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Mayu 1. Ranar Mayu wata rana ce ta al'ada don bikin sake haifuwa a Arewacin hemisphere, kuma - tun daga abin da ya faru na Haymarket a Chicago a 1886 - rana ce a yawancin duniya don bikin 'yancin aiki da tsari.

Haka kuma a rana irin ta yau a shekara ta 1954 mazaunan abin da ya kasance aljana sun farka da rana biyu da ciwon radiation mara iyaka ga kansu da zuriyarsu domin gwamnatin Amurka. gwada hydrogen bomb.

Haka kuma a wannan rana a shekara ta 1971 an gudanar da gagarumin zanga-zangar adawa da yakin Amurka a kan Vietnam. Har ila yau, a wannan rana a shekara ta 2003 Shugaba George W. Bush da kunya ya ayyana "aikin ya cika!" tsaye a cikin rigar jirgin sama a kan wani jirgin sama a San Diego Harbor yayin da ake ci gaba da lalata Iraki.

Har ila yau, a wannan rana a shekara ta 2003 sojojin ruwan Amurka a ƙarshe sun ba da kansu ga zanga-zangar jama'a kuma suka daina jefa bama-bamai a tsibirin Vieques.

Haka kuma a wannan rana ta 2005, da Lahadi Times na London ya buga Downing Street Minutes wanda ya bayyana abubuwan da aka yi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2002, taron majalisar ministocin gwamnatin Burtaniya a titin 10 Downing Street. Sun bayyana shirin Amurka na zuwa yaki da Iraki da yin karya game da dalilan da suka sa. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don ilimantar da duniya yaki karya.

Iya 2. A wannan rana a cikin 1968, an shirya masu zanga-zangar zuwa birnin Washington DC don kaddamar da yakin neman zabe na Talakawa, kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta karshe da Martin Luther King Jr. ya yi hasashe a kokarinsa na kawo sauyi na zamantakewa a Amurka.. Shi kansa Sarki bai rayu ba don ganin Kamfen ya yi tasiri; an kashe shi ne kasa da wata guda a baya. Amma duk da haka, taronsa na shugabancin Kirista na Kudancin ƙasar, tare da sabbin shugabanni da kuma buri mai faɗi fiye da kowane Sarki da kansa ya taɓa aiwatarwa, ya ƙaddamar da tafiyar da ya nema tare da jinkirin makonni biyu kawai. Daga ranar 15 ga Mayu zuwa 24 ga Yuni, 1968, wasu talakawa 2,700 da masu fafutukar yaki da fatara, wadanda ke wakiltar Ba’amurke Ba’amurke, Asiya-Amurka, da Hispanic da ’yan Asalin Amurkawa daga ko’ina cikin kasar, sun mamaye Cibiyar Kasuwancin Washington ta National Mall a wani tanti da aka sani da tashin matattu. Garin. Matsayinsu shine nuna goyon baya ga mahimman buƙatun Kamfen guda biyar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da lamuni na tarayya na samun aiki mai ma'ana a albashin rai ga kowane ɗan ƙasa mai aiki, da amintaccen kudin shiga ga mutanen da ba su iya samun ayyukan yi ko yin aiki kwata-kwata. Babu wata doka da ta dogara da waɗannan buƙatun da aka taɓa aiwatar da su, amma makonni shida na zanga-zangar a Garin Kiyama ba a yi nasara ba. Baya ga jawo hankalin jama'a kan matsalolin da talakawa ke fuskanta, masu zanga-zangar sun ba da wa'adin sama da makonni shida don raba abubuwan da suka shafi talauci da masu zanga-zangar a wasu kabilu. Waɗancan musayar sun taimaka wajen haɗa ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu a baya da ƙunƙun da aka fi maida hankali a kai a matsayin rundunar fafutuka guda ɗaya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an karɓi wannan ƙirar ƙungiyar ta Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, Maris na Mata na 2017, da Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Talakawa na 2018.

Iya 3. A wannan rana ta 1919, an haifi Pete Seeger a birnin New York. Mahaifin Pete ya koyar da kiɗa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley yayin da mahaifiyarsa ke koyar da violin a Makarantar Juilliard. Ɗan'uwan Pete, Mike, ya zama memba na New Lost City Ramblers, da 'yar uwarsa, Peggy, mawaƙin jama'a da ke yin wasa tare da Ewan McColl. Pete ya fi son gwagwarmayar siyasa da aka bayyana ta hanyar kiɗan jama'a. A shekara ta 1940, waƙar Pete ta rubuce-rubuce da basirar wasan kwaikwayo ya sa shi shiga ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmayar yaƙi da Almanac Singers tare da Woodie Guthrie. Pete ya rubuta waƙar da ba a saba gani ba mai suna "Dear Mr. President," yana magana game da buƙatar dakatar da Hitler, wanda ya zama taken waƙar Almanac Singers Album. Daga baya, ya yi aiki a lokacin WWII, yana dawowa don farfado da kiɗan jama'ar Amurka ta hanyar shiga The Weavers, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Kingston Trio, da Limelighters, da Clancy Brothers, da kuma shaharar wurin jama'a a cikin 1950s-60s. A ƙarshe Majalisa ta ba wa Weavers baƙar fata, kuma Kwamitin Ayyukan Ba-Amurke ne ya gayyaci Pete. Pete ya ƙi ya ba da amsa ga waɗannan tuhume-tuhumen, yana ambaton ’yancin Gyaran Farko: “Ba zan amsa kowace tambaya game da ƙungiyara ba, akidar falsafa ko addini ko imanina na siyasa, ko yadda na yi zaɓe a kowane zaɓe, ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan masu zaman kansu. al'amura. Ina ganin wadannan tambayoyi ne da bai dace ba ga kowane Ba'amurke da a yi masa, musamman a irin wannan tilasci." Daga nan ne aka yanke wa Pete hukuncin raini wanda, bayan shekara guda, aka soke shi. Pete ya ci gaba da ci gaba da raye-raye ta hanyar rubuta waƙoƙi irin su "Inda Duk Furanni suka tafi" da "Idan Ina da Hammer."

Mayu 4. A wannan rana a cikin 1970 Jami'an Tsaro na Ohio sun yi harbi a cikin taron masu zanga-zangar Jami'ar Jihar Kent inda suka raunata tara tare da kashe hudu. An zabi shugaban kasar Richard Nixon ne bisa alkawarinsa na kawo karshen yakin Vietnam. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana faɗaɗa yaƙi zuwa Cambodia. An yi zanga-zanga a kwalejoji da dama. A jihar Kent an yi wani gagarumin gangamin yaki da yaki da tarzoma a garin. An ba da odar Ohio National Guard zuwa Kent. Kafin su isa, daliban sun kona ginin ROTC. A ranar 4 ga Mayu dalibai 2,000 suka yi gangami a harabar jami'a. Masu gadi su saba'in da bakwai masu amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye da bayonets sun tilasta musu fita daga cikin jama'a da kuma kan wani tsauni. Wani dalibi, Terry Norman, shi ma yana da abin rufe fuska na iskar gas kuma yana dauke da bindigogi 38. Ana zaton yana daukar hoton dakarun gadi da ke tafe. Amma dalibai da dama sun lura cewa yawanci yana daukar hotunan masu zanga-zangar. Bayan sun yi kaca-kaca ne aka kore shi. An ji karar harbin bindiga. Yayin da Terry ya ruga da gudu zuwa ga wani rukunin masu gadi a ROTC da aka kone, mai koran nasa ya yi kira, “Ku tsayar da shi. Yana da bindiga”. Terry ya mika bindigarsa ga jami’in binciken ‘yan sanda wanda ya dauke shi aiki. Ma’aikatan gidan talabijin na WKYC sun ji dan sandan yana cewa, “Allahna. An kori sau hudu!” A halin da ake ciki sojojin da suka samu kololuwar tsaunin sun ji harbin bindiga. A zatonsu ana harba su ne sai suka yi ta harbin iska a cikin taron. Mutuwar dalibai hudu da ya haifar ya haifar da gagarumar zanga-zangar da ta rufe kwalejoji 450 a fadin Amurka. Rikicin Kent ya kasance babban abin da ya kawo karshen yakin Vietnam.

Mayu 5. A wannan rana a shekara ta 1494, Christopher Columbus, a tafiyarsa ta biyu zuwa nahiyar Amirka, ya sauka a tsibirin Jamaica ta Yamma. A lokacin, tsibirin yana da mazaunan Arawak, mutanen Indiya masu sauƙi kuma masu zaman lafiya, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai 60,000, waɗanda suka ci gaba da noma da kamun kifi. Columbus da kansa ya ga tsibirin a matsayin wurin da ake ajiye kayayyaki da noman amfanin gona da dabbobi yayin da shi da mutanensa ke neman sabbin ƙasashe don Spain a cikin Amurka. Duk da haka, shafin ya kuma jawo hankalin mazauna Mutanen Espanya, kuma a cikin 1509 an yi masa mulkin mallaka a karkashin wani gwamnan Spain. Wannan ya haifar da bala'i ga Arawaks. An tilasta musu shiga cikin aiki mai wuyar gaske da ake buƙata don gina sabon babban birnin Spain, kuma sun kamu da cututtukan Turai ba za su iya jurewa ba, za a kashe su cikin shekaru hamsin. Yayin da yawan Arawak ya fara lalacewa, Mutanen Espanya sun shigo da bayi daga Afirka ta Yamma don ci gaba da aikin bautar da suke yi. Sannan, a tsakiyar 17^th karni, turawan Ingila sun kai hari, rahotannin albarkatun kasa masu kima na Jamaica sun rude su. Mutanen Espanya sun mika wuya da sauri, kuma, bayan sun 'yantar da bayinsu na farko, da aka sani da "Maroons," sun gudu zuwa Cuba. Daga nan ne Maroons suka shiga rikici na tsawon shekaru da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila, kafin daga bisani su sami cikakken 'yantar da su ta hanyar dokar 'yantar da Birtaniyya ta 1833. A cikin 1865, bayan boren da talakawa da ba a kula da su ba a tsakanin turawan Ingila 'yan mulkin mallaka, Jamaica ta zama Masarautar Birtaniyya kuma ta dauki gagarumin rinjaye. matakan zamantakewa, tsarin mulki da tattalin arziki zuwa ga ikon mallakar kasa. An bai wa tsibirin ’yancin kai daga Biritaniya a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1962, kuma yanzu ana gudanar da ita a matsayin tsarin mulkin tsarin mulkin majalisar dokoki.

Mayu 6. OA wannan rana a cikin 1944, Mahatma Gandhi, mai shekaru 73, a cikin rashin lafiya, kuma yana buƙatar tiyata, an sake shi daga kurkuku na bakwai kuma na ƙarshe saboda matakan da aka ɗauka a matsayin jagoran yakin neman 'yancin kai na Indiya daga mulkin Birtaniya.. An kama shi ne a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1942, bayan amincewar da Jam'iyyarsa ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Indiya ta amince da kudurin "Quit India", wanda ya kaddamar da wata doka. satyagraha yaƙin neman zaɓe na farar hula don nuna goyon baya ga buƙatarta na samun 'yancin kai cikin gaggawa. Lokacin da aka kama Gandhi a maimakon haka ya haifar da tashin hankali a tsakanin mabiyansa, hakan ya sa Raj na Biritaniya ya tsaurara tsauraran matakan da ya kamata ya dauka tare da kokarin bata Gandhi da batanci na siyasa. A lokacin da aka sake shi daga tsare kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka, Gandhi da kansa ya fuskanci karuwar ra'ayin musulmi game da raba yankin zuwa yankunan musulmi da Hindu, ra'ayin da ya nuna adawa da shi sosai. Wasu rigingimun siyasa suka biyo baya. Amma a ƙarshe, duka biyun sakamako da sharuddan gwagwarmayar neman ’yancin kai na Indiya, su ne su kansu Turawan mulkin mallaka. A ƙarshe sun yarda da rashin karewa na da'awar Indiyawa, da yardar rai sun ba Indiya yancin kai ta hanyar wani aiki na majalisa a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1947. Sabanin fatan Gandhi na haɗin kai, jam'i na addini, Dokar Independence ta Indiya ta raba yankin zuwa yankuna biyu, Indiya da Indiya. Pakistan, kuma ta yi kira ga kowa ya sami 'yancin kai a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Agusta. An gane babban hangen nesa Gandhi bayan shekaru da yawa, duk da haka, lokacin da aka saka shi cikin batun "Mutumin karni" na TIME. Sa’ad da yake yin tsokaci game da ayyukansa da kuma ruhunsa, mujallar ta lura cewa ta “takar da mutane 20^th karni zuwa ra'ayoyin da ke aiki a matsayin fitilar ɗabi'a ga dukan zamanai."

Mayu 7. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1915, Jamus ta nutsar da Lusitania - wani mummunan aiki na kisan gilla. The Lusitan an ɗora shi da makamai da dakaru don Birtaniya - wani mummunan aiki na kisan kai. Yawancin lalata, duk da haka, an ƙaryata game da shi duka. Jamus ta wallafa labaru a jaridu da jaridu na New York a Amurka. Wadannan gargaɗin an buga daidai kusa da tallace-tallace don yin tafiya akan Lusitan kuma ofishin jakadancin Jamus ya sanya shi hannu. Jaridu sun rubuta labarin game da gargadi. An tambayi kamfanin Cunard game da gargadi. Tsohon kyaftin na Lusitan ya riga ya bar - a gwargwadon rahoto sabili da matsalolin tafiya cikin abin da Jamus ta bayyana a fili. A halin da ake ciki Winston Churchill ya nakalto yana cewa "Yana da mahimmanci don jawo hankulan jiragen ruwa a kan iyakokinmu a cikin bege musamman don sanya Amurka da Jamus tare." A karkashin dokarsa ba a bayar da kariya ga sojojin soja na Birtaniya ba. Lusitan, duk da cewa Cunard ya bayyana cewa yana ƙidaya akan wannan kariya. Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amirka, William Jennings Bryan, ya yi murabus ne, game da rashin nasarar {asar Amirka, na kasancewa tsaka tsaki. Wannan shine Lusitan yana dauke da makamai da dakarun don taimaka wa Birtaniya a yaki da Jamus da sauran masu kallo, Jamus kuma sunyi gaskiya. Duk da haka Gwamnatin Amurka ta ce, kuma littattafai na Amurka sun ce yanzu, cewa marar laifi Lusitan an kai harin ba tare da gargadi ba, matakin da ake zargin ya tabbatar da shiga yakin. Bayan shekaru biyu, Amurka ta shiga hauka a yakin duniya na daya a hukumance.

Mothers Day An yi bikin ne a wasu lokuta a duniya. A wurare da yawa shi ne ranar Lahadi na biyu a watan Mayu. Wannan rana mai kyau don karantawa Ranar ranar uwa kuma sake mayar da ranar zuwa zaman lafiya.

Mayu 8. A wannan rana a cikin 1945, wanda kuma ya kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai, Oskar Schindler ya bukaci Yahudawan da ya cece su daga sansanonin mutuwar Nazi da kada su ci gaba da daukar fansa ga Jamusawa. Schindler da kansa ba abin koyi ne na dacewa ko ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ba. Bayan ’yan Nazi sun shiga Poland a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1939, ya yi saurin ƙulla abota da manyan ‘yan Gestapo, yana ba su cin hanci da mata, kuɗi da kuma barasa. Tare da taimakonsu, ya sami masana'antar enamelware a Krakow wanda zai iya gudanar da aikin Yahudawa mai arha. Amma da shigewar lokaci, Schindler ya soma tausaya wa Yahudawa kuma ya kyamaci zaluncin da Nazi ya yi musu. A lokacin rani na 1944, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fim din 1993 Jerin Schindler, ya ceci Yahudawa 1,200 na ma’aikatansa daga mutuwa ta kusa a ɗakin dakunan iskar gas na Poland ta wurin ƙaura da su cikin haɗari sosai zuwa reshen masana’anta a Sudetenland na Czechoslovakia da Nazi ya mamaye. Lokacin da ya yi magana da su bayan 'yantar da su a ranar farko ta VE, ya yi kira da mahimmanci: "Ku guji duk wani aikin ramuwar gayya da ta'addanci." Ayyukan Schindler da kalamansa suna ci gaba da ƙarfafa bege ga ingantacciyar duniya. Idan, kamar yadda yake da lahani, zai iya samun tausayi da gaba gaɗi don gyara manyan laifuffuka, yana nuna cewa iyawa yana cikin mu duka. A yau, muna sake buƙatar kyawawan dabi'un Schindler da aka nuna don yaƙar tsarin fa'ida na kamfanoni masu goyan bayan injunan kashe kashe na ƙasa waɗanda ke biyan bukatun ƴan ƙalilan kawai. Duniya za ta iya yin aiki tare don saduwa da ainihin bukatun talakawa, ta yadda za mu iya rayuwa a matsayin nau'i da kuma fahimtar iyawarmu na ɗan adam.

Mayu 9. A wannan rana a cikin 1944, shugaban rikon kwarya na El Salvador, Janar Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, ya yi murabus daga ofishinsa, bayan wani yajin aikin da dalibai da ba sa tashin hankali suka shirya a cikin makon farko na watan Mayu wanda ya gurgunta yawancin tattalin arzikin El Salvador da kungiyoyin farar hula. Bayan hawan mulki a farkon 1930s sakamakon juyin mulki, Martinez ya kirkiro rundunar 'yan sanda ta sirri kuma ya ci gaba da haramta jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, haramta kungiyoyin manoma, tace jaridu, daure masu zagon kasa, masu fafutuka na kwadago, da kuma daukar kai tsaye. kula da jami'o'i. A watan Afrilun 1944, daliban jami'a da malaman jami'o'i sun fara shiri don nuna adawa da gwamnati, suna gudanar da yajin aikin cikin lumana a fadin kasar, wanda, a makon farko a watan Mayu, ya hada da ma'aikata da kwararru daga kowane bangare na rayuwa. A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu ne kwamitin masu yajin aikin ya bukaci shugaban ya gaggauta sauka daga mulki. Maimakon haka, Martinez ya tafi gidan rediyo, yana kira ga 'yan ƙasa da su koma bakin aiki. Wannan ya haifar da faɗaɗa zanga-zangar jama'a da ƙarin tsauraran matakan 'yan sanda wanda ya kashe wani ɗalibin zanga-zangar. Bayan jana'izar matashin, dubban masu zanga-zangar ne suka yi zanga-zanga a wani dandalin da ke kusa da fadar gwamnatin kasar, sannan suka garzaya cikin fadar da kanta, sai aka yi watsi da shi. Tare da raguwar zaɓuɓɓukan nasa, shugaban ya gana da kwamitin sasantawa a ranar 8 ga Mayu kuma a ƙarshe ya amince ya yi murabus - matakin da aka amince da shi a hukumance washegari. An maye gurbin Martinez a matsayin shugaban kasa da wani jami'i mai sassaucin ra'ayi, Janar Andres Ignacio Menendez, wanda ya ba da umarnin yin afuwa ga fursunonin siyasa, ya ayyana 'yancin 'yan jarida, kuma ya fara shirin gudanar da babban zabe. Yunkurin zuwa dimokuradiyya ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka. Watanni biyar kacal bayan haka, Menendez da kansa ya yi juyin mulki.

Iya 10. A rana irin ta yau a shekara ta 1984, kotun kasa da kasa dake birnin Hague na kasar Netherlands. baki daya sun amince da bukatar Nicaragua na wani odar farko na kayyadewa da ke bukatar Amurka ta dakatar da hakar ma'adinan ruwa a karkashin ruwa na tashar ruwan Nicaragua da ta lalata akalla jiragen ruwa takwas daga kasashe daban-daban a cikin watanni ukun da suka gabata. Amurka ta amince da matakin ba tare da nuna adawa ba, wanda ke nuna cewa ta riga ta kawo karshen ayyukan a karshen Maris kuma ba za ta ci gaba da su ba. An gudanar da aikin hakar ma'adinan ne ta hanyar hadakar 'yan daba da Amurka ke yaki da gwamnatin Sandinista mai ra'ayin rikau, da kuma kwararrun ma'aikatan hukumar leken asiri ta CIA daga Latin Amurka. A cewar jami'an Amurka, ayyukan wani bangare ne na kokarin CIA na karkatar da dabarun 'yan ta'adda, wanda aka fi sani da "Contras," daga yunkurin da ba a yi nasara ba na kwace yankuna a kasar don yin zagon kasa ga tattalin arziki. Na'urorin sauti da aka yi da hannu da aka yi amfani da su don hakar ma'adinai sun taimaka sosai wajen cimma wannan burin ta hanyar hana fitar da kayayyaki masu shigowa. Kofi na Nicaragua da sauran kayayyakin da ake tarawa a kan ramuka, kuma kayayyakin man da ake shigo da su sun ragu. A lokaci guda kuma, CIA ta fara ɗaukar rawar kai tsaye wajen horarwa da jagorantar 'yan tawaye masu adawa da Sandinista, kuma jami'an gudanarwa sun yarda da sha'awar sanya gwamnatin Sandinista ta zama mai "dimokiradiyya" kuma ba ta da alaka da Cuba da Tarayyar Soviet. A nata bangaren, kotun kasa da kasa ta kara da hukuncin da ta yanke kan hakar ma'adinan Amurka wata sanarwa da ke tabbatar da cewa "ya kamata a mutunta 'yancin kan siyasar Nicaragua kuma ... Wannan tanadi, duk da haka, bai sami goyon baya gaba ɗaya ba. Ko da yake an karbe shi da maki 14 zuwa 1, alkalin Amurka Stephen Schwebel ya zabi “A’a.”

Iya 11. A wannan rana ta 1999, an gudanar da taron zaman lafiya mafi girma a tarihi a birnin Hague na kasar Netherlands. Taron ya cika shekaru 1899 na taron zaman lafiya na farko na kasa da kasa, wanda aka gudanar a birnin Hague a watan Mayun shekarar 1999, wanda ya fara aiwatar da mu'amala tsakanin kungiyoyin farar hula da gwamnatoci da nufin hana yaki da sarrafa wuce gona da iri. Taron neman zaman lafiya na Hague na 9,000, wanda aka yi tsawon kwanaki biyar, ya samu halartar masu fafutuka fiye da 100, da wakilan gwamnati, da shugabannin al'umma daga kasashe sama da XNUMX. Taron dai ya yi matukar muhimmanci, domin sabanin taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ya biyo baya, ba gwamnatoci ne suka shirya shi gaba daya ba, sai ‘yan kungiyoyin farar hula ne suka shirya shi, wadanda suka nuna kansu a shirye suke don ganin an gudanar da zaben. world beyond war ko da ba gwamnatocinsu ba ne. Mahalarta taron da suka hada da manyan mutane kamar Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan, Sarauniya Noor ta Jordan, da Archbishop Desmond Tutu na Afirka ta Kudu, sun halarci tarukan tarurrukan karawa juna sani, da tarukan tarurruka sama da 400, inda aka tattauna tare da yin muhawara kan hanyoyin kawar da yaki da samar da al'adun zaman lafiya. . Sakamakon ya kasance wani shirin aiki na shirye-shirye 50 dalla-dalla wanda ya tsara ajandar kasa da kasa na tsawon shekaru da yawa don rigakafin tashe-tashen hankula, 'yancin ɗan adam, wanzar da zaman lafiya, kwance damara, da tunkarar tushen yaƙi. Taron ya kuma yi nasarar sake fasalin zaman lafiya da nufin ba wai kawai rashin rikici tsakanin da tsakanin jihohi ba, amma rashin adalci na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Wannan faɗaɗa ra'ayi tun daga lokacin ya ba da damar haɗa kan masu kare muhalli, masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, masu haɓakawa, da sauran waɗanda a al'adance ba su yi la'akari da kansu a matsayin "masu fafutukar zaman lafiya" don yin aiki ga al'adun zaman lafiya mai dorewa.

Iya 12. A wannan rana ta 1623, Turawan Ingila masu mulkin mallaka a Virginia sun gudanar da abin da ake kira tattaunawar zaman lafiya tare da Indiyawan Powhatan, amma da gangan suka sanya gubar giyan da suka bayar, inda suka kashe 200 na Powhatans kafin su harbe wasu 50 kuma suka harbe su. Daga 1607, lokacin da aka kafa Jamestown, mazaunin Ingilishi na farko na dindindin a Arewacin Amurka, a bakin kogin James a Virginia, 'yan mulkin mallaka sun kasance cikin yaƙi tare da ƙawancen yanki na ƙabilun da ake kira Powhatan Confederation, jagorancinta. Shugaban koli, Powhatan. Babban batu shi ne kutsen da mazauna yankin suka yi na mamaye yankunan Indiya. Duk da haka, lokacin da 'yar Powhatan Pocahontas ta auri fitaccen dan mulkin mallaka na Ingila kuma manomi John Rolfe a shekara ta 1614, Powhatan ya amince da sulhu marar iyaka tare da 'yan mulkin mallaka. Pocahontas a zahiri ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga farkon rayuwa na mazaunin Jamestown, wanda ya shahara ya ceci kyaftin ɗin Ingila John Smith daga kisa a 1607 kuma, bayan tilasta mata ta koma Kiristanci a 1613, ta yi nasara a matsayin mishan a cikin ƴan ƙasar. Tare da mutuwarta a cikin Maris 1617, tsammanin ci gaba da zaman lafiya a hankali ya ɓace. Bayan da Powhatan da kansa ya mutu a shekara ta 1618, ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa ya ɗauki umarni kuma, a cikin Maris 1622, ya jagoranci wani hari na gaba-gaba wanda aka kona matsugunan 'yan mulkin mallaka da gonaki kuma kashi uku na mazaunansu, kusan 350, an harbe su ko kuma aka kashe su. Wannan "Tashin hankalin Powhatan" ne ya haifar da "zaman lafiya" a cikin watan Mayu, 1623, inda 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yi nufin kome ba sai wani mummunan ramuwa ba. Tashin hankalin ya bar mazaunin Jamestown a cikin rudani, kuma a cikin 1624 Virginia ta zama mulkin mallaka. Haka zai kasance har sai juyin juya halin Amurka.

Mayu 13. A wannan rana ta 1846, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da bukatar Shugaba James K. Polk na ayyana yaki a kan Mexico. Rikicin kan iyaka da ya shafi Texas ne ya haifar da yakin, wanda a cikin 1836 ya sami 'yancin kansa daga Mexico a matsayin jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta amma ya zama kasar Amurka biyo bayan amincewar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka / Texas na Annexation da aka sanya hannu a cikin Maris 1945 ta magajin Polk, John. Tyler. A matsayinta na jihar Amurka, Texas ta yi iƙirarin Rio Grande a matsayin iyakarta ta kudu, yayin da Mexico ta yi iƙirarin a matsayin iyakar doka ta Kogin Nueces zuwa arewa maso gabas. A cikin Yuli 1845, Shugaba Polk ya umurci sojoji zuwa cikin yankunan da ake jayayya tsakanin koguna biyu. Lokacin da yunƙurin yin sulhu ya ci tura, sojojin Amurka sun yi gaba zuwa bakin Rio Grande. Mexicans sun amsa a cikin Afrilu 1846 ta hanyar aika da sojojin su a fadin Rio Grande. A ranar 11 ga Mayu, Polk ya nemi Majalisa ta shelanta yaki a Mexico, yana zargin cewa sojojin Mexico sun " mamaye yankinmu kuma suka zubar da jinin 'yan uwanmu a kan namu." Majalisar ta amince da bukatar shugaban da gagarumin rinjaye bayan kwanaki biyu, amma kuma ta jawo tsawatarwa na ɗabi'a da na hankali daga manyan mutane a siyasa da al'adun Amurka. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe an daidaita rikicin bisa sharuddan da ba adalci ba, amma mafi girman iko. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta kawo karshen yakin a watan Fabrairun 1848 ta mayar da Rio Grande iyakar kudancin Texas, ta kuma mika California da New Mexico ga Amurka. A sakamakon haka, Amurka za ta biya Mexico jimlar dala miliyan 15 kuma ta amince ta daidaita duk iƙirarin da 'yan ƙasar Amurka ke yi kan Mexico.

Mayu 14. A wannan rana ta 1941, sa’ad da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya riga ya faɗa a Turai, ’yan Amirka na farko da suka ƙi aikin soja sun ba da rahoton zuwa wani sansanin aiki a dajin Patapsco a Jihar Maryland, a shirye su ba da madadin hidima mai ma’ana ga ƙasarsu.. Ga da yawa daga cikin masu adawa, damar da za su bi wannan madadin ya samo asali ne daga fahintar fahimtar al'umma game da yadda addini zai iya siffanta imani. A baya can, kusan dukkan mazan Amurkawa da suka cancanci daftarin aiki sun cancanci matsayin masu adawa da lamiri ta hanyar zama membansu a cikin “majami’un zaman lafiya” mai tarihi kamar Quakers da Mennonites. Dokar Koyarwa da Sabis ta 1940, duk da haka, ta ƙara cancantar wannan matsayi ga mutanen da suka sami imani daga kowane addini wanda ya sa su adawa da kowane irin aikin soja. Idan an tsara su, za a iya sanya irin waɗannan mutanen yanzu zuwa "aiki mai mahimmanci na ƙasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin farar hula." Sansanin Patapsco shine na farko na sansanonin 152 na ƙarshe a Amurka da Puerto Rico waɗanda, a ƙarƙashin wani shiri mai suna Sabis na Jama'a, ya faɗaɗa samun irin wannan aikin sosai. Sabis ɗin ya ba da aikin aiki ga wasu 20,000 waɗanda suka ƙi aikin soja daga 1941 zuwa 47, galibi a yankunan gandun daji, kiyaye ƙasa, faɗan wuta, da noma. Kungiyar musamman ta shirin ta kuma taimaka wajen kawar da kyamar jama'a ta hanyar yin kira ga al'umma da su goyi bayan ayyukan sirri na sirri. Kwamitocin Mennonite, Brethren, da Quaker ne suka kafa sansanonin kuma suna gudanar da ayyukan, kuma dukan shirin bai sa gwamnati da masu biyan haraji ba su biya komai ba. Wadanda aka zana sun yi aiki ba tare da albashi ba kuma ikilisiyoyin cocinsu da iyalai suna da alhakin biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullun.

Mayu 15. A wannan rana ta 1998, Falasdinu ta gudanar da ranar Nakba ta farko, wato ranar bala'i. Shugaban hukumar Falasdinawa Yasser Arafat ne ya kafa wannan rana domin tunawa da gudun hijirar da Falasdinawa suka yi a yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na farko (1947-49). Ranar Nakba ta fado washegarin ranar 'yancin kai na Isra'ila. Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1948, ranar da Isra'ila ta ayyana 'yancin kai, Falasdinawa kusan 250,000 sun rigaya sun gudu ko kuma an kore su daga abin da ya zama Isra'ila. Tun daga ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1948, korar Falasdinawa ya zama abin da aka saba yi. Gabaɗaya, fiye da Falasɗinawa Larabawa 750,000 sun yi gudun hijira ko kuma aka kore su daga gidajensu, kusan kashi 80 na al'ummar Larabawa Falasɗinawa. Da yawa daga cikin masu hannu da shuni sun tsere zuwa kasashen Palasdinawa kafin a kore su. Daga cikin wadanda ba su da hali, da yawa sun zauna a sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira a jihohin makwabta. Dalilan hijirar suna da yawa kuma sun haɗa da lalata ƙauyukan Larabawa (a tsakanin 400 zuwa 600 ƙauyuka na Palastinawa an kori kuma Falasɗinu na birni sun lalace); Ci gaban sojojin yahudawa da kuma fargabar sake yin wani kisan gilla daga mayakan sahyoniyyah bayan kisan kiyashin Deir Yassin; umarnin korar kai tsaye daga hukumomin Isra’ila; rugujewar shugabancin Palasdinawa; da rashin son zama ƙarƙashin ikon Yahudawa. Bayan haka, wasu jerin dokoki da gwamnatin Isra'ila ta farko ta kafa sun hana Falasdinawa komawa gidajensu ko kuma neman kadarorinsu. Har wala yau Falasdinawa da yawa da zuriyarsu sun kasance 'yan gudun hijira. Matsayin su na 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma ko Isra'ila za ta ba su hakkinsu na komawa gidajensu ko kuma a biya su diyya, wasu muhimman batutuwa ne a rikicin da ke faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. Wasu masana tarihi sun bayyana korar Falasdinawa a matsayin kabilanci.

Mayu 16. A wannan rana a shekara ta 1960, wani muhimmin taron diflomasiyya a birnin Paris tsakanin shugaban Amurka Dwight Eisenhower da firaministan Soviet Nikita Khrushchev, wanda bangarorin biyu suka yi fata. na iya haifar da ingantacciyar dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu. maimakon haka ya rabu cikin fushi. Kwanaki 2 da suka gabata ne, a karon farko da makami mai linzami na sararin samaniyar Tarayyar Soviet suka harbo wani jirgin leken asiri na U-2 mai tsayin daka na Amurka a kan yankin Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin da yake daukar cikakken hotunan na'urorin soji a kasa. Bayan jirage U-1953 ashirin da biyu da suka gabata, Khrushchev a ƙarshe yana da kwakkwarar shaidar shirin da Amurka ta musanta a baya. Lokacin da Eisenhower ya ki amincewa da bukatarsa ​​na hana duk wani jirage na leken asiri a nan gaba, Khrushchev ya fusata ya bar taron, inda ya kawo karshen taron. Jirgin na leken asirin da ya yi sama da fadi da shi, ya kasance ne na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka (CIA). Tun daga 2015, Allen Dulles ne ke jagorantar hukumar, wanda a cikin yanayi mai tsananin kyamar kwaminisanci da kyamar baki, ya haifar da gwamnatin sirri ta rugujewar dabi'a. David Talbot ne ya gano laifuka da yawa a cikin littafinsa na buɗe ido na XNUMX Iblis na Chessboard…. CIA ce, Talbot bayanin kula, wanda ya gabatar da "canjin mulki" da kuma cin zarafi da kashe shugabannin kasashen waje a matsayin kayan aikin manufofin waje na Amurka. Talbot ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa CIA ta kafa mamaya na Cuban Bay of Pigs don gazawa don tilasta hannun matashin Shugaba Kennedy ya jefa bama-bamai a tsibirin da kuma aika cikin Marines. Irin wannan skullduggery da cin amana, idan gaskiya ne, suna nuna karara yadda kishin yakin cacar baki ya gurbata siyasar Amurka, ya ruguza ka’idojin dimokaradiyyar kasar, ya kuma samar da wata kasa mai duhu wacce ke son mayar da tashin hankalinta na zahiri da na dabi’a a ciki ga wadanda suka ki ta.

Mayu 17. A wannan rana a cikin 1968, mutane tara sun ƙone daftarin fayiloli a Catonsville, Maryland. Uba Daniel da Uba Philip Berrigan tare da 'yan rajin kare hakkin jama'a na Katolika David Darst, John Hogan, Tom Lewis, Marjorie Bradford Melville, Thomas Melville, George Mische, da Mary Moylan an kama su saboda cire daruruwan daftarin bayanai daga ofisoshin Zabi a Catonsville. MD, da lalata su da napalm na gida don nuna rashin amincewa da daftarin da yakin Vietnam da ke gudana. Daurin da aka yi musu a baya ya fusata mutane da yawa yayin da jaridu suka ba da labarin. A cikin kalmomin Uba Daniyel, "Uzurinmu, ƙaunatattun abokai, don karyewar tsari mai kyau, kona takarda maimakon yara ... ba za mu iya ba, don haka ku taimake mu Allah ya yi in ba haka ba." Yayin da aka fara shari'ar a Baltimore, "Nine" sun sami goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar da ke adawa da daftarin. Ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe sun sami ƙarin goyon baya daga malamai, Students for a Democratic Society, Cornell dalibai, da Baltimore Welfare Workers Union. Dubban mutane sun yi tattaki a kan titunan Baltimore suna kira da a saki tara, da kuma kawo ƙarshen “Bautar Zaɓaɓɓe” da daftarin ya gindaya don mara baya ga girma da mulkin mallaka ba wai kawai a Vietnam ba, amma a Kudancin Amurka, Afirka, da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Taran sun bayyana karara a lokacin shari’ar da ake yi musu cewa ‘yan kasa ba su da wani zabi illa rashin biyayya ga jama’a sa’ad da ka’idodin ɗabi’a, addini, da kishin ƙasa ba su dace ba. Taran ba su taɓa musanta ayyukansu ba, amma sun mai da hankali kan niyyarsu. Wannan aniyar tana ci gaba da zaburar da waɗanda ke adawa da hukuncin da aka yanke wa matasan Amurka zuwa yaƙe-yaƙe marasa iyaka duk da hukunce-hukuncen laifuffuka, da yanke hukunci, da yanke hukunci da aka ɗora kan waɗanda suka ƙi.

Mayu 18. A wannan rana a cikin 1899 an buɗe taron zaman lafiya na Hague. Rasha ce ta gabatar da wannan taron "a madadin kwance damara da zaman lafiya na dindindin na duniya." Kasashe 18, ciki har da Amurka, sun hadu domin tattauna hanyoyin da za su bi wajen yaki. An raba wakilan zuwa kwamitoci uku don gabatar da ra'ayoyi. Hukumar ta farko ta amince da gaba daya cewa "iyakance tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi wa sojoji da ke zaluntar duniya abu ne da za a so." Kwamitin na biyu ya ba da shawarar sake yin kwaskwarima ga sanarwar Brussels game da ka'idojin yaki, da kuma yarjejeniyar Geneva don tsawaita kariyar da kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta bayar. Kwamitin na uku ya yi kira da a yi sulhu don sasanta rikice-rikicen kasa da kasa cikin lumana, wanda ya kai ga kotun kasa da kasa. Alkalai saba'in da biyu ne aka zabo a matsayin masu sasantawa marasa son zuciya da za su kula da ka'idoji da hanyoyin tsara kundin doka. A ranar 1901 ga Mayu, 135, an kafa kotun a matsayin "mafi mahimmancin mataki na ci gaba, na halin jin kai na duniya, wanda ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa suka taba dauka, kamar yadda dole ne a kawar da yaki, kuma a gaba, kasancewa mai ra'ayin cewa dalilin. zaman lafiya zai amfana sosai ta hanyar gina gidan kotu da ɗakin karatu na Kotun Hukunta ta dindindin…” A cikin shekaru bakwai, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin sasantawa 12 tare da XNUMX da suka shafi Amurka. Kasashe sun amince su mika bambance-bambancen su ga Kotun Hague lokacin da ba su saba wa "'yancin kai, daraja, muhimman bukatunsu, ko kuma ikon mallakar kasashen da ke kulla yarjejeniya ba, kuma muddin ba zai yiwu a samu mafita ta hanyar lumana ba. na tattaunawar diflomasiyya kai tsaye ko kuma ta kowace hanya ta sulhu."

Iya 19. A wannan rana a cikin 1967, Tarayyar Soviet ta amince da wata yarjejeniya da ta haramta tura makaman nukiliya a cikin kewayen duniya.. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma haramtawa kasashe amfani da wata, wasu taurari, ko wani “jikin sama” a matsayin sansanin soja ko sansanonin. Kafin amincewar Soviet, "Yarjejeniyar Sararin Samaniya," kamar yadda aka kira yarjejeniyar lokacin da aka fara aiki a watan Oktoba 1967, Amurka, Burtaniya, da sauran kasashe da dama sun riga sun sanya hannu da / ko kuma suka amince da su. Ya wakilci martanin kasa da kasa, karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ga fargabar da ake yi cewa Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet za su iya sanya sararin samaniya ta gaba ga makaman nukiliya. Da farko dai Soviets da kansu sun yi watsi da amincewa da dokar hana makaman nukiliya a sararin samaniya, suna mai dagewa cewa za su iya amincewa da irin wannan yarjejeniya ne kawai idan Amurka ta fara kawar da sansanonin kasashen waje da ta riga ta ajiye makamai masu linzami masu cin gajeren zango da matsakaici - bukata. Amurka ta ƙi. Soviets sun yi watsi da abin da ake bukata, duk da haka, bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hana gwajin gwajin iyaka na Amurka/Soviet a watan Agustan 1963, wanda ya haramta gwajin makaman nukiliya a ko'ina sai dai a karkashin kasa. A cikin shekaru da dama da suka biyo baya, sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da yin amfani da sararin samaniya wajen yaki da kuma yin tir da matakin da Rasha da sauran kasashe suka yi na hana duk wani makami na sararin samaniya da kuma amfani da makamashin nukiliya a sararin samaniya. Amfani da tauraron dan adam wajen kai hari da makami mai linzami, da ci gaba da kera makaman sararin samaniya wani bangare ne na abin da sojojin Amurka ke nufi da manufar "cikakken rinjaye" - ra'ayin da har yanzu ya hada da abin da Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya kira Star Wars ko Makami mai linzami. Tsaro.

Mayu 20. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1968, Cocin Unitarian Street Arlington mai ci gaba sosai ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin gidajen ibada na farko don ba da mafaka ga masu adawa da Yaƙin Vietnam. Daga cikin su biyun da suka ɗauki mafaka, William Chase, sojan da ba ya nan ba tare da izini ba, ya miƙa wuya ga hukumomin soji bayan kwanaki tara, bayan da aka ba shi tabbaci game da matsayinsa na wanda ya ƙi saboda imaninsa. Amma Robert Talmanson, wani dattijon da ya gaza yin nasarar kalubalantar shigarsa soja, jami'an Amurka sun kama shi daga kan mimbarin cocin tare da raka masu zanga-zangar a waje tare da taimakon 'yan sandan Boston. A cikin ba da wurin tsarkaka, Cocin Arlington Street ya ɗauki jagorancinsa daga Chaplain Jami'ar Yale William Sloane Coffin, wanda ya bukaci farfado da tsohuwar al'ada a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna alamar juriya na addini ga yakin rashin adalci a Vietnam. Akwatin ya yi wannan roko ne yayin wata zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yaki a cocin a watan Oktoban da ya gabata. A cikinta, maza 60 sun kona katin daftarin katinsu a cocin cocin, wasu 280 kuma suka mika daftarin katinsu ga limaman coci hudu, ciki har da Coffin da ministan Titin Arlington Dokta Jack Mendelsohn, wadanda da kansu suka yi kasada mai yiwuwa a hukunta su ta hanyar hada kai da masu adawa da yaki. A ranar Lahadi mai zuwa, Dokta Mendelsohn ya gabatar da kalmomi da aka yi niyya kai tsaye ga ikilisiyarsa waɗanda suka taƙaita mahimmancin taron: “Lokacin da akwai waɗanda,” in ji shi, “waɗanda, bayan sun gaji ba tare da wani tasiri ba, duk wata hanya ta halal ta adawa da manyan laifukan da ake aikatawa. da sunan su ta gwamnatinsu… kuma suka zaɓi maimakon Jathsemene na rashin biyayya, ta yaya ikkilisiya za ta amsa? Kun san yadda [Coci] ta amsa ranar Litinin da ta gabata. Amma amsar da ke ci gaba, wacce ke da kima, taki ce.

Iya 21. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1971, Membobin kungiyar Indiyawan Indiyawa (AIM) sun mamaye tashar jirgin ruwan Amurka da aka yi watsi da su a Milwaukee, Wisconsin.. Mamaya ya biyo bayan kwace makamancin haka ne kwanaki biyar kafin mambobin kungiyar AIM da wasu kungiyoyi da kabilun Indiya na wani tashar jiragen ruwa da za a rufe nan ba da jimawa ba a kusa da Minneapolis, inda suka yi shirin kafa wata makaranta da cibiyar al'adu ta Indiya baki daya. Matakin ya samu barata ne bisa Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar Sioux ta 1868, wanda mallakar da asalin mallakar Indiyawa ne za ta koma musu idan da lokacin da gwamnati ta yi watsi da shi. Duk da haka, saboda mamaye tashar Milwaukee da aka yi watsi da shi a ranar 21 ga Mayu, ya kawo cikas ga ayyukan sojojin ruwa da ke da alaƙa, an kama mutanen da ke cikin ginin Minneapolis, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shirinsu. An kafa AIM a cikin 1968 don biyan manyan manufofin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka guda biyar: 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki, farfado da al'adun gargajiya, kare haƙƙin doka, cin gashin kai kan yankunan ƙabilanci, da maido da filayen ƙabilanci da aka kwace ba bisa ka'ida ba. Domin cimma wannan buri, kungiyar ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ba za a manta da ita ba. Sun hada da mamayar tsibirin Alcatraz daga 1969 zuwa 1971; tattakin 1972 kan Washington don nuna rashin amincewa da keta yarjejeniyoyin Amurka; da kuma kwace wani wuri a 1973 da aka yi wa rauni don nuna adawa da manufofin gwamnatin Indiya. A yau, kungiyar, mai tushe a fadin kasar, na ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin kafa ta. A cikin gidan yanar gizon ta, AIM ta tabbatar da cewa al'adun 'yan asalin Amirka sun cancanci "alfahari da tsaro" kuma suna kira ga dukan 'yan asalin Amirkawa da su "zama da karfi a ruhaniya, kuma su tuna cewa motsi ya fi nasarori ko kuskuren shugabanninsa."

Mayu 22. A wannan rana a 1998 Masu jefa ƙuri'a a Ireland ta Arewa da Jamhuriyar Ireland sun amince da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Arewacin Ireland, wanda kuma aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a mai kyau, wanda ya kawo karshen rikici na kusan shekaru 30 tsakanin 'yan kishin kasa da masu haɗin kai a Ireland ta Arewa. Yarjejeniyar, wadda aka amince da ita a Belfast a ranar Juma'a mai kyau, 10 ga Afrilu 1998, tana da sassa biyu, yarjejeniyar jam'iyyu da yawa tsakanin yawancin jam'iyyun siyasar Arewacin Ireland (DUP, Democratic Unionist Party, ita ce kawai jam'iyyar da ba ta yarda ba) da kuma na kasa da kasa. yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatocin Birtaniya da Jamhuriyar Ireland. Yarjejeniyar ta haifar da cibiyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa Arewacin Ireland da Jamhuriyar Ireland, da kuma Jamhuriyar Ireland da Burtaniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Majalisar Ireland ta Arewa, cibiyoyin kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Irish, da ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar majalisun da aka raba a cikin Burtaniya (Scotland, Wales, da Ireland ta Arewa) tare da majalisa a Burtaniya da Jamhuriyar Irish. Har ila yau, tsakiyar yarjejeniyar, akwai yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi yancin kai, 'yancin jama'a da na al'adu, kawar da makamai, kawar da makamai, adalci da kuma 'yan sanda. Gerry Adams, shugaban kungiyar 'yan kishin kasa ta Arewacin Irish Sinn Fein, ya bayyana fatan cewa gibin tarihi na amana tsakanin 'yan kishin kasa da 'yan kungiyar hadin kai "za a cike bisa tushen daidaito. Muna nan muna mika hannun abokantaka.” Shugaban Ulster Unionist David Trimble ya amsa cewa ya ga “dama mai girma . . . don fara aikin warkarwa." Bertie Ahern, shugaban jamhuriyar Ireland, ya kara da cewa yana fatan yanzu za a iya zana layi karkashin "bakin jini da ya wuce". Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1999.

Mayu 23. A wannan rana a shekara ta 1838 aka fara korar ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka daga ƙasashen kakanninsu a Kudu maso Gabashin Arewacin Amirka zuwa ƙasashen yammacin kogin Mississippi waɗanda aka keɓe a matsayin yankin Indiya. A cikin 1820s, mazauna Turai a kudu maso gabas suna neman ƙarin fili. Sun fara zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a filayen Indiya tare da matsawa gwamnatin tarayya lamba don kawar da Indiyawan daga Kudu maso Gabas. A cikin 1830, Shugaba Andrew Jackson ya sami damar yin Dokar Cire Indiya ta Majalisa. Wannan dokar ta ba wa gwamnatin tarayya izinin kashe lakan mallakar filaye a Kudu maso Gabas mallakar Indiyawa. An tilastawa ƙaura, kodayake wasu suna adawa da su, gami da ɗan majalisar dokokin Amurka Davy Crockett na Tennessee, cikin sauri ya biyo baya. Dokar ta shafi ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka fi sani da Ƙabilun Biyar Wayewa: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, da Seminole. Choctaw sune farkon da aka cire, tun daga 1831. Kawar da Seminoles, duk da tsayin daka, ya fara a 1832. A 1834 an cire Creek. Kuma a cikin 1837 shi ne Chickasaw. A shekara ta 1837, tare da ƙaura daga waɗannan kabilu huɗu, Indiyawan 46,000 an cire su daga ƙasashensu na asali, wanda ya buɗe kadada miliyan 25 don matsugunan Turai. A cikin 1838 kawai Cherokee ya ragu. Yan bindigar Jiha da na gida ne suka yi kaura ta tilasta musu matsuguni, inda suka tattara Cherokee suka tare su a cikin manya-manyan sansani. Fuskantar abubuwan, da saurin yada cututtuka masu yaduwa, cin zarafi daga masu kan iyaka, da rashin isasshen abinci ya kashe har 8,000 daga cikin Cherokee sama da 16,000 da suka fara tattakin. A shekara ta 1838 da aka tilastawa ƙaura na Cherokee ya zama sananne da Trail of Tears.

Mayu 24. A wannan rana a kowace shekara, ana bikin ranar mata ta duniya don zaman lafiya da kwance damara (IWDPD) a duniya. An kafa shi a Turai a farkon shekarun 1980, IWDPD ta fahimci yunƙurin tarihi da na yanzu na mata a ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya da kwance damara na duniya. A cewar sanarwar IWDPD akan yanar gizo, mata masu fafutuka da take girmama sun ƙi tashin hankali a matsayin mafita ga ƙalubalen duniya kuma suna aiki a maimakon duniya mai adalci da zaman lafiya wacce ta dace da bukatun ɗan adam-ba na soja ba. Yunkurin mata na neman zaman lafiya yana da dogon tarihi, tun kafin 1915, lokacin da mata 1,200 daga ƙasashe masu yaƙi da tsaka tsaki suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a Hague, Netherlands. A lokacin yakin cacar baka, kungiyoyin mata masu fafutuka a duniya sun shirya taruka, yakin neman ilimi, karawa juna sani, da zanga-zanga da nufin kawo karshen tarin makamai, da hana amfani da makamai masu guba da na halitta, da kuma hana yiwuwar amfani da makaman nukiliya. Yayin da karni na ashirin ke kusa da karshensa, kungiyar mata ta zaman lafiya ta kara fadada manufofinta. Bisa la'akari da cewa nau'o'in cin zarafi daban-daban na cikin gida, ciki har da cin zarafin mata, na iya danganta su da cin zarafi da aka fuskanta a yakin, da kuma cewa zaman lafiyar cikin gida yana da nasaba da girmama al'ada ga mata, kungiyoyin masu fafutuka a cikin wannan motsi sun fara bin manufofin biyu na kwance damara da makamai. hakkin mata. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da wani kuduri kan mata, zaman lafiya da tsaro wanda ya ke nuni da bukatar hada ra'ayoyin jinsi a duk fannonin taimakon zaman lafiya, da suka hada da kwance damara, korar gidaje, da kuma gyara su. Wannan takarda har yanzu tana zama wani sauyi mai cike da tarihi wajen amincewa da gudunmawar mata kai tsaye wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya.

Mayu 25. A wannan rana, a 1932, da Bonus Army na yakin duniya na Tsohon soji nuna a Washington, DC, kuma aka kai hari tare da hawaye gas ta Douglas MacArthur. Majalisa ta yi wa tsoffin sojojin WWI alkawarin ba da lamuni tare da sharadi cewa za su jira biyan su har zuwa 1945. A shekara ta 1932, Tashin hankali ya bar tsofaffi da yawa marasa aikin yi da rashin matsuguni. Kimanin 15,000 da aka shirya a matsayin "Kwarin Ƙarfafawa na Kyauta," sun yi tattaki zuwa Washington, kuma sun nemi biyan su. Sun hada matsuguni don iyalansu, kuma suka yi sansani a hayin kogin daga Capitol yayin da suke jiran amsa daga Majalisa. Tsoro daga mazauna yankin ya sa aka bukaci kowane daga cikin tsoffin sojojin da ya ba da kwafin sallamarsu. Shugaban BEF, Walter Waters, ya ce: “Muna nan na tsawon lokaci kuma ba za mu ji yunwa ba. Za mu ci gaba da rike kanmu a matsayin kungiyar tsohon sojan Simon-pure. Idan an biya Bonus ɗin zai sauƙaƙa zuwa ga mummunan yanayin tattalin arziki. " A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni^th, an kada kuri'ar samun kyautar, kuma tsoffin sojoji sun fara yin shiru "Martin Mutuwa" a Capitol har sai da Majalisa ta dage zaman 17 ga Yuli.^th. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, Atty. Janar din ya ba da umarnin kwashe su daga kadarorin gwamnati da ‘yan sanda suka zo suka kashe masu zanga-zanga biyu. Daga nan sai shugaba Hoover ya umarci sojojin da su kawar da sauran. Lokacin da Janar Douglas MacArthur tare da Manjo Dwight D. Eisenhower suka aika da sojojin dawaki karkashin jagorancin Major George Patton tare da tankokin yaki shida, sojojin sun dauka ana tallafa musu. Maimakon haka, an watsa musu hayaki mai sa hawaye, aka kona sansanonin su, kuma jarirai biyu sun mutu a matsayin asibitocin yankin cike da tsoffin sojoji.

Mayu 26. A wannan rana ta 1637, turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila sun kai wani hari da daddare a wani kauye mai suna Pequot a Mystic, Connecticut, inda suka kona tare da kashe dukkan mazauna garin 600 zuwa 700. Asalin wani yanki na zama na Puritan a Massachusetts Bay, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingilishi sun bazu zuwa Connecticut kuma sun shiga cikin rikici da Pequot. Don tsoratar da Indiyawa, Gwamnan Massachusetts Bay John Endicott ya shirya wata babbar rundunar soji a cikin bazara na 1637. Pequot, duk da haka, ya ki amincewa da shirin, maimakon haka ya aika 200 na mayakansu don kai hari a wani yanki na mulkin mallaka, ya kashe maza shida da mata uku. . A matsayin ramuwar gayya, 'yan mulkin mallaka sun kai hari kauyen Pequot da ke Mystic a cikin abin da a yanzu ake kira Massacre na Mystic. Kyaftin din mulkin mallaka John Mason, wanda ke jagorantar mayakan da ke samun goyon bayan kusan Mohegan 300, Narragansett, da mayakan Niantic, ya ba da umarnin cinnawa kauyen wuta tare da toshe hanyoyin fita guda biyu kawai daga palisade da ke kewaye da shi. An harbe Pequot da ya yi kokarin hawa kan palisade, kuma duk wanda ya yi nasara, mayakan Narragansett sun kashe su. Wannan kisan kare dangi ne, kamar yadda masana tarihi da yawa suka yi iƙirari? Kyaftin din ‘yan mulkin mallaka, John Underhill, wanda ya jagoranci ‘yan bindigar mutum 20 a lokacin harin, ba shi da wata matsala wajen tabbatar da kisan mata, yara, tsofaffi, da kuma marasa lafiya. Ya yi nuni ga Nassi, wanda “ya ce mata da yara za su mutu tare da iyayensu…. Mun sami isasshen haske daga Kalmar Allah don tafiyar da mu." Bayan ƙarin hare-hare guda biyu akan ƙauyukan Pequot a watan Yuni da Yuli 1637, Yaƙin Pequot ya ƙare kuma an sayar da yawancin Indiyawan da suka tsira zuwa bauta.

Mayu 27. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1907, an haifi ƙwararren marubuci kuma majagaba Ba'amurkiya Rachel Carson a Silver Spring, Maryland. A cikin 1962, Carson ya haifar da muhawara mai yawa tare da buga littafin Silent Spring, littafinta mai ban mamaki game da haɗarin da ke tattare da tsarin halitta ta hanyar rashin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari irin su DDT. Hakanan ana iya tunawa Carson saboda sukar ɗabi'a da ta yi wa al'ummar Amurka. A gaskiya ta kasance wani ɓangare na babban tawaye tsakanin masana kimiyya da masu tunani na hagu na 1950s da 60s wanda ya taso da farko daga damuwa game da tasirin radiation daga gwaje-gwajen nukiliya na sama. A shekara ta 1963, shekara kafin mutuwarta daga cutar kansar nono, Carson ta bayyana kanta a karon farko a matsayin “masanin ilimin halitta” a wani jawabi a gaban wasu likitoci 1,500 a California. Ta bijirewa tsarin zamantakewar al'umma wanda ya dogara da kwadayi, mallakewa, da kuma rashin imani a kimiyyar da ba tare da ka'ida ta ɗabi'a ba, ta yi jayayya da sha'awar cewa duk mutane a haƙiƙa suna cikin hanyar haɗin kai na haɗin kai na dabi'a da haɗin kai waɗanda suke barazanar kawai a cikin haɗarinsu. . A yau, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da rikice-rikicen yanayi, barazanar nukiliya, da kuma kira don ƙarin makaman nukiliya "mai amfani", mutanen duniya har yanzu suna cikin lalacewa - ko da yake watakila mafi haɗari - ta hanyar zamantakewar zamantakewa Carson ya nemi canzawa. Yanzu, fiye da kowane lokaci, lokaci ya yi da ƙungiyoyin muhalli za su shiga cikin ƙoƙarin sarrafa makamai da ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da yaƙi da ke aiki da ƙarfi don samar da zaman lafiya. Idan aka yi la'akari da miliyoyin membobinsu da suka jajirce, irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin za su iya yin tasiri yadda ya kamata cewa makaman nukiliya da yaƙi sune manyan barazana ga yanayin haɗin gwiwa na duniya.

Mayu 28. A wannan rana ta 1961 aka kafa Amnesty International. A wata kasida daga Mai kallo, Lauyan Burtaniya Peter Benenson ya ba da shawarar cewa, “ Fursunonin da aka manta da su ” ana buƙatar ƙungiyar kare hakkin ɗan adam don aiwatar da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1948 game da yancin ɗan adam. Benenson ya rubuta game da damuwarsa game da karuwar cin zarafi na Mataki na 18: “Kowa yana da ‘yancin yin tunani, lamiri da addini… da kuma Mataki na 19: Kowane mutum na da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa: wannan hakkin ya hada da ‘yancin rike ra’ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba. da kuma neman, karɓa da kuma ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi ta kowace kafofin watsa labaru kuma ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba..." Dutch ya fara aiki tare da Benenson don kare hakkin jama'a a 1962, kuma a 1968 an haifi Amnesty International a Netherlands. Kamfen ɗinsu na kawo ƙarshen azabtarwa, soke hukuncin kisa, dakatar da kisan gillar siyasa, da kawo ƙarshen ɗaurin kurkuku bisa kabilanci, addini, ko jima'i ya kai ga Sashen Amnesty International a ƙasashe da yawa da ke samun tallafi fiye da mutane miliyan bakwai daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Cikakkun bincikensu, bincikensu, da takaddun shaida sun haifar da adana kayan tarihi a Cibiyar Tarihin Jama'a ta Duniya gami da kaset na tambayoyi da kayan farfaganda daga tarihin shari'ar da ke hana 'yancin ɗan adam. Sakatariyar kasa da kasa tana kunshe da bayanai kan take hakkin dan Adam kamar fursunonin lamiri da kasashe ke yanke musu hukunci ta hanyar amfani da dauri ba bisa ka'ida ba don dacewa da manufofinsu. An soki Amnesty International saboda kin adawa da yaki, duk da cewa tana adawa da zalunci da dama da yake-yake ke haifarwa, da kuma taimakawa wajen fara yakin yammacin duniya ta hanyar goyon bayan zargin cin zarafi da ake amfani da su a matsayin farfaganda.

Mayu 29. A wannan rana ta 1968 ne aka fara yakin neman zaben Talaka. A taron Shugabancin Kirista na Kudancin Amurka a watan Disamba 1967, Martin Luther King ya ba da shawarar kamfen don kawar da rashin daidaito da talauci a Amurka. Manufarsa ita ce, talakawa za su iya tsarawa tare da ganawa da jami'an gwamnati a Washington don magance yakin da ake fama da shi, rashin ayyukan yi, mafi karancin albashi, ilimi, da kuma murya ga karuwar yawan talakawa da yara. Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun goyi bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe da suka haɗa da Indiyawan Amurka, Amurkawa Mexiko, Puerto Rican, da ƙaramar fararen fata. Yayin da yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fara jan hankalin al'umma, an kashe Sarki a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1968. Ralph Abernathy ya ɗauki matsayin Sarki a matsayin shugaban SCLC, ya ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya isa Washington tare da ɗaruruwan masu zanga-zanga a Ranar Mata, 12 ga Mayu. , 1968. Coretta Scott King kuma ya isa tare da rakiyar dubban mata suna kira ga dokar haƙƙin tattalin arziki, kuma ta sha alwashin yin aikin hajji na yau da kullun zuwa hukumomin tarayya don tattauna batutuwan rashin daidaito da rashin adalci. A ƙarshen wannan makon, duk da ruwan sama mai tsanani da ya mai da Kantin sayar da kayayyaki ya zama laka, ƙungiyar ta kai 5,000 ta kafa tanti tare da sansani da suka kira “Birnin Tashin Matattu.” Matar Robert Kennedy ta kasance daya daga cikin masu zuwa ranar iyaye mata, kuma tare da sauran kasashen duniya, suna kallon rashin imani yayin da aka kashe mijinta a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni. An kama jerin gwanon jana'izar Kennedy a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa makabartar Arlington ta kasa. Daga nan ne ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta tilasta rufe birnin Resurrection saboda karewar izinin da aka bayar na kamfen na amfani da filin shakatawa.

Mayu 30. A wannan rana a cikin 1868, an fara bikin ranar tunawa lokacin da mata biyu a Columbus, MS, sanya furanni a kan kaburburan Confederate da Union. Wannan labarin game da yadda mata suka fahimci rayukan da aka sadaukar da su a kowane bangare saboda yakin basasa ta hanyar ziyartar kaburbura da furanni a hannunsu ya faru ne shekaru biyu da suka wuce, ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1866. A cewar Cibiyar Binciken Yakin Basasa, akwai mata da uwaye da ’ya’ya mata marasa adadi da suke kwana a makabarta. A cikin Afrilu na 1862, wani malami daga Michigan ya haɗu da wasu mata daga Arlington, VA don yin ado da kaburbura a Fredericksburg. Ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1864, wata mace ta ziyarci kabarin mahaifinta tare da mutane da yawa waɗanda suka rasa ubanni, maza, da 'ya'ya maza sun bar furanni a kowane kabari a Boalsburg, PA. A cikin bazara na 1865, wani likitan fiɗa, wanda zai zama Likita Janar na National Guard a Wisconsin, ya shaida mata suna sanya furanni a kan kaburbura kusa da Knoxville, TN yayin da ya wuce ta kan jirgin kasa. "'Yan matan Southland" sun kasance suna yin haka a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1865 a Jackson, MS, tare da mata a Kingston, GA, da Charleston, SC. A cikin 1866, matan Columbus, MS sun ji cewa ya kamata a sadaukar da rana don tunawa, wanda ya jagoranci waƙar "The Blue and the Gray" na Francis Miles Finch. Mata da 'yar marigayi Kanar daga Columbus, GA, da kuma wata ƙungiya mai baƙin ciki daga Memphis, TN sun yi irin wannan roko ga al'ummominsu, kamar yadda wasu daga Carbondale, IL, da Petersburg da Richmond, VA suka yi. Ba tare da la’akari da wanda ya fara ɗaukar ranar tunawa da tsofaffi ba, a ƙarshe gwamnatin Amurka ta amince da hakan.

Mayu 31. A wannan rana ta 1902, yarjejeniyar Vereeniging ta kawo karshen yakin Boer. A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, Birtaniya sun mamaye yankin Cape Colony na Holland a ƙarshen Afirka ta Kudu. Boers (Yaren mutanen Holland ga manoma) mazauna wannan yanki na bakin teku tun daga shekarun 1600 suka koma arewa zuwa yankin kabilanci na Afirka (The Great Trek) wanda ya kai ga kafa jamhuriyar Transvaal da Orange Free State. Binciken da suka yi na lu'u-lu'u da zinare a wadannan yankuna ba da dadewa ba ya kai ga wani hari na Burtaniya. Yayin da Turawan Ingila suka karbe garuruwansu a shekarar 1900, Boars suka kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a kansu. Sojojin Birtaniyya sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kawo isassun dakaru don fatattakar 'yan ta'addar, da lalata yankunansu, da kuma daure matansu da 'ya'yansu a sansanonin taro inda sama da 20,000 suka sha gallazawar mutuwar mutane saboda yunwa da cututtuka. A shekara ta 1902, Boers sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Vereeniging ta yarda da mulkin Birtaniya don musanyawa ga sakin sojojin Boer da iyalansu, tare da alkawarin mulkin mallaka. A shekara ta 1910, Burtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu, tana mulkin Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal da Orange State a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Yayin da tashe-tashen hankula ke yaduwa a Turai, Shugaban Amurka Theodore Roosevelt ya yi kira da a gudanar da wani taro da ya kai ga kulla yarjejeniyoyin kafa doka, da kuma kotunan kasa da kasa da suka hana masu mulkin mallaka. Wannan kira na daukar mataki ya baiwa shugaba Roosevelt lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, kuma ya haifar da tafiyar hawainiyar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Afirka. Boers sun sake samun ikon mallakar jamhuriyarsu kamar yadda damuwa ta duniya da kuma buƙatar yin lissafi ya canza ra'ayin duniya game da "dokokin" yaki.

Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.

Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.

Je zuwa fayilolin mai jiwuwa.

Je zuwa rubutun.

Je zuwa zane-zanen.

Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.

Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.

Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.

Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.

Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.

Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz

Graphics by Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.