Yuli

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Yuli 1. A wannan rana a 1656, 'yan Quakers na farko sun isa Amurka, sun zo ga abin da zai zama Boston. Ƙungiyar Puritan a Boston an kafa 1650s tare da dokoki masu ƙarfi bisa ga addininsa. Lokacin da Quakers suka zo daga Ingila a 1656, an gaishe su da zargin maƙaryaci, kama, ɗaurin kurkuku, da kuma bukatar su bar Boston a jirgin na gaba. An yanke hukuncin da aka yi wa manyan jiragen ruwan da ke kawo jiragen ruwa na Quakers zuwa Boston. Masu zanga-zanga da suka tsaya a zanga-zangar sun ci gaba da kai hare-haren, aka yi musu kisa, kuma akalla hudu aka kashe a gaban hukuncin da Yarima Charles II ta yanke wa hukuncin kisa a cikin New World. Yayinda sauran yankunan da suka fara shiga Boston Harbor, mazaunan Quakers sun sami yarda sosai don kafa wani yanki na kansu a Pennsylvania. Ra'ayin Puritans, ko xenophobia, sun haɗu da Amurka tare da kafa tushen 'yanci da adalci ga kowa. Kamar yadda Amurka ta taso, haka ya bambanta. Yin yarda da wasu shi ne al'adar da Quakers ke ba da gudummawa sosai, wanda kuma ya tsara wasu ayyukan da ke nuna mutuncin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, da musayar bautar, da tsayayya da yaki, da kuma neman zaman lafiya. Shaidun Quakers na Pennsylvania ya nuna wa sauran mazaunin halin kirki, kudi, da al'adu na yin zaman lafiya maimakon yaki. Quakers ya koyar da sauran Amirkawa game da bukatar kawar da bautar da dukan nau'in tashin hankali. Da yawa daga cikin mafi kyawun zane da ke gudana ta hanyar tarihin Amurka yana fara da Quakers suna ƙarfafa ra'ayoyin su a matsayin ƙananan 'yan tsiraru da ke nunawa daga koyaswar da aka yarda da su a duniya.

Yuli 2. A wannan rana a 1964, Shugaban Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson ya sanya hannu kan Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 a cikin doka. Tabbatar da mutane sun zama 'yan kasar Amurka da' yancin yin zabe a 1865. Duk da haka, ana ci gaba da kare hakkin su a ko'ina cikin Kudu. Dokokin da ke gudana daga jihohi daban-daban don tallafawa rabuwa, da kuma kyawawan ayyuka da wasu kamfanoni masu girma sun hada da Ku Klux Klan sunyi barazanar 'yanci da aka yi wa tsohon bayi. A cikin 1957, Sashen Harkokin Jakadanci na Amurka ya kirkiro Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Lafiya don bincika waɗannan laifuka, wanda bai dace da doka ta tarayya ba sai da gwamnatin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama ta tura Shugaba John F. Kennedy don ya bada shawara a watan Yuni na 1963: "Wannan al'ummar ta kasance kafa ta maza da yawa daga al'ummomi da kuma ƙasashen waje. An kafa shi ne bisa ka'idar cewa an halicci dukkan mutane daidai, kuma cewa hakkokin kowane mutum ya ragu lokacin da ake barazanar mutum guda. "An kashe Kennedy watanni biyar bayan haka ya bar Shugaba Johnson ya biyo baya. A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Union, Johnson ya yi kira: "Bari wannan zaman taro ya zama sanadiyar zaman da ya fi dacewa da kare hakkin bil'adama fiye da hamsin haɗin gwiwa." Kamar yadda lissafin ya kai Majalisar Dattijai, an gana da muhawarar kudancin kasar. tare da ranar 75 a fili. Dokar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama na 1964 ta wuce ta biyu ta kuri'un kashi biyu. Wannan Dokar ta haramta rushewa a cikin dukan gidajen sarauta, kuma ta hana nuna bambanci daga masu aiki da ma'aikatan ma'aikata. Har ila yau, ya kafa wani Harkokin Kasuwancin Harkokin Kasuwanci, na bayar da taimakon doka, ga 'yan} asalin da suke so su yi rayuwa.

Yuli 3. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1932, The Green Table, wani ballet anti-war yana nuna rashin jin kunya da cin hanci da rashawa, an yi shi ne a karo na farko a birnin Paris a gasar zane-zane. Written and choreographed by dan Jamus, dan wasan, malami, da kuma kredographer Kurt Jooss (1901-1979), ana yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan "dance of death" wanda aka nuna a cikin tsoffin Jamusanci woodcuts. Kowane ɓangare na takwas yana nuna bambancin hanyar da al'umma ke bi da kira zuwa yaki. Maganar Mutuwa ta yaudare 'yan siyasa, sojoji, mai ɗaukar hoto, yarinya, matarsa, mahaifiyarta,' yan gudun hijirar, da kuma wadataccen masana'antu, dukansu an kawo su cikin raye-raye a cikin ma'anar da suke rayuwa. Sai kawai adadi na matar yana ba da alamar juriya. Ta juya a cikin wani yan tawaye da kashe-kashen wani soja da ya dawo daga gaba. Saboda wannan laifi, Mutuwa ta kori ta don a kashe shi ta hanyar harbe-harbe. Kafin tafin farko, matar ta juya zuwa ga Mutuwa da kullun. Mutuwa ta biyo baya ta ba ta wata sanarwa, sa'an nan kuma duba cikin masu sauraro. A cikin nazarin 2017 na The Green Table, dan jarida mai suna Jennifer Zahrt ya rubuta cewa wani mai duba a wasan kwaikwayon da ta halarta ya yi sharhi, "Mutuwa ya dubi mu duka kamar muna tambayar idan muka fahimta." Zahrt ya amsa, "Ee," kamar dai sun yarda cewa kiran Mutuwa ya kai yaƙi ne a kullum. wasu hanyoyi tabbas. Ya kamata a lura da cewa, tarihin zamani yana ba da lokutta da dama wanda ƙananan ƙananan mutanen da aka ba da su, wanda aka tsara a matsayin ƙungiyar tashin hankalin da ba ta da tashin hankali ba, ya yi shiru don rufe muryar mutuwar kowa ga kowa.

Yuli 4. A wannan kwanan wata a kowace shekara, yayin da Amurka ta yi ikirarin furcin 'yancin kai daga Ingila a cikin 1776, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da ke zaune a Yorkshire, Ingila ta lura da "Independence from America Day". Da aka sani da Gidan Jagoran Gida na Hill (MHAC), ainihin ma'anar kungiyar tun lokacin da 1992 ya binciko batun kuma ya haskaka batun batun mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya kamar yadda yake da alaka da sojan Amurka da ke aiki a Birtaniya. Babban cibiyar kula da MHAC ita ce mashagin Manwith Hill dake Arewacin Yorkshire, wanda aka kafa a 1951. Kwamitin Tsaro na {asar Amirka (NSA) ya gudana, Menwith Hill shine mafi girma a Amurka a waje da Amurka don tattara bayanai da kulawa. Mafi girma ta hanyar yin tambayoyi a majalisa da kuma gwada dokokin Birtaniya a kalubalan kotu, MHAC ya iya ƙayyade cewa yarjejeniyar 1957 tsakanin Amurka da Birtaniya game da NSA Menwith Hill sun wuce ba tare da bincikar majalisar dokoki ba. MHAC ya kuma bayyana cewa ayyukan da aka yi amfani da tushe don tallafawa kungiyar 'yan ta'adda na Amurka, Amurka da ake kira Missile Defense tsarin, da kuma kokarin da NSA ke tattarawa na da babbar mahimmanci ga' yanci da kuma ayyukan kula da lantarki waɗanda ba su da wata tattaunawa a cikin jama'a ko na majalisar. Magana da manufar MHAC ita ce kawar da dukkanin sojojin Amurka da wuraren tsaro a Birtaniya. Ƙungiyar ta haɗa da, kuma tana tallafawa, sauran kungiyoyi masu kunnawa a duniya da suke raba irin wadannan manufofi a ƙasashensu. Idan irin wannan kokari ya yi nasara sosai, za su wakilci babbar matsala ga ci gaban duniya. A halin yanzu Amurka tana aiki da wasu manyan asusun soja na 800 fiye da kasashe 80 da yankuna a waje.

Yuli 5. A kwanan nan a 1811, Venezuela ta kasance ta farko ta mulkin mallakar Mutanen Espanya na Indiya da ta nuna 'yancin kai. An yi Yaƙin neman 'Yanci daga Afrilu 1810. Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Venezuela tana da gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta da kundin tsarin mulki, amma ta kasance shekara guda kawai. Talakawan Venezuela sun yi tir da mulkin farar fata na Caracas kuma sun kasance masu aminci ga kambin. Shahararren gwarzo, Simón Bolívar Palacios, an haife shi ne a Venezuela daga dangi sanannu kuma ya ci gaba da adawa da Mutanen Espanya a ƙarƙashinsa. An yaba shi El Libertador yayin da aka ayyana Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Venezuela kuma aka ba Bolivar ikon kama-karya. Ya sake yin watsi da fata na farar fata 'yan Venezuela. Har ila yau, ya kasance shekara guda kawai, daga 1813-1814. Caracas ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ikon Sifen, amma a 1819, an nada Bolivar a matsayin shugaban Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Venezuela. A cikin 1821 Caracas ta sami 'yanci kuma an kirkiro Gran Colombia, yanzu Venezuela da Colombia. Bolivar ya bar, amma ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya a cikin nahiyar kuma ya ga mafarkinsa na dunkule Spanishasar Spain ta Spain ya sami wata fa'ida a cikin esungiyar ta Andes ta haɗu da abin da ke yanzu Ecuador, Bolivia, da Peru. Bugu da ƙari, sabuwar gwamnatin ta tabbatar da wahalar sarrafawa kuma ba ta dawwama. Mutane a Venezuela sun fusata da babban birnin Bogota a can nesa da Colombia, kuma suka ƙi Gran Colombia. Bolivar ya shirya tafiya zuwa hijira zuwa Turai, amma ya mutu yana da shekara 47 da tarin fuka a cikin Disamba 1830, kafin ya tafi Turai. Yayin da yake bakin ciki, mai takaici wanda ya kwato Arewacin Kudancin Amurka ya ce “Duk wadanda suka yi juyin juya halin sun nome teku.” Irin wannan aikin banza ne.

Yuli 6. A wannan rana a cikin 1942, Anne Frank, mai shekaru goma sha uku, iyayensa da 'yar'uwarsa sun koma wani ɓangare na bango na ginin ofishin a Amsterdam, Holland inda Anne ta mahaifinsa Otto ke gudanar da harkokin kasuwancin iyali. A can dangin yahudawa –bayan Jamusawa waɗanda suka nemi mafaka a Holland biyo bayan haɓakar Hitler a 1933 - sun ɓoye kansu daga Nazis waɗanda suka mamaye ƙasar yanzu. A lokacin keɓewarsu, Anne ta riƙe littafin tarihinta wanda ke ba da labarin kwarewar dangin wanda zai sa ta shahara a duniya. Lokacin da aka gano dangin kuma aka kama su shekaru biyu bayan haka, an tura Anne da mahaifiyarta da 'yar'uwarta zuwa wani sansanin tattara hankali na Jamus, inda duka ukun suka faɗa cikin' yan watanni cikin zazzaɓin zazzaɓi. Duk wannan ilimin kowa ne. Americansarancin Amurkawa, duk da haka, sun san sauran labarin. Takardun da aka bayyana a cikin 2007 sun nuna cewa ƙoƙarin Otto Frank na ci gaba na watanni tara a cikin 1941 don samun izinin biza wanda zai sa iyalinsa zuwa Amurka ya ɓata ta hanyar ƙimar ƙididdigar ƙimar Amurka. Bayan da Shugaba Roosevelt ya yi gargadin cewa yahudawa ‘yan gudun hijirar da suka rigaya a Amurka na iya“ yin leken asiri a karkashin tilas, ”an ba da wani umarnin gudanarwa wanda ya hana karbar Amurkawa ga‘ yan gudun hijirar yahudawa tare da dangi na kusa da su a Turai, bisa la’akari da tunanin da ke nuna cewa ‘yan Nazi za su iya dangin da aka yi garkuwa da su domin tilasta wa 'yan gudun hijirar leken asirin Hitler. Amsar tana nuna wauta da bala'in da ka iya haifarwa lokacin da tsoron yaƙi game da tsaron ƙasa ya fifita damuwa na ɗan adam. Ba wai kawai ya ba da shawarar cewa Anne Frank za ta iya matsawa cikin sabis a matsayin ɗan leken asirin Nazi. Hakanan yana iya ba da gudummawa ga yuwuwar mutuwar yawancin yahudawan Turai.

Yuli 7. A wannan rana a cikin 2005, an gudanar da hare-haren ta'addanci da aka kai harin a London. Mazauna uku sun kai hari kan bama-bamai na gida amma dabam-dabam a cikin kwakwalwar su a cikin Ƙasar Kasuwanci ta London da kuma na hudu sun yi haka a kan bas din. Ciki har da 'yan ta'adda hudu, mutane 50 da suka mutu sun mutu, kuma mutane bakwai sun ji rauni. Nazarin sun gano cewa 95% na hare-haren ta'addanci na kashe kansa suna motsawa ne don samun mai aikin soja don kawo karshen aikin. Wadannan hare-haren ba su kasance ba ne ga wannan mulkin. Dalilin da ya sa ya kawo karshen aikin Iraqi. A watan Maris na 11, 2004, 'yan ta'addan al Qaeda sun kashe mutane 191 a Madrid, Spain, kafin zaben da wata ƙungiya ta yi ta kai hare-haren da Spain ta shiga cikin yakin Amurka a Iraki. Mutanen Spain sun jefa 'yan Socialists zuwa mulki, kuma sun cire dukkan dakarun Spain daga Iraki daga Mayu. Babu sauran boma-bamai a Spain. Bayan harin da 2005 ke yi a London, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta kaddamar da ci gaba da ayyukan da ake yi na Iraki da Afghanistan. Masu harin ta'addanci a London sun bi 2007, 2013, 2016, da kuma 2017. Abin sha'awa shine, a tarihin duniya, yawancin hare-haren ta'addanci na kunar bakin wake ne aka rubuta cewa an yi musu fushi da kyautar abinci, magani, makarantu, ko makamashi mai tsabta. Rage rage hare-haren kunar bakin wake za a iya taimakawa ta hanyar rage rikici, ɓata, da rashin adalci, da kuma amsa tambayoyin da ba a yi ba. Yin la'akari da wadannan laifuffukan laifuka, maimakon a matsayin yakin basasa na iya karya mummunar zagaye.

Yuli 8. A wannan rana a cikin 2014, a cikin rikice-rikice bakwai na mako guda wanda aka sani da yaki na 2014 na Gaza, Isra'ila ta kaddamar da iska mai tsanani a cikin mako bakwai da zubar da jini kan Gaza. Manufar wannan aiki shine don dakatar da wuta daga Gaza zuwa Isra'ila, wanda ya karu bayan da aka sace wasu yara uku a Isra'ila da kuma kashe wasu matasan Isra'ila guda uku a yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, ya haifar da ragowar Isra'ila. A bangare kuma, Hamas ta bukaci samar da matsalolin kasa da kasa kan Isra'ila don tada hankalinta na Gaza. A lokacin da yakin ya ƙare, duk da haka, mutuwar farar hula, raunuka, da rashin gida ba su kasance daya ba ne a kan gazan Gazan da aka kashe-da kyau a kan mutanen da suka mutu na 2000 Gazan suka mutu, idan aka kwatanta da Isra'ila guda biyar kawai-wannan zaman na musamman na Kotun Russell a kan Palestine wanda aka kira don bincike kan kisan gillar Isra'ila. Shaidun suna da wuyar tabbatar da cewa shirin Israila na kai farmaki, da kuma abin da ba shi da la'akari da shi, ya kasance da laifuffuka ga bil'adama, tun da yake sun sanya hukuncin kisa ga jama'a baki daya. Har ila yau, ya ki amincewa da cewa, Isra'ila tana da alhakin ayyukansa na iya zama 'yanci ne don kare kansu daga hare-haren ta'addanci daga Gaza, tun lokacin da wadannan hare-haren sun kasance da tsayayya da wasu mutanen da suka sha wahala a karkashin hukunta Israilawa. Duk da haka, juri'a sun ki yarda da ayyukan Israilawa "kisan gillar," tun da cewa wannan doka ta buƙaci hujjoji mai karfi na "ƙaddarar hallaka." Hakika, ga dubban mutuwar, wadanda suka ji rauni, kuma marasa galibi na Gazans, waɗannan ƙaddara ba su da wani sakamako. . A gare su, da kuma sauran sauran duniya, kadai amsar gaske ga mummunan yakin ya ci gaba da ƙarewa.

Yuli 9. A wannan rana a 1955, Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell da sauran masana kimiyya bakwai sun yi gargadin cewa za a zabi tsakanin yaki da rayuwar mutum. Fitattun masana kimiyya a duk duniya, gami da Max Born na Jamus, da ɗan kwaminisanci na Faransa Frederic Joliot-Curie, sun haɗu da Albert Einstein da Bertrand Russell a ƙoƙarin kawar da yaƙi. Manifesto, takarda ta karshe da Einstein ya sanya wa hannu kafin mutuwarsa, ya karanta: “Dangane da gaskiyar cewa a cikin wani yakin duniya na gaba tabbas za a yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, kuma irin wadannan makamai suna barazana ga ci gaba da rayuwar dan adam, muna rokon gwamnatocin duniya ta fahimta, kuma ta yarda a bainar jama'a, cewa yakin duniya ba zai iya ciyar da manufar su gaba ba, kuma muna kira gare su, a kan haka, da su nemi hanyoyin lumana don sasanta dukkan batutuwan da ke tsakaninsu. " Tsohon Sakataren Tsaro na Amurka Robert McNamara ya bayyana nasa tsoron cewa bala’in nukiliya ba makawa sai an wargaza tarin makaman nukiliya, yana mai cewa: “Matsakaicin shugaban yakin Amurka yana da karfin lalata sau 20 na bam din Hiroshima. Daga cikin shugabannin yakin Amurka 8,000 masu aiki ko aiki, 2,000 suna kan fadakarwar fadakarwa… Amurka ba ta taba amincewa da manufar 'ba fara amfani da ita ba,' ba a tsawon shekaru bakwai na a matsayin sakatare ko tun daga lokacin ba. Mun kasance a shirye kuma mun kasance a shirye don fara amfani da makamin nukiliya –a shawarar mutum daya, shugaban kasa…. Shugaban yana shirye ya yanke shawara cikin mintuna 20 wanda zai iya harba daya daga cikin muggan makamai a duniya. Bayyana yaƙi yana buƙatar yin aiki na Majalisa, amma don ƙaddamar da kisan ƙare dangi na nukiliya yana buƙatar tattaunawa na minti 20 daga shugaban da mashawartansa. ”

Yuli 10. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1985, gwamnatin Faransa ta yi boma-bamai kuma ta kaddamar da harshen Greenpeace The Rainbow Warrior, a cikin wani jirgin ruwa a Auckland, babban birni a New Zealand's North Island. Yayinda yake ci gaba da amfani da shi wajen kare yanayin, Greenpeace yana amfani da jirgin don aiwatar da wani yunkurin da ba a yi ba game da gwajin nukiliya na Faransa a cikin Pacific. New Zealand tana goyon bayan zanga-zangar da karfi, tana nuna matsayinta a matsayin jagora a yunkurin nukiliya na kasa da kasa. Kasar Faransa, ta gefe guda, ta ga fitinar nukiliya da take da muhimmanci ga tsaronta, kuma yana jin tsoron matsa lamba na kasa da kasa wanda zai iya kawo karshen ƙaddamar da shi. Faransanci sun fi damuwa da shirin Greenpeace don su tashi jirgin daga jirgi na Auckland da kuma mataki har yanzu wani zanga-zanga a Mururoa Atoll na kasar Faransa a kudancin Pacific. A matsayin mai ladabi, Rainbow Warrior na iya haifar da wani jirgin ruwa na ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyi wanda zai iya yin amfani da matakan da ba a yi ba. Har ila yau jirgi ya kasance mai yawa don ɗaukar kayan aiki da kayan sadarwar don kulawa da zanga-zangar da aka yi musu da kuma yin amfani da labaran rediyon tare da kasashen waje da rahoto da hotuna zuwa kungiyoyi masu labaran duniya. Don kauce wa wannan duka, an tura ma'aikatan asirin jakadancin Faransa don su rushe jirgin kuma su hana shi daga motsawa. Wannan aikin ya haifar da mummunar ɓarna a dangantakar da ke tsakanin New Zealand da Faransa kuma ya yi yawa don inganta tashin hankali a kasar New Zealand. Domin Birtaniya da Amurka sun kasa hukunta wannan ta'addanci, kuma yana da matukar goyon baya a cikin New Zealand don samun manufofin kasashen waje masu zaman kansu.

Yuli 11. A wannan rana a kowace shekara, ranar Majalisar Dinkin duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda aka kafa a 1989, ya mai da hankalin hankali game da waɗannan al'amurran da suka shafi ci gaban jama'a kamar tsarin iyali, daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, kiwon lafiyar mutum da muhalli, ilmantarwa, tattalin arziki, da hakkokin bil'adama. Baya ga waɗannan damuwar, masanan yawan jama'a sun kuma fahimci cewa bunkasar yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe matalauta yana sanya damuwa kan wadatar da ke akwai wanda zai iya haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar jama'a, rikice-rikice na cikin gida, da yaƙi. Wannan gaskiya ne a cikin mahimmin bangare saboda karuwar saurin yawan jama'a na haifar da yawancin mutane kasa da shekaru talatin. Lokacin da irin wannan yawan jama'a ke karkashin jagorancin mai rauni ko kuma gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta, kuma ya gaza kan muhimman albarkatu da ilimi na asali, kiwon lafiya, da kuma samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa, ya zama wuri mai matukar zafi ga rikicin cikin gida. Babban Bankin Duniya ya ambaci Angola, Sudan, Haiti, Somalia, da Myammar a matsayin misalan misalai na "ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci da ke cikin matsi." A cikin su duka, kwanciyar hankali yana lalata tasirin yawan jama'a wanda ke biyan harajin sarari da albarkatu. Da zarar rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya cinye su, irin wadannan al'ummomin na fama da wahalar ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arziki –ko da suna da albarkatun kasa. Mafi yawan masana sun yi gargadin cewa kasashen da ke da karuwar mutane da yawa da kuma rashin wadatattun kayan da za su samar wa mutanensu na iya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin gida. Tabbas kasashen da ake kira kasashen da suka ci gaba suna fitar da makamai, yaƙe-yaƙe, ƙungiyoyin mutuwa, juyin mulki, da tsoma baki, maimakon taimakon agaji da kula da muhalli, har ila yau yana haifar da tashin hankali a cikin ɓangarorin matalauta da yawa a duniya, wasu daga cikinsu ba su da yawa, yawanci talauci ne kawai. , fiye da Japan ko Jamus.

Yuli 12. A wannan rana a 1817 Henry David Thoreau aka haifa. Ko da yake watakila mafi kyawun saninsa na ilimin kimiyyar falsafa-wanda, kamar yadda yake cikin Walden, ya kalli bayyanar yanayi kamar yadda ya shafi ka'idojin ruhaniya - Thoreau ya kasance wanda ba shi da kwaskwarima wanda ya gaskata cewa halin kirki bata haifar da biyayya ga iko ba amma daga lamirin mutum. An duba wannan ra'ayi a cikin dogon lokaci Ƙungiyoyin Ƙetare, wanda ya taimaka wa masu bayar da shawarwarin farar hula, kamar Martin Luther King da Mahatma Gandhi. Matsalolin da suka fi damuwa Thoreau sun kasance bauta da War Mexican. Ya ƙi karɓar haraji don tallafawa yaki a Mexico ya kai shi kurkuku, kuma ya adawa da bautar da rubuce-rubuce irin su "Slavery a Massachusetts" da kuma "A Plea ga Kyaftin John Brown." Thoreau kare na m abolitionist John Brown gudu a kan counter Rahoton da ake yi na Brown ya biyo bayan yunkurinsa na satar da bayi ta hanyar sata makamai daga Harper Ferry arsenal. Rundunar ta haifar da mutuwar wata Marine US da goma sha uku daga cikin 'yan tawaye. An zargi Brown da kisan kai, cin amana, da kuma tayar da hankalin 'yan bautar da suka yi wa' yan tawaye, kuma suka rataye. To amma Thoreau ya ci gaba da kare Sandan, inda ya san cewa manufarsa ta kasance mai tawali'u kuma ta haife shi ta hanyar biyan hankali da lamiri da Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. Yaƙin yakin da ya biyo baya zai haifar da mutuwar wasu mutane 700,000. Thoreau ya mutu yayin yakin ya fara a 1861. Duk da haka, mutane da dama da suka goyi bayan kungiyar, sojoji biyu da fararen hula, sun kasance da ra'ayin Thoreau cewa kawar da bautar ya zama dole ga al'ummar da ke da'awar gane dan Adam, halin kirki, 'yanci, da lamiri.

Yuli 13. A wannan rana a cikin 1863, a tsakiyar yakin basasa, shirin farko na Wartime na fararen hula na Amurka ya kai kwanaki hudu na tarzomar a birnin New York wanda ya kasance daga cikin mafi girman jini da kuma lalacewa a tarihin Amurka. Wannan fargaba bai nuna ma'anar 'yan adawar halin kirki ba. Wata mawuyacin hali na iya kasancewa katsewar shigar da auduga daga kudancin da aka yi amfani da su a 40 bisa dari na duk kayan da aka aika daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin. Abun da aka samu sakamakon sakamakon hasarar ma'aikata ya kara tsanantawa da Rahotanni na Emancipation a cikin watan Satumba na 1862. Dokar Lincoln ta haifar da tsoro a tsakanin masu aikin fararen aiki da dubban 'yan gudun hijirar daga kudu zasu iya maye gurbin su a cikin kasuwannin aikin da aka ragu. Wadannan tsoratar da suka yi ta faɗakar da su, yawancin fararen hula sun fara kama wasu 'yan Afirka da ke da alhakin yaki da wadataccen tattalin arziki a nan gaba. Hanya dokar doka ta soja a farkon 1863 wanda ya ba da damar masu arziki su samar da musanya ko saya hanya, ya kori mutane da yawa masu aiki da yawa don yin tawaye. An tilasta su yi haɗarin rayukansu ga kungiyar da suka ji sun ci amanar su, sai dubban mutane suka taru a watan Yuli 13th don ci gaba da yin fushi a kan 'yan ƙasa baƙi, gidajensu, da kuma kasuwanci. Bayani na yawan mutanen da aka kashe sun kai 1,200. Ko da yake an kawo karshen tashin hankali a watan Yuli 16 ta hanyar isa ga sojojin tarayya, yaki ya sake haifar da sakamakon da ba'a yanke masa ba. Duk da haka, mala'iku mafi kyau za su taka rawa. Kungiyar 'yan gudun hijirar Afirka ta Amurka ta New York ta sake tashi daga dormancy don ci gaba da daidaito baki a cikin birni da kuma canza al'umma don mafi kyau.

Yuli 14. A wannan rana a cikin 1789, mutanen Paris sun yi mummunan haɗari da rarraba Bastille, wani birni mai mulki da kurkuku wanda ya zo don nuna alamar mulkin mallaka na dakarun Faransa na Bourbon. Kodayake sun ji yunwa da kuma biyan haraji masu yawa daga inda limamin Kirista da sauran 'yan majalisa suka rasa, mutanen da suke aiki da birane a Bastille sun nemi kawai su kwace fadar dakarun da aka ajiye a can don samar da dakarun da sarki ya yanke shawarar kafa a kusa da Paris. A lokacin da aka samu nasarar fafatawa, sai 'yan martaba suka saki' yan fursunoni suka kama gwamna. Wa] annan ayyukan sun nuna alamar farkon juyin juya halin Faransa, shekaru goma na rikice-rikicen siyasa wanda ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma haifar da sarkin ta'addanci a kan masu adawa da juyin juya halin Musulunci inda dubban dubban mutane, ciki harda sarki da Sarauniya, aka kashe. Dangane da wadannan sakamakon, za a iya jaddada cewa wani abu mai mahimmanci a juyin juya halin juyin juya hali ya faru a ranar 4, 1789. A wannan rana majalisar dokoki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gana da kuma gudanar da gyare-gyaren da suka dace da ƙarancin tarihin Faransanci, tare da dukan dokokinsa na farko, da tanadi na haraji, da kuma dukiyar da ke da daraja ga shugabanni da malamai. A mafi yawancin, 'yan ƙasar Faransa sun yi marhabin da sake fasalin, ganin su a matsayin amsoshin tambayoyin da suka fi damun. Amma duk da haka, juyin juya hali zai ci gaba da shekaru goma, har sai Napoleon ya kama mulkin siyasa a watan Nuwamban Nuwamba. Ya bambanta, nasarar da 1799 ta watan Agusta ta yi shine ya nuna irin wannan gagarumar shirye-shiryen da aka yi wa 'yan takarar da suka dace don sanya zaman lafiya da jin dadin al'umma a gaban bukatun masu zaman kansu kamar yadda ya kamata a lura da duniya.

Yuli 15. A wannan rana a cikin 1834, Inquisition Mutanen Espanya, wanda aka sani a matsayin Ƙungiyar Mai Tsarki na Ingantacciyar Inquisition, aka yanke shawarar da aka soke a lokacin mulkin marasa rinjaye na Sarauniya Isabel II. An kafa ofishin a ƙarƙashin ikon papal a cikin 1478 ta haɗin gwiwar Sarakunan Katolika na Spain, Sarki Ferdinand na II na Aragon da Sarauniya Isabella I na Castile. Manufarta ta asali ita ce ta taimaka wajan inganta sabuwar masarautar ta Sifen ta hanyar watsar da karkatattun yahudawa ko musulmai masu komawa addinin Katolika. Anyi amfani da hanyoyi marasa kyau da wulakanci wajen neman duka karshen wannan da kuma fadada yaduwa akan rashin bin addini. A cikin shekaru 350 na binciken, kusan Yahudawa 150,000, Musulmai, Furotesta da shugabannin Katolika marasa biyayya an gurfanar da su. Daga cikinsu, an kashe 3,000 zuwa 5,000, galibi ta hanyar ƙonawa a kan gungumen azaba. Kari akan haka, an kori wasu yahudawa 160,000 da suka ki baftismar kirista daga Spain. Za a tuna da binciken Mutanen Espanya koyaushe a matsayin ɗayan mafi munin al'amuran tarihi, duk da haka damar haɓakar ikon zalunci ya kasance mai tushe a kowane zamani. Alamun sa koyaushe iri daya ne: karuwar karuwar mulkin talakawa saboda dukiya da fa'idar manyan masu mulki; rage dukiya da 'yanci ga mutane; da kuma amfani da mendacious, lalata ko dabaru don kiyaye abubuwa haka. Lokacin da irin waɗannan alamu suka bayyana a cikin duniyar zamani, ana iya saduwarsu da kyau ta hanyar gwagwarmaya ta siyasa wacce ke canza iko zuwa toan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. Mutanen da kansu za a iya amincewa da su mafi kyau don haɓaka manufofin ɗan adam waɗanda ke tilasta waɗanda ke mulkar su neman ƙarfi ba na iko ba, amma na kowa.

Yuli 16. A wannan kwanan wata a 1945 Amurka ta samu nasarar jarraba fashewar bam na farko a duniya at yankin Alamogordo a New Mexico. Bom na samfurin Manhattan Project, bincike da ci gaba da kokarin da ya fara a farkon 1942, lokacin da tsoro ya tashi cewa Jamus suna bunkasa bam din bam din. Shirin na Amurka ya ƙare a wani kayan aiki a Los Alamos, New Mexico, inda matsaloli na cimma matukar damuwa don haifar da fashewa da makaman nukiliya da kuma fasalin bam din da aka ceto. Lokacin da aka yi gwajin gwagwarmayar bam a sansanin New Mexico, sai ya watsar da hasumiya inda ya zauna, ya aika da ƙafaffen 40,000 a cikin iska, sannan ya samar da ikon hallaka 15,000 zuwa 20,000 tons na TNT. Kusan bayan wata daya, a ranar 9 1945, 60,000, wani bom da ake kira Fat Boy, aka jefa a Nagasaki, Japan, inda aka kashe 80,000 akan 2017. Bayan yakin yakin duniya na biyu, an yi nasarar tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet wanda ya kasance a karshe, ko kuma akalla dan lokaci, wanda aka tsara ta jerin jerin yarjejeniyar sarrafa makamai. Wasu daga cikin gwamnatocin Amurka sun shafe su daga bisani don neman nasarar soja a cikin harkokin duniya. Wasu mutane za su yi jayayya da cewa, ko dai yin amfani da makaman nukiliya mafi girma da ke da haɗari ga bil'adama da sauran nau'o'in, kuma yana da muhimmanci don karfafa yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta tsakanin manyan manyan makaman nukiliya. Masu kirkirar sabuwar yarjejeniya ta dakatar da duk makaman nukiliya an ba da kyautar Nobel a zaman lafiya a XNUMX.

Yuli 17. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1998, yarjejeniyar da aka soma a wani taron diplomasiyya a Roma, wanda aka sani da Dokar Roma, ta kafa Kotun Kasa ta Duniya. Manufar Kotun ita ce ta zama makasudin ƙoƙari na ƙoƙarin kokarin sojojin soja da shugabannin siyasa a cikin kowane mai neman takaddama a kan laifin kisan gilla, laifukan yaki ko laifuffuka ga bil'adama. Dokar Roma wadda ta kafa kotun ta shiga cikin watan Yuli 1, 2002, bayan an sanya shi ko kuma sanya hannu ta fiye da kasashe 150 - duk da cewa ba Amurka, Rasha, ko China ba. A nasa bangare, gwamnatin Amurka ta tsaya tsayin daka kan kotu ta kasa da kasa da za ta iya ɗaukar dakarunsa da shugabannin siyasa a matsayin adalci na duniya. Harkokin Clinton na da hannu wajen gudanar da shawarwari game da yarjejeniyar kafa Kotun, amma ta nemi Hukumar Tsaro ta farko da ta bincikar shari'ar da za ta taimakawa Amurka ta amince da duk wata kotu da ta tsayar. Yayinda Kotun ta kai ga aiwatar da aiwatarwa a 2001, gwamnatin Bush ta yi tsayayya da ita, ta yin hul] a da yarjejeniyar ha] in gwiwa da sauran} asashen da nufin tabbatar da cewa, jama'ar {asar Amirka ba za su gurfanar da su ba. Shekaru bayan da Kotun ta aiwatar da ita, mayafin ya bayyana a fili dalilin da yasa gwamnatin Amurka ta saba da shi. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, gwamnatin ta umarci rufe Kwalejin Falasdinu na Falasdinu a Washington kuma ta yi barazanar takunkumin da Kotun ta dauka idan ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan zargin laifuffukan yaki da Amurka, Isra'ila, ko wasu abokan adawa suka yi. Shin hakan ba zai nuna cewa 'yan adawa na Amurka da kotun hukunta laifukan yaki ta duniya ba su da kariya ga tsarin mulkin kasa fiye da kare kare' yancin da za su yi nasara ba?

Yuli 18. Wannan kwanan wata alama ce ta kwanakin shekara ta Nelson Mandela na duniya. Daidaitawa da ranar haihuwar Mandela, kuma aka gudanar da girmamawa ga yawancin gudunmawarsa ga al'adun zaman lafiya da 'yanci, ranar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da ranar ranar Nuwamba 2009 kuma ta fara lura a kan Yuli 18, 2010. A matsayin dan lauya na 'yancin ɗan adam, fursunoni na lamirin, da kuma shugaban farko na dimokuradiyya na Afirka ta kudu, Nelson Mandela ya ba da ransa ga abubuwa masu yawa da ke da muhimmanci wajen bunkasa dimokuradiyya da al'adun zaman lafiya. Sun hada, da sauransu, 'yancin ɗan adam, gabatar da adalci na zamantakewa, sulhuntawa, dangantaka tsakanin kabilu, da rikici. Game da Salama, Mandela ya fada a cikin Janairu 2004 a New Delhi, Indiya: "Addini, kabila, harshe, zamantakewar zamantakewa da al'adu ayyuka ne wanda ke wadatar da wayewar bil'adama, yana kara da dukiyar mu. Me ya sa ya kamata a yarda su zama abin rabuwa da rikici? "Taimakawa Mandela zuwa zaman lafiya ba shi da dangantaka da kokarin da aka yi na kawo ƙarshen yan tawayen duniya; ya mayar da hankali, wanda babu shakka yana goyon bayan wannan ƙarshen, shine ya kawo ƙungiyoyi masu rarraba a cikin gida da na kasa a wani sabon tunanin al'umma. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙarfafa wadanda suke son girmama Mandela a ranar da za su ba da minti na 67 na minti guda daya a kowace shekara 67 na aikin gwamnati - don aiwatar da ƙananan ƙauna na hadin kai da bil'adama. Daga cikin shawarwarin da ya yi don yin wannan ƙananan matakai ne: Taimako wani ya sami aiki. Yi tafiya a kare mai kare a wata dabba ta dabba. Amince da wani daga al'adu daban-daban.

Yuli 19. A kwanan nan a cikin 1881, Sitting Bull, shugaban kabilar Indiyawan Sioux na Ƙasar Great Plains na Amurka, ya mika kansa tare da mabiyansa zuwa rundunar sojan Amurka bayan da suka koma cikin yankin Dakota bayan shekaru hudu na gudun hijira a Kanada. Sitting Bull ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa kan iyaka zuwa Kanada a cikin Mayu 1877, biyo bayan halartar su shekara guda da ta gabata a Yaƙin Little Big Horn. Wannan shi ne na ƙarshe na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Babban Sioux na 1870s, wanda Indiyawan Tekun suka yi yaƙi don kare al'adunsu a matsayin masu farautar ɓarna mai zaman kanta daga ɓarkewar White Man. Sioux ya yi nasara a Little Big Horn, har ma ya kashe babban kwamandan Sojan Amurka na Bakwai, Laftanar Kanar George Custer. Wannan nasarar da suka samu, ya sa sojojin Amurka yin ƙasa-ƙasa a kan ƙoƙarin tilastawa Tsaran Indiyawan cikin keɓewa. A wannan dalilin ne Sitting Bull ya jagoranci mabiyansa zuwa amincin Kanada. Bayan shekaru hudu, duk da haka, gogewar kwalliyar buzulo na Filayen, saboda wani ɓangare na farautar kasuwanci mai tsananin kishi, ya kawo waɗanda ke gudun hijirar gab da yunwa. Wanda mahukuntan Amurka da na Kanada suka lalata su, da yawa daga cikinsu sun nufi kudu zuwa wuraren zama. A ƙarshe, Sitting Bull ya dawo Amurka tare da mabiya 187 kawai, da yawa tsofaffi ko marasa lafiya. Bayan tsarewar shekaru biyu, an sanya babban basaraken da aka taɓa yin alfahari da ajiyar Tsayayyar Rock a cikin Dakota ta yanzu. A cikin 1890, an harbe shi kuma aka kashe shi a cikin rikicin kamawa daga wakilan Amurka da Indiya waɗanda suka ji tsoron zai taimaka jagorancin haɓakar Ghost Dance da nufin haɓaka rayuwar Sioux.

Yuli 20. A wannan rana a cikin 1874, Lieutenant Colonel George Custer ya jagoranci jagorancin sojoji fiye da 1,000 da dawakai da shanu na Sojojin Sojojin Amurka na bakwai a cikin Kudancin Dakota ta Kudu a yau. Yarjejeniyar ta Fort1868 Laramie ta 1876 ta keɓe wasu wurare na ajiyar wurare a yankin Black Hills na Dakota Territory ga ƙabilun Sioux Indiya na Arewacin Manyan filaye waɗanda suka amince su zauna a wurin, kuma suka hana fararen fata shiga. Manufar balaguron Custer ita ce ta sake bincika wurare masu karfi na kagarar soja a ko kusa da Black Hills da za su iya sarrafa kabilun Sioux wadanda ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Laramie ba. A zahiri, duk da haka, balaguron ya kuma nemi nemo jita-jita na ma'adanai, katako, da zinariya da shugabannin Amurka ke ɗokin samu ta hanyar keta yarjejeniyar. Kamar yadda ya faru, balaguron ya gano gaskiyar zinare, wanda ya jawo dubunnan masu haƙa ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba zuwa Black Hills. Amurka ta yi watsi da Yarjejeniyar Laramie a watan Fabrairun 25, da wanda ya biyo bayan XNUMX ga Yuni^th Yaƙi na Little Littlehorn a tsakiyar kudancin Montana ya haifar da nasarar Sioux wanda ba zato ba tsammani. Amma a watan Satumba, sojojin Amurka, ta amfani da hanyoyi da suka hana Sioux zuwa komawa Black Hills, ya ci su a yakin Slim Buttes. Sioux ya kira wannan yaki "Yaƙin Da Ya Kashe Ƙananan Ƙananan Baƙi". Duk da haka, Amurka ta sha wahala sosai. Yayinda yake kawar da Sioux na tsakiyar gida mai zaman lafiya ga al'amuransu, ya amince da manufofin kasashen waje ba tare da wani matsayi na mutum ba dangane da burin sa na tattalin arziki da na soja.

Yuli 21. A wannan rana a cikin 1972, aka kama George Carlin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa bayan da ya yi sanannun "kalmomi bakwai da ba za ku taba yin amfani da shi a talabijin" ba a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Summerfest a Milwaukee. Carlin ya fara aikinsa na ƙarshe a ƙarshen 1950s a matsayin tsararren barkwanci wanda aka sani da wayayyar kalmarsa da kuma tunowarsa game da tsarin aikin aji na Irish a New York. Amma a shekara ta 1970, ya sake yin amfani da gemu, dogon gashi, da wandon jeans, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci wanda, a cewar wani mai sukar, ya shaƙu da “ƙwayoyi da maganganun bawdy.” Canjin ya jawo martani nan da nan daga masu kula da gidan rawa da masu kula, don haka Carlin ya fara bayyana a gidajen kofi, kungiyoyin jama'a, da kwalejoji, inda wani ƙaramin saurayi, masu sauraren hipper suka rungumi sabon hoto da kayan da ba su dace ba. Daga nan sai Summerfest 1972 ya zo, inda Carlin ya sami labarin cewa haramtattun "Kalmomi Bakwai" ba a maraba da su sosai a wani mataki a kan tafkin Milwaukee fiye da talabijin. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, duk da haka, waɗannan kalmomin iri ɗaya - tare da baqaqen spfccmt - ya zama karɓaɓɓe a matsayin ɓangare na halitta na maganganun satan maganganu na standup. Canjin ya nuna tasirin al'adun Amurka? Ko kuwa nasara ce ga magana kyauta da ba a faɗi ba wanda ya taimaka wa matasa su gani ta hanyar yawan munafunci da raunin rayuwar Amurkawa da rayuwar jama'a? Comedian Lewis Black sau ɗaya ya ba da ra'ayi game da dalilin da ya sa fushin batsa mai laushi ya zama kamar ba zai tafi ba. Ba abin ya yi zafi ba, in ji shi, cewa gwamnatin Amurka da shugabanninta suna ba shi sabbin abubuwa na aiki koyaushe.

Yuli 22. A wannan kwanan wata a 1756, ƙungiyar Addinin Addini na Abokan Harkokin Addini a mulkin mallaka na Pennsylvania, wanda aka fi sani da Quakers, ya kafa "Ƙungiyar Aminci don Ganawa da Zaman Lafiya tare da Indiyawa ta hanyar matakan Pacific." An kafa mataki don wannan aikin a 1681, lokacin da William Penn, mai daraja mai daraja, wani tsohon Quaker kuma wanda ya kafa lardin Pennsylvania, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Tammany, shugaban India na Delaware Nation. Babbar Jagora Ching Hai ◆ 57 dabarun da aka yi wa Abokan Lantarki kamar yadda akidar Quakers ta nuna cewa Allah zai iya dandanawa ba tare da sulhuntawa da malamai ba kuma mata suna cikin daidaito na ruhaniya da maza. Wa] annan takardun sun ha] a da al'adun gargajiya da al'adu na al'adun {asar Amirka, don haka ya fi sau} in Indiyawa su karbi Quakers a matsayin mishaneri. Ga Quakers, kungiyar ita ce ta zama misali mai ban mamaki ga Indiyawa da sauran kasashen Yammacin Turai game da yadda za'a gudanar da dangantakar al'adu. Saboda haka, ba kamar sauran ayyukan agaji na Turai ba, Ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da kudaden da ta shafi Indiya, ba ta yanke hukunci ga addinan Indiya ba, kuma suna maraba da Indiyawa cikin ɗakin taruwa na Quaker don yin sujada. A 1795, Quakers ya nada kwamiti don gabatarwa Indiyawa abin da suka ji sune al'adun wayewa na wayewa, irin su aikin gona. Har ila yau, sun bayar da shawara na halin kirki, suna roƙon Seneca, misali, don zama mai kyau, mai tsabta, aiki, da kuma aiki. Duk da haka, ba su yi ƙoƙari ba, don su juyo kowane Indiya zuwa bangaskiyarsu. Har wa yau, ƙungiyar 'yanci da aka sani ba ta san cewa hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta gina kyakkyawan duniya ita ce ta hanyar zaman lafiya, girmamawa, da kuma zumunta tsakanin al'ummomi.

Yuli 23. A wannan rana a cikin 2002, Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Tony Blair ya gana da manyan jami'an gwamnatin Birtaniya, tsaro da kuma bayanan sirri a 10 Downing Street, gidan Firayim Minista na London, don tattaunawa game da yiwuwar yakin Amurka da Iraki. An rubuta mintoci na wannan taron a cikin wani littafi da ake kira Downing Street "Memo," wanda aka buga ba tare da izini ba a cikin Shafin Lahadi na [London] a watan Mayu 2005. Da yake tabbatar da cewa War Is a Lie, da Memo a fili ya bayyana ba wai kawai cewa Bush Bush Administration ya sanya tunaninsa don zuwa yaƙi da Iraki kafin ta yi nasarar nemi izinin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yin haka, amma kuma cewa Birtaniya ya riga ya amince don shiga cikin yaki a matsayin abokan aikin soja. Wannan yarjejeniya ta zo ne duk da cewa jami'an Birtaniya sun amince cewa batun yaki da Iraki ya kasance "bakin ciki." Gwamnatin Bush ta kaddamar da karar da gwamnatin Saddam ta dauka dangane da zargin da ake yi da ta'addanci da kuma makamai na hallaka. Amma a yin haka, jami'an Birtaniya sun lura cewa, gwamnatin ta kafa hujjojinta da hujjojin su dace da manufofinta, ba manufar da za ta dace da hankali da gaskiya ba. Tunanin Downing Street bai fara haske ba kafin ya fara yaki da Iraqi, amma yana iya taimakawa wajen yakin basasa na Amurka ba zai yiwu ba idan kamfanonin kamfanin na Amurka sunyi mafi kyau wajen kawo shi ga jama'a. Maimakon haka, kafofin yada labaru sunyi amfani da ita wajen kawar da shaidar da aka yi wa Memo game da zamba lokacin da aka buga shi bayan shekaru uku.

Yuli 24. Wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1893 ya nuna haihuwarsa a Negley, Ohio, daga cikin 'yan gudun hijirar Amnesty Amnesty Amnesty Amnesty Amnesty. An haife shi zuwa iyayen Quaker, Hennacy yayi wani abu na musamman game da gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya. Bai kasance tare da wasu ba wajen kai hare-hare kan tsarin tsarin soja na Amurka wanda yake goyan bayan yaki. Maimakon haka, a cikin abinda ya sanya "juyin juya halin mutum guda," ya yi kira ga lamirin mutane ta hanyar zanga-zangar yaki, yanke hukuncin kisan kai, da wasu nau'in tashin hankali sau da yawa a hadarin kama ko ta azumi mai azumi. Da yake kira kansa Kirista masanin tarihi, Hennacy ya ki yin rajistar aikin soja a duka yakin duniya guda biyu, yana tsare shekaru biyu a kurkuku saboda juriya da farko a cikin kurkuku. Har ila yau, ya ki ya biya harajin ku] a] en, wanda za a yi amfani da ita, don tallafa wa sojojin. A cikin tarihin kansa Littafin Ammonawa, Hennacy ya bukaci 'yan'uwanmu na Amirka su ƙi yin rajistar takardun, saya sayen yaki, yin bindigogi don yaki, ko biya haraji don yaki. Bai yi tsammanin tsarin siyasa ko hukumomi ba don kawo sauyi. Amma a fili ya yi imani cewa shi da kansa, tare da wasu 'yan ƙasa masu zaman lafiya, masu hikima, kuma masu ƙarfin hali, na iya, ta hanyar halin kirki na maganganunsu da ayyukansu, ta motsa matsanancin taro na' yan uwansu su nace cewa rikice-rikice a kowace Za a warware matakin da ta hanyar lumana. Hennacy ya mutu a 1970, lokacin da yaƙin Vietnam ya yi nisa. Amma yana iya tsammanin ranar da yanayin zaman zaman lafiya bai kasance ba mai ban sha'awa ba amma hakikanin: "Idan sun yi yaki kuma babu wanda ya zo."

Yuli 25. A wannan rana a cikin 1947, Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta keta Dokar Tsaro ta kasa, wadda ta kafa tsarin aiwatar da tsarin mulki don aiwatarwa da aiwatar da manufofin kasashen waje a lokacin yakin Cold da kuma bayan. Dokar ta ƙunshi abubuwa uku: ya haɗu da Ma'aikatar Navy da Sashen War a karkashin sabon Sashen Tsaro; ta kafa Hukumar Tsaron kasa, wanda aka tuhuma da shirya rahotanni na dan takarar shugaban kasa daga ƙarin bayani na diflomasiyya da kuma bayanan sirri; kuma ya kafa hukumar kula da hankali na Intanet, wanda aka caje ba kawai tare da tattara bayanai daga bangarori daban-daban na gwamnatin soja da kuma Ma'aikatar Gwamnati ba, har ma da gudanar da ayyukan rufewa a kasashen waje. Tun lokacin da aka kafa su, wadannan hukumomi sun karu da ƙarfi bisa ga ikon, girman, kasafin kudi, da kuma iko. Duk da haka, duka iyakar abin da dukiyoyin da aka amfani da su, da kuma hanyar da suke kula da su, sun tayar da kyawawan tambayoyin da suka dace. CIA tana aiki ne a asirce ta hanyar bin doka da kuma yiwuwar tsarin mulkin demokra] iyya. Ƙididdigar Fadar White House da fadace-fadace na jama'a ba tare da majalisa ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ko izinin jama'a. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta mallaki kasafin kuɗi da 2018 ya fi girma fiye da na bakwai mafi girma na soja guda bakwai masu zuwa - duk da haka shi kadai ne hukumar hukumar Amurka ba za a saurari shi ba. Yawancin albarkatun da aka lalace a kan militarism za a iya amfani da su don haka don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin jiki da tattalin arziki na talakawa a Amurka da kuma a duniya.

Yuli 26. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1947, shugaban kasar Harry Truman ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da nufin kawo ƙarshen launin fatar a Amurka. Umurnin Truman ya kasance daidai da ci gaba da goyon baya ga goyan bayan launin fata, burin da ya yi fatan zai iya yin jagoranci ta hanyar tsarin dokoki. Lokacin da irin wannan barazanar da aka yi wa dangin kudancin kasar, ya kasance da rikice-rikicen, sai shugaban ya ci gaba da aikinsa ta hanyar yin amfani da ikonsa. Babban fifiko mafi girmansa shi ne rashin amincewa da sojojin, ba tare da wani bangare ba saboda yana da mahimmanci ga fitowar siyasa. Amurkan Afirka sun kasance kamar 11 kashi dari na duk masu rajistar wanda ya cancanta don aikin soja da kuma karuwar yawan masu shiga cikin bangarori daban-daban na soja sai dai Marine Corps. Duk da haka, ma'aikatan ma'aikata daga dukkanin bangarori na soja sun nuna juriya ga hadewa, wani lokaci ma a fili. Cikakken haɗin kai bai zo ba har sai yakin Koriya, lokacin da masu fama da mummunan rauni suka tilasta wajerar rabuwa don haɗuwa don rayuwa. Duk da haka, ragowar sojojin dakarun da aka wakilci shine kawai mataki na farko zuwa ga adalci a launin fata a Amurka, wanda bai kasance cikakke ba bayan da babban dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na 1960s. Bayan haka, har ila yau, har yanzu yana da dangantaka da zumunci tsakanin mutane a duniya-wanda, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ya kasance wani gada har zuwa Harry Truman. Duk da haka, ko da a cikin tafiya na mil mil mil, ana bukatar matakai na farko. Abin sani kawai ta cigaba da ci gaba da ganin yadda bukatun kowa yake da shi kamar yadda muke da shi wanda za mu iya fahimtar hangen nesa da 'yan uwantaka da' yan uwantaka a cikin zaman lafiya a duniya.

Yuli 27. A wannan kwanan wata a 1825, Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta yarda da kafa yankin Indiya. Wannan ya wanke hanya don sake tilasta wa] ansu 'yan kabilar Five da aka kira "Trail of Tears" a yau Oklahoma. Dokar Indiya ta Indiya ta sanya hannun shugaban Andrew Jackson a 1830. Kabilun biyar da aka shafi sune Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, da Seminole, dukkansu sun zama marasa galibi don su kasance suna bin doka ta Amurka ko barin ƙasarsu. Da ake kira 'yan Siyasa, sun haɗa kai zuwa digiri daban-daban a cikin al'adun westernized, kuma a cikin yanayin Cherokee, suka samar da harshen da aka rubuta. Ilimi ya yi gasa tare da fararen fararen hula a cikin fushi. Seminoles suka yi yaki, kuma an biya su a ƙarshe. Masu dauke da makamai sun kame sojojin. Ba a yi yarjejeniya da Cherokee ba, wanda ya kawo kararrakin su a kotun zuwa Kotun Koli na Amurka inda suka rasa. Yawancin harkokin siyasar da aka yi a bangarorin biyu da kuma bayan shekaru shida, da Shugaban kasar ya yi yarjejeniya da Yarjejeniyar New Echota. Ya ba mutane shekaru biyu su haye yammacin Mississippi don su zauna a yankin Indiya. Lokacin da ba su motsawa ba, an kai musu hari, gidajensu sun kone kuma an kama su. Kwangije dubu bakwai da dubu bakwai ne aka tarwatsa su kuma suka kai su sansani, suna hawa a cikin motar jirgin kasa, sai suka tilasta tafiya. Dubban mutane suka mutu a kan "Trail of Tears." By 1837, gwamnatin Jackson ta cire ta hanyar yaki da kuma laifuffuka, 46,000 'yan ƙasar Amirka, bude dakin 25 miliyoyin ƙasa don wariyar launin fata wuri fari da kuma bauta.

Yuli 28. A 1914, Austria-Hungary ta bayyana yaki a Serbia, fara WWI. Bayan an maye gurbin tsohon shugaban kasar Australiya Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, tare da matarsa, dan kasar Serbia, don neman ci gaba da rikice-rikice tare da kasarsa, yakin duniya na fara. Girman kishin kasa, militarism, imperialism, da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe a fadin Turai suna jiran wani yunkuri kamar kisan. Yayin da al'ummomi suka yi ƙoƙari su yantar da kansu daga mulkin mallaka, juyin juya halin masana'antu ya tayar da hankalin makamai. Rundunar soja ta ba da izini ga daular Austro-Hungary ta mallaki kasashe goma sha uku, kuma tayar da mulkin mallaka ya haifar da karuwa ta hanyar kara karfin ikon soja. Yayinda mulkin mallaka ya ci gaba, mulkin ya fara farawa sannan kuma ya nemi abokan hulɗa. Ƙasar Ottoman tare da Jamus da Ostiryia, ko Ƙananan Ikklisiya, wadanda suka hada da Austro-Hungarian Empire, yayin da Serbia na goyon bayan Rasha da Japan da Faransa da Italiya da Birtaniya. {Asar Amirka ta ha] a hannu da Allies a 1917, kuma 'yan ƙasa daga kowace} asa sun ga kansu da wahala da kuma tilasta su zabi wani gefe. Fiye da mutane miliyan tara, kuma mutane marasa yawa sun mutu kafin faduwar Jamus, Rasha, Ottoman, da kuma Austro-Hungarian Empires. Yaƙin ya ƙare ne tare da wata yarjejeniya da za ta taimakawa wajen jagorantar yakin duniya na gaba. Ƙasar, jihadi, da mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba duk da irin mummunar ta'addanci da ta shafi mutane a ko'ina cikin duniya. A lokacin yakin duniya na, zanga-zangar da aka gano game da mummunar mummunan yaki na yaki ya ɓace a kasashe daban-daban, yayin da farfagandar yaki ya samo kansa a matsayin iko mai karfi na kula da zamantakewa.

Yuli 29. A wannan ranar a cikin 2002, Shugaba George W. Bush ya bayyana 'Axis of Evil' wanda ake ganin yana ɗaukar nauyin ta'addanci, a cikin jawabinsa na ofungiyar Tarayyar. Axis sun hada da Iraki, Iran, da Koriya ta Arewa. Ba kawai magana ce ta zance ba. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ayyana ƙasashe waɗanda ake zargin suna ba da tallafi don ayyukan ta'addanci na duniya. An sanya takunkumi mai tsauri kan wadannan kasashen. Takunkumin ya hada da, daga cikin wasu sharudda: hana shigo da makamai, hanawa kan taimakon tattalin arziki, da takunkumin kudi ciki har da hana duk wani dan Amurka shiga harkar hada-hadar kudi tare da gwamnatin da ke jerin sunayen 'yan ta'adda, da kuma takaita shiga Amurka. Jihohi. Bayan takunkumi, Amurka ta jagoranci yakin basasa kan Iraki fara a 2003, kuma ta yi barazanar yin irin wannan harin kan Iran da Koriya ta Arewa tsawon shekaru. Za a iya samun wasu tushe na mummunan ra'ayi a cikin wallafe-wallafen kungiyar masu binciken da ake kira Project for the New American Century, daya daga cikinsu ya ce: “Ba za mu iya barin Koriya ta Arewa, Iran, Iraki… su bata shugabancin Amurka ba, su tsoratar da Amurkawa abokan kawance, ko kuma yiwa kasar ta Amurka barazana ita kanta. ” An cire rukunin gidan yanar gizon mai tunanina. Tsohon babban daraktan kungiyar ya ce a 2006 cewa "tuni ta yi aikinta," yana mai nuna cewa "ra'ayinmu ya samu karbuwa." Bala'in yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice na shekarun da suka biyo bayan 2001 suna da tushe da yawa a cikin abin da ke cikin tasirin hangen nesa mai tasiri ga yaƙi da tashin hankali mara iyaka - hangen nesa ya dogara ne bisa ra'ayin rainin hankali cewa ƙananan ƙananan, matalauta, ƙasashe masu zaman kansu sun zama barazanar rayuwa ga Amurka.
GYARA: WANNAN YA KAMATA YA ZAMA JANAI BA JULY BA.

Yuli 30. Wannan kwanan wata, kamar yadda aka yi a cikin 2011 ta hanyar ƙaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana nuna alamar shekara ta Amintaka ta Duniya. Wannan ƙuduri ya fahimci matasa a matsayin shugabanni a nan gaba, kuma ya mai da hankali sosai kan sanya su cikin ayyukan al'umma wanda ya haɗa da al'adu daban-daban da kuma inganta fahimtar duniya da mutunta bambancin. Ranar Aminiya ta Duniya ta biyo bayan shawarwarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na baya. Al'adar Aminci na Sulhunci, wanda aka yi shelar a 1997, ya gane mummunan cutar da wahala da aka haifar da yara ta hanyar daban-daban na rikici da tashin hankali. Wannan ya haifar da yanayin cewa za'a iya magance wannan annoba lokacin da aka magance tushen tushen su tare da ra'ayi don magance matsalolin. Abinda ya kasance na ranar Abokin Ciniki na Duniya shine Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1998 da ke shelar Ƙaddamarwa na Ƙasashen Duniya don Al'adu na Salama da Rashin Ƙaddanci ga Ƙungiyoyin Duniya. An lura da shi daga 2001 ta hanyar 2010, wannan ƙuduri ya bayar da shawarar cewa babbar mahimmanci ga zaman lafiya da hadin kai a duniya shi ne ilmantar da yara ko'ina a kan muhimmancin rayuwa cikin zaman lafiya da jituwa tare da wasu. Ranar Aminiya na Duniya tana jawo hankalin waɗannan abubuwa a cikin inganta sakon cewa zumunci tsakanin ƙasashe, al'adu, da kuma mutane zasu iya taimakawa wajen samar da tushe na amincewa da ake bukata don ƙoƙarin kasa da kasa don shawo kan yawancin sojojin da ke rarraba tsaro na sirri, ci gaban tattalin arziki, zaman lafiya , da zaman lafiya a cikin zamani na zamani. Don kiyaye Ranar Aminiya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙarfafa gwamnatocin, kungiyoyi na duniya, da kungiyoyin jama'a don gudanar da abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen kokarin da al'ummomin duniya ke yi don inganta maganganu da nufin cimma daidaiton duniya, fahimtar juna, da sulhu.

Yuli 31. A wannan rana a 1914 Jean Jaurès an kashe shi. Mutumin kirki mai son zaman lafiya kuma shugaban sassaucin ra'ayi na Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Faransa, Jaures ya yi adawa da yaƙi, kuma ya yi magana game da mulkin mallaka da ke inganta shi. Haihuwar a 1859, mutuwar Jaures mutane da yawa suna ɗaukarta a matsayin wani dalili na shigar Faransa a cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko. Hujjojinsa don sasanta rikici cikin rikici ya jawo dubun dubatar zuwa ga laccocinsa da rubuce-rubucensa, da kuma yin la’akari da fa'idodi na haɗin kan Turai don ƙaruwar faɗaɗawa. Jaures yana cikin shirin shirya ma'aikata don zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago kafin yakin ya fara lokacin da aka harbe shi kuma aka kashe shi yayin da yake zaune kusa da taga a wani gidan gahawa na Paris. Wanda ya kashe shi, dan kishin kasa na Faransa Raoul Villain, an kama shi sannan an wanke shi a cikin 1919 kafin ya tsere Faransa. Tsohon abokin hamayyarsa Shugaba Francois Hollande ya mayar da martani ga mutuwar Jaures ta hanyar sanya fure a gidan gahawa, da kuma amincewa da aikinsa na tsawon rayuwa zuwa ga “zaman lafiya, hadin kai, da kuma haduwar jamhuriya.” Daga nan Faransa ta shiga WWI tare da fatan sake jujjuya hasarar matsayin da kuma yankin da Jamus ta samu biyo bayan Yaƙin Franco-Prussian. Kalmomin Jaures na iya zaburar da zabi mai ma'ana sosai: “Yaya makomar za ta kasance, lokacin da aka kashe biliyoyin da aka jefa yanzu a cikin shirin yaƙi kan abubuwa masu amfani don haɓaka lafiyar mutane, kan gina gidaje masu kyau ga ma'aikata, kan inganta sufuri, kan kwato ƙasar? Zazzabin mulkin mallaka ya zama cuta. Cuta ce ta mummunar al'umma wacce ba ta san yadda ake amfani da kuzarinta a gida ba. ”

Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.

Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.

Je zuwa fayilolin mai jiwuwa.

Je zuwa rubutun.

Je zuwa zane-zanen.

Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.

Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.

Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.

Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.

Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.

Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz

Graphics by Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.