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Afrilu 1. A wannan rana a cikin 2018 Amurka ta ɗauki littafin farko mai kyau. Shugaba Donald Trump ya kafa Ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2017 ta Dokar Zartarwa. An kafa Bikin Littattafan na Kasa da Kasa ne a shekarar 2000 kuma an yi bikin a kasashen da suka hada da Australia, Brazil, India, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Russia, da Hong Kong. Hakanan an yi bikin a cikin Amurka: tun daga 2004 a Ohio, a Los Angeles a 2005, a Indianapolis a 2006, da kuma Florida a matsayin ɓangare na Makon Laburare na Weekasa. Masu ba da shawara ga Trump sun yi iƙirarin cewa Ranar Littattafai ta zama babbar dama don ba da abin da ya sauƙaƙa manufa ta kishin ƙasa. Zai iya zama mahimmin mahimmanci a kan kalanda don Yakin Banda labarai da kuma bikin Americanwarewar Amurka. Trump ya sami kwarin gwiwa musamman lokacin da ya ji cewa Laburaren Perkins a Kwalejin Hastings da ke Nebraska sun yi bikin Ranar Littattafai a 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Makon Littattafai. Dokar zartarwa ta Trump ta fitar da dokokin da za a bi.

1. Za a gudanar da shi kowace shekara a kan watan Afrilu 1.
2. Ba zai zama hutun jama'a ba amma al'amuran kafofin watsa labarai.
3. Jama'a zasu shiga kafin ko bayan aiki, ko kuma lokacin da aka yi musu izini.
4. Jama'a zasu lissafa rubutun da suka zaba su ci a ranar Twitter.
5. NSA za ta haɗa da kuma shimfiɗa duk matakan da aka lissafa don aikin nan gaba.

Kamar yadda Turi ta ce yayin da aka sanar da ranar littafi na kasa mai tushe daga matakai na Kundin Jakadancin, "Yau rana ce ta cikakkiyar rana ga duk wadanda ke da labarun labarai da za su ci maganganun su kuma su samu tare da shirin da kuma sanya Amurka Great Again. "

Afrilu 2. A wannan rana a 1935, dubban dalibai na Amurka sun yi yakin neman yaki. 'Yan makaranta a tsakiyar tsakiyar 1930s sun girma da jin tsoron WWI a duk faɗin Faransa, Birtaniya, da kuma Amurka, sun yi imanin cewa yaki bai amfana wa kowa ba, duk da haka yana tsoron wani. A 1934, an gudanar da zanga-zangar Amurka tare da daliban 25,000 don tunawa da ranar da Amurka ta shiga WWI. A 1935, wani "Student Strike haramta War kwamitin" da aka fara a Amurka jawo wani ko da ya fi girma motsi na 700 dalibai daga Kentucky University shiga ta 175,000 mafi fadin Amurka, da kuma dubban more a duniya. Dalibai daga 140 cibiyoyin karatun daga 31 kasashen bar su azuzuwan cewa rana ji: "rashin amincewa taro kashe kasance mafi m fiye da sa'a guda daga aji." Kamar yadda damuwar girma game da Jamus ta aikin da, matsala tsakanin Japan da Tarayyar Soviet, Italiya da kuma Ethiopia, da matsa lamba gina wa ɗalibai suyi magana. A KU, Kenneth Haifi, memba na muhawara tawagar, tambayar da $ 300 biliyan kashe a yakin duniya na, jayayya cewa "rationalism iya zo da mafi alhẽri bayani." Duk da yake ya kasance a podium, taron da aka fallasa su tsaga gas, tukuna Haifi rarrashi dalibai zauna ne ta furtawa, "za ka fuskanci mafi sharri daga wannan, a yaki." Charles Hackler, a dokar dalibi, ya bayyana zanga-zangar kamar yadda masu tuni da cewa "yaki da aka ba makawa," kira na yanzu ROTC farati da "yaki farfaganda ga 'yan jari-hujja, masu sayar da kararraki, da sauran masu cin zarafin yaki. "Kamar yadda akasarin daliban nan suka kasance a cikin yaki da mutuwa a Turai, Asiya, da Afirka a lokacin yakin duniya, kalmomin su sun fi dacewa.

Afrilu 3. A wannan rana a 1948, shirin Marshall ya fara aiki. Bayan WWII, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara bayar da agajin jin kai ga kasashen da suka lalace a fadin Turai. Amurka, wacce ba ta taɓa fuskantar babbar illa ba, ta ba da taimakon kuɗi da soja. Daga nan Shugaba Truman ya nada tsohon Shugaban Sojojin Amurka George Marshall, wanda aka san shi da diflomasiyyarsa a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje. Marshall da mukarrabansa sun fito da "Marshall Plan," ko Tsarin Maido da Turai, don dawo da tattalin arzikin Turai. An gayyaci Soviet Union amma ta ƙi jin tsoron sa hannun Amurka a cikin yanke shawara na kuɗi. Kasashe goma sha shida suka karba, kuma sun more karfin tattalin arziki tsakanin 1948-1952 wanda yakai ga Kawancen Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa, sannan daga baya Tarayyar Turai. Bayan karbar kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel saboda aikinsa, George Marshall ya raba wa duniya wadannan kalaman: “An yi sharhi mai tsoka game da bai wa soja kyautar ta Nobel ta Peace. Ina tsoron wannan bai zama mini abin birgewa ba kamar yadda yake bayyana ga wasu. Na san yawancin abubuwan ban tsoro da bala'i na yaƙi. A yau, a matsayina na shugaban Hukumar Ba da Lambobin Yammacin Amurka, aiki na ne in kula da gina da kuma kula da makabartun sojoji a kasashe da yawa a kasashen waje, musamman a Yammacin Turai. Kudin yaƙi a cikin rayuwar mutane yana yaɗuwa koyaushe a gabana, an rubuta shi da kyau a cikin jagororin da yawa waɗanda ginshiƙansu ginshiƙan kabari ne. Na yi matukar damuwa don nemo wasu hanyoyi ko hanya don guje wa wani bala'in yaƙi. Kusan kowace rana nakan ji daga matan, ko uwaye, ko dangin mamatan. Masifar abin da ya biyo baya kusan koyaushe tana gabana. ”

Afrilu 4. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1967, Martin Luther King ya gabatar da jawabi a gaban 3,000 masu taro a majalisa na Riverside Church a birnin New York. An lasafta "Bayan Vietnam: Lokacin da za a Kashe Hutu," jawabin nan ya nuna rikici a matsayin Sarki daga jagorancin 'yancin bil'adama ga annabi na bisharar zamantakewa. A cikin wannan, ba wai kawai ya kafa wani shiri na musamman don kawo karshen yakin ba, amma, a daidai wannan nau'i, maras amfani da murya, ya zama "mummunan cututtuka a cikin ruhun Amurka" wanda yakin ya zama alama. Dole ne mu yi, "ya ci gaba da cewa," yana fuskantar juyin juya hali na dabi'u .... Kasashen da ke ci gaba da kowace shekara don ciyar da kuɗi fiye da kariya a kan tsaron soja fiye da shirye-shirye na bunkasa zamantakewa yana gabatowa mutuwar ruhaniya. "Bayan jawabin nan, Amurkan ya ci gaba da zartar da sarki. Jaridar New York Times ta bayyana cewa "dabarun daidaita tsarin zaman lafiya da na 'yancin bil'adama zai iya zama mummunar damuwa ga mawuyacin lamarin," kuma irin wannan zargi ya fito ne daga jaridar baki da NAACP. Amma duk da haka, duk da kisan da ake yi da wariyar launin wariyar launin fata, Sarki bai yi nasara ba. Ya fara aiki mai ban mamaki kuma ya fara shirin Gidawar Kasuwanci, aikin da zai hada dukkanin Amurkawa, ko da kuwa kabilanci ko kabilanci, a cikin al'amuran dan adam. Ya haɗu da sabon halinsa a kalmomin nan: "Gicciye na iya nufin mutuwar shahararku." Duk da haka, "Ɗauki giciye kuma kawai ɗauka. Wannan ita ce hanyar da na yanke shawarar zuwa. Ku zo abin da zai yiwu, ba kome a yanzu ba. "A shekara bayan jawabin, daidai har zuwa ranar, an kashe shi.

Afrilu 5. A wannan rana a cikin 1946, Janar Douglas MacArthur yayi magana game da dakatar da yaƙi wanda aka haɗa a matsayin Mataki na 9 na sabon Tsarin Mulkin Japan. Mataki na 9 ya haɗa da yare kusan iri ɗaya da na yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand wanda ƙasashe da yawa ke jam'iyyar. "Duk da yake dukkan tanade-tanaden wannan sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da aka gabatar suna da muhimmanci, kuma suna jagorantar daidaiku da kuma gama kai ga yadda ake so kamar yadda aka bayyana a Potsdam," in ji shi, "Ina so musamman in ambaci wannan tanadi da ke magana game da sake yakin. Irin wannan sakewa, yayin da a wasu bangarori masu ma'ana game da lalata tasirin yakin Japan, har yanzu yana ci gaba da mika wuya ga ikon mallaka na neman makami a kasashen duniya. Ta hakan Japan tana shelanta imaninta a cikin al'ummomin ƙasa ta hanyar adalci, haƙuri da ingantaccen ƙa'idodin zamantakewar duniya da ɗabi'un siyasa kuma ta ba da amincinta na ƙasa a ciki. Mai zage zage na iya kallon irin wannan aikin kamar nunawa amma bangaskiya irin ta yara a cikin manufa ta hangen nesa, amma mai haƙiƙa zai gani a ciki muhimmiyar mahimmancin gaske. Zai fahimci cewa a cigaban rayuwar al'umma ya zama dole ga mutum ya bada wasu hakkoki. . . . Da shawara. . . amma ya fahimci mataki na gaba a cikin canjin rayuwar mutane. . . . dogaro da jagorancin duniya wanda baya rasa ƙarfin halin ɗabi'a don aiwatar da nufin talakawan da ke ƙin yaƙi. . . . Don haka na yaba da shawarar da Japan ta bayar game da sake yin yaki zuwa la'akari da la'akari da dukkan al'ummomin duniya. Yana nuna hanya - hanya daya tilo. ”

Afrilu 6. A wannan rana a 1994, an kashe shugabannin Rwanda da Burundi. Shaidun sun nuna magoya bayan tsohon shugaban kasar Rwanda Paul Kagame - shugaban kasar Rwanda - a matsayin mai laifi. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don tuna cewa yayinda yakin ya kasa hana kisan gillar, zasu iya haifar da su. Sakataren Majalisar Boutros Boutros-Ghali ya ce "da kisan kare dangi a Rwanda ya xari bisa dari nauyin da Amirkawa!" Wannan shi ne domin Amurka goyon wani mamayewa na Rwanda a kan Oktoba 1, 1990, ta Uganda sojojin karkashin jagorancin Amurka-horar da yan tawaye, kuma suka goyi bayan Ruwan Rwanda a tsawon shekaru uku da rabi. Gwamnatin Rwandan, a mayar da martani, ba ta bi gurbin tsarin {asar Amirka ba, a {asar Japan, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Kuma ba ya kirkiro ra'ayin magoya bayansa a tsakiya ba, yayin da rundunonin 'yan gwagwarmaya suke da kwayoyin halitta 36 a Ruwanda. Amma gwamnatin Rwandan ta kama mutane 8,000 da kuma riƙe su har kwanaki kadan zuwa watanni shida. Mutane sun gudu daga mamaye, haifar da babbar matsala ta 'yan gudun hijirar, ta rushe aikin noma, ta ragargaza tattalin arziki, ta ragargaza al'umma. {Asar Amirka da na Yamma sun yi amfani da makamai da kuma matsa lamba ta hanyar Bankin Duniya, IMF, da kuma USAID. Daga cikin sakamakon ya ƙara yawan rikici tsakanin Hutus da Tutsis. A ƙarshe dai gwamnati za ta yi tawaye. Da farko za a zo da kisan gillar da aka sani da kisan kare dangi na Rwandan. Kuma kafin wannan zai faru da kisan shugabanni biyu. Kashe fararen hula a Ruwanda ya ci gaba tun lokacin da yake kisan gillar da ke kusa da Congo, inda gwamnatin Kagame ta dauki yakin - tare da taimakon Amurka da makamai da dakarun.

Afrilu 7. A wannan rana a cikin 2014 shugaban kasar Ecuador Rafael Correa ya shaidawa sojojin Amurka cewa su bar kasarsa. Correa ya damu da "yawan gaske" na hafsoshin sojan Amurka da ke tsoma baki a cikin harkokin Ecuador. Dukan ma'aikatan sojan Amurka 20, ban da wanda ya ke sojan na Amurka, abin ya shafa. Wannan shi ne mataki na baya-bayan nan har zuwa yau a cikin ƙoƙarin Ecuador don maido da ikon mallaka daga Amurka a cikin halin tsaro na cikin gida. An dauki matakin farko a cikin 2008 lokacin da Correa ya tsarkake nasa sojojin wanda ake zargin sojojin CIA sun kutsa ciki kuma sun yi tasiri a kansa. Sannan a cikin 2009 Ecuador ta kori sojojin Amurka da ke wurin a lokacin da ta ƙi sabunta sabunta kwantiragin shekaru 10 na ƙare kan sansanin sojan Amurka da ke garin Manta a gabar tekun Pacific na Ecuador. Sojojin Sama na Amurka suna ambaton wannan sansanin a matsayin mafi akasarin yankinsu "Gabannin Gudanar da Ayyuka" wanda ake nufin dakatar da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi daga Colombia. Kafin rufewa, Correa yayi tayin don bude ginin. Ya ce, "Za mu sabunta ginin da sharadi guda, cewa za su bar mu mu kafa sansani a Miami - sansanin Ecuadorean." Tabbas, Amurka ba ta da sha'awar wannan shawarar. An tara munafuncin matsayin Amurkan ta Dan Majalisar Kasar Ecuadorean Maria Augusta Calle wanda New York Times ya ruwaito yana cewa “Yana da batun mutunci da ikon mallaka. Asusun kasashen waje nawa ne a Amurka? " Tabbas mun san amsar. Amma game da batun ko ana iya rufe sansanonin Amurka a cikin wasu ƙasashe, labarin Ecuador yana ba da amsa guda ɗaya mai ƙarfin gwiwa.

Afrilu 8. A wannan rana a 1898, an haifi Paul Robeson. Mahaifin Bulus ya tsere daga bauta kafin ya kafa a Princeton, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Lincoln. Duk da rarrabuwa a ko'ina cikin ƙasa, Bulus ya sami digiri na ilimi a Jami'ar Rutgers inda ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin mai shahararren mutum kafin ya koma makarantar Columbia Law. Harkokin wariyar launin fata ya hana aikinsa, don haka ya sami wani a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na inganta tarihin Afirka da al'adu. Bulus ya zama sananne ga matsayi na lashe lambar yabo kamar wasanni Othello, Emperor Jones, Da kuma Dukan Chillun Allah Ya Sami Wings, da kuma yadda ya dace Old Man River in Showboat. Ayyukansa a duk duniya sun bar masu sauraro suna sha'awar abubuwa. Robeson ya karanci harshe, kuma ya gabatar da waƙoƙi game da zaman lafiya da adalci a ƙasashe 25. Wannan ya haifar da abota da shugaban Afirka Jomo Kenyatta, na Jawaharlal Nehru na Indiya, WEB Du Bois, Emma Goldman, James Joyce, da Ernest Hemingway. A cikin 1933, Robeson ya ba da gudummawar kuɗin daga nasa Duk Chillun Allah ga yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira. A cikin 1945, ya nemi Shugaba Truman da ya zartar da wata doka ta yaki da kisan kiyashi, ya yi tambaya game da Yakin Cacar Baki, sannan ya tambaya me ya sa Ba’amurke ‘yan Afirka za su yi yaki don wata kasa mai irin wannan wariyar launin fata. Daga nan Paul Robeson ya sanya shi a matsayin Kwaminisanci ta Kwamitin Ayyukan Ba-Amurka, na dakatar da aikinsa. An soke tamanin daga kide-kide da wake-wake, kuma an kai hari biyu yayin da 'yan sandan jihar ke kallo. Robeson ya amsa: “Zan yi waka a duk inda mutane suke so in yi waka… kuma ba zan firgita da gicciye da ke ƙonewa a Peekskill ko wani wuri ba.” Amurka ta soke fasfon Robeson na shekaru 8. Robeson ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar mutum A nan Na Tsaya kafin mutuwarsa, wanda ya bayyana cewa ya bi miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma ƙwaƙwalwa a hannun CIA.

Afrilu 9. A yau a 1947, 'yanci na farko, "Journey of Reconciliation," CORE da FOR. Bayan WWII, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci cewa raguwa a kan jiragen kasa da kuma motar ba da ka'ida ba ne. Yayin da aka watsar da hukuncin a kudanci, Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), da kuma ƙungiyar 'yan Afirka takwas da takwas daga Congress for Racial Equality (CORE), ciki har da shugabannin kungiyar Bayard Rustin da George House, sun fara shiga bashi da kuma zaune tare. Sun shiga jirgi na Greyhound da Trailways a Washington DC, zuwa Petersburg inda Greyhound ya jagoranci Raleigh, da Trailways don Durham. Jagoran Greyhound ya kira 'yan sanda lokacin da suka isa Oxford lokacin da Rustin ya ki ya motsa daga gaban bas din. 'Yan sanda ba su yi kome ba kamar yadda direba da Rustin suka yi don jimawalin minti na 45. Dukansu bas din sun sanya shi zuwa Chapel Hill ranar da ta gabata, amma kafin su tafi Greensboro a watan Afrilu na 13, an tilasta mahayan mahaukaci biyu (biyu na Afrika da na biyu) zuwa ga ofishin 'yan sanda na kusa, aka kama, kuma sun sanya takardar $ 50 a kowace. Wannan lamari ya kusantar da hankalin mutane da yawa a cikin yankin ciki har da direbobi masu yawa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya bugi maigidan jan James Peck a kansa yayin da ya tashi ya biya bashin. Martin Watkins, wani tsoffin mayaƙan yaki ne, na kwararru ne, don yin magana da wata mace ta {asar Amirka, a wani tashar bas. Dukkan zargin da aka yi wa masu fafutuka sun fice a yayin da aka zarge wadanda ake zargi da aikata tashin hankali. Sakamakon gyaran kafa na wadannan 'yan kare hakkin bil'adama ya jagoranci jagorancin Freedom Rides na 1960 da 1961.

Afrilu 10. A wannan rana a cikin 1998, yarjejeniyar Jumma'a da aka sa hannu a cikin Ireland ta Arewa, ta kawo ƙarshen Shekaru 30 na rikice-rikicen addini a Arewacin Ireland wanda ake kira "Matsala." Rikicin da yarjejeniyar ta warware ya samo asali ne daga tsakiyar 1960s, lokacin da Furotesta a Arewacin Ireland suka sami rinjaye na yawan jama'a wanda ya basu damar kula da cibiyoyin gwamnati ta hanyoyin da suka tozarta tsirarun Roman Katolika na yankin. A ƙarshen '60s, ƙungiya mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a madadin ɗarikar Katolika ta haifar da tashin bama-bamai, kisan gilla, da hargitsi tsakanin Katolika, Furotesta, da' yan sanda da sojoji na Burtaniya da suka ci gaba har zuwa farkon 1990s. Har zuwa farkon 1998, tsammanin samun zaman lafiya a Arewacin Ireland ya kasance mara kyau. Protestungiyar Furotesta ta Tarihi ta Ulster Unionist Party (masu ba da shawara game da haɗin kai tare da Biritaniya) har yanzu sun ƙi tattaunawa da Sinn Fein, galibi reshen siyasa na Katolika da na Jamhuriya-Jamhuriyyar Irish Republican Army (IRA); kuma ita kanta IRA ba ta yarda ta ajiye makamanta ba. Duk da haka, tattaunawar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ke gudana, wanda aka fara a 1996, wanda ya shafi wakilan Ireland, ƙungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban na Arewacin Ireland, da gwamnatin Biritaniya, daga ƙarshe sun ba da amfani. An cimma wata yarjejeniya da ta nemi zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Arewacin Ireland da ke da alhakin yawancin al'amuran gida, haɗin kan iyaka tsakanin gwamnatocin Ireland da Ireland ta Arewa, da ci gaba da shawarwari tsakanin gwamnatocin Birtaniyya da na Ireland. A watan Mayu 1998, an yarda da yarjejeniyar sosai a wata kuri'ar raba gardama da aka gudanar a cikin Ireland da Ireland ta Arewa. Kuma a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1999, Jamhuriyar Ireland ta cire ikirarinta na tsarin mulki ga tsibirin Ireland gaba ɗaya, kuma Kingdomasar Ingila ta ba da mulkin kai tsaye na Arewacin Ireland.

Afrilu 11. A wannan rana a 1996, yarjejeniyar Pelindaba ta sanya hannu a Alkahira, Misira. Lokacin da aka aiwatar, yarjejeniyar za ta sanya dukkanin nahiyar Afrika wani yanki na makaman nukiliya; zai kuma zagaye jerin sassa hudu da ke kewaye da kudancin kudanci. Kasashe 40 da Afrika sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, wanda ke buƙatar kowane ɓangare kada su "gudanar da bincike a kan, bunkasa, yiwa, ajiya ko kuma sayarwa, mallaki ko kuma ya mallaki duk wani makami na nukiliya ta kowace hanya." Yarjejeniyar ta dakatar da gwaji makaman nukiliya; yana buƙatar rarraba kowane irin na'urorin da aka riga aka yi da kuma fasalin ko halakar kowane ɗawainiyar da aka tsara don ƙirƙirar su; kuma ya hana zubar da kayan abu na rediyo a cikin yankin da aka kulla. Bugu da ƙari, an umurci jihohin nukiliya kada su yi amfani da "barazana ko amfani da" makaman nukiliya a kan kowane jihohi a cikin yanki na makaman nukiliya. Kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gabatar a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, 12, 1996, ya taƙaita muhimmancin Yarjejeniyar Pelindaba, wanda ya fara amfani da wasu shekaru 13, a ranar Xuwamba 15, 2009, lokacin da an buƙata 28^th Kasar Afirka. Kodayake Kwamitin Tsaron ya yi fatan tabbatar da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar cikin hanzari, amma ya amince da cewa karbuwar da ta samu daga kasashe fiye da 40 na Afirka, da kusan dukkanin kasashen makaman nukiliya, sun zama "muhimmiyar gudummawa ga peace zaman lafiya na duniya da tsaro. ” Sanarwar da ta fitar ta karasa cewa: “Kwamitin Tsaron ya yi amfani da wannan damar ne don karfafa irin wannan kokarin na yanki - a matakin kasa da kasa da na shiyyaki da nufin cimma nasarar dukkanin duniya ta tsarin hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya.”

Afrilu 12. A wannan rana a cikin 1935, wasu daliban koleji na 175,000 a fadin Amurka sun shiga kwarewa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki da kuma zanga-zangar lumana inda suka yi alkawarin kada su shiga wani rikici. An gudanar da shirye-shiryen yaki da 'yan jarida kamar wadanda ke cikin 1935 a Amurka a 1934 da 1936, suna karuwa daga lambobi daga 25,000 a 1934 zuwa 500,000 a 1936. Domin yawancin daliban kolejin sun kalli barazanar yaki da fassarar da ke cikin Turai kamar yadda ya faru daga rikici da yakin duniya ya kawo, kowanne daga cikin zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a watan Afrilu zuwa watan Yuni ne Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na 1. yan kamfanoni sun amfane wannan yakin, dalibai sun yi watsi da abin da suka gan su kamar kashe miliyoyin miliyoyin mutane kuma sun nema su nuna rashin amincewar su shiga cikin wani makami mai ban sha'awa a kasashen waje. Abin sha'awa ne, duk da haka, mummunan adawa ga yaki ba bisa tushen mulkin mallaka ba ne ko ra'ayi na banbanci, amma da farko a kan ruhaniya na ruhaniya wanda ke da kansa ko kuma ya samu daga membobinsu a cikin kungiyar da ta inganta shi. Kalmomi ɗaya ne kawai yana iya haskaka wannan. A cikin 1932, Richard Moore, wani dalibi a Jami'ar California a Berkeley, ya shafe kansa a ayyukan yaki da yaki. "Matsayi na," in ji shi daga bisani, "ya kasance, daya: Ban yi imani da kisan ba, kuma na biyu: Ban yarda in mika wuya ga wani iko mafi girma ba, ko Allah ne ko Amurka na Amurka." Irin wannan Gaskiya na iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa daruruwan dubban samari na lokaci sun yi imanin cewa za a iya kawar da yakin idan dukkan samari suna son yin yaki.

Afrilu 13. A wannan rana a cikin 1917, shugaban kasar Woodrow Wilson ya kafa kwamiti kan bayanan jama'a (CPI) ta hanyar jagora. Rahotanni na George Creel, mai wallafawa a lokacin da aka nada shi shugaban, CPI ya yi kokarin ba da tallafin farfagandar cigaba don gina dukkanin goyan baya na gida da na kasa don shiga shiga yakin duniya na Amurka a mako guda. Don aiwatar da aikinsa, CPI ta haɗaka fasahar tallace-tallace ta zamani da fahimtar fahimtar ilimin ɗan adam. A cikin abin da ya zo kusa da ƙaddamarwa, ya aiwatar da "ka'idoji na son rai" don sarrafa rahotanni game da yaki, kuma tashe tashen hankulan al'adu tare da kayan yaki. Wakilin BBC na CPI ya rarraba wasu wallafe-wallafen na 6,000 cewa kowane mako ya cika fiye da ginshiƙan jaridu na 20,000. Ƙungiyar Hanyoyin Hanyoyin Gudanar da Harkokin Hanyoyi sun hada da manyan mawallafa, masu rubutun ra'ayin labaru, da kuma marubuta na ɗan gajeren lokaci don kawo layin gundumar gwamnati a cikin wata hanyar sauƙi ga mutane miliyan goma sha biyu a kowane wata. Ƙungiyar Tarihin Rubuce-rubuce ta yi amfani da hotunan jaridu, a cikin launuka masu ƙauna, a kan lakabi a fadin kasar. Masanan sun tattara su don su fitar da kwararru irin su Dokokin Yakin Jamus da kuma Cincin da Kari. Kuma ƙungiyar Films ta samar da fina-finai tare da lakabi kamar su The Kaiser: Dabba na Berlin. Tare da halittar CPI, Amurka ta zama al'umma ta farko don watsa labaran farfagandar a kan babban nauyin. Ta haka ne, ya ba da muhimmiyar darasi: Idan har ma gwamnatin demokuradiyya ta zahiri, ba tare da wani mutum ba, an ƙaddara ya tafi yaki, yana iya neman yada ƙasa ta raba ta ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa da ƙaddamar da farfaganda na yaudara .

Afrilu 14. A wannan rana a cikin 1988, majalisar dokoki ta Denmark ta yanke hukunci kan cewa gwamnati ta sanar da dukkan jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje da ke neman shiga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa na Danish cewa dole ne su yi magana da kyau kafin suyi haka ko suna aikata ko ba su dauke da makaman nukiliya ba. Duk da manufofin 30 da ke Danmark wanda ke yin amfani da makaman nukiliya a ko'ina a kan iyakokinta, ciki har da tashar jiragen ruwa, ana yarda da hanyar da Denmark ta yi amfani da makamai da Amurka da sauran NATO ke yi. Sanarwar ta NCND, "ba ta tabbatarwa ba ko ta musun," wannan manufar ta ba da damar jiragen ruwa na NATO da su dauki makaman nukiliya zuwa cikin kogin Danish. Sabuwar, ƙuntatawa, ƙuduri, duk da haka, ya gabatar da matsalolin. Kafin wannan sakon, jakadan Amurka a Denmark ya gaya wa 'yan siyasar Danemani cewa ƙudurin zai iya kiyaye dukkan yakin NATO da ya ziyarci Denmark, don haka ya kawo karshen ayyukan da ke cikin teku kuma ya hana haɗin soja. Tun da fiye da 60 bisa dari na Danes na son ƙasar su a NATO, an dauki barazanar da barazanar da gwamnatin Danish ta tsakiya ta tsakiya. Ya yi kira ga zaben a ranar Mayu 10, wanda ya haifar da kariya ga masu rinjaye. A ranar Jumma'a 2, lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Amurka ya kai wani tashar jiragen ruwa na Danmark ya ki bayyana irin kayan kayan jirgin, wasikar da aka jefa a cikin jirgi da ke nuna shi game da sabon tsarin Danish an kori da shi a bakin teku. A watan Yuni 8, Denmark ta shiga sabuwar yarjejeniya tare da Amurka wanda zai sake ba da damar jiragen ruwa na NATO su shiga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa na Danish ba tare da tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata cewa suna dauke da makaman nukiliya ba. Don taimakawa wajen magance matsalar rashin lafiya a gida, Denmark ta ba da sanarwar gwamnatocin NATO da hana yin amfani da makaman nukiliya a kan iyakokinta a lokacin da yake cikin lokaci.

Afrilu 15. A yau a 1967 mafi girma ayaki-Vietnam yaki zanga-zanga a tarihin Amurka, har zuwa wannan lokacin, ya faru a Birnin New York, San Francisco, da kuma sauran birane a fadin {asar Amirka. A New York, zanga-zangar ta fara a Central Park kuma ta ƙare a Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Fiye da mutane 125,000 suka halarci, ciki har da Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, da Dr. Benjamin Spock. Sama da daftarin katunan 150 sun ƙone. Wani 100,000 kuma ya yi tattaki daga Na Biyu da Titin Kasuwa a cikin garin San Francisco zuwa filin wasa na Kezar a cikin Golden Gate Park, inda mai wasan kwaikwayo Robert Vaughn da Coretta King suka yi magana game da sa hannun Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam. Dukkanin biyun sun kasance ɓangare na Tattalin bazara don toare Yaƙin Vietnam. Kungiyar shirya taron bazarar bazata ta fara haduwa ne a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1966. Ta kasance karkashin jagorancin tsohon mai rajin kare zaman lafiya AJ Muste kuma ya hada da David Dellinger, editan 'Yanci; Edward Keating, marubucin Ramparts; Sidney Peck, na Jami'ar Western Western Reserve; da Robert Greenblatt, na Jami'ar Cornell. A watan Janairun 1967, sun sanya Reverend James Luther Bevel, wani babban abokin aiki na Martin Luther King, Jr, a matsayin darekta na Tattalin Arziki. A ƙarshen jerin gwanon New York, Bevel ya ba da sanarwar cewa tasha ta gaba ita ce Washington DC A ranar 20 zuwa 21, 1967, 700 masu adawa da antiwar sun hallara a wurin don Taron Tattalin Arziki. Manufar su ita ce kimanta zanga-zangar watan Afrilu da kuma tsara hanyar da za a yi nan gaba don gwagwarmaya. Sun kuma kirkiro kwamiti na gudanarwa - Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na toasa don Endare Yaƙin a Vietnam - don tsara abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba.

Afrilu 16. A wannan rana a cikin 1862, shugaban Ibrahim Ibrahim Lincoln ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta ƙare a bautarsa ​​a Birnin Washington, DC Wannan ita ce Ranar 'Yanci a Washington, DC Endare bautar a Washington, DC, ba tare da wani yaƙi ba. Yayin da aka kawo karshen bautar a wasu wurare a Amurka ta hanyar kirkirar sabbin dokoki bayan kashe kashi uku cikin hudu na mutane miliyan a manyan fannoni da yawa, bautar a Washington, DC, ta ƙare kamar yadda aka ƙare ta a sauran sassan duniya, wato ta hanyar tsallakewa gaba da ƙirƙirar sabbin dokoki. Dokar da ta kawo ƙarshen bautar a DC ta yi amfani da 'yanci na kyauta. Bai biya mutanen da aka bautar ba, amma mutanen da suka bautar da su. Bautar da bayi sun kasance na duniya ne kuma sun ƙare a cikin karni ɗaya, sau da yawa ta hanyar 'yanci da aka biya fiye da yaƙi, ciki har da ƙasashen Biritaniya, Denmark, Faransa, da Netherlands, kuma a yawancin Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean. Idan aka waiwaya baya lallai ya zama yana da fa'ida don kawo karshen rashin adalci ba tare da kashe-kashe da hallaka jama'a ba, wanda bayan mummunan sharrinsa kuma yana iya kasa kawo karshen rashin adalci, kuma yana haifar da bacin rai da tashin hankali na dogon lokaci. A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2013, da Aikin Jaridar Atlantic wallafa wata kasida mai suna "A'a, Lincoln ba zai iya 'sayo' yan gudun hijirar ba." Me yasa ba haka ba? Da kyau, masu bautar ba su so su sayar. Wannan gaskiya ne. Ba su yi ba, a'a. Amma The Atlantic ya mayar da hankali akan wata hujja, wato cewa zai zama tsada sosai, tsada kusan dala biliyan 3 (a cikin kuɗin 1860s). Duk da haka, idan ka karanta a hankali, marubucin ya yarda cewa yaƙin yana wuce fiye da sau biyu.

Afrilu 17. A wannan rana a 1965, ana gudanar da zagaye na farko a Washington kan yakin da aka yi a Vietnam. Studentsalibai don Societyungiyar Demokraɗiyya (SDS) sun fara jerin gwanon zana ɗalibai 15,000-25,000 daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar, yajin mata don zaman lafiya, Kwamitin Gudanar da vioan Makaranta, Bob Moses na Mississippi Freedom Summer, da mawaƙa Joan Baez da Phil Ochs. Tambayoyin da shugaban SDS Paul Potter ya gabatar har yanzu suna da amfani a yau: “Wane irin tsari ne wanda yake ba da hujja ga Amurka ko kowace ƙasa da ke ƙwace makomar mutanen Vietnam da amfani da su ba da son rai ba don manufarta? Wane irin tsari ne wanda yake hana mutane yanci a Kudu, ya bar miliyoyin miliyoyin mutane a duk faɗin ƙasar talauci kuma an cire shi daga al'ada da alƙawarin zamantakewar Amurkawa, wanda ke haifar da fuskoki da munanan ayyuka kuma ya sanya waɗannan wuraren da mutane ke cinye rayukansu kuma suyi aikinsu, wanda hakan ke sanya kimar abu gaba da ƙimar ɗan adam-kuma har yanzu tana ci gaba da kiran kansa mai 'yanci kuma har yanzu yana ci gaba da samun kansa dacewa da policean sanda a duniya? Wane wuri ne ga samari na gari a cikin wannan tsarin kuma ta yaya zasu sarrafa shi must Dole ne mu sanya wa wannan tsarin suna. Dole ne mu sanya masa suna, mu bayyana shi, mu bincika shi, mu fahimce shi kuma mu canza shi. Don kawai lokacin da aka canza wannan tsarin kuma aka sarrafa shi za a sami wani fata na dakatar da sojojin da suka haifar da yaƙi a Vietnam a yau ko kisan kai a Kudu gobe ko kuma duk abubuwan da ba za a iya lissafa su ba, waɗanda ba a iya lissafin su, waɗanda ake aiki da su. mutane ko'ina-kowane lokaci. ”

Afrilu 18. A wannan rana a 1997, aikin da aka yi a "Boye" ya yi a Bofors ma'aikatar makamai a Karlskoga, Sweden. Sunan “garmunan garma” na nufin rubutun annabi Ishaya wanda ya ce za a doke makamai a cikin garmuna. Ayyukan Plowshares sun zama sananne a farkon 1980s lokacin da yawancin masu gwagwarmaya suka lalata mazugi hancin nukiliya. Bofors ya kasance mai safarar makamai zuwa Indonesia. Kamar yadda mai fafutuka Art Laffin ya rawaito, wasu masu rajin kawo zaman lafiya a Sweden guda biyu, Cecelia Redner, firist a cocin na Sweden, da Marja Fischer, wata daliba, sun shiga masana'antar kera makamai na Bofors a Kariskoga, Sweden, sun dasa bishiyar apple da kuma kokarin kwance damarar sojojin ruwa Ana fitar da canon zuwa Indonesia. An tuhumi Cecilia da yunƙurin ɓarnata ɓarnata da Marija tare da taimakawa. An kuma tuhume su duka biyu da keta wata doka wacce ke kare cibiyoyin “masu muhimmanci ga jama'a.” Dukkannin matan an yanke musu hukunci ne a ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 1998. Sun yi jayayya, game da katsalandan da alkalin ya yi, cewa, a cikin kalaman Redner, “Lokacin da kasata ke baiwa wani mai mulkin kama-karya makamai, ba ni da izinin zama mai son wuce gona da iri, tunda hakan zai sa na yi laifi zuwa laifin kisan kare dangi a gabashin Timor. Na san abin da ke gudana kuma ba zan iya zarge mulkin kama karya na Indonesiya ko na kaina ba. Matakin da muka yi na plowlow wata hanya ce a gare mu don ɗaukar nauyi da aiki tare da haɗin kai ga mutanen gabashin Timor. ” Fischer ya kara da cewa, "Mun yi kokarin hana aikata wani laifi, kuma hakan wajibi ne bisa ga dokarmu." An yanke wa Redner hukuncin tara da shekaru 23 na karatun gyara. An yanke wa Fischer hukuncin tara kuma an dakatar da shi na shekaru biyu. Ba a yanke hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku ba.

Afrilu 19. A wannan rana a cikin 1775, juyin juya halin Amurka ya juya tashin hankali tare da fadace-fadace a Lexington da Concord. Wannan juyawa ya biyo bayan yawan amfani da fasahohin da ba na nuna bambanci ba wanda ake dangantawa da zamani na gaba, gami da manyan zanga-zanga, kauracewa gasar, gabatar da masana'antu na cikin gida da masu zaman kansu, ci gaban kwamitocin wasiku, da karbe ikon yankin a yawancin yankunan Massachusetts. Yaƙin tashin hankali don samun 'yanci daga Birtaniyya ya fara ne da farko ta hannun mawadata fari masu mallakar filaye a cikin yankuna. Duk da cewa sakamakon ya hada da abin da ya kasance a wancan lokacin wani kundin tsarin mulki mai karya doka da Dokar 'Yanci, juyin juya halin wani bangare ne na yakin da ya fi girma tsakanin Faransawa da Birtaniyya, ba za a ci nasara ba tare da Faransawa ba, an sauya ikon daga wani fitaccen zuwa wani, an kafa shi babu wani aiki na daidaitawa, ya ga tawayen talakawa manoma da bayi bayi kamar yadda ya saba, kuma ya ga mutane sun tsere daga bautar don tallafawa ɓangaren Burtaniya. Aya daga cikin abin da ya sa yaƙin ya kasance shi ne kula da bautar, biyo bayan haɓakar ƙawancen ƙauracewar Birtaniyya da hukuncin kotun Burtaniya wanda ya 'yanta wani mutum mai suna James Sommerset. “Ka ba ni yanci ko ka mutu” Patrick Henry ba wai kawai an rubuta shi ne shekaru da yawa bayan Henry ya mutu ba, amma ya mallaki mutane a matsayin bayi kuma ba ya cikin haɗarin zama ɗaya. Dalili don yakin shine sha'awar fadada yamma, yanka da satar jama'ar ƙasa. Kamar yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka tun, na farko shine yaƙin faɗaɗa. Tunanin cewa yaƙin ba makawa ko kyawawa ana taimakawa ta hanyar watsi da gaskiyar cewa Kanada, Ostiraliya, Indiya, da sauran wurare ba sa bukatar yaƙe-yaƙe.

Afrilu 20. A wannan rana a cikin 1999, dalibai biyu a Columbine High School a Littleton, Colorado, sun ci gaba da harbi bindiga, suka kashe mutane 13 da ciwo fiye da 20 wasu kafin su juya bindigogi akan kansu da kashe kansu. A wannan lokacin, wannan babbar harbiyar makarantar sakandare a tarihin Amurka kuma ya haifar da wata muhawara ta kasa game da bindigar bindigogi, tsaro a makarantar, da kuma dakarun da suka kori 'yan bindiga biyu, Eric Harris, 18, da Dylan Klebold, 17. Da yake jawabi game da batun bindigogi, kungiyar 'yan bindiga ta kasa ta dauki wani yunkuri na yakin neman zabe wanda ya yi la'akari da yadda ya dace da sauye sauye-sauye na baya-bayan nan da ake buƙata a harkar bindigogi da kuma shagunan kayan harkar bindigogi, inda aka sayar da makamai masu linzami. abokin. Bayan shafukan da aka yi, duk da haka, Hukumar NRA ta yi} o} arin yin amfani da} wa}} waran aikin da ake yi, a} arshe, wanda ya yi nasara, wajen kashe takardar lissafin tare da abinda ake bukata, a lokacin Congress. An kuma yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da samfurin tsaro, masu bincike na karfe da sauran masu tsaro, amma ya tabbatar da rashin amfani da tashin hankali. Daga cikin ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin fahimtar ilimin lissafi na masu kisan gillar, fim din Michael Moore Bowling for Columbine sun nuna karfi a wani haɗin al'adu tsakanin ayyukan da masu kisan da kuma Amurka suka yi na neman yakin da lamarin yake nunawa ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma halin da ake ciki na Lockheed Martin, babban makamin makamai. Wani mai sharhi game da fim na Moore ya nuna cewa wadannan abubuwa, da kuma wani da ke nuna alamun talauci don warware matsalar iyali, ya nuna a fili ga tushen tushen ta'addanci a al'ummar Amurka da kuma hanyar da za ta iya kawar da shi da kyau.

Afrilu 21. A kwanan nan a 1989, wasu daliban jami'o'i na 100,000 na kasar Sin sun taru a Beijing An yi bikin tunawa da mutuwar Hu Yaobang, shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin, kuma ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa tare da gwamnatin kasar Sin. Ranar da ta gabata, a yayin bikin tunawa da ma'aikatar da aka yi a Hu a babban Majami'ar Tiananmen na Jama'a, gwamnatin ta sauya bukatun daliban su gana da firaministan kasar Li Peng. Wannan ya haifar da yunkurin kwalejin jami'o'i na jami'ar Sin, yaduwar kira ga dimokuradiyya, kuma, duk da gargadi na gwamnati, wani dalibi ya yi tafiya a dandalin Tiananmen. A cikin makonni masu zuwa, ma'aikata, masu ilimi, da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati sun halarci zanga-zangar daliban, kuma a tsakiyar watan Mayu daruruwan dubban masu zanga-zanga suka shiga titin Beijing. Ranar Mayu 20, gwamnati ta bayyana dokar da za a yi, a garin, ta kira dakarun da kuma tankuna su yada jama'a. A ranar Jumma'a 3, dakarun da ke karkashin umarni sun kaddamar da titin Tiananmen da kuma tituna na Beijing, inda suka kashe daruruwan masu zanga zangar da kuma kama dubban dubban mutane. Duk da haka, masu zanga-zanga 'neman zaman lafiya na neman sauye-sauye na dimokra] iyya a fuskar matsalolin tashin hankali ya haifar da tausayi da kuma rashin tausayi daga al'ummomin duniya. Su ƙarfin hali ne a gaskiya sanya almara ta hanyar watsa labarai yaduwa a kan Yuni 5^th wani hotunan hotunan da ke nunawa yanzu wanda ya nuna mutum mai launin fata-mutumin, wanda ake kira "Tank Man," yana tsaye a gaban wani gungun sojoji. Bayan makonni uku, Amurka da sauran kasashe sun sanya takunkumin tattalin arziki a kasar Sin. Kodayake takunkumi ya sake mayar da tattalin arzikin kasar, cinikayyar cinikayya ya sake komawa a cikin 1990, saboda ya sa aka saki mutane dari da yawa a cikin kurkuku.

Afrilu 22. Wannan shine Ranar Duniya, kuma ranar haihuwar Immanuel Kant. J. Sterling Morton, wani ɗan jarida daga Nebraska wanda ya ba da shawarar a dasa bishiyoyi a ƙasan filayen jihar a 1872, yana mai sanya ranar 10 ga Afrilu a matsayin “Ranar Arbor” ta farko. Ranar Arbor ya zama hutu na doka shekaru goma bayan haka, kuma an tura shi zuwa Afrilu 22 don girmama ranar haihuwar Morton. An yi bikin ranar a kasa baki daya a matsayin “zamanin sare bishiyoyi” wanda fadadawar Amurka ta kawo tsakanin 1890 da 1930 dazuzzuka. Zuwa 1970, wani yunƙuri na neman kare muhalli daga gurɓatarwa ya sami goyon bayan Gwamnan Wisconsin Gaylord Nelson da ɗan San Francisco John McConnell. Tattakin “Ranar Duniya” na farko ya faru ne a Guguwar Equinox a waccan shekarar, 21 ga Maris, 1970. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da al'amuran Ranar Duniya a cikin Amurka a ranar 21 ga Maris da 22 ga Afrilu. Immanuel Kant, Bajamushe kuma masanin falsafa, shima an haife shi ne a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, a shekarar 1724. Kant yayi wasu muhimman binciken kimiyya da dama, amma duk da haka an fi saninsa da gudummawarsa ga falsafa. Falsafar sa ta ta'allaka ne akan yadda muke iya sarrafa kan mu ta duniyarmu. Dangane da ayyukan mutane Kant ya kamata a riƙe su ga dokokin ɗabi'a. Arshen Kant game da abin da ya zama dole ga kowannenmu ya sami kyakkyawar duniya shi ne yin ƙoƙari don mafi kyawun alheri ga duka. Waɗannan tunani suna daidaita da waɗanda ke goyan bayan kiyaye Duniya, da waɗanda ke aiki don zaman lafiya. A cikin kalmomin Kant, "Don zaman lafiya ya yi sarauta a duniya, dole ne mutane su zama sabbin mutane waɗanda suka koyi ganin gaba dayansu."

Afrilu 23. A wannan rana a cikin 1968, ɗalibai a Jami'ar Columbia sun ƙwace gine-gine don nuna rashin amincewa da binciken yaƙi & lalata ginin a Harlem don sabon gidan motsa jiki. Jami'o'i a fadin Amurka sun kalubalanci dalibai da suka tambayi muhimmancin ilimin ilimi a al'ada wanda ke haifar da mummunar yaki, yaki marar tushe, karfin wariyar launin fata da jima'i. Binciken wani dalibi na takardun shaida wanda ya nuna cewa ma'aikatar tsaro ta Kwamitin Tsaro na Tsaro na Tsaro ya yi bincike game da yaki a Vietnam, tare da dangantaka da ROTC, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar da 'yan makaranta na Democratic Democratic Society (SDS) suka yi. Sun haɗu da mutane da yawa, ciki har da Ƙwararren Ƙasar Amirka (SOS), wanda kuma ya ki amincewa da gidan gine-ginen da Columbia ke gina a Morningside Park wanda ke motsawa daruruwan 'yan Afirka na Amirkan da ke zaune a Harlem. Gudanar da aikin tsaro ya jagoranci jagorancin ɗalibin dalibai wanda ya rufe Columbia don sauraren semester. Yayinda zanga-zangar da ke Columbia suka kai ga shagunan da aka kama da dalibai na 1,100, fiye da 100 sauran zanga-zangar makarantu sun gudana a fadin Amurka a 1968. Wannan shi ne shekarar da dalibai suka ga kisan gillar Martin Luther King da Robert F. Kennedy, da kuma 'yan sanda da dama da suka yi wa' yan sanda zanga-zangar zanga-zanga, suka harbe su, suka tsare su, suka kuma tsare su a Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Democrat a Chicago. A} arshe, boren su ya yi tasiri sosai. An sake gudanar da bincike a kan Columbia a cikin Columbia, ROTC ya bar sansanin tare da sojoji da CIA recruiters, an sake watsi da wasan motsa jiki, an gabatar da matakan mata da kuma binciken kabilanci. Kuma a ƙarshe, yaki a kan Vietnam, da kuma takardar, ya ƙare.

Afrilu 24. A wannan rana a cikin 1915, mutane da yawa daga cikin mutanen Armeniya sun taru, aka kama su, kuma suka fita daga birnin Constantinople (yanzu Istanbul) zuwa yankin Ankara, inda aka kashe mafi yawan mutane. Wani rukuni na masu gyarawa da ake kira "Young Turks", wanda ya zo a cikin 1908, gwamnatin musulmi na Ottoman Empire ta dauki Krista ba Turks barazana ga tsaro na daular. Kamar yadda mafi yawan masana tarihi suka ce, saboda haka ne ya nuna "Turkify", ko tsarkake dabi'un, kalifanci ta hanyar fitar da kullun da ya kashe Kirista Krista Armenian. A cikin 1914, Turks sun shiga yakin duniya na a gefen Jamus da kuma Austro-Hungarian Empire, kuma sun bayyana tsattsauran ra'ayi a kan dukan Krista marasa bangaskiya. Lokacin da Armeniya suka shirya rundunar soja don tallafa wa sojojin Rasha a yakin Turkiyya a yankin Caucasus, 'yan Turkiyya sun tura dakarun kasar Armeniya daga bangarorin yaki a Gabashin Gabas. An aiko dakarun Armeniyawa a kan mutuwar ba tare da abinci ba ko ruwa, kuma an kashe dubban dubban mutane ta hanyar kashe 'yan wasan. By 1922, kasa da 400,000 na asali na Armeniya miliyan biyu sun kasance a cikin Ottoman Empire. Tun lokacin da ya mika wuya a yakin duniya na, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba ta aiwatar da kisan gilla akan Armeniya ba, amma ya kamata a yi yaki da mutane da shi a matsayin mayaƙan abokan gaba. A cikin 2010, duk da haka, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kashe kisan kiyashi a matsayin kisan gilla. Ayyukan sun taimaka wajen mayar da hankalinsu a kan saurin rashin amincewa ko jin tsoron Mutum, a cikin rikice-rikice na ciki ko na ƙasashen duniya, na iya ƙara zuwa mummunan azaba wanda ya wuce dukkan iyakokin halin kirki.

Afrilu 25. A wannan rana a cikin 1974 juyin juya halin Carnation ya rushe gwamnatin Portugal, wani mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka wanda ya faru tun lokacin da 1933 - mafi tsawo na mulkin mallaka a yammacin Turai. Abin da ya fara a matsayin juyin mulkin soja, wanda Forcesungiyar Soja ta (ungiya (ƙungiyar jami'an soja waɗanda suka yi adawa da tsarin mulki) suka shirya, da sauri ya zama boren jama'a ba tare da jini ba yayin da mutane suka ƙi amsa kiran zama a gidajensu. Juyin Juya Halin Mutum ya samo sunan ne daga jan carnations - sun kasance a cikin yanayi - sanya su cikin muzzles na bindigogin sojoji ta mutanen da suka haɗu da su akan tituna. Juyin mulkin ya tsokane ne saboda nacewar da gwamnatin ta yi na ci gaba da rike kasashenta, inda suke yakar masu tayar da kayar baya tun daga shekarar 1961. Wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe ba sanannun mutane bane ko kuma da yawa daga cikin sojoji. Matasan suna yin ƙaura don guje wa shiga soja. Yaƙe-yaƙe a Afirka sun cinye kashi 40% na kasafin kuɗin Fotigal. Cikin hanzari bayan an ba da independenceancin mulkin mallaka ga tsoffin mulkin mallakar Portugal na Guinea Bisau, Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé da Príncipe, Angola, da East Timor. Amurka ta taka rawar gani a cikin Juyin Halitta. Henry Kissinger ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da goyon bayan sa, duk kuwa da irin shawarwarin da jakadan na Amurka ya bayar. Ya dage cewa tawayen 'yan gurguzu ne. Bayan Teddy Kennedy ya ziyarci Fotigal ne kuma ya ba da shawara mai ƙarfi don tallafawa juyin juya halin sai Amurka ta yanke shawarar yin hakan. A Fotigal, don yin bikin, 25 ga Afrilu yanzu hutu ne na ƙasa, wanda aka sani da Ranar 'Yanci. Juyin Juya Halin arnationan Adam ya nuna cewa bai kamata ku yi amfani da tashin hankali da tashin hankali don samun zaman lafiya ba.

Afrilu 26. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1986, mafi munin mummunan makaman nukiliya a duniya ya faru a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl kusa da Pripyat, Ukraine, a cikin Soviet Union. Cutar ta faru a lokacin gwajin don ganin yadda shuka zaiyi aiki idan ta rasa iko. Masu sarrafa shuke-shuke sunyi kuskure sosai yayin aikin, suna samar da yanayi mai banƙyama a cikin Rinjamin 4 wanda ya haifar da wuta da fashewar fashe uku da suka fice daga saman karfe 1,000-ton. Yayin da mai nutsewa ya rushe, harshen wuta ya kaddamar da 1,000 ƙafa zuwa cikin sama na kwana biyu, ya kwashe kayan aikin rediyo wanda ya yada a yammacin Soviet Union da Turai. Kamar yadda masu yawa na 70,000 dake yankin suka shawo kan mummunan mummunar radiation, inda dubban dubai suka mutu, kamar yadda ma'aikatan tsabta na 4,000 da aka kiyasta a shafin Chernobyl. Ƙarin ƙarin ya haɗu da tilasta mazaunin 150,000 da ke zaune a cikin ragowar 18-mile a kusa da Chernobyl, haɓaka mai girma a cikin lalacewa na haihuwa a yankin, da kuma ninki mafi girma da ciwon ciwon cancer a cikin Ukraine. Tun lokacin da Chernobyl ya bala'i, masana sun bayyana ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yiwuwar ikon nukiliya a matsayin tushen makamashi. Alal misali, The New York Times ya ruwaito nan da nan bayan girgizar nukiliya ta watan Maris 2011 a tashar nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi na Japon cewa "Jafananci sun riga sun dauki matakan da zai hana haɗari ya zama wani Chernobyl, koda kuwa an sake fitowa da radiation." A wani bangaren, Helen Caldicott, wanda ya kafa Magungunan likitoci na Social Responsability, sun yi jayayya a cikin watan Afrilu 2011 Times ya bayyana cewa "babu wani abin da zai kasance mai lafiya na radiation" kuma wannan, sabili da haka, bai kamata a yi amfani da ikon nukiliya ba.

Afrilu 27. A kwanan nan a cikin 1973, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta kammala aikin tilasta dukan 'yan asalin na Diego Garcia da wasu tsibirin tsibirin Chagos a tsakiyar tekun Indiya. Da farko a cikin 1967, 'yan tsibirin' yan tsibirin 'yan tsiraru 3 zuwa 4, da aka sani da suna "Chagossians," suna dauke da su a tashar jiragen ruwa a Mauritius, wani tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a cikin tekun Indiya dake da wasu 1,000 mil da nisa daga kudu maso gabas. na Afrika. An fitar da fassarar a cikin yarjejeniyar 1966 wadda Birnin United Kingdom ya mallaki tsibirin, wanda aka sani a matsayin Birtaniya na Indiya na Indiya, zuwa Amurka domin amfani da shi a matsayin matakan soja. A sakamakon haka, Birtaniya sun karbi kudaden shiga na Amurka don tsarin kamfanin ICBM na kamfanin ICBM. Kodayake yarjejeniyar ta yi amfani da} asashen biyu, wa] anda aka kai su Chagos Islanders, a Mauritius, sun yi fama da yun} uwar tsira. An ba su kyautar kuɗin da aka rarraba na 650,000 British pounds a 1977, amma mai yiwuwa ya dawo da Diego Garcia ya kasance an binne shi a karkashin takarda da hukunce hukunce. A} arshe, a watan Nuwamba na 2016, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta bayar da umurnin da aka yanke. Da yake nuna "haɓaka, tsaro da tsaro, da kuma kudaden mai biyan bashin Birtaniya," Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa an kori mazaunan gida daga gidajensu kusan rabin karni kafin a ba su damar komawa. Maimakon haka, an kara shi da ƙarin shekaru 20 da Amurka ta yi wa ƙasar ta Indiya tayi amfani da shi a matsayin tushen sojan soja, kuma ya yi alkawarinsa ga 'yan Chagossians dauke da wani nau'in 40 miliyan guda. Ƙungiyar Taimako na Birtaniya ta Chagos, ta bangarensa, ta yi ikirarin cewa hukuncin Birtaniya ya kasance "yanke shawara marar hankali da rashin tausayi wanda ke shafar kasar."

Afrilu 28. A wannan rana a cikin 1915, Majalisar Kasuwancin Duniya, wadda ta ƙunshi wakilan 1,200 daga kasashe 12, sun yi taro a Hague, Netherlands, don samar da hanyoyin da zasu taimaka wajen kawo karshen yakin da ake yi a kasashen Turai da kuma tsara shirin don hana yakin da ake ciki. nazarin da gabatarwa hanyoyin da za a kawar da su. Don ci gaba da burinsu ta farko, wakilai na majalisa sun ba da shawarwari kuma sun aika da wakilai ga yawancin kasashe masu rikici a yakin duniya na, da gaskanta cewa, matsayin mata, aikin zaman lafiya zai sami sakamako mai kyau. Amma, don ci gaba da karatun da kuma kawar da dalilai na yaki, sun kirkiro wani sabon ƙungiya mai suna "Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)". Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar ta farko, ya karbi kansa a Washington, wanda ya kafa tara daga cikin shahararren shahararrun shahararrun shahararrun shahararrun makomar da ya yi game da kawo ƙarshen yakin duniya na WILPF. Wanda yake da hedkwatar Geneva, Switzerland, kungiyar tana aiki a yau a kasa da kasa, na kasa da na gida, da kuma ƙasashen duniya a duniya, don tsara tarurruka da taro waɗanda ke nazarin da magance al'amura masu muhimmanci na rana. Daga cikin su, a gefen gida, suna da cikakken hakkoki ga mata da launin fatar da adalci na tattalin arziki. A matakin duniya, kungiyar tana aiki don inganta zaman lafiya da 'yanci, aika da manufa zuwa kasashen da ke rikici, da, tare da ƙungiyoyin duniya da gwamnatoci, don kawo sulhu na lumana. A kokarin da suke yi a cikin wadannan ayyukan, shugabannin biyu na kungiyar sun lashe kyautar Nobel ta Duniya: Jane Addams a 1931 da, a 1946, Sakatare na Duniya na farko WILPF, Emily Greene Balch.

Afrilu 29. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1975, yayin da Kudancin Vietnam ke gab da fadawa 'yan kwaminisanci, fiye da 1,000 Amirkawa da 5,000 Vietnamese sun kwashe su daga jirgin sama mai suna Saigon, a kan jiragen ruwan Amurka a kudancin kasar Sin. An yi amfani da bama-bamai na bom na jirgin saman Saigon na Tan Son Nhut a farkon rana. Kodayake yake da ikon yin amfani da shi, aikin da aka yi shi ne, ta hanyar tserewar wani 65,000 na Kudancin Vietnam, wanda ke cikin jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, da sampans, suna fatan za su kai ga jiragen ruwa na 40 na Amurka. An kwashe yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya fiye da shekaru biyu da aka sanya hannu a cikin Janairu 1973 da wakilan Amurka, da Kudancin Vietnam, da Viet Nam, da kuma Arewacin Vietnam. Ya bukaci a dakatar da wutar lantarki a ko'ina cikin Vietnam, da janye sojojin Amurka, da sakin fursunonin yaki, da kuma hada-hadar Arewa da Kudancin Vietnam ta hanyar lumana. Ko da yake duk dakarun Amurka sun bar Vietnam daga watan Maris na 1973, wasu ma'aikatan kare farar hula na 7,000 sun kasance a baya don taimaka wa sojojin kasar Vietnam ta Kudu don sake yakar kullun da aka kashe ta hanyar Arewacin Vietnam da Vietkong cewa ba da daɗewa ba ya kara karuwa a yakin basasa. Lokacin da yakin ya ƙare tare da ranar Asabar a ranar Xiangan 30, 1975, Colonel Bui Tin ta Arewacin Vietnam, ya bayyana wa sauran mutanen Kudancin Vietnamese: "Ba ku da tsoro. Tsakanin K'abilan Biyetnam babu masu nasara kuma ba a rinjaye su ba. Sai kawai 'yan Amirka ne suka ci nasara. "Duk da haka, an kashe mutanen 58,000 Amurka da kuma rayukan mutane miliyan 4 na Vietnamese da fararen hula.

Afrilu 30. A wannan rana a 1977, an kama mutanen 1,415 a cikin zanga-zangar zanga-zangar ofishin wutar lantarki sannan kuma an gina su a Seabrook, New Hampshire.. A cikin jawo hankalin da aka samu a tarihin Amurka, yunkurin da aka yi a Seabrook ya taimaka wajen haifar da yunkuri na kasa da makaman nukiliya kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen warware matsalolin masana'antun nukiliya na kasar Amurka da ma'adinan tarayya don gina daruruwan reactors a fadin kasar. Da farko an shirya wa masu amfani guda biyu su zo ta hanyar 1981 a kan kudin da ba za su kai Naira biliyan 1 ba, an saka Seabrook kayan aiki zuwa wani nau'i mai nauyin da zai biya $ 6.2 biliyan kuma bai zo kasuwanci ba har sai 1990. A cikin shekaru, dabbar Seabrook ta ci gaba da yin rikodi mai kyau. Har ila yau, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, wajen taimaka wa Jihar Massachusetts, da biyan ku] a] en da ake yi, a cikin iskar gas. Duk da haka, masu bada shawara na nukiliya na nukiliya sun ambaci dalilai da dama don ci gaba da tasowa na rufe makaman nukiliya, maimakon gina wasu. Wadannan sun haɗa da halayen kayan aiki na musamman da kuma biyan kuɗi; Ƙarar da ake kira na tsabtace hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki mai tsabta; lalacewar mummunan sakamakon wani haɗari mai haɗari mai rushewa; da buƙatar tabbatar da hanyoyin da za a iya fitar da su; kuma, watakila mafi mahimmanci, matsalolin ci gaba da kawar da makaman nukiliya. Irin wannan damuwa, wanda ya ba da sanarwar jama'a game da wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar Seabrook, ya ragu sosai ga muhimmancin samar da makamashin nukiliya a samar da makamashin Amurka. By 2015, yawan nau'in 112 reactors a Amurka a cikin 1990s an yanke zuwa 99. Sauran mutane bakwai sun kasance a tsare don rufewa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.

Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.

Je zuwa fayilolin mai jiwuwa.

Je zuwa rubutun.

Je zuwa zane-zanen.

Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.

Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.

Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.

Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.

Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.

Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz

Graphics by Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.