙatar shawo kan al'ummomi don kawo ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe? Yawancin al'ummomi ba sa yin yaƙi. Kadan ne ke yin sa sau da yawa. Shin za mu iya ƙirƙirar gwamnatin duniya ba tare da cin hanci da rashawa a duniya ba? Wataƙila za mu iya farawa da ƙarfafa juna don yin tunani kamar Davis lokacin da muke amfani da kalmomi kamar “mu.” Hatta masu fafutukar neman zaman lafiya suna amfani da “mu” don nufin masu yin yaƙi idan suka ce “Mun jefa bam a Somalia a asirce.” Me za'ayi idan zamuyi amfani da "mu" ma'anar "mutuntaka" ko fiye da yan Adam?
Satumba 5. A wannan rana a shekarar 1981, kungiyar Welsh "Mata don Rayuwa a Duniya" ta kafa sansanin Greenham Peace Camp a Greenham Common, Berkshire, England. Mata 96 da suka yi tattaki daga Cardiff don adawa da sanya makami mai linzami na nukiliya 19 sun isar da wasika zuwa ga kwamandan tushe a RAF Greenham Common Airbase sannan kuma suka ɗaure kansu zuwa shingen tushe. Sun kafa sansanin zaman lafiya na mata a wajen sansanin, wanda galibi suke shiga don nuna rashin amincewa. Sansanin ya dauki tsawon shekaru 2000 har zuwa shekara ta 1991, duk da cewa an cire makamai masu linzami kuma an dawo dasu zuwa Amurka a cikin 92-1982. Sansanin ba wai kawai ya kawar da makamai masu linzami ba ne, har ma ya shafi fahimtar duniya game da yakin nukiliya da makaman kare dangi. A cikin watan Disamba na 30,000, mata 1 suka haɗa hannu kusa da tushe. A ranar 1983 ga Afrilu, 70,000, wasu masu zanga-zanga dubu 23 suka kafa sarkar mutane mai nisan kilomita 1983 daga sansanin zuwa masana'antar kera makamai, kuma a watan Disambar 50,000 wasu mata XNUMX suka kewaye sansanin, suka yanke shingen, kuma a lokuta da dama an kame su. Fiye da sansani iri iri aka tsara su a misalin Greenham Peace Camp, kuma wasu da yawa cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun yi waiwaye ga wannan misalin. Manema labarai daga ko'ina cikin duniya tsawon shekaru suna ba da rahoto game da sansanin da kuma saƙon da ya inganta. 'Yan sansanin sun rayu ba tare da wutar lantarki, tarho, ko ruwan famfo ba, amma kuma ba tare da gazawar tsayayya da makaman nukiliya ba. An toshe ayarin Nukiliya kuma an katse ayyukan yaƙin nukiliya. Yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Amurka da USSR wacce ta cire makamai masu linzami ya maido da masu yada zango a cikin ikirarin kansu "da sanin cewa makaman nukiliya na da mummunan sakamako ga dukkan bil'adama."
Satumba 6. A yau an haifi 1860 Jane Addams. Za ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1931 a matsayin ɗayan tsirarun ƙwararrun Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya a tsawon shekarun da suka haɗu da cancantar da aka shimfiɗa a cikin nufin Alfred Nobel. Addams yayi aiki a fannoni da yawa don ƙirƙirar al'umma mai iya rayuwa ba tare da yaƙi ba. A cikin 1898 Addams ya haɗu da Antiungiyar Anti-Imperialist don adawa da yaƙin Amurka akan Philippines. Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya fara, ta jagoranci ƙoƙarin ƙasashen duniya don ƙoƙarin warwarewa da kawo ƙarshenta. Ta shugabanci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Mata a Hague a shekarar 1915. Kuma a lokacin da Amurka ta shiga yakin sai ta yi magana a bainar jama'a game da yakin a yayin fuskantar mummunan zargi na cin amanar kasa. Ita ce shugabar farko ta Kungiyar Hadin Kan Mata ta Duniya don Aminci da 'Yanci a shekarar 1919 da kuma kungiyar da ta gabace ta a shekarar 1915. Jane Addams wani bangare ne na yunkurin a cikin shekarun 1920 wanda ya sanya yaki haramtacce ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand. Ta taimaka wajen kafa ACLU da NAACP, ta taimaka wajen cin nasarar zaben mata, ta taimaka wajen rage ayyukan kwadago na yara, da kirkirar sana’ar ma’aikacin jin dadin jama’a, wanda take kallo a matsayin hanyar koyo daga bakin haure da kuma gina dimokiradiyya, ba wai shiga cikin sadaka ba. Ta kirkiro Hull House a Birnin Chicago, ta fara makarantun renon yara, manya masu ilimi, ta goyi bayan tsara ayyukan kwadago, kuma ta bude filin wasa na farko a Chicago. Jane Addams ta wallafa littattafai dozin da ɗaruruwan labarai. Ta yi adawa da yarjejeniyar Versailles wacce ta kawo karshen yakin duniya na daya kuma ta yi hasashen cewa hakan zai haifar da yakin fansar Jamusawa.
Satumba 7. A wannan rana a cikin 1910, an yanke hukunci na Newfoundland Fisheries ta Kotun Tsarin Mulki. Wannan kotu, wanda ke cikin Hague, ta warware wata jituwa mai tsanani tsakanin Amirka da Birtaniya. Misalin irin wadannan kasashe biyu da ke da iko da rikice-rikicen kasa da kasa da ke nuna goyon baya ga tsarin mulkin kasa da kasa da kuma kawo karshen rikice-rikice a tsakaninsu ya zama misali mai kyau ga duniya, kuma ya kasance har zuwa yau, duk da fashewa shekaru hudu bayan duniya War I. A cikin makonni na tsararren, yawancin kasashe sun gabatar da karar da aka yanke wa Kotun Koli, ciki har da wata jituwa tsakanin Amurka da Venezuela. Tabbatacciyar yarjejeniyar da aka yi a Newfoundland Fisheries case ta bai wa Amurka da Birtaniya wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suke so. Ya ba da damar Birtaniya ya kafa dokoki masu dacewa don kama kifi a cikin ruwa na Newfoundland, amma ya ba da iko ya ƙayyade abin da ya dace ga ikon rashin adalci. Shin Amurka da Birtaniya sun shiga yaki ne idan babu wannan tsari? Ba lallai ba, a kalla ba a nan ba, kuma ba a kan batun kifi ba. Amma idan daya ko duka biyu suna son yaki don wasu dalilai, hakkokin kifi na iya zama abin ƙyama. Kusan shekaru fiye da dari a baya, a cikin 1812, wasu jayayya iri-iri sun yi aiki don tabbatar da mamayewar Amurka a Canada a yakin 1812. Bayan fiye da karni daga baya, a cikin 2015, jayayya kan yarjejeniyar cinikayya a Gabashin Yammacin Turai ya haifar da magana game da yaki daga gwamnatocin Rasha da na Amurka.
Satumba 8. A wannan rana a 1920, Mohandas Gandhi ya kaddamar da yakin neman hadin kai na farko. Ya bi yakin Irish na mulkin mallaka a cikin 1880s wanda ya haɗa da kisa. Ya koyi nazarin Rundunar Rasha ta 1905. Ya karbi wahayi daga asali masu yawa kuma ya kirkiro Ƙungiyar Taimakawa ta Gaskiya a Indiya a 1906 don tsayayya da sababbin dokoki masu nuna bambanci game da Indiyawa. Bisa ga ɗan ƙasarsa, India da aka mallaka Indiya a 1920, a yau, Gandhi ya sami amincewa ta hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Indiya don yakin neman rashin amincewa da mulkin Birtaniya. Wannan yana nufin kaurace wa makarantu da kotu. Yana nufin yin tufafi da kaucewa zane. Hakan yana nufin komawa daga ofishin, daina taimaka wa aikin, da kuma rashin biyayya. Yunkurin ya yi shekaru da dama kuma ya ci gaba da matakai, tare da Gandhi ya kira shi lokacin da mutane suka yi amfani da tashin hankali, kuma tare da Gandhi yana yin shekaru masu yawa a kurkuku. Wannan motsi ya inganta sababbin hanyoyi na tunani da rayuwa. Yana shiga cikin shirin ginawa na samar da kansa. Ya shiga cikin shirin da aka hana don magance matsalolin Birtaniya. Ya yi ƙoƙari wajen hada Musulmi tare da Hindu. Tsayayya ga haraji na gishiri ya ɗauki nau'i na tafiya zuwa teku da kuma aikin da ba bisa doka ba na gishiri, da kuma ƙoƙarin shigar da ayyukan gishiri, wanda ya haɗa da masu zanga-zangar masu ƙarfin zuciya da suke ci gaba da zalunta. By 1930 rikici a cikin ko'ina cikin India. Kurkuku ya zama alamar girmamawa maimakon kunya. Mutanen Indiya sun canza. A 1947 India sun sami 'yancin kai, amma kawai a kan farashin raba Hindu India daga Musulmi Pakistan.
Satumba 9. A wannan rana a 1828 Leo Tolstoy an haifi. Littattafansa sun haɗa da War kuma aminci ya tabbata da kuma Anna Karenina. Tolstoy ya ga rikitarwa tsakanin musayar kisan kai da yarda da yakin. Ya kafa damuwa game da Kristanci. A littafinsa Mulkin Allah yana cikinku, ya rubuta: “Kowa a cikin al’ummarmu ta Kirista ya sani, ko ta hanyar al’ada ko kuma ta hanyar wahayi ko kuma ta muryar lamiri, cewa kisan kai yana daga cikin manyan laifuffuka da mutum zai iya aikatawa, kamar yadda Linjila ta gaya mana, kuma cewa zunubin kisan kai ba za a iyakance shi ga wasu mutane ba, wato, kisan kai ba zai iya zama zunubi ga waɗansu ba kuma ba zai zama zunubi ga waɗansu ba. Kowa ya san cewa idan kisan kai zunubi ne, a koyaushe laifi ne, duk wanda aka kashe, kamar dai laifin zina, sata, ko waninsa. A lokaci guda tun daga yarintarsu maza suna ganin cewa ba a ba da izinin kisan kai kawai ba, har ma an ba da izinin ta hanyar albarkar waɗanda suka saba da su a matsayin jagororin ruhaniya da Allah ya nada, kuma suna ganin shugabanninsu na duniya da kwanciyar hankali suna shirya kisan kai, suna alfahari sanya makamai na kisan kai, da neman wasu da sunan dokokin kasar, har ma da na Allah, da su shiga cikin kisan kai. Maza na ganin cewa akwai wani rashin daidaituwa a nan, amma ba za su iya nazarin shi ba, ba tare da son rai ba sun ɗauka cewa wannan rashin daidaiton ya faru ne kawai sakamakon jahilcinsu. Babban abin da yake nuna rashin daidaito ya tabbatar musu da wannan yakinin. ”
Satumba 10. A wannan rana a 1785 sarki na Prussia Frederick Great ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar farko da 'yancin kai da Amurka. Yarjejeniyar Amity da Kasuwanci ta yi alkawarin zaman lafiya amma kuma ta yi magana game da yadda al'ummomin biyu za su danganta idan daya ko duka suna yaki, ko da kuwa sun yi fada da juna, gami da kula da fursunoni da fararen hula yadda ya kamata - ka'idojin da za su hana mafi yawan yakin. kunshi yau. "Kuma dukkan mata da yara," in ji shi, "malaman kowane fanni, masu noma na duniya, artizans, masana'antun da masunta marasa makamai da mazaunan garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wurare, da ma gaba ɗaya duk wasu waɗanda sana'o'insu ke kasancewa don wadataccen abinci & & amfanin mutane, za a ba shi izinin ci gaba da ayyukansu, kuma ba za a wulakanta su ba, kuma ba za a ƙone gidajensu ko kayayyakinsu ba, ko kuma a lalatar da su ba, ba kuma za a lalata gonakinsu da ƙarfin maƙiyi ba, wanda ikonsa ya ɓace. , ta al'amuran yaƙe-yaƙe, suna iya faɗuwa; amma idan wani abu ya zama dole a karbe su daga hannunsu don amfani da irin wannan karfin, za a biya shi daidai da kudin da ya dace. ” Yarjejeniyar ita ce kuma yarjejeniyar Amurka ta kasuwanci mara shinge ta farko, duk da cewa shafuka dubu sun yi kadan sosai da za su iya kamanceceniya da yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta zamani. Ba a rubuta ta ko don ko game da kamfanoni ba. Babu abin da ya ƙunsa don kare manyan kamfanoni daga ƙananan. Ba ta kafa kotunan kotuna ba tare da ikon kawar da dokokin ƙasa. Ba a haɗa da hani a kan ƙuntatawa na ƙasa kan ayyukan kasuwanci ba.
Satumba 11. A wannan rana a 1900, Gandhi ta kaddamar da Satyagraha a Johannesburg. Har ila yau, a wannan rana, a 1973, {asar Amirka, ta goyi bayan juyin mulki, don kawar da gwamnatin Chile. Kuma a yau a cikin 'yan ta'adda na 2001 sun kai farmaki a Amurka ta amfani da jiragen saman jirgin sama. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don adawa da tashin hankali da kishin ƙasa da ɗaukar fansa. A wannan rana a cikin 2015, dubun dubatar mutane a Chile sun yi zanga-zanga a bikin cika shekaru 42 da juyin mulkin wanda ya sanya danniyar kama-karya Augusto Pinochet a kan mulki tare da hambarar da zababben shugaban kasar Salvador Allende. Jama'ar sun yi tattaki zuwa makabarta tare da girmamawa ga wadanda aka kashe a Pinochet. Lorena Pizarro, shugabar wata kungiyar kare hakkin dangi, ta ce “Shekaru arba'in, har yanzu muna neman gaskiya da adalci. Ba za mu huta ba har sai mun gano abin da ya faru da ƙaunatattunmu waɗanda aka kama kuma suka ɓace ba za su dawo ba. ” An gurfanar da Pinochet a Spain amma ya mutu a 2006 ba tare da gabatar da shi a gaban shari'a ba. Shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon, Sakataren Gwamnati Henry Kissinger, da sauran wadanda ke da hannu a hambarar da Allende su ma ba su taba fuskantar shari'a ba, kodayake Kissinger, kamar Pinochet, an gurfanar da shi a Spain. Amurka ta ba da jagora, makami, kayan aiki, da kuma kuɗi don juyin mulkin 1973 mai ƙarfi, a lokacin Allende ya kashe kansa. An lalata mulkin demokradiyya ta Chile, kuma Pinochet ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan mulki har zuwa 1988. Fim din 11 ya ba da wasu ma'anar abin da ya faru a ranar 1973 ga Satumba, 1982. Babu tare da Jack Lemmon da Sissy Spacek. Ya fada labarin labarin jaridar US Horman, wanda ya rasa wannan ranar.
Satumba 12. A wannan rana a 1998, an kama Cuban biyar. Gerardo Hernández, Antonio Guerrero, Ramón Labañino, Fernando González, da René González sun kasance daga Kyuba kuma an kama su a Miami, Florida, an tuhume su, an yi musu shari'a, an yanke musu hukunci a wata kotun Amurka da laifin yin leken asiri. Sun musanta cewa su 'yan leken asiri ne ga gwamnatin Cuba, wanda a zahiri sun kasance. Amma ba wanda ya yi jayayya cewa sun kasance a cikin Miami don manufar kutsawa, ba gwamnatin Amurka ba, amma kungiyoyin Kyubawan Amurkawa wadanda manufar su ita ce yin leken asiri da kisan kai a Cuba. An aika da biyar din ne a kan wannan aika-aikar bayan wasu hare-haren ta'addanci da aka kai a Havana wanda tsohon jami'in CIA Luis Posada Carriles ya shirya, wanda ya rayu a wancan lokacin sannan kuma ya kwashe shekaru da dama yana zuwa Miami ba tare da fuskantar wani laifi ba. Gwamnatin Cuba ta bai wa FBI shafuka 175 kan rawar da Carriles ya taka a harin bam din da aka kai a Havana a 1997, amma FBI ba ta yi wa Carriles laifi ba. Maimakon haka, ta yi amfani da bayanin don gano Cuban Five. Bayan an kamasu sun kwashe tsawon watanni 17 a kebe, sannan an hana lauyoyinsu damar samun shaidar mai gabatar da kara. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama sun nuna shakku kan yadda shari’ar ta Cuban Five ta kasance ba daidai ba, kuma Kotun Daukaka Kara na Goma na goma sha daya ta soke hukuncin amma daga baya ta sake dawo da su. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ƙi yin la'akari da shari'ar, duk da cewa su biyar ɗin sun zama sanadin duniya da gwarazan ƙasa a Cuba. Gwamnatin Amurka ta saki ɗayan biyar a cikin 2011, ɗaya a cikin 2013, ɗayan kuma a cikin 2014 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabuwar buɗe diflomasiyya don ɗan daidaita dangantakar da Cuba.
Satumba 13. A wannan rana a cikin 2001, kwana biyu bayan jirage sun kai hari Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da Pentagon, Shugaba George W. Bush ya ba da wasiƙa ga jama'a yana cewa "Babban fifikonmu na farko shi ne mu amsa da sauri kuma da gaske," kuma yana neman dala biliyan 20. Phyllis da Orlando Rodriguezes ɗan Greg na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta shafa. Sun wallafa wannan bayanin: “Ouranmu Greg yana cikin mutane da yawa da suka ɓace daga harin Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya. Tun da farko da muka ji labarin, mun raba lokacin baƙin ciki, ta'aziyya, bege, yanke ƙauna, abubuwan tunawa mai ban sha'awa tare da matarsa, dangin nan biyu, abokanmu da maƙwabta, abokan aikinsa masu ƙauna a Cantor Fitzgerald / ESpeed, da dukan dangin masu baƙin ciki haduwa a kullum a Pierre Hotel. Muna ganin cutarwarmu da fushinmu suna bayyana tsakanin duk wanda muka haɗu dashi. Ba za mu iya mai da hankali ga kwararar labarai na yau da kullun game da wannan bala'in ba. Amma mun karanta isassun labarai don jin cewa gwamnatinmu tana kan hanyar ɗaukar fansa mai ƙarfi, tare da begen 'ya'ya maza,' ya'ya mata, iyaye, abokai a ƙasashe masu nisa, mutuwa, wahala, da kuma jin ƙarar korafi akanmu. Ba hanyar tafiya bane. Ba zai rama mutuwar ɗanmu ba. Ba da sunan ɗanmu ba. Ouranmu ya mutu azabtar da wata akida ta ɗan adam. Ayyukanmu bazai dace da manufa ɗaya ba. Bari mu yi baƙin ciki. Bari muyi tunani muyi addu'a. Bari muyi tunani game da amsa mai ma'ana wacce ke kawo salama da adalci a duniyar mu. Amma kar mu yarda a matsayinmu na kasa mu kara halin rashin mutuntaka na zamaninmu. ”
Satumba 14. A rana irin ta yau a shekarar 2013, Amurka ta amince da kawar da makaman masu guba na Syria tare da hadin gwiwar Rasha, maimakon harba makamai masu linzami a cikin Syria. Matsin lambar jama'a ya taimaka matuka wajen hana harin makami mai linzami. Kodayake an gabatar da waɗannan hare-haren azaman makoma ta ƙarshe, da zaran sun toshe duk wasu hanyoyin da za a iya fitarwa a bayyane. Wannan rana ce mai kyau wacce za ta karyata da'awar rashin ma'ana cewa ba za a taɓa dakatar da yaƙe-yaƙe ba. A shekarar 2015, tsohon shugaban kasar Finland kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel Martti Ahtisaari ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 2012 Rasha ta gabatar da wani tsari na sasanta tsakanin gwamnatin Syria da masu adawa da ita da zai hada da Shugaba Bashar al-Assad ya sauka. Amma, a cewar Ahtisaari, Amurka na da karfin gwiwa cewa nan ba da dadewa ba za a hambarar da Assad da karfi ta yadda ta ki amincewa da shawarar. Hakan ya kasance ne kafin a nuna kamar an hanzarta harba makamai masu linzami a shekarar 2013. Lokacin da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka John Kerry ya fito fili ya ba da shawarar cewa Syria za ta iya kaucewa yaki ta hanyar mika makamanta masu guba kuma Rasha ta kira bluff dinsa, ma'aikatansa sun bayyana cewa ba haka yake nufi ba. Kashegari, duk da haka, tare da Majalisar ta ƙi yaƙi, Kerry yana da'awar cewa yana nufin maganganun nasa da gaske kuma ya yi imanin cewa tsarin yana da kyakkyawar damar samun nasara, kamar yadda ba shakka ya yi. Abin baƙin ciki, babu wani sabon yunƙuri da aka yi don zaman lafiya fiye da cire makamai masu guba, kuma Amurka ta ci gaba da yin hanyar zuwa yaƙi da makamai, sansanonin horo, da jiragen sama. Babu wani daga wannan da zai rufe gaskiyar cewa zaman lafiya ya yiwu.
Satumba 15. A wannan rana a cikin 2001, uwargida Barbara Lee ya jefa kuri'a guda kawai don bawa shugabannin Amurka damar samun izinin yaki da yaƙe-yaƙe da zai tabbatar da irin wannan bala'i na shekaru masu zuwa. Ta ce, a wani bangare, “Na tashi a yau da gaske da zuciya mai nauyi, wanda ke cike da alhini ga iyalai da kuma danginsu da aka kashe da jikkata a wannan makon. Mafi wauta da rashin hankali ne kawai ba za su fahimci baƙin cikin da ya mamaye mutanenmu da miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya ba. . . . Tsoronmu mai girma yanzu yana damun mu. Amma duk da haka, na gamsu da cewa daukar matakin soji ba zai hana ci gaba da ayyukan ta'addanci na kasa da kasa kan Amurka ba. Wannan lamari ne mai matukar rikitarwa. Yanzu wannan ƙudurin zai wuce, kodayake duk mun san cewa Shugaban ƙasa na iya yin yaƙi koda ba tare da shi ba. Duk da cewa wannan ƙuri'ar tana da wahala, dole ne wasunmu su nemi amfani da kangi. Kasarmu tana cikin halin juyayi. Wasu daga cikinmu dole ne su ce, bari mu koma baya na ɗan lokaci. Bari kawai mu dakata, kawai na minti ɗaya kuma muyi tunani cikin abubuwan da muke aikatawa a yau, saboda kar wannan ya karkata daga ikon. Yanzu na damu game da wannan kuri'ar. Amma na zo ne na damke shi a yau, kuma na shiga damuwa da adawa da wannan kudurin a yayin bikin tunawa mai zafi, amma mai matukar kyau. A matsayina na memba na malamai ya fada da kyau, "Yayin da muke aiki, kada mu zama sharrin da muke haushi."
Satumba 16. A farkon wannan rana a cikin 1982 wata kungiyar Kirista ta Lebanon ta kira 'yan Phalangists, sun hada da wasu sojojin Isra'ila, sun kashe wasu 2,000 zuwa sansanin' yan gudun hijira na Palasdinawa na 3,000 a yankin Sabra da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar Shatila a Beirut, Labanon. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kewaye yankin, sun aika da sojojin Phalangist, suna tattaunawa da su ta hanyar Walkie-talkie kuma suna lura da kisan-kiyashi. Daga baya wani kwamitin bincike na Isra'ila ya gano abin da ake kira Ministan Tsaro Ariel Sharon da alhakin kansa. An tilasta masa ya sauka, amma ba a gurfanar da shi a kan wani laifi ba. A zahiri, ya farfaɗo da aikin sa ya zama firayim minista. Irin wannan laifin na farko da Sharon ya aikata ya zo ne lokacin da yake matashin saurayi a shekarar 1953 kuma ya rusa gidaje da yawa a kauyen Qibya na kasar Jordan, inda yake da alhakin kisan fararen hula 69. Ya kira tarihin kansa Warrior. Lokacin da ya mutu a 2014, ya kasance yana da daraja a cikin kafofin yada labaran a matsayin mutumin zaman lafiya. Ellen Siegel, wata Bayahudiya ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta ba da labarin kisan gillar, inda ta ga wani jirgin bulldozer na Isra’ila yana hakar babban kabari: “Sun jera mu a kan bango mai dauke da harsashi, kuma sun shirya bindigoginsu. Kuma da gaske munyi tsammanin wannan shine - Ina nufin, ƙungiyar masu harbi ce. Ba zato ba tsammani, wani sojan Isra’ila ya zo da gudu a kan titi ya tsayar da shi. Ina tsammanin ra'ayin kashe ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na kasashen waje wani abu ne da ba ya da daɗi ga Isra'ilawa. Amma gaskiyar cewa sun ga wannan kuma sun dakatar da shi ya nuna cewa akwai-akwai wasu hanyoyin sadarwa. ”
Satumba 17. Wannan shi ne Kundin Tsarin Mulki. A wannan rana a cikin 1787 Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya karɓa kuma ba a riga an keta shi ba. Wannan zai zo. Yawancin iko da aka ba Majalisa, gami da ikon yin yaƙi, yanzu shugabannin ƙasa ke mamaye su. Babban marubucin Kundin Tsarin Mulki James Madison ya yi tsokaci cewa “a wani bangare na kundin tsarin mulkin da aka fi samun hikimar da za a samu, fiye da sashin da ke yada batun yaki ko zaman lafiya ga majalisar dokoki, kuma ba bangaren zartarwa ba. Baya ga ƙin yarda da irin wannan cakudawar ga nau'ikan iko, dogaro da jaraba za su kasance da girma ga kowane mutum; ba irin na yanayi na iya bayarwa a matsayin abin al'ajabi na ƙarni da yawa ba, amma kamar yadda ake tsammani a cikin maye gurbin al'ada. Yaƙi gaskiya ne ainihin mai kula da haɓaka aikin zartarwa. A cikin yaƙi, dole ne a halicci ƙarfi na zahiri; kuma zartarwa ce, wacce zata jagorance ta. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, za a buɗe dukiyar jama'a; kuma shine bangaren zartarwa wanda shine zai raba su. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, za a yawaita girmamawa da lambobin ofis; kuma shine shugabancin masu zartarwa wanda a karkashin su za'a more su. Yaƙi ne, a ƙarshe, cewa za a tattara laurel, kuma shine babban aikin zartarwa wanda zasu kewaye. Sha'awa mafi karfi da rauni masu rauni na nonon mutum; babban buri, son kai, girman kai, son girma ko kuma son shahara, duk suna cikin makirci ne kan son zaman lafiya. ”
Satumba 18. A wannan rana a 1924 Mohandas Gandhi ya fara azumi na 21 a gida musulmi, don hadin kai tsakanin Musulmai da Hindu. Tarzoma na faruwa a Lardin Arewa maso Yammacin Indiya wanda daga baya zai zama Pakistan. An kashe 'yan Hindu da Sikh sama da 150, kuma sauran mutanen sun gudu don rayukansu. Gandhi ya dauki azumin kwanaki 21. Ya kasance ɗayan aƙalla irin waɗannan azumin 17 da zai yi, gami da biyu a 1947 da 1948 saboda wannan dalilin, har yanzu bai cika ba, na haɗin kan Musulmi da Hindu. Wasu daga azumin Gandhi sun sami sakamako mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda sauran azumin da yawa suka samu kafin da bayan hakan. Gandhi shima yayi tunanin su a matsayin wani irin horo. "Babu wani abu da yake da karfi kamar azumi da addu'a," in ji shi, "wanda zai ba mu horo da ake bukata, ruhun sadaukar da kai, kaskantar da kai da kuma azama da son rai wanda in ba tare da hakan ba za a samu ci gaba na hakika." Gandhi ya kuma ce, “Hartal,” ma’ana yajin aiki ko dakatar da aiki, “an kawo shi bisa son rai kuma ba tare da matsi ba wata hanya ce mai karfi ta nuna rashin yarda da jama’a, amma yin azumin ma sun fi haka. Lokacin da mutane suka yi azumi cikin ruhun addini kuma don haka suka nuna baƙin cikinsu a gaban Allah, ana karɓar wani martani. Mafi wuya zukata suna sha'awar hakan. Azumi duk addinai suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban horo. Wadanda suke yin azumin radin kansu sun zama masu ladabi da tsarkakewa da shi. Azumi tsarkakakke addu'a ce mai karfin gaske. Ba karamin abu bane ga lakhs na mutane, "ma'ana dubban daruruwa," don radin kansu daga abinci kuma irin wannan azumin azumin Satyagrahi ne. Tana daukaka mutane da kasashe. ”
Satumba 19. A wannan rana a cikin shugabannin 2013 na WOZA, wanda ke tsaye ga matan Zimbabwe ta tashi, aka kama su a Harare, Zimbabwe, yayin bikin ranar zaman lafiya na duniya. WOZA wata ƙungiya ce a cikin kasar Zimbabwe wanda aka kafa a 2003 ta Jenni Williams don karfafawa mata gwiwa don tsayawa kan haƙƙoƙinsu da freedancinsu. A cikin 2006, WOZA ta yanke shawarar kafa MOZA ko Men of Zimbabwe Arise, wanda tun daga wannan lokacin ya tsara mazaje don yin aiki ba tare da tsangwama ba game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. An kama mambobin WOZA sau da yawa don yin zanga-zangar lumana, gami da zanga-zangar ranar soyayya ta shekara-shekara wanda ke ciyar da ƙarfin soyayya ƙarfi fiye da son iko. 'Yan Zimbabwe sun halarci zaben shugaban kasa da na' yan majalisar dokoki a watan Yulin 2013. Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta lura da yadda ake danniya kafin zaben. Robert Mugabe, wanda ke samun nasara a zabubbuka tun 1980, aka sake zabarsa a matsayin shugaban kasa na wa’adin shekaru biyar, kuma jam’iyyarsa ta sake samun rinjaye a Majalisar. A cikin 2012 da 2013, kusan dukkanin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula a Zimbabwe, gami da WOZA, an mamaye ofisoshin su, ko kama shugabanci, ko duka biyun. Tunanin ƙarni na ashirin na iya ba WOZA shawara ta koma ga tashin hankali. Amma bincike ya gano cewa, a zahiri, kamfen da ba na nuna adawa ba a kan gwamnatocin zalunci ya ninka yiwuwar ninkaya sau biyu, kuma waɗannan nasarorin yawanci na daɗewa. Idan gwamnatocin Yammacin duniya zasu iya hana hancinsu fita daga ciki, kuma basa amfani da masu gwagwarmaya marasa karfi azaman kayan aiki don girka shugaba mai kawancen Pentagon, kuma idan mutane masu kyakkyawar niyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya zasu iya tallafawa WOZA da MOZA, Zimbabwe na iya samun makoma mafi 'yanci.
Satumba 20. A wannan rana a cikin 1838, an kafa kungiyar farko ta tashin hankali, New England Non-Resistance Society a Boston, Massachusetts. Ayyukanta zasuyi tasiri akan Thoreau, Tolstoy, da Gandhi. An kirkire shi ne ta ɓangaren masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda ke damuwa da rashin kunyar Peaceungiyar Aminci ta Amurka wacce ta ƙi adawa da duk tashin hankali. Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Bayyanar da Jawabi, wanda William Lloyd Garrison ya tsara, ya bayyana a wani bangare cewa: “Ba za mu iya amincewa da biyayya ga duk wata gwamnatin dan Adam ba… Kasarmu ita ce duniya,‘ yan kasarmu duk ‘yan Adam ne… Mun yi rajistar shaidarmu, ba wai kawai ba a kan dukkan yaƙe - yaƙe-yaƙe ko na kariya, amma duk shirye-shiryen yaƙi, da kowane jirgi na ruwa, kowane kayan yaƙi, kowane shinge; a kan tsarin 'yan bindiga da sojoji masu tsayawa; a kan dukkan shugabannin sojoji da sojoji; a kan dukkan abubuwan tunawa don tunawa da cin nasara a kan maƙiyi na ƙasashen waje, duk kofuna waɗanda aka ci a yaƙi, duk bukukuwan girmamawa ga ayyukan soja ko na ruwa; a kan duk wani kaso na kare kasa da karfi da makami daga bangaren kowace majalisar dokoki; a kan duk wata doka ta gwamnati da ke buƙatar talakawanta aikin soja. Saboda haka, muna ganin haramun ne mu dauki makamai ko mu rike wani mukami na soja ... "Kungiyar New England Non-Resistance Society ta himmatu wajen neman canji, gami da mata da kuma kawar da bayi. Membobin sun hargitsa tarurrukan coci don nuna rashin amincewa game da bautar da bayi. Membobi da shugabanninsu galibi suna fuskantar tashin hankali na fusatattun ƙungiya, amma koyaushe suna ƙi mayar da rauni. Societyungiyar ta danganta da wannan rashin gaskiyar kasancewar babu ɗayan membobinta da aka taɓa kashe.
Satumba 21. Wannan ita ce ranar zaman lafiya ta duniya. Hakanan a wannan rana a 1943, Majalisar dattijan Amurka ta zartar da kuri'un 73 zuwa 1 na Fulbright Resolution wanda ke nuna kudirin sa ga kungiyar kasa da kasa bayan yakin. Sakamakon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da sauran cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da aka kirkira a karshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya kasance mai rikodin tarihin dangane da ci gaba da zaman lafiya. Hakanan a wannan rana a cikin 1963 Kungiyar War Resisters League ta shirya zanga-zangar Amurka ta farko a kan yaƙin Vietnam. Yunkurin da ya yi girma daga can ƙarshe ya taka rawa wajen kawo ƙarshen wannan yakin kuma a juya jama’ar Amurka da yaƙi zuwa irin wannan har da cewa dillalan yaƙi a Washington sun fara nuna juriya ga yaƙi a matsayin cuta, Cutar Vietnam. Hakanan a wannan rana a 1976 Orlando Letelier, babban abokin adawa dan mulkin mallaka na Chile Gen. Augusto Pinochet, bisa umarnin Pinochet, tare da mataimakinsa Ba’amurke, Ronni Moffitt, ta hanyar bam din mota a Washington, DC - aikin wani tsohon CIA aiki. Ranar farko ta zaman lafiya ta duniya an fara shi ne a 1982, kuma kasashe da kungiyoyi daban-daban suna santa da abubuwan da suka faru a duk fadin duniya a duk ranar Satumbar 21 ga Satumba, gami da dakatar da ranakun da ake yi a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da ke nuna yadda sauƙi zai kasance cikin shekara ko har abada -taka tsayawa cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. A wannan rana, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Aminci Bell yana da kullun a Hedkwatar MDD in New York City. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don yin aiki don zaman lafiya na yau da kullum da kuma tuna da wadanda ke fama da yaki.
Satumba 22. A yau a cikin 1961 Dokar Aminci ta Kasa ta sanya hannun Shugaba John Kennedy ne bayan da majalisar ta yanke shawarar da ta gabata. Kungiyar Peace Corps da aka kirkira an bayyana ta a cikin wannan aikin a matsayin aiki "don inganta zaman lafiya a duniya da abota ta hanyar Peace Corps, wanda zai samar da shi ga kasashe masu sha'awa da yankunan maza da mata na Amurka da suka cancanci yin hidima a kasashen waje kuma suke son yin aiki, karkashin yanayin wahala idan ya zama dole, don taimakawa al'ummomin irin wadannan kasashe da yankuna wajen biyan bukatunsu na horas da ma'aikata. " Tsakanin 1961 da 2015, kusan Amurkawa 220,000 sun shiga Peace Corps kuma sun yi aiki a ƙasashe 140. Yawanci, ma'aikatan Peace Corps suna taimakawa da tattalin arziki ko muhalli ko bukatun ilimi, ba tare da tattaunawar zaman lafiya ba ko ta hanyar garkuwar mutane. Amma ba su yawanci ɓangare na shirye-shiryen yaƙi ko hamɓarar da gwamnati ba kamar yadda yake faruwa sau da yawa tare da CIA, USAID, NED, ko kuma ma'aikatan Amurka da ke aiki da wasu hukumomin gwamnati masu ɓoye. Yaya wuya, yaya girmamawa, yadda hikima masu aikin sa kai na Peace Corps ke aiki ya bambanta da masu aikin sa kai. Aƙalla sun nuna wa duniya ba Amurkawa 'yan ƙasar da ba su da makami da kansu suna da ra'ayin wani ɓangare na duniyar waje - ƙwarewar wayewa wanda watakila ya ba da labarin kasancewar yawancin tsoffin soji na Peace Corps tsakanin masu gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya. Abubuwan da ke tattare da yawon shakatawa na zaman lafiya da diflomasiyyar ɗan ƙasa a matsayin hanyar rage haɗarin yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazarin zaman lafiya da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda ke tallafawa musayar ƙasashen waje, a zahiri ko ta hanyar kwamfuta.
Satumba 23. A wannan rana a cikin 1973 ma'aikatan ma'aikata na United Farm sun dauki kundin tsarin mulki ciki har da ƙaddamar da rashin zaman kansu. Kimanin wakilai 350 ne suka hallara a Fresno, Kalifoniya, don amincewa da Tsarin Mulki da zaɓar shugabanni da jami'ai na wannan sabuwar ƙungiyar kwadagon da aka ɗauka. Taron ya kasance biki ne na cin nasarar manyan matsaloli, da tashin hankali da yawa, don ƙirƙirar wannan ƙungiyar ma'aikatan gonar da aka saba amfani da shi don talauci albashi da tsoratarwa. Sun fuskanci kamawa, duka, da kashe-kashe, gami da nuna halin ko in kula na gwamnati da ƙiyayya, da gasa daga babbar ƙungiyar. Cesar Chavez ya fara shirya shekaru goma da suka gabata. Ya yada taken "Ee, za mu iya!" ko “Si’ se puede! ” Ya yi wahayi zuwa ga matasa su zama masu shiryawa, da yawa daga cikinsu har yanzu suna kan aikin. Su ko ɗalibansu sun shirya da yawa daga cikin manyan kamfen ɗin adalci na zamantakewar al'umma a ƙarshen karni na 20. UFW ya inganta yanayin aiki sosai na ma'aikatan gona a California da kewayen ƙasar, kuma ya gabatar da dabaru da yawa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su tare da babban nasara tun daga lokacin, gami da mafi shaharar kauracewa gasar. Rabin mutanen a Amurka sun daina cin inabi har sai an ba wa mutanen da suka zaɓi inabin damar kafa ƙungiya. UFW ta haɓaka dabarun niyya kamfani ko ɗan siyasa daga kusurwa da yawa lokaci ɗaya. Ma'aikatan gonar sun yi amfani da azumi, allon talla na mutane, wasan kwaikwayo na titi, halartar jama'a, ginin kawance, da kuma kai wa ga masu jefa kuri'a. UFW ta tattara 'yan takara, ta zabe su, sannan kuma suka zauna a ofisoshinsu har sai sun cika alkawurransu - wata hanya ce ta daban da sanya kai mai bin dan takara.
Satumba 24. A wannan rana a cikin 1963 Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Bankin Tsaro ta Kasa, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Bankin Tsaro na Ƙuntataccen Yanki saboda ya dakatar da fashewar nukiliya a ƙasa ko karkashin ruwa, amma ba kasa. Yarjejeniyar tana nufin kuma ta rage faduwar nukiliya a cikin sararin samaniyar, wanda aka kirkira ta gwajin makamin nukiliya, musamman Amurka, Soviet Union, da China. Amurka ta sanya wasu tsibirai da ke Tsibirin Marshall ba za su iya rayuwa ba kuma hakan ya haifar da yawan cutar kansa da lahani na haihuwa tsakanin mazaunan. Yarjejeniyar ta sake tabbata a cikin shekarar 1963 kuma ta Tarayyar Soviet da Ingila. Tarayyar Soviet ta gabatar da haramcin gwaji hade da kwance damarar makaman nukiliya da na makaman nukiliya. Ya samo yarjejeniya daga sauran biyun akan haramcin gwajin kawai. Amurka da Burtaniya sun so a binciki shafin don hana gwajin gwaji a karkashin kasa, amma Soviet ba su yi hakan ba. Don haka, yarjejeniyar ta bar gwajin daga cikin haramcin. A watan Yuni Shugaba John Kennedy, wanda ke magana a Jami’ar Amurka, ya ba da sanarwar cewa Amurka za ta dakatar da gwajin nukiliya nan da nan a cikin yanayi kamar yadda wasu suka yi, yayin da take bin yarjejeniyar. "Kammala wannan yarjejeniyar, a yanzu haka kuma har yanzu," in ji Kennedy watanni kafin a kammala shi, "zai binciki tserewar makamai a cikin daya daga cikin yankuna mafi hadari. Zai ba da ikon nukiliya a cikin yanayin da zai magance yadda ya kamata tare da daya daga cikin mawuyacin haɗari wanda mutum ke fuskanta a cikin 1963, ƙarin yaduwar makaman nukiliya. ”
Satumba 25. A wannan rana a shugaban 1959 Amurka Dwight Eisenhower da shugaban Soviet Nikita Khrushchev ya gana. Wannan ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawan yanayi na alaƙar dangantakar Yaƙin Cacar Baki kuma ya haifar da yanayi na fata da annashuwa don makoma ba tare da yaƙin nukiliya ba. Kafin ziyarar kwana biyu tare da Eisenhower a Camp David da kuma gonar Eisenhower a Gettysburg, Khrushchev da danginsa sun zagaya Amurka. Sun ziyarci New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, da Des Moines. A LA, Khrushchev ya yi matukar damuwa lokacin da 'yan sanda suka gaya masa cewa ba lafiya ba ne ya ziyarci Disneyland. Khrushchev, wanda ya rayu daga 1894 zuwa 1971, ya hau mulki bayan mutuwar Josef Stalin a 1953. Ya yi tir da abin da ya kira "wuce gona da iri" na Stalinism kuma ya ce yana neman "zaman lafiya" tare da Amurka. Eisenhower yayi iƙirarin son abu ɗaya. Duka shugabannin biyu sun ce taron ya kasance mai amfani kuma sun yi imanin "batun batun kwance ɗamarar ɗumbin makamai shi ne abu mafi muhimmanci da duniya ke fuskanta a yau." Khrushchev ya tabbatar wa abokan aikinsa cewa zai iya aiki tare da Eisenhower, kuma sun gayyace shi ya ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1960. Amma a watan Mayu, Soviet Union ta harbo jirgin leken asiri U-2, kuma Eisenhower ya yi ƙarya game da hakan, ba tare da sanin cewa Soviet ɗin sun kame matukin jirgi Yaƙin Cold Cold ya dawo. Wani ma'aikacin radar na Amurka don sirrin U-2 ya ɓata watanni shida da suka gabata kuma a gwargwadon rahoto ya gaya wa Russia duk abin da ya sani, amma gwamnatin Amurka ta yi maraba da shi. Sunansa Lee Harvey Oswald. Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuba ya kasance bai zuwa ba.
Satumba 26. Wannan shi ne Ranar Duniya na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Ƙididdigar Kirar Makaman Nukiliya. Har ila yau, a ranar 1924, kungiyar ta League of Nations ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Yara, daga bisani kuma ya shiga cikin Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkin Dan. (Asar Amirka na kan gaba a duniya, wa) anda ke adawa da kawar da makaman nukiliya, kuma ita ce kawai ke da ku) a) en duniya game da Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yaran, wanda kasashe 196 ke cikin sa. Tabbas, wasu bangarorin da yarjejeniyar ta karya shi, amma Amurka tana da niyyar halaye wadanda zasu karya ta, har Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta ki amincewa da shi. Babban uzuri ga wannan shi ne yin gulma game da haƙƙin iyaye ko na iyali. Amma a Amurka, yara kanana ‘yan kasa da shekaru 18 za a iya jefa su a kurkuku na tsawon rai ba tare da sakin fuska ba Dokokin Amurka sun ba yara ƙanana shekaru 12 damar yin aikin noma na tsawon awanni a cikin mummunan yanayi. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jihohin Amurka suna ba da izinin horo na jiki a cikin makarantu. Sojojin Amurka sun fito fili suna daukar yara cikin shirye-shiryen pre-soja. Shugaban Amurka ya kashe yara ta hanyar hare-hare ta jiragen sama kuma ya bincika sunayensu daga jerin waɗanda aka kashe. Duk waɗannan manufofin, wasu daga cikinsu masana'antun da ke da fa'ida sosai, za su keta Yarjejeniyar kan Rightsancin thean yaro idan Amurka ta shiga ciki. Idan yara suna da haƙƙoƙi, da suna da haƙƙoƙin makarantu masu kyau, kariya daga bindigogi, da kyakkyawan yanayi mai ɗorewa. Waɗannan abubuwan mahaukata ne ga Majalisar dattijan Amurka.
Satumba 27. A wannan rana a 1923, a cikin nasara na zaman lafiya ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya, Italiya ta janye daga Corfu. Nasarar ta yanke hukunci ce ta bangare daya. League of Nations, wanda ya kasance daga 1920 zuwa 1946, kuma Amurka ta ƙi shiga, ya kasance matashi kuma ana gwada shi. Corfu tsibiri ne na Girka, kuma rikicin da ke wurin ya samo asali ne daga wata nasarar ta wani ɓangare. Wani kwamiti na kungiyar League of Nations karkashin jagorancin wani dan kasar Italia mai suna Enrico Tellini ya sasanta rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Girka da Albania ta hanyar da ta gaza gamsar da Girkawa. An kashe Tellini, mataimakansa biyu, da mai fassara, kuma Italiya ta zargi Girka. Italiya ta jefa bam cikin mamaye Corfu, ta kashe 'yan gudun hijira dozin a cikin wannan aikin. Italiya, Girka, Albania, Serbia, da Turkiya sun fara shirin yaƙi. Girka ta yi kira ga League of Nations, amma Italiya ta ƙi ba da haɗin kai kuma ta yi barazanar ficewa daga Leagueungiyar. Faransa ta fi son a cire Kungiyar daga cikinta, saboda Faransa ta mamaye wani yanki na Jamus kuma ba ta son wani tsari na gaba. Taron Jakadancin na League ya ba da sanarwar sharuddan sasanta rikicin wanda ya yi wa Italiya dadi, gami da yawan kudin da Girka ta ba wa Italiya. Bangarorin biyu sun yi biyayya, kuma Italiya ta fice daga Corfu. Tun da yake yaƙin bai ƙare ba, wannan ya kasance nasara. Kamar yadda mafi yawan al'umma masu tashin hankali suka sami hanyarta, wannan ya gaza. Babu wani ma'aikacin zaman lafiya da aka aika, ba takunkumi, ba gurfanar da kotu, ba la'antar duniya ko kauracewa, ba tattaunawar bangarori da yawa. Yawancin mafita ba su wanzu ba tukuna, amma an ɗauki mataki.
Satumba 28. Wannan ita ce Ranar Idi ta Augustine, lokaci mai kyau don yin la'akari da abin da ba daidai ba game da ra'ayin "yaƙi kawai" Augustine, wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 354, yayi ƙoƙari ya haɗu da addinin da ke adawa da kisa da tashin hankali tare da kisan gilla da tashin hankali mai ƙarfi, don haka ya ƙaddamar da filin yaƙi na adalci, wanda har yanzu ake sayar da littattafai. Yaƙin da ya dace ya kamata ya zama mai kariya ko taimako ko kuma aƙalla mai ramuwar gayya, kuma wahalar da ake zaton dakatarwa ko ɗaukar fansa ya kamata ta fi girman wahalar da yaƙin zai haifar. A zahiri, yaƙi yana haifar da wahala fiye da kowane abu. Yakamata a yi yakin adalci ya zama mai iya faɗi kuma ya sami babban damar samun nasara. A zahiri, abu daya mai sauki ka hango shine gazawa. Ya kamata ya zama mafaka ta ƙarshe bayan duk hanyoyin zaman lafiya sun gaza. A hakikanin gaskiya koyaushe akwai wasu hanyoyin lumana don kai hari ga ƙasashen waje, kamar Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, da sauransu. A yayin yakin basasa, ana fada ne kawai da mayaka. A zahiri, yawancin waɗanda ke cikin yaƙe-yaƙe tun Yaƙin Duniya na II sun kasance fararen hula. Kashe fararen hula ya kamata ya zama “daidai” ga darajar soja na harin, amma wannan ba daidaitaccen matakin da kowa ke iya ɗauka ba. A shekara ta 2014, wata ƙungiyar Pax Christi ta ce: “MUTANE, CUTA, BAUTA, AZABA, HUKUNCIN MULKI, YA WARI: A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, shugabannin Coci da kuma masu ilimin tauhidi sun ba da hujjar kowane ɗayan munanan halayen da cewa ya yi daidai da nufin Allah. Daya daga cikinsu ne kawai ke rike da wannan matsayin a wajen koyarwar Cocin a yau. ”
Satumba 29. A wannan rana a 1795, Immanuel Kant ya wallafa Aminci na Tsayawa: Wani Siffar Falsafa. Masanin falsafar ya lissafa abubuwan da yayi imanin cewa za a buƙaci don zaman lafiya a duniya, gami da: “Babu wata yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya da za a yi ta zama ingantacciya a cikin abin da ke tattare da batun hankali don yaƙin nan gaba,” da kuma “Babu wasu ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, manya ko ƙananan, a karkashin mulkin wata jihar ta gado, musayar, sayayya, ko kyauta, "da kuma" Babu wata kasa da za ta ba da izinin irin wadannan ayyukan nuna kiyayya wanda hakan zai sanya yarda da juna a cikin zaman lafiya mai zuwa ba zai yiwu ba: irin wannan aiki ne na masu kisan kai ,… Da tunzura mutane zuwa cin amanar kasa a jihar da ke adawa. " Kant har ila yau ya haɗa da hana bashin ƙasa. Sauran abubuwan da ke cikin jerin matakan da ya bi don kawar da yaki ya kusa bayyana kawai, "Ba za a sake yin yaƙi ba," kamar wannan: "Babu wata ƙasa da za ta tsoma baki cikin Tsarin Mulki ko gwamnatin wata jihar," ko wannan abin da ke zuwa zuciyarta: "Rundunonin da ke tsaye za a kawar da su a kan lokaci." Kant ya buɗe tattaunawar da ake buƙata sosai amma ƙila ya yi cuta fiye da kyau, kamar yadda ya sanar da cewa yanayin ɗabi'ar mutane (duk abin da hakan ke nufi) yaƙi ne, cewa zaman lafiya wani abu ne da ya dogara da zaman lafiyar wasu (don haka kar a soke shi sojojin ka da sauri). Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatocin wakilai za su kawo zaman lafiya, gami da waɗanda ba 'yan Turai ba “wawaye” waɗanda ya yi wa fata fata har abada a yaƙi.
Satumba 30. A wannan rana a 1946, jarrabawar Nuremberg ta Amurka ta samu 22 Germans laifin, saboda yawancin laifukan da Amurka ke da kuma zai ci gaba da shiga cikin kanta. Haramcin yaƙi a cikin yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand ya canza zuwa dokar hana yaƙi, tare da masu nasara sun yanke shawarar cewa waɗanda suka yi asara ne kawai suka kasance masu zafin rai. Yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka tun da ba su ga gabatar da kara ba. A halin yanzu, sojojin Amurkan sun yi hayar tsoffin masana kimiyya da likitoci na ɗari shida da ɗari shida, gami da wasu manyan abokan haɗin gwiwar Adolf Hitler, maza da ke da alhakin kisan kai, bautar, da gwajin ɗan adam, gami da maza da aka yanke wa hukuncin laifukan yaƙi. Wasu daga cikin Nazis ɗin da aka gwada a Nuremberg sun riga sun yi aiki don Amurka a cikin Jamus ko Amurka kafin gwajin. Wasu sun kare daga abubuwan da suka gabata daga gwamnatin Amurka na tsawon shekaru, yayin da suke zaune kuma suna aiki a Boston Harbor, Long Island, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, Alabama, da sauran wurare, ko kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta kai su Argentina don kare su daga gurfana . Tsoffin 'yan leƙen asirin Nazi, galibinsu tsoffin SS ne, Amurka ta ɗauke su haya bayan yaƙin Jamus don leken asiri - da azabtar da - Soviet. Tsoffin masana kimiyyar roka 'yan Nazi sun fara kera makami mai linzami tsakanin kasashen biyu. Tsoffin injiniyoyin Nazi waɗanda suka tsara bunker ɗin Hitler, waɗanda aka zana kagarai don gwamnatin Amurka a cikin tsaunukan Catoctin da Blue Ridge. Tsoffin 'yan Nazis sun kirkiro shirye-shiryen Amurka da makamai masu guba, kuma an sanya su a matsayin kula da sabuwar hukumar da ake kira NASA. Tsoffin maƙaryata na Nazi sun tsara takaddun bayanan sirri na ƙarya game da barazanar Soviet - hujjar duk wannan mugunta.
Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.
Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.
Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.
Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.
Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.
Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.
Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.
Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz
Graphics by Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.
