Yuni

Yuni 1
Yuni 2
Yuni 3
Yuni 4
Yuni 5
Yuni 6
Yuni 7
Yuni 8
Yuni 9
Yuni 10
Yuni 11
Yuni 12
Yuni 13
Yuni 14
Yuni 15
Yuni 16
Yuni 17
Yuni 18
Yuni 19
Yuni 20
Yuni 21
Yuni 22
Yuni 23
Yuni 24
Yuni 25
Yuni 26
Yuni 27
Yuni 28
Yuni 29
Yuni 30

Yuni 1. A wannan rana a cikin 1990, Amurka Shugaba George Bush da shugaban Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar tarihi don kawo ƙarshen samar da makamai masu guba da kuma fara hallaka rukunin tsararru na kasashen biyu. Yarjejeniyar ta yi kira da a karshe a rage kaso 80 cikin 1992 na makaman kare dangi, tsarin da aka fara a shekarar 1990 a karkashin kulawar da sifetocin da kowace kasa ta aika wa dayan. Zuwa 1993s, yawancin al'ummomi suna da fasahar da ake buƙata don kera makamai masu guba, kuma Iraq, ɗaya, tuni ta yi amfani da su a yaƙin ta da Iran. Sakamakon haka, ƙarin manufar yarjejeniyar Bush / Gorbachev shi ne ƙirƙirar sabon yanayin duniya wanda zai hana countriesananan ƙasashe tarin makamai masu guba don amfani da su a yaƙi. Wannan maƙasudin ya yi nasara. A cikin 150, sama da kasashe 1997 suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Makamai masu guba, wata yarjejeniya ta hana amfani da makamai masu guba a duniya wanda Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta amince da shi a shekarar 2015. A waccan shekarar, wata kungiyar gwamnatoci da ke Hague, Netherlands, wacce aka fi sani da Organization for Haramta Makamai masu Guba, an kafa shi ne don kula da aiwatar da haramcin makamai. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da bincika wuraren kera makamai masu guba da wuraren lalata su, da kuma binciken shari'o'in da ake zargin an yi amfani da makamai masu guba. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na 90, an lalata kusan kashi XNUMX na tarin makamai masu guba na duniya. Wannan yana wakiltar gagarumar nasara ce ta tarihi, yana mai ba da shawarar cewa irin wannan shirye-shiryen don hanawa da lalata makaman nukiliya a duk duniya, da ƙarshe kwance ɗamarar duniya da kawar da yaƙi, ba su fi gaban burin ɗan adam da ƙudurin siyasa ba.

Yuni 2. A wannan rana a cikin 1939 wata Jamusanci da ke cike da 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa masu banƙyama sun tashi kusa da su don ganin fitilu na Miami, Florida, amma sun juya baya, yayin da shugaban kasar Franklin Roosevelt ya karyata duk kokarin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke yi don shigar da' yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don tunawa da cewa akwai wasu lokuta don yaƙe-yaƙe ne kawai bayan an gama yaƙe-yaƙe. Ranar Mayu 13, 1939, 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa tara sun shiga SS Louis Louis daga Hamburg-America Line da suka tafi Cuba don tserewa sansanonin tsaro a Jamus. Ba su da kuɗi kaɗan a lokacin da aka tilasta musu su tafi, duk da haka, kudaden da aka ba da izinin tafiya ya shirya don farawa a sabuwar kasar har ma da tsoro. Da zarar sun isa Kyuba, sun yi imanin za a yi maraba da su zuwa {asar Amirka. Duk da haka, tashin hankali a cikin jirgin ya kai ga wasu 'yan masu kisan kai kafin shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na Cuba inda ba a yarda su sauka ba. Kyaftin din ya kafa wani shinge na kashe kansa don ya kula da fasinjoji a cikin dare da suka wuce a cikin tashar, suna ƙoƙari su fahimci dalilin. Sa'an nan, an umarce su su bar. Kyaftin din ya tashi ne a gefen Florida na fatan ganin alamun maraba, amma jiragen Amurka da kuma jiragen ruwa na Coast Guard sun isa kawai don su janye su. A watan Yunin 7, akwai abinci kadan lokacin da kyaftin din ya sanar da cewa za su koma zuwa Turai. Kamar yadda labarin suka baza, Holland, Faransa, Birtaniya, da Belgique sun ba da damar karban wasu 'yan gudun hijirar. Da Yuni 13-16, St. Louis ya sadu da jiragen ruwa da ke zuwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, ya zo kamar yadda WWII ta fara.

Yuni 3. A wannan kwanan wata a 1940, yakin Dunkirk ya ƙare tare da nasarar Jamus kuma tare da sojojin Allies sun dawo daga Dunkirk zuwa Ingila. Tun daga Mayu 26 zuwa Yuni 4, an dauki sojojin da suka dace a kan rairayin rairayin bakin teku, hanya mai wuya. Daruruwan jiragen farar hula na Birtaniya da na Faransan sunyi aiki ne a matsayin jiragen ruwa zuwa kuma daga manyan jirgi; Sojojin sun jira jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa. An kashe 300,000 na Birtaniya, Faransa, da kuma sojojin Belgique. Wani lokaci da aka sani da "Miracle na Dunkirk" bisa ga imani cewa Allah ya amsa addu'o'i, a gaskiya, shi ne ƙarshen hoto mai ban tsoro na mummunan yaki. Jamus ta mamaye arewacin Turai a ƙasashen ƙasashe da na Faransa. A blitzkrieg bi Mayu 12 da Holland sun sallama. A watan Mayun 22, masu tayar da hankali a kasar Jamus sun hau arewacin tsibirin Calais da Dunkirk. Birtaniya ta sha wahala sosai kuma an yi barazana ga Birtaniya. Kusan duk kayan aiki masu nauyi, da tankuna, da bindigogi, da motocin motsa jiki da kuma fiye da 50,000 sojojin da aka bari a cikin Yarjejeniyar, mafi yawancin waɗanda Jamus ta kama. Fiye da kashi 10 cikin dari sun mutu. Dubban sojojin Ingila sun rasa rayukansu a lokacin fitarwa. Yayin da ake jira don ceto, a kusa da sojojin 16,000 Faransa sun mutu. An hallaka kashi 90 cikin dari na Dunkirk a lokacin yakin. Rundunar 300,000 ta fitar da damuwa da damuwa game da maganganun Birtaniya da na Amurka a duk lokacin yakin da ba su da lokaci ko ikon iya fitar da Yahudawa daga Jamus.

Yuni 4. A wannan rana a kowace shekara, ana kula da 'yan kananan yara da aka yi wa Harkokin Hulɗa a Duniya a ranar duniya. Yayin da aka kafa yara a ranar Agusta 1982 ta taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman don amsa yawan mutuwar 'yan Lebanon da ke Beirut da sauran biranen Labanon bayan da suka fara kai hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila a ranar Yuni 4, 1982. A aikace, an tsara Yara wadanda aka yi amfani da su don yin amfani da dalilai biyu masu ma'ana: don gane da yara da yawa a duniya wadanda ke fama da jiki, tunani, da kuma zalunci, idan a yaki ko zaman lafiya, ko a gida ko makaranta; da kuma karfafa mutane da kungiyoyi a duniya don su fahimci sikelin da tasiri na cin zarafin yara da kuma koyi daga, ko kuma shiga, yakin da aka tsara don karewa da kiyaye haƙƙoƙin su. Kamar yadda babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Javier Perez de Cuellar, ya lura a cikin sakonsa na ranar 1983 Children Victims, "Ya kamata yara masu fama da zalunci da talauci su kare su kuma su ba da iko ta hanyar duniyar duniyar da ke haifar da wadannan yanayi, ba kawai ta hanyar ayyukan kai tsaye ba har ma a kaikaice ta hanyar matsaloli na duniya kamar sauyin yanayi da kuma birane. "Ranar Duniya na Yara da Aka Sami Yaya daga cikin fiye da 150 a kowace shekara ya lura da kwanaki na duniya na MDD. Kwanan nan sun zama wani ɓangare na aikin ilimi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya shafi abubuwan da ke faruwa da wasu kwanakin, kwanakin, shekaru, da kuma shekarun da suka gabata. Sauye-sauyen abin da ya faru ya faɗakar da jama'a game da abubuwan da suka faru ko al'amurran da suka shafi, da kuma inganta ayyukan da za su magance su waɗanda suka kasance daidai da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Yuni 5. A wannan rana a cikin 1962, an kammala Bayarwar Sirrin Huɗu. Wannan gabatarwar ce ta ɗalibai don forungiyar Demokraɗiyya, kuma babban marubucin Tom Hayden, ɗalibi a Jami'ar Michigan. Daliban da suka halarci jami'o'in Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960 sun ga tilas ne su yi wani abu game da rashin 'yanci da' yancin mutum daya da suke gani a kasar "ta, ta hanyar, da kuma ta mutane." Sanarwar ta lura da cewa “Na farko, gaskiyar abin da ke faruwa na lalacewar mutum, wanda yake nunawa ta gwagwarmayar Kudancin kan nuna wariyar launin fata, ya tilasta yawancinmu daga yin shiru zuwa gwagwarmaya. Na biyu, gaskiyar yakin Cold Cold, wanda aka yi alama da kasancewar Bomb, ya kawo wayewar kai cewa mu kanmu, da abokanmu, da miliyoyin 'wasu' da ba mu san su kai tsaye ba saboda haɗarin da muke da shi, na iya mutuwa a kowane lokaci Tare da makamashin nukiliya dukkan biranen za a iya samun sauƙin aiki, amma duk da haka manyan ƙasashe masu mulki suna da alamun bayyanar da ɓarnar da ta fi wacce ta faru a duk yaƙe-yaƙe na tarihin ɗan adam. ” Sun kuma ji tsoron rarrabuwar kawunan al'umma game da: “Barkewar juyin juya halin duniya gaba daya game da mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka, shigar da kasashe masu kama-karya, barazanar yaki, yawaitar jama'a, rikice-rikicen kasa da kasa, manyan fasaha - wadannan hanyoyin suna gwada karfin sadaukar da kanmu ne ga dimokiradiyya da 'yanci… mu kanmu muna dauke da bukatar gaggawa, amma duk da haka sakon al'ummarmu shi ne cewa babu wata hanyar da ta dace da ta yanzu. " Aƙarshe, manufofin sun nuna roƙo na gaggawa don "canza yanayin ɗan adam - ƙoƙari wanda ya samo asali daga tsohuwar, har yanzu ba a cika fahimtar mutum ba game da tasirin yanke hukunci akan yanayin rayuwarsa."

Yuni 6. A wannan kwanan wata a 1968, a 1: 44, dan takarar shugaban kasar Robert Kennedy ya mutu daga raunin bindigogi da aka yi wa wani mai kisankai bayan da tsakar dare da rana kafin. An yi harbe-harben ne a dakin ajiye abinci na Hotel na Hotel a Los Angeles, wanda Kennedy ke fitowa bayan bikin murnar nasarar da ya yi a zaben fidda gwani na shugaban California tare da magoya bayansa. Tun daga wannan taron, mutane suna tambaya, Ta yaya ƙasar za ta bambanta idan da Robert Kennedy ya ci gaba da zama shugaban ƙasa? Duk wata amsa dole ta hada da bayanin cewa Kennedy da wuya ya zama takalmin shiga don zaɓar shugaban ƙasa. Babu masu ba da karfi a cikin Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ko wadanda ake kira "Silent Majority" na Amurkawa - ba su tsoron tayar da tarzoma, Hippies, da kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayin kwaleji - da alama za su ba shi goyon baya sosai. Duk da haka, sauyin canjin al'adu a cikin shekarun 1960 ya ba da damar gina haɗin gwiwar masu hannu da shuni waɗanda ke son kawo ƙarshen yaƙin Vietnam da magance matsalolin launin fata da talauci. Bobby Kennedy ya yi wa yawancin ɗan takarar da zai iya ƙirƙirar wannan haɗin gwiwa. A cikin bayanansa na bayan fage ga bakar fata na cikin gari a daren da aka kashe Martin Luther King, da kuma rawar da yake takawa a bayan fage wajen sasanta rikicin Crisis na makami mai linzami, ya fito fili ya nuna halaye na nuna tausayawa, son rai, da kuma yanke hankali na iya haifar da canjin canji. Dan majalisa kuma shahararren dan rajin kare hakkin jama'a John Lewis ya ce game da shi: “Yana so ne… ba wai kawai sauya dokokin ba…. Ya so gina tunanin jama'a. " Arthur Schlesinger, mai taimakawa kamfen din Kennedy kuma masanin tarihin rayuwa, yayi tsokaci kai tsaye: "Da an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1968 da mun fita daga Vietnam a 1969."

Yuni 7. A wannan rana a 1893, a lokacin da ya yi rashin biyayya na farko, Mohandas Gandhi ya ki amincewa da dokokin launin fatar launin fatar a kan jirgin kasa na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya tilasta masa ya fitar da shi a Pietermaritzburg. Wannan ya haifar da rayuwar da aka yi amfani da shi don yaki da 'yancin bil'adama ta hanyar amfani da hanzari, kawo' yanci ga Indiyawan Indiya a Afirka, da kuma 'yancin Indiya daga Birtaniya. Gandhi, mutum mai basira da kuma ruhi, an san shi ne game da ruhaniya wanda ya ƙunshi dukan addinai. Gandhi ya yi imani da "Ahimsa," ko kuma mai karfi na ƙauna, ya haɗa shi a cikin falsafar falsafarsa na "riƙe da gaskiyar ko tabbatarwa a cikin adalci." Wannan imani, ko "Satyagraha," ya ba Gandhi damar mayar da al'amura siyasa a cikin halayen kirki da masu adalci su ne. Yayinda yake ci gaba da gwagwarmaya uku a rayuwarsa, hare-haren, rashin lafiya, da kuma dogon kurkuku, Gandhi bai taba yin ƙoƙari ya rama wa abokan adawarsa ba. Maimakon haka, ya inganta zaman lafiya, yana sa kowa ya yi haka. Lokacin da Birtaniya ta ba da haraji mai kyau a kan talakawa, sai ya ba da rai ga 'yan Indiya ta Indiya ta hanyar jagorancin tafiya a cikin India zuwa teku. Mutane da yawa sun mutu ko aka kasance a kurkuku kafin Birtaniya sun amince su saki dukkan fursunonin siyasa. Kamar yadda Birtaniya ta yi watsi da kasar, India ta sake samun 'yancin kai. An san sunan Gandhi a Mahatma, ma'anar "ruhun rai". Duk da irin tsarin da ba shi da nasaba, an lura da cewa duk gwamnati da ke adawa da Gandhi a karshe ya ba da ita. Kyautarsa ​​ga duniya shi ne kawar da imani cewa yaki yana da bukata. An yi bikin ranar haihuwar Gandhi, 2 ta XNUMX, a dukan duniya, a matsayin Ranar Duniya ta Duniya.

Yuni 8. A kwanan nan a 1966, dalibai na 270 a Jami'ar New York sun fita daga karatun digiri don nuna rashin amincewarsu da gabatar da darajar girmamawa ga Sakataren tsaron Robert McNamara. A rana irin ta yau shekara guda bayan haka, kashi biyu bisa uku na daliban da suka kammala karatun jami’ar Brown sun juya wa Sakataren Gwamnati Henry Kissinger baya, mai magana da yawun karatun. Dukkanin zanga-zangar sun nuna baƙon da aka ji ta hanyar ƙaruwa da yawa na ɗaliban kwalejin Amurka daga ayyukan gwamnatinsu a Yaƙin Vietnam. Zuwa 1966, bayan da Shugaba Lyndon Johnson ya kara fadada kasancewar sojojin Amurka da yakin bama-bamai a Vietnam, yakin ya zama ga dalibai matattarar fagen siyasa. Sun gudanar da zanga-zanga, sun kona katunan da aka rubuta, sun yi zanga-zanga ta soji da kuma bikin baje kolin ayyuka na Dow Chemical a harabar jami'ar, sannan suka rera taken kamar "Hey, hey, LBJ, yara nawa kuka kashe a yau?" Yawancin zanga-zangar na cikin gida ne - ko kuma na harabar jami'a ne, amma kusan dukkansu sun samu karfafuwa ne daga manufa guda: yanke alaka tsakanin na'urar yaki ta Amurka da jami'a, tare da manufofinta "masu sassaucin ra'ayi". Ga wasu ɗalibai, wannan maƙasudin na iya kasancewa ya samu ne daga faɗakarwar hangen nesa da ake samu a karatun jami'a. Sauran ɗalibai sun sami nasarar samun independenceancin jami'a na ɗalibai saboda dalilai daban-daban, kuma da yawa suna shirye su yi haɗarin rauni ko kama su ta hanyar neman hakan a cikin ayyuka kai tsaye kamar mamaye gine-ginen jami'a da ofisoshin gudanarwa. Wannan yardar da ake yi na wuce gona da iri kan ka'idoji na ɗabi'a ya bayyana a cikin binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 1968 ta Milwaukee Journal. A can, kashi saba'in da biyar na wakilin wakilci na dukan daliban sun nuna goyon baya ga zanga-zangar da ake yi a matsayin "hanyar da ta dace na bayyana dalilan dalibai."

Yuni 9. A wannan rana a cikin 1982 Janar Efraín Rios Montt ya bayyana shi shugaba na Guatemala, dyana tsammanin shugaban za ~ en. Rios Montt ya kammala digiri na makarantar sanannen na Amirka (makarantar soja ta Amurka wadda ta horar da 'yan tawayen Latin Amurka da masu azabtarwa). Rios Montt ya kafa sojoji uku da kansa tare da kansa a matsayin shugaban. A karkashin dokar sharia, doka ta dakatar da ita, kuma babu majalisa, wannan rukunin na ta gudanar da kotu na kotu, kuma ta kalubalanci jam'iyyun siyasar da ma'aikata. Rios Montt ya tilasta wasu biyu a cikin sojojin da su yi murabus. Ya yi ikirarin cewa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira da' yan asalin sun kasance 'yan gurguzu, kuma sun fara sace, azabtarwa, da kuma kashe su. Rundunar sojin da aka kafa don tsayayya da Rios Montt, kuma yakin basasa na 36 ya kai. Dubban dubban magungunan da aka kashe ba su mutu ba, kuma '' sun shuɗe '' '' ta hanyar gwamnati fiye da 3,000 kowace wata. Gwamnatin Reagan da Isra'ila sun goyi bayan mulkin mallaka da makamai kuma sun ba da leken asiri da horo. Rios Montt ya yi watsi da juyin mulki a 1983. Har sai 1996 kisan ya ci gaba a Guatemala a al'adun rashin adalci. An haramta haramtacciyar shugaban kasa ta tsarin Tsarin Mulki, Rios Montt dan majalisar wakilai ne tsakanin 1990 da 2007, ba tare da yin hukunci ba. Lokacin da ya kare kansa, sai da daɗewa ya sami kansa da laifi da kisan gillar da laifuffuka da bil'adama. An yanke masa hukumcin shekaru 80 a gidan kurkuku, Rios Montt ba a tsare shi ba saboda ana zaton senility. Rios Montt ya mutu a watan Afrilu 1, 2018, yana da shekaru 91. A cikin watan Maris na 1999, Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya nemi gafarar Amurka game da mulkin mallaka. Amma ainihin darasi game da cutar da ake fitar da militarism ba a koya ba.

Yuni 10. A wannan rana a cikin Shugaba John 1963. F. Kennedy ya yi magana game da zaman lafiya a Jami'ar Amirka. 'Yan watanni biyar kacal kafin a kashe shi, kalaman Kennedy a kan kyawun jami'oi da kuma rawar da suke takawa ya haifar da wasu kalmomin hikima da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba wadanda suka hada da masu zuwa: “Don haka, na zabi wannan lokacin da wannan wurin don tattauna batun da rashin sani shi ma sau da yawa yana yawaita kuma ba kasafai ake gane gaskiya ba – amma duk da haka ita ce mahimmin magana a duniya: zaman lafiya a duniya… Ina maganar zaman lafiya saboda sabon yanayin yaƙi. Jimlar yaƙi ba ta da ma'ana a zamanin da manyan ƙasashe za su iya kula da manyan makaman nukiliya waɗanda ba za a iya rinjayar su ba kuma su ƙi miƙa kai tsaye ba tare da neman waɗannan rundunonin ba. Babu ma'ana a zamanin da makamin nukiliya guda ɗaya ya ƙunshi kusan sau goma ƙarfin fashewar da dukkanin sojojin sama suka haɗu a yakin duniya na biyu. Ba shi da ma'ana a zamanin da iska da ruwa da ƙasa da zuriya za su ɗauke da guba mai guba ta hanyar makaman nukiliya zuwa kusurwoyin duniya da kuma tsararraki da ba a haifa ba… Na farko: Bari mu bincika halinmu game da zaman lafiya kanta . Da yawa daga cikinmu suna ganin ba zai yiwu ba. Da yawa suna ganin ba gaskiya bane. Amma wannan yana da haɗari, imanin rashin nasara. Yana kaiwa ga yanke hukunci cewa yaƙi babu makawa – cewa mankindan adam ya ƙaddara –da cewa sojojin da ba za mu iya sarrafawa ba sun kama mu. Ba za mu yarda da wannan ra'ayin ba. Matsalolinmu an yi su ne saboda haka, mutum zai iya magance su. ”

Yuni 11. A wannan rana a 1880 Jeannette Rankin An haifi. Matar farko da aka zaba a Majalisa ta kammala digiri a Jami'ar Montana wanda ya fara aiki a aikin zamantakewa. Yayinda yake da mawallafi da kuma tsofaffi, Rankin ya taimaka wa mata su sami damar jefa kuri'a ta hanyar gabatar da lissafin da ke ba su 'yancin mazaunin mazajensu. Kamar yadda Rankin ya zauna a cikin watan Afrilu na 1917, ana yin muhawarar Amurka a WWI. Ta zabe NO, duk da matsanancin adawa, ta haifar da asarata ta karo na biyu. Rankin sai ya tafi aiki don Cibiyar Harkokin Rigakafin Kasa ta Kasa kafin ya ci gaba da sake zagayowar majalisa tare da ma'anar "Shirya Ƙimar Tsaro; Ka kiyaye mazajenmu daga Turai! "Ta sanya ta biyu nasara a 1940 ga mata waɗanda suka yi godiya da ta zabe da WWI. Rankin ya dawo cikin majalisa lokacin da shugaban kasar Franklin Roosevelt ya nemi majalisar dokoki don kada kuri'a don sanarwar yakin da Japan ta dauka Amurka a WWII. Rankin's ne kawai kuri'a ne kawai. Yayinda yake da yawa, ta ci gaba da ayyukanta, ciki har da shirya Jeannette Rankin Brigade, a wani shiri na 1968, a Birnin Washington, don nuna rashin amincewa da War Vietnam. Rankin ya yi kira ga majalisa don magance bukatun mutane, ya yanke hukuncin da aka bai wa matan da suka "bar 'ya'yansu su tafi yaƙi domin suna jin tsoron mazajensu za su rasa aikinsu a masana'antu idan sun yi zanga-zangar." Ta yi makoki cewa, wani zabi na miyagun abubuwa, ba ra'ayoyin ba. "Maganar Rankin ba ta ji ba ne yayin da yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​ci gaba duk da sauƙi mai sauƙin da ta yi aiki a rayuwa. Ta ce: "Idan muka shafe, za mu zama mafi kyawun kasashe a duniya."

Yuni 12. A wannan rana a 1982 mutane miliyan daya da aka nuna akan makaman nukiliya a New York. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don adawa da makaman nukiliya. Yayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da Zama na musamman a kan kwance-kwata, taron a Central Park ya kusantar da hankali ga duniya game da yawan jama'ar Amirka da suka saba wa tseren makaman nukiliya. Dr. Randall Caroline Forsberg ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu shirya "Gizon Nukiliya," kuma yawan masu zanga-zangar da suka haɗu da ita a birnin New York sun jagoranci abin da ake zaton "mafi girma a cikin siyasa a tarihin Amurka." Forsberg ya karbi "Kyautar kyauta" daga MacArthur Fellowship ta amince da aikinta don ingantaccen zaman lafiya ta duniya ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan rikicin da ke tattare da shirin samar da makamashin nukiliya. A wannan lokacin, Shugaba Ronald Reagan bai nuna godiya ba, har yanzu ya nuna cewa mambobin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama na Nukiliya dole ne su kasance '' marasa 'yanci,' '' yan magoya bayan kwaminisanci, 'ko ma' yan kasuwa. ' sun ji dadin matsa lamba don fara tattaunawa a kan rage girman makaman nukiliya. An shirya taron tare da Soviet Union, kuma tattaunawa ya fara tsakanin shugaban kasar Reagan da shugaban kasar Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev don kawar da makamai daga Gabashin Turai da Yammacin Turai tare da amincewa da hadin gwiwar da cewa "Ba za a iya samun nasara ta nukiliya ba, kuma ba za a taba yin yaki ba." ya biyo bayan ganawa a Reykjavik, Iceland, inda Gorbachev ya gabatar da shawarar kashe duk makaman nukiliya a shekara ta 2000 ba ta yarda da Amurka ba. Amma ta hanyar 1987, an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Nukiliya na Tsakanin Tsakiya don buƙatar kasashen biyu su fara rage abubuwan da suke yi.

Yuni 13. A wannan rana a cikin 1971, takardun Pentagon sun shiga cikin New York Times, sun ba da cikakken bayani game da aikin Amurka a Vietnam daga ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu zuwa 1968. A watan Yunin 13, 1971, bayan shekaru masu zanga-zangar da aka yi game da wannan takarda, da kashe-kashe da aka kashe a Vietnam, da kuma kuka don dalilin da Gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da amsa, New York Times ta sami wasu "bayanai" daga tsohon masanin binciken soja. Da yake da nasaba da kokarin da ya yi don dakatar da yakin, Daniel Ellsberg ya tuntubi New York Times, ya ba su damar hango cikin hakikanin dalilan da Amurka ta zama sanadiyar soja: "Nazarin yadda Amurka ta shiga yaki a Indochina , wanda Pentagon ya jagoranci shekaru uku da suka wuce, ya nuna cewa gwamnoni hudu sun cigaba da bunkasa tunanin da suke da ita ga Vietnam maras kwaminisanci, shirye-shirye don yaki Arewa don kare kudancin, da kuma matukar damuwa da wannan kokarin - har ya fi girma fiye da sanannun maganganun da aka amince da su a wannan lokacin. "Babban Jami'in Harkokin Wajen Amurka, ya zargi Times na keta dokar ta hanyar bayyana abubuwan asirin gwamnati, ya dakatar da su kwanaki biyu bayan haka. Washington Post ta fara buga labarin, kuma an kawo shi gaban Kotun Tarayya. Kasar ta tsaya a cikin kafirci har sai an yanke shawarar yanke hukunci na 'yancin' yan jarida. Kotun Koli ta yi mulki da goyon bayan wallafe-wallafe tare da daya daga cikin masu adalci, Hugo L. Black, ta sake fadin wannan bayani: "A cikin bayyana ayyukan gwamnati wanda ya jagoranci yaki na Vietnam, jaridu sun yi abin da Mahalarta Fuskatu suka yi tsammani. amincewa za su yi. "

Yuni 14. A wannan rana a cikin 1943 Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta rushe gaisuwar wajibi ga 'yan makaranta. Asalin "Gwargwadon Jingina", wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1800s don yin biki na binciken Amurka, ya karanta cewa: "Na yi jingina ga Flag na, kuma zuwa ga Jamhuriyar da take tsaye, wata Nation, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, tare da Liberty da Adalci ga dukan. "A lokacin yakin duniya na WWII, 'yan siyasa sun sami amfana wajen juya wannan jingina a cikin doka. An kara kalmomin "na Amurka," da "na Amurka"; kuma ta hanyar 1945, an canja sunan, kuma an kafa dokoki game da sallar da aka dace da tutar. An canza ka'idoji a lokacin da aka kwatanta su da na Nazi Jamus daga farko: "Tsaya, ɗaga hannun dama tare da dabino mai fadi a goshinsa;" zuwa: "Tsaya, kafa hannun dama a kan zuciya." Kalmomin "a karkashin Allah "ya kara da cewa bayan" wata al'umma, "kuma shugaban kasar Eisenhower ya sanya hannu cikin doka a 1954. Da farko, 35 ta umarci 'yan makaranta daga K-12 su tsaya su gaishe tutar kowace rana tare da hannayensu a kan zukatansu yayin da suke karanta "Gwargwadon Gudura." Kamar yadda yawan jingina jihohi ya karu zuwa 45, mutane da yawa sun yi la'akari da munafurcin wani Dokar ta bukaci 'yan yara su yi alkawarin amincewa da tutar da ke wakiltar "Liberty da Justice ga dukan mutane." Wasu sun ga rikice-rikice tsakanin jingina da addininsu na addini, suna nuna rashin amincewa da haƙƙin haƙƙin Farko. Kodayake kotu a 1943 sun amince da cewa ba za a buƙaci dalibai su yi jingina ga tutar ba, wadanda ba su tsaya ba, suna gaishe, da kuma yin alkawarin yau da kullum suna ci gaba da soki, rarrabewa, dakatar da su, kuma suna mai suna "marasa amfani".

Yuni 15. A wannan rana a 1917, da kuma May 16, 1918, Ayyukan Kira da Ayyukan Manzanni sun wuce. An sanya Dokar Harkokin Jirgin Lafiya a matsayin Amurka ta shiga cikin yakin duniya na na hana mutane daga yin wani abu da zai iya rushe sojojin a cikin yaki da Jamus da abokanta. An gyara Dokar a kasa da shekara guda daga cikin abin da aka sani da Dokar Sedition na 1918. Dokar Sedition ta fi dacewa, yin wani abu, ya ce, ko kuma aka rubuta game da haɗin Amurka a WWI ba bisa doka ba. Wannan ya bar yawancin 'yan Amurka da suka ji tsoron faɗakar da su don nuna ra'ayoyin da suke adawa da aikin soja ko aikin shiga cikin yaki, da kuma yin la'akari da wannan cin zarafin' yanci na kyauta. Duk wani zargi na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, daftarin, flag, da gwamnati, da soja, ko ma da sojan soja an haramta doka. Har ila yau, ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ga kowa ya hana cinikin Amurka ba, ya nuna alamar Jamus a gidajensu, ko kuma ya yi magana da goyon baya ga kowane maƙasudin da ƙasashe ke da maƙamancin Amurka. Duk wani cin zarafin wadannan sababbin ka'idoji ya haifar da kama da laifuffuka har zuwa dubu goma, da kuma yanke hukunci wanda zai iya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru ashirin. Akalla jaridu saba'in da biyar ba a yarda su buga wani abu ba game da yaki idan sun sa ran ci gaba, kuma an kama mutanen 2,000. Akwai mutanen 1,000, da dama daga cikinsu baƙi, da aka yanke musu hukunci kuma a kurkuku a wannan lokaci. Kodayake Dokar Shari'ar ta soke ta a 1921, yawancin dokokin da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar Harkokin Jirgin Lafiya sun kasance a cikin Amurka a matsayin yakin daya ya jagoranci wani.

Yuni 16. A wannan rana a 1976, kisan gillar Soweto ya faru. An kashe kananan yara 700 saboda ƙi kiyan koyon Afirkaans. Ko da kafin Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta karbi 1948, Afrika ta Kudu ta yi fama da raguwa. Duk da yake ilimi ga fata ba shi da 'yanci, Bond School System ba su kula da yara baƙi. Kashi arba'in cikin 100 na makarantun kudancin Afrika ta kudu sun gudanar da mishann Katolika da ba da tallafi kadan. A cikin 1953, Dokar Ilimin Bantu ta yanke dukkan ku] a] en na ilimi daga bayar da ku] a] en nahiyar ga 'yan Afrika, sannan Dokar Ilimi ta Jami'ar ta haramta wa] ansu] aliban ba} in jami'o'i. Matsayin da ya jagoranci hargitsi na Soweto shine dokar Bantu da za a yi amfani da harshe don koyarwa da jarrabawa cewa har ma malaman ba su da kyau a cikin Afirkaans. A yayin nazarin lokaci, dalibai daga makarantun sakandare biyu sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su Makarantun 'yan Afirka ta Kudu shirya da Kwamitin Ayyuka na Majalisar Dattijai na Kwalejin Soweto (SSRC) don shirya wani zanga-zangar lumana a kan waɗannan matsaloli masu wuya. Marin ya fara ne a Soweto wucewa manyan makarantun sakandare inda dalibai daga makarantu suka shiga su, kuma ya ci gaba da taruwa har sai dubban duban tafiya tare da "Uncle Tom" na Majalisa a Orlando. A lokacin da suka isa, an kama su da 'yan sanda kuma sun kai hari tare da hawaye da harsasai. A lokacin da fararen harbe-harbe ya fara, sai dai daliban da suka fara karatu na 300 da kuma ma'aikatan baƙi marasa galihu sun haɗa su tare da yaki da Addini da Bantu. An yi mummunar rashin amincewa da 'yan sanda da tsayayyar' yan makaranta da magoya bayan da suka ci gaba da tsayawa na tsawon watanni don gwagwarmayar neman daidaito wanda wannan "matasa matasa" na Afirka suka tuna.

Yuni 17. A wannan kwanan wata a 1974, Sojan Republican Rundunar Tsaro ta Tsakiya ta kai hari kan majalisa a London, inda suka ji rauni goma sha ɗaya. Wannan mummunan aiki ya kasance daya daga cikin hare-hare da dama a cikin shekaru talatin na "Matsala." A 1920, a kokarin ƙoƙarin kashe tashin hankali, majalisa ta Birtaniya ta shafe dokar da ta raba Ireland, tare da bangarorin biyu har yanzu suna cikin sashin Ingila. Maimakon zaman lafiya da aka yi, aikin na guerrilla ya karu tsakanin Furotesta na arewacin masu biyayya ga Birtaniya da kudancin Katolika wadanda suka so Ireland da ke da zaman kanta da hadin kai. Harkokin aikin dakarun Birtaniya a 1969 ya kara yawan tashin hankali. Harkokin IRA sun kai hari a Ingila daga 1972 har zuwa 1996. Yaƙin yakin basasa ya yi ikirarin rayukan 175. An yi yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta na baya-bayan nan amma ya rushe. Wani mummunan labarun da aka kashe a cikin Matsala ya zo yayin da IRA na musamman ya kashe dan Birtaniya Birtaniya Louis Mountbatten a Ireland ta Arewa a 1979 tare da bam a cikin jirgi. Yarjejeniyar 1998 ta Jumma'a ta ƙare ta ƙare da gwagwarmayar, tare da tsarin rarraba ikon mulki a cikin gwamnati. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, hare-haren ta'addanci da 'yan ta'addanci da' yan kwaminis suka kaddamar, kusan rayukan 3600 sun rasa. Amma haɗari har yanzu sa a ƙasa da surface. Matsayin da ya rage daga kuri'ar Birtaniya ta yi watsi da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai, mai suna Brexit, ta haifar da gardama game da shirye-shirye na kwangila na gaba, tun lokacin da Ireland za ta raba tsakaninsu tsakanin Tarayyar Turai da Ƙasashen Turai. An zargi bam a Londonderry, Ireland ta Arewa, a kan Rundunar Sojan Republican na Real, wani rukuni na yaki da Irlande ta haɗe a cikin shekaru dari bayan rabuwar. Wannan aikin, kamar daruruwan mutane a tsawon shekaru, ya nuna rashin amfani da tashin hankali da kuma sakamakon da ya haifar da busawa mutane.

Yuni 18. A wannan rana a cikin 1979, yarjejeniyar SALT II ta ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami da tsaiko da yawa sanya hannu da shugabanni Carter da Brezhnev. Wannan yarjejeniya a tsakanin Amurka da Ƙungiyar Soviet ta Jamhuriyar Soviet sun kasance sun zama: "Mai hankali cewa yakin nukiliya zai yi mummunan sakamako ga dukan 'yan adam ..., "kuma"Tabbatarwa suna so su dauki matakan da za a rage su kuma don rage yawan makamai masu linzami, tare da tuna manufar samun nasara ta musamman ... "Shugaba Carter ya aika da yarjejeniyar zuwa majalisar dokoki inda hargitsi ya ci gaba har sai Rasha ta mamaye Afghanistan. shi marar kyau. A cikin 1980, Shugaba Carter ya sanar da cewa, ko da kuwa, Amurka za ta bi manyan yarjejeniyar idan Rasha zata karɓa, kuma Brezhnev ya amince. Tushen yarjejeniya SALT ya fara ne lokacin da shugaban kasar Ford ya gana da Brezhnev don kafa harsashin da ya kafa iyaka a kan tsarin kayan lambu mai mahimmanci da yawa, ya dakatar da gina sababbin makamai masu fashin makamai masu linzami na kasa da kasa, wanda ya sanya iyakacin makamai masu linzami. , motoci na samar da makamashin nukiliya na zamani, da kuma kiyaye yarjejeniyar ta hanyar 1985. Shugaban kasar Nixon ya amince, kamar yadda shugaban kasar Reagan ya yi, wanda ya bayyana cewa Rasha ta yanke hakki a 1984 da 1985. A cikin 1986, Reagan ya sanar da cewa "... Amurka dole ne ta yanke shawarar game da tsarin da yake da karfi game da yanayin da girman girman tasirin da Soviet ke fuskanta ba bisa ka'idodin da suke cikin tsarin SALT ba ..." Ya kara da cewa Amurka zata "... ci gaba da yin amfani da kariya sosai, yayin da kariya ta hanyar ci gaba, don taimakawa wajen inganta yanayin da ake bukata domin raguwa da yawa a cikin bangarorin biyu."

Yuni 19. A wannan kwanan wata a kowace shekara, yawancin jama'ar Amirka suna "bikin", "19."^th na Yuni a cikin 1865 lokacin da 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka yi bautar a Galveston, Texas sun koyi cewa an haramta 2-1 / 2 da izinin doka a baya. Sanarwar 'Yancin Shugaba Lincoln, wanda aka bayar a ranar Sabuwar Shekara, 1863, ya ba da umarnin sakin dukkan bayi a cikin jihohi da yankuna masu tawaye ga Tarayyar a yakin basasa, amma a bayyane yake masu bautar bautar ta Texas sun zabi kada su yi aiki da umarnin har sai an tilasta musu su . Rannan ta zo lokacin da Sojojin Tarayya dubu biyu suka isa Galveston a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1865. Manjo Janar Gordan Granger ya karanta wata takarda a bayyane wanda ya sanar da mutanen Texas cewa “… kamar yadda sanarwa ta fito daga Babban Jami’in Amurka, duk bayi suna da free kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin [iyayengiji da bayi] ta kasance tsakanin mai ba da aiki da mai aikin kyauta. ” Daga cikin bayin da aka 'yanta, martani game da labarin ya fara ne daga kaduwa zuwa murna. Wasu sun jinkirta don ƙarin koyo game da sabon alaƙar ma'aikaci / ma'aikaci, amma wasu da yawa, waɗanda ke da sha'awar walwalarsu, sun tashi nan da nan don gina sabuwar rayuwa a sababbin wurare. Fuskantar ƙalubale masu tsanani, tsoffin slavesan bayi masu ƙaura akan lokaci sun sanya “etean shekaru goma sha tara” na libeancinsu shekara-shekara don sake haɗuwa da wasu familyan uwa a Galveston don musayar ƙarfafawa da addu’a. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, bikin ya bazu zuwa wasu yankuna kuma ya haɓaka cikin farin jini, kuma a cikin 1980 Juneteenth ya zama hutun hukuma a jihar Texas. A yau, sababbin kungiyoyi na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa na amfani da bikin tunawa da shi don inganta ilimi da yaba da tarihin Ba-Amurke da al'adun Afirka, tare da karfafa ci gaban kai da girmama dukkan al'adu.

Yuni 20. Wannan shi ne Ranar Gudun Hijira na Duniya. An nada Sakatare-janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Antonio Guterres, a watan Janairun 2017 bayan tsawon rayuwarsa yana aiki don dakatar da wahalhalu marasa iyaka da yake-yake ke haifar wa marasa laifi. An haife shi a Lisbon a 1949, ya sami digiri a kan aikin injiniya kuma ya kware a yaren Fotigal, Ingilishi, Faransanci, da Sifaniyanci. Zabarsa ga Majalisar Dokokin Fotigal a 1976 ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Majalisar Turai inda ya shugabanci Kwamitin kula da dimokuradiyya, Hijira, da 'Yan Gudun Hijira. Shekaru ashirin na aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba Guterres damar ganin fiye da yawancin wahala, yunwa, azabtarwa, cututtuka, da mutuwar fararen hula maza, mata, da yara a sansanonin' yan gudun hijira da yankunan yaki. Yayin da yake Firayim Minista na Fotigal daga 1995-2002, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Turai. Goyon bayan sa ya haifar da amincewa da Lisbon Agenda don ayyukan yi da ci gaba, kuma zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin watan Disamba na 2000 na Ranar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya. An zabi 20 ga Yuni ne don tunawa da Yarjejeniyar Halin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta shekarar 1951 da aka gudanar shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, da kuma amincewa da ci gaba da karuwar' yan gudun hijira a duniya zuwa miliyan 60. An zabi kalmomin Guterres ne domin gabatar da shafin yanar gizo na Ranar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya: “Wannan ba batun raba nauyi bane. Game da raba wani nauyi ne na duniya, wanda ya danganci ba wai kawai game da faɗin ra'ayin ɗan adam ɗaya ba amma har ma da takamaiman takamaiman dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Tushen matsalolin su ne yaƙi da ƙiyayya, ba mutanen da suke gudu ba; 'yan gudun hijirar na daga cikin wadanda ta'addanci ya fara shafa. "

Yuni 21. A wannan rana a cikin 1971, Kotun Kasa ta Duniya ta yanke shawarar cewa Afrika ta Kudu za ta janye daga Namibia. Daga 1915 zuwa 1988 An san Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu ta Yamma, ana ɗaukar kusan lardin Afirka ta Kudu. Yayi mata mulkin mallaka sosai, da farko daga Jamus sannan kuma daga Burtaniya. Afirka ta Kudu ta sami 'yanci daga Biritaniya a yakin duniya na 1960, amma ta sami nasarar mamaye yankin Jamusawa don tallafawa Masarautar. League of Nations sun sanya SW Afrika karkashin ikon Burtaniya tare da gudanarwar Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya ta ci gaba da manufar. Zuwa 1966 Kungiyar Jama'ar Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (SWAPO) karfi ne na siyasa, suna fara kamfen na 'yan daba tare da Rundunar' Yantar da Jama'ar Namibia (PLAN). A shekarar 1971, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya soke ikon Afirka ta Kudu, amma Afirka ta Kudu ta yi sabani game da ikonta kuma ta sanya nuna wariyar launin fata, gwamnatin da ke da farar fata kawai, da kuma 'yan bantustan, ko kuma' yan bautan fata. A cikin 1988 Kotun Duniya ta daukaka ikon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Namibia kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa kasancewar Afirka ta Kudu a Namibia haramtacce ne. Afirka ta Kudu ta ƙi janyewa, kuma yaƙin yaƙi mai lahani ya biyo baya a yankin har ya kai zuwa Angola, wanda sojojin Cuba suka taimaka a can. Saboda gajiyawa, da kuma fargabar kasancewar Cuba, Afirka ta Kudu ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a cikin 2,500. Yakin ya ɗauki rayukan sojojin Afirka ta Kudu 1990, kuma ana kashe dala biliyan a kowace shekara. An ayyana Independancin Namibiya a cikin XNUMX. Maƙarƙan lu'u-lu'u, da sauran duwatsu masu daraja, da uranium a Namibia sun iza wutar Afirka ta Kudu ta mallake yankin. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don la'akari da ainihin dalilai na mulkin mallaka, yaƙe-yaƙe masu zuwa, da kuma abubuwan da suka haifar.

Yuni 22. A wannan rana a cikin 1987, fiye da 18,000 masu gwagwarmaya ta zaman lafiya na Japan sun kafa sashin dan Adam na 10.4 don nuna rashin amincewa da aikin soja na Amurka a Okinawa. Yaƙin Okinawa na 1945 shi ne mafi munin hari a Yaƙin Pacific - kwana-kwana “guguwar ƙarfe” wacce ta yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 82. Fiye da sojojin Japan 200,000 aka kashe, kama, ko kashe kansa; Allies sun ji rauni fiye da 100,000; kuma an kashe kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na fararen hula na Okinawa. A karkashin wata yarjejeniya ta 65,000, Amurka ta sami cikakken ikon mallakar Okinawa kuma ta mallaki tsibirin tsawon shekaru 1952, tare da kwace filaye masu zaman kansu don gina sansanoni da filayen jiragen sama-gami da shimfidawa na Kadena Air Base, wanda daga baya Amurka suka yi amfani da bama-bamai wajen kai hari Koriya da Vietnam. Fiye da shekaru saba'in, Pentagon ta gurɓata teku, da ƙasa, da iska ta tsibirin tare da arsenic, uranium da ya lalace, da jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, da kuma sinadarai masu guba, wanda ya ba Okinawa laƙabin, "Junk Heap of the Pacific." A cikin 27, wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ta ba Japan damar sake dawo da ikon Okinawa amma sojojin Amurka 1972 (da kuma 'yan uwa 25,000) sun kasance a wurin. Kuma zanga-zangar da ba ta tayar da hankali ba ta ci gaba da kasancewa. A cikin 22,000, 'yan gwagwarmaya 2000 sun kafa sarkar dan adam a kusa da Kadena Air Base. Ya zuwa 25,000, sansanonin Amurka 2019 da wuraren horarwa 32 sun rufe 48% na tsibirin. Duk da tsayayyar shekaru na juriya, Pentagon ya fara fadada gabansa tare da sabon Jirgin Sama na Sojan Sama a Henoko a arewacin Okinawa. Dole ne a binne kyakkyawan murjani na Henoko a ƙarƙashin yashi mai tarin yawa, yana mai barazanar ba kawai murjani ba, har ma da kunkuru, da dabbobin daji, da sauran halittu da yawa.

Yuni 23. A wannan kwanan wata a kowace shekara, Ranar Ayyukan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana kiyaye shi ta hanyar kungiyoyin jama'a da kuma sassan duniya. Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kafa shi a watan Disamba na 2002, ranar Jumma'ar Jama'a ta samo asali ne a yayin da ake ganin cewa ma'aikatar farar hula tana taka muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen bunkasa mulki da ci gaba da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Makasudin ranar shine don tunawa da aikin mutane a cikin yankuna da na al'ummomin duniya a duniya waɗanda suka ƙudura don yin amfani da ƙwarewarsu da basirarsu don yin amfani da kyakkyawan amfani. Ko dai masu ba da gudummawa suna biya ma'aikatan gwamnati kamar ma'aikatan sakonni, masu karatu, da malaman makaranta, ko mutanen da ke ba da sabis marasa kyauta ga kungiyoyi irin su sassa masu aikin kashe gobara da motar motar asibiti, sunyi dacewa da bukatun mutane kuma suna da muhimmanci ga zamantakewar al'umma. A saboda haka ne, Ranar Sha'anin Jama'a ma an yi niyya ne don ƙarfafa matasa su bi aikin aiki a cikin jama'a. Ƙungiyoyi da sassan da ke shiga cikin rana suna amfani da hanyoyi masu yawa don saduwa da manufofinta. Sun haɗa da kafa ɗakunan da katako daga abin da za su samar da bayani game da sabis na jama'a; shirya abinci tare da masu magana da baki; gudanar da bukukuwan gamsu ta ciki; da kuma yin shawarwari na musamman don girmama ma'aikatan gwamnati. Ana buƙatar jama'a su shiga cikin ranar Jumhuriyar Jama'a ta hanyar godiya ga wadanda ke ba da sabis na zaman lafiya da na shari'a fiye da yadda ake zaton sabis na shiga cikin yaki. Dukanmu za mu tambayi kanmu: Yaya za mu kasance ba tare da bayin bayin da suke mayar da ikonmu ba bayan mummunan hadari, ci gaba da kan tituna ba tare da tsagewa ba, da tara mu?

Yuni 24. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1948, shugaban kasar Harry Truman ya sanya hannu a cikin Dokar Dokar Zaɓuɓɓuka, wadda ta zama tushen tsarin zamani na Amurka don tsara matasan matasa zuwa aikin soja. Dokar ta tanadi cewa dukkan maza masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama ana buƙatar yin rajista tare da Zaɓin Sabis kuma waɗanda ke tsakanin shekaru 19 zuwa 26 sun cancanci a tsara su don sabis ɗin da ake buƙata na watanni 21. Youngarancin samarin Amurkawa sun yi adawa da daftarin har zuwa tsakiyar 1960s, lokacin da ɗaliban kwaleji da yawa suka fara danganta shi da mummunan zato game da faɗaɗa yaƙin Amurka akan Vietnam. Wasu kuma suna jin daɗin abin da ake gabatarwa na asali wanda aka tsara ta ƙananan kwamitocin gida saboda dalilai na matsayin iyali ko matsayin ilimi. A cikin 1966, Majalisa ta zartar da doka wacce ta bada ma'anar tsarin jinkirtawa amma bai yi wani abu don hana juriya ɗalibai zuwa daftarin ba. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, an yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Sabis na Zaɓuɓɓuka waɗanda suka cire ikon karɓa, kuma, a yau, sojojin Amurka sun kasance cikakke a matsayin ƙungiyar masu sa-kai. Yawancin Amurkawa da suka tsufa babu shakka suna girmama 'yancin da wannan ke ba su don ci gaba da rayuwarsu. Bai kamata a manta da shi ba, duk da haka, cewa samari da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa don yin amfani da na'urar yaƙi ta ƙasa suna yin hakan ne saboda yana ba su hanyar neman mafaka kawai da suke da ita ga aiki, matsayin girmamawa na al'ada a cikin al'umma, da mutuncin kansu. Kadan ne daga cikinsu suka yi la'akari da cewa waɗancan fa'idodin na iya zuwa ne kawai da kasadar rayukansu da kuma mummunar cutar da rashin adalci ga wasu. Zaɓin Sabis ya kasance a wurin don tsara ayyukan soja na gaba, aikin da aka daina amfani dashi a ƙasashe da yawa.

Yuni 25. A wannan ranar a cikin 1918, Eugene Debs, shugaban jam'iyyar 'yan gurguzu ta Amurka kuma fitaccen mai iya magana ya shahara da kazamin hare-hare kan masu son ci gaban kasar, an kama shi saboda yin magana game da sa hannun Amurka a yakin duniya na XNUMX. Debs da Socialists sun kasance ba kawai a cikin masu adawa ba, duk da haka. {Asar Amirka 'shiga cikin yakin da 1917 ta yi, ta hanzarta tayar da hankali, a Majalisa, da kuma tsakanin' yanci da 'yan fashin addini. A sakamakon haka, Majalisa ta yi watsi da dokar Espionage, wadda ta sa doka ta haramta wa kowa ya tilasta wa masu adawa da yaki da yaki. Duk da haka, ba a ɓoye su ba. A wata magana a Canton, Ohio a watan Yuni 18, 1918, ya yi magana game da yakin basasa wanda ya kasance daidai fiye da karni daya daga baya. "A dukan tarihin duniya," ya yi shelar cewa, "ɗaliban mashahuran sun bayyana batutuwa a kullum. Aikin jigilar ya taɓa yin yakin basasa .... Kana bukatar ka san cewa kai mai kyau ne ga wani abu fiye da bautar da kuma abincin da aka tanada ... ". Magana ta Canton, duk da haka, za ta tabbatar da cewa ita ce Debs ta ƙarshe kafin kama shi. A watan Satumba na 12, 1918, masu shari'ar a Kotun {asar Amirka, dake Cleveland, sun yanke masa hukuncin kisa, don yin watsi da Dokar Jima'i. Watanni bakwai bayan haka aka amince da amincewar da aka yi a Kotun Koli na Amurka da kuma yanke hukuncin kisa ga shekaru 10 a fursunonin tarayya. Sanarwar da ya ɗauka a kan tantanin halitta a Atlanta, duk da haka, bai hana shi barin Gwamna a 1920 ba. Wadanda ke aiki a zaman lafiya a yau za su iya ƙarfafawa da cewa, duk da laifin da Debs ke ɗaure, ya samu kusan kuri'un da aka kada a zaben.

Yuni 26. A wannan rana a kowace shekara, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tallafa wa wadanda ke fama da azabtarwa suna kiyayewa daga kasashe mambobin MDD, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da kuma mutane a duniya. An kafa shi a watan Disamba na 1997 ta hanyar ƙaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, goyon baya ga wadanda ke fama da kiyaye tarzomar sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da sauran mummunan lalacewa, rashin jin daɗi ko lalata wanda ya faru a watan Yuni 1987 kuma yanzu mafi yawan ƙasashe sun amince. Manufar kiyayewar shekara shi ne don taimakawa wajen aiwatar da Yarjejeniya ta haramtacciyar Turawa, wanda ya gane azabtarwa kamar laifin yaki a ƙarƙashin dokar kasa da kasa kuma ya haramta yin amfani da shi azaman kayan yaki a kowane hali. Duk da haka, a yakin yau, yin amfani da azabtarwa da wasu nau'i na mummunan maganin, zalunci da zalunci ba su da yawa. An sanya takardun yin amfani da azabtarwa da Amurka ta yi wa azabtarwa ba tare da kare shi ba. Shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na tallafawa wadanda ke fama da azabtarwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da hankali ga matsalar. Ƙungiyoyi irin su Ƙungiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci na Duniya da ke Yammacin Mutum da Amnesty International sun taka rawar gani wajen tsara abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya don bunkasa fahimtar jama'a game da al'amurra da suka shafi azabar mutum. Irin waɗannan kungiyoyi suna inganta goyon baya ga shirye-shiryen da suka dace da kuma shirye shiryen da ake bukata don taimakawa wadanda ke fama da azabtarwa ta dawo daga cutar. Wadannan hukumomi sun ba da tallafi ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Taimakawa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Taimakon Ƙungiyar Cutar Tarayya, Cibiyoyin gyarawa da kungiyoyi a duniya sun nuna cewa wadanda ke fama da gaske zasu iya canzawa daga tsoro zuwa warkarwa.

Yuni 27. A wannan rana a 1869 Emma Goldman an haifi. Girman girma a Lithuania, Goldman ya tsira daga juyin juya halin Rasha da kuma maganin antisemitism da ke motsa mutane da yawa zuwa ƙaura. Bayan shekaru goma sha biyar, mahaifin da ya shirya da mahaifinsa ya shirya ya jagoranci Goldman, tare da 'yar'uwa, don gudu zuwa Amurka. A Birnin New York, kwanaki goma da rabi da aka yi amfani da shi a wata masana'antar sutura ta sa ta shiga wani sabon kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke kira ga 'yan sa'o'i kadan. Yayinda ta fara magana game da 'yancin mata da ma'aikata, an san Goldman da masaniyar mace wanda ya tayar da hali. Ta yi ta jimre da kamawa. Lokacin da aka kashe shugaban kasar William McKinley, an zargi Goldman a matsayin kasa kamar ɗaya daga cikin laccocin da aka yi masa. By 1906, ta fara da mujallar, "Uwar Duniya," don ilmantar da masu karatu game da darussan mata da kuma anarchism. Kamar yadda Amurka ta shiga WWI, dokokin da suka shafi Dokar Shari'a sun ƙare jawabi marar lahani, suna yin lakabi da 'yan fashi a matsayin marasa amfani. Goldman ya ci gaba da karfafa yunkurin yaki da yakin basasa ta hanyar mujallar ta, kuma ya shirya "Un-Conscription League", tare da 'yan gwagwarmaya Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman, da Eleanor Fitzgerald, don tsayayya da "duk yakin da gwamnatocin jari-hujja suka yi." Ita da Berkman sun kasance an kama shi don yin la'akari da ƙaddamar da bayanan rajista, ya kashe $ 10,000, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku. Goldman da aka kai shi zuwa Rasha a kan ta saki. Duk da yake a can, ta rubuta labarun ta a Rasha, bayan bayanan tarihin rayuwarsa, Living Life. Shekaru na karshe sun ciyar da tafiya da yin lacca ga magoya baya a Turai. An ba ta damar yin ziyarar shekaru tasa'in da haihuwa a Amurka kafin a nemi a binne shi a Birnin Chicago bayan mutuwarta a 1940.

Yuni 28. A wannan rana a cikin 2009 juyin mulki na soja, wanda Amurka ta goyi bayansa, ya kawar da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya ta Honduras. An tilasta wa shugaban hagu na kasar, Manuel Zelaya, yin gudun hijira a Costa Rica bayan da sojoji sama da goma suka garzaya gidansa da sanyin safiya suka kame shi. Wannan matakin ya kawo karshen doguwar gwagwarmaya kan zaben raba gardama na kasa da aka shirya gudanarwa a wannan rana, wanda shugaban ya yi fatan nuna goyon baya ga jama’a don la’akari da yiwuwar sake fasalin Tsarin Mulkin kasar. Abokan hamayyar siyasa, sun yi jayayya cewa ainihin manufar Zelaya ita ce kawar da iyakancewar Tsarin Mulki da ke kan shugabanci na shugabanci zuwa wa'adi guda na shekaru hudu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan juyin mulkin, Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya ce, "Mun yi imanin cewa juyin mulkin ba shi da doka kuma Shugaba Zelaya ya kasance shugaban Honduras…." Amma, ba da daɗewa ba ayyukan Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Hillary Clinton suka maye gurbin wannan hangen nesa. A cikin tarihin 2014, Hard Choices, Clinton ta rubuta cewa: "Na yi magana da takwarorina a kusa da hemisphere .... Mun yi shawarwari game da shirin sake mayar da doka a Honduras da kuma tabbatar da cewa za a iya gudanar da za ~ e na gaskiya da adalci, wanda zai sa al'amarin Zelaya ya yi. "Ba da da] e ba, Gwamnatin {asar Amirka, wadda aka yi wa mulkin mallaka, ta fara mulki. 2010 ta baiwa masu goyon bayan juyin mulki tare da manyan ministocin, bude kofa ga gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa, tashin hankali, da rikici wanda ya ci gaba da shekaru. 'Yan gwagwarmaya na cigaba a Honduras sun ci gaba da tsarawa da yin aiki a kan makomar da aka zaba a matsayin wanda aka zaba a matsayin gwamnati mai kyau na iya aiki da gaskiya don kyautatawa, duk da waɗanda suka kasance masu rauni da talakawa.

Yuni 29. A wannan rana a cikin 1972, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a game da Furman da Georgia cewa hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda jihohi ke amfani da shi, ba shi da wata doka. Kotun Kotun ta yanke shawara kan wasu lokuta biyu, Jackson v. Georgia da kuma Branch v. Texas, wanda dukansu suka shafi tsarin mulki na hukuncin kisa don hukuncin fyade. Hujjojin da suka haifar da shari'ar Furman v. Georgia sune: Furman yana sata wani gida mai zaman kansa lokacin da wani dangi ya gano shi. A yunƙurin guduwa, Furman ya yi tuntuɓe ya faɗi, wanda hakan ya sa bindigar da yake ɗauke da ita ta tashi ta kashe wani mazaunin gidan. A shari’ar, an yanke wa Furman hukuncin kisa kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Tambaya a cikin wannan shari'ar, kamar ta waɗancan biyun, ita ce ko hukuncin kisa ya zama cin zarafin ko dai kwaskwarimar ta Takwas da ta hana azabtarwa da ba a saba da ita ba, ko Kwaskwarimar ta Goma sha huɗu, wacce ke ba da tabbaci ga kowa da kowa daidai doka. Ra'ayin masu rinjaye na Kotun mai shafi daya, dangane da hukuncin da aka yanke na 5-4, ya nuna cewa zartar da hukuncin kisan a dukkan shari'un ukun sun hada da azaba mai ban tsoro da ban mamaki kuma ya keta Tsarin Mulki. Justren Brennan da Marshall ne kawai, duk da haka, sun yi imanin hukuncin kisa ya saba wa tsarin mulki a kowane yanayi. Sauran alkalan uku da suka amince da ra'ayoyin masu rinjaye sun mai da hankali ne kan sassaucin ra'ayin da aka saba zartar da hukuncin kisa, galibi yana nuna nuna wariyar launin fata ga wadanda ake zargi da bakar fata. Hukuncin Kotun ya tilasta wa jihohi da majalisar dokoki ta kasa sake yin tunani a kan dokokinsu na aikata manyan laifuka don tabbatar da cewa ba za a zartar da hukuncin kisan ba ta hanyar nuna halin ko-in-kula ba.

Yuni 30. A wannan rana a 1966, GI farko, Fort Hood Three, ya ki a aika zuwa Vietnam. David Samas, Private Dennis Mora, da kuma Jakadan Kasuwanci James A. Johnson sun hadu a Fort Gordon, Georgia kafin a sake komawa su zuwa 142.^nd Battalion na 2^nd Armored Division a Fort Hood, Texas. An bayar da umarnin bayar da umurni, duk da rashin amincewar da suke yi, game da yakin da ake yi, a {asar Vietnam. Harkokin gwaje-gwaje da ke faruwa a fadin Amurka sun jagoranci su don yin amfani da iznin ranar 30 da aka ba su kafin kwanakin da aka sanyawa don neman lauya, kuma suna haɗi da masu gwagwarmayar yaki. Sun gudanar da ganawa da Dave Dellinger, Fred Halstead, da kuma AJ Muste, sanannun malamin da ke da ala} a da} ungiyar Parade mai suna, kuma sun kafa taron manema labarai a Birnin New York. Uku sun zo, goyon bayan daruruwan magoya bayan kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama a taron manema labaru, inda suka gayyaci sauran GI su shiga tare da su cikin rashin amincewar su. Abin da suka ƙi shi ne kawai dalilin kira: "Ya kamata a dakatar da yaki a Vietnam ... Ba mu son bangare na yakin wargaza. Muna adawa da lalata laifuffuka na Amurka da albarkatu. Ba mu daina zuwa Vietnam! "An tura 'yan sanda ne don su kwallaye uku zuwa Fort Dix, NJ, inda aka umarce su su tafi nan da nan don Saigon ta Dokar Janar Hightower. Har ila yau, sun ki, sun bayyana dokar ta Vietnam, ba bisa doka ba. Uku sun kasance a kurkuku, kotun kotu a watan Satumba, kuma an yanke masa hukumcin shekaru uku tare da Kotun Koli ta soke dukkan roko. A cikin shekarun nan uku, daruruwan masu aiki da ma'aikata da tsoffin soji sunyi wahayi zuwa ga yunkurin yaki.

Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.

Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.

Je zuwa fayilolin mai jiwuwa.

Je zuwa rubutun.

Je zuwa zane-zanen.

Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.

Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.

Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.

Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.

Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.

Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz

Graphics by Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.