Maris

Maris 1
Maris 2
Maris 3
Maris 4
Maris 5
Maris 6
Maris 7
Maris 8
Maris 9
Maris 10
Maris 11
Maris 12
Maris 13
Maris 14
Maris 15
Maris 16
Maris 17
Maris 18
Maris 19
Maris 20
Maris 21
Maris 22
Maris 23
Maris 24
Maris 25
Maris 26
Maris 27
Maris 28
Maris 29
Maris 30
Maris 31

Maris 1. Ranar Ranar Gida ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya da Bincike ta Tsakiya, Ranar Bikini. A yau ne ranar tunawa da tashe-tashen hankular da ke dauke da makamashin nukiliya ta United State da ke 'Bravo' a Bikini Atoll a Micronesia a 1954. A cikin 1946, wani jami'in soja da ke wakiltar gwamnatin Amurka ya tambayi mutanen Bikini idan za su so su bar jigon su "na dan lokaci" domin Amurka zata iya fara gwajin gwagwarmayar nukiliya don "kyakkyawar 'yan adam da kuma kawo karshen yakin duniya. "Mutanen da aka hana su dawowa gidansu tun lokacin da aka samu gurbin rashawa da ya rage. Rashin fashewar 1954 ya fitar da dutse fiye da 200 ƙafa da zurfin miliyon, yana watsar da adadi mai yawa wanda aka yadu cikin yanayin tare da yawancin ruwan teku. Matsakanin radiation a cikin kwakwalwan da ake ciki na Rongerik, Ujelang, da kuma Likiep sun tashi sosai. Rundunar Sojan Amurka ba ta aika jiragen ruwa don kwashe mutanen Rongelap da Utirik ba har kusan kwana uku bayan fashewa. Mutanen da ke tsibirin Marshall da kuma wurare masu kusa a cikin Pacific an yi amfani dashi sosai a matsayin masu cin abinci na mutane a kokarin da Amurka ta dauka don biyan makaman nukiliya. Ranar yau da kullum ta yau da kullum ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiyar Nuclear ita ce ranar tunawa da tunanin mallaka na mulkin mallaka wanda ya ba da damar, kuma a hanyoyi da yawa ya karfafa, har yanzu ana iya ganin irin wannan yanayi, kamar yadda Pacific bai kasance ba kyauta ba ko kuma mai zaman kanta. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don adawa da makaman nukiliya.

Maris 2. A wannan rana a 1955, watanni kafin Rosa Parks, aka kama Claudette Colvin, a matashin Montgomery, Alabama, don hana yin watsi da kujerun motarsa ​​zuwa wani mutumin farin. Colvin shi ne majagaba na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Harkokin Yancin Ƙasar Amirka. A ranar 2^nd, 1955, Colvin yana hawa gida daga makaranta a cikin motar birni lokacin da wani direban motar bas ya ce mata ta ba wa farin fasinja wurin zamanta. Colvin ya ki amincewa da hakan, yana mai cewa, “Hakkina ne da tsarin mulki ya ba ni na zauna kamar wannan matar. Na biya kudin tafiya, hakki ne na tsarin mulki. ” Ta ji tilas ta tsaya a kan bakinta. "Na ji kamar Sojourner Gaskiya tana ta durƙusawa a ɗaya kafaɗar kuma Harriet Tubman tana matsawa ɗayan - tana cewa, 'Zauna yarinya!' An manne ni a wurin zama na, ”inji ta Newsweek. An kama Colvin kan tuhume-tuhume da dama, gami da karya dokokin wariya na gari. Nationalungiyar Nationalungiyar Ci Gaban Mutane Masu Launi a takaice ta yi la'akari da yin amfani da shari'ar Colvin don ƙalubalantar dokokin rarrabuwa, amma sun yanke shawara game da hakan saboda shekarunta. Mafi yawan rubuce-rubuce akan tarihin yancin jama'a a Montgomery ya maida hankali ne kan kamun Rosa Parks, wata mata da ta ƙi ba da mazauninta a cikin bas, watanni tara bayan Colvin. Duk da yake an sanar da Parks a matsayin jarumar 'yancin jama'a, labarin Claudette Colvin bai sami sanarwa ba. Duk da yake rawar da take takawa a yakin kawo karshen wariya a Montgomery ba za a yarda da ita ba, amma Colvin ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da kokarin kare hakkin jama'a a cikin garin.

Maris 3. A wannan rana a 1863, an kafa dokar farko ta Amurka. Ya ƙunshe da wani sashi wanda ya ba da kyauta a kan musayar $ 300. A lokacin yakin basasa, Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta ba da izinin yin amfani da takardun shaida wanda ya samo asali na farko na zartaswa na Amurka a tarihin Amurka. Aikin da ake kira rajistar maza da ke tsakanin shekarun 20 da 45, ciki har da '' yan kasashen waje 'wadanda suke da niyyar zama' yan ƙasa, daga Afrilu 1st. Za a iya sayarwa daga takardun sayen don $ 300 ko ta hanyar neman wakilin mai sauya. Wannan sashe ya haifar da zubar da jini a Birnin New York, inda masu zanga-zanga suka yi fushi cewa an ba da kyauta ne kawai ga 'yan kasuwa mafi yawan arziki a Amurka, saboda babu matalauta da zai iya sayan wannan fitarwa. Kodayake yakin basasa ya ga jerin sunayen 'yan kasar Amurka na aikin soja, dokar 1792 ta Majalisa ta bukaci dukkan' yan maza maza su sayi bindiga kuma su shiga kungiyoyin 'yan asalin jihar. Babu laifi ga rashin amincewar wannan aiki. Har ila yau, majalisa ta yi aiki a lokacin yakin 1812, amma yakin ya ƙare kafin a kafa wannan. Yayin yakin basasa, gwamnatin Amurka ta kafa wata takaddama na soja. {Asar Amirka ta sake aiwatar da takardun soja, a lokacin yakin duniya na, a 1940, don tabbatar da shirye-shirye na {asar Amirka, a yakin duniya na biyu, da kuma lokacin yakin Koriya. Aikin soja na ƙarshe na Amurka ya faru a yayin yakin Vietnam.

Maris 4. A wannan rana a 1969, an kafa Ƙungiyar Masanin kimiyya (ko UCS). UCS ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawarwari game da ilimin kimiyya wacce masana kimiyya da ɗalibai suka kafa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts. A waccan shekarar, Yaƙin Vietnam ya kasance a tsayi kuma Cleveland mai ƙazantar da kogin Cuyahoga ya kama da wuta. Dangane da yadda gwamnatin Amurka ke amfani da ilimin kimiyya ba na yaki ba da kuma lalata muhalli, masu kirkirar UCS sun tsara wata sanarwa da ke neman a binciki binciken kimiyya daga fasahohin soja da kuma magance matsalolin matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewa. Takardun kafa kungiyar ya ce an kirkireshi ne domin "fara gabatar da bincike da kuma ci gaba kan manufofin gwamnati a wuraren da kimiya da kere-kere ke da ma'ana ta gaske ko kuma mai yuwuwa" da kuma "kirkirar hanyoyin da za a juya aikace-aikacen bincike daga abin da yake yanzu game da fasahar soji zuwa maganin matsalolin matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewa. ” Emploungiyar tana amfani da masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da injiniyoyi da ke lamuran muhalli da tsaro, gami da zartarwa da ma'aikatan tallafi. Bugu da ƙari, UCS yana mai da hankali kan makamashi mai tsabta da aminci da ayyukan aikin gona mai mahalli. Kungiyar ta kuma jajirce sosai wajen rage makaman nukiliya. UCS ta taimaka tura Majalisar Dattawan Amurka don amincewa da Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Rage Makamai (New START) don rage tarin makaman Amurka da na Rasha. Wadannan ragin sun rage yawan dukiyar kasashen biyu. Yawancin kungiyoyi da yawa sun shiga wannan aikin, kuma akwai sauran abubuwa da yawa da za a yi.

Maris 5. A wannan rana a 1970, yarjejeniyar ba da yaduwar makaman nukiliya ta fara aiki bayan da al'umman 43 suka tabbatar da shi. Yarjejeniyar kan rashin yaduwar makaman nukiliya, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar hana yaduwar makamai ko kuma NPT, yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da nufin hana yaduwar makaman kare dangi da fasahar kera makamai, da kuma inganta hadin gwiwa a cikin amfani da makamashin nukiliya cikin lumana. Bugu da kari, yerjejeniyar tana nufin kara cimma babban burin cimma nasarar kwance damarar nukiliya da kuma cikakken kwance damara. Yarjejeniyar a hukumance ta fara aiki a shekarar 1970. A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1995, aka tsawaita yarjejeniyar ba tare da wani lokaci ba. Asashe da yawa sun bi yarjejeniyar ta NPT fiye da duk wasu ƙayyadaddun makamai da yarjejeniyar kwance ɗamarar yaƙi, wanda hakan wata shaida ce ga mahimmancin yarjejeniyar. Kimanin jihohi 191 ne suka shiga yarjejeniyar. Indiya, Isra’ila, Pakistan, da Sudan ta Kudu, kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya hudu, ba su taba shiga NPT ba. Yarjejeniyar ta amince da Amurka, Rasha, Birtaniya, Faransa, da China a matsayin kasashe biyar masu mallakar makaman nukiliya. Wasu jihohi huɗu sanannu ne da mallakar makaman nukiliya: Indiya, Koriya ta Arewa, da Pakistan, waɗanda suka amince da ita, da kuma Isra’ila da ta ƙi yin magana game da ita. Ana bukatar bangarorin nukiliyar da ke cikin yarjejeniyar da su ci gaba da “tattaunawa cikin kyakkyawar niyya kan ingantattun matakai da suka shafi dakatar da tseren makaman nukiliya tun da wuri da kuma kwance damarar nukiliya.” Rashin yin hakan ya sa kasashen da ba na nukiliya ba bin sabuwar yarjejeniya ta hana mallakar makaman nukiliya. Babban matsalar idan aka kafa irin wannan sabuwar yarjejeniya za ta shawo kan kasashen nukiliya su amince da ita.

Maris 6. A wannan rana a 1967, Muhammad Ali ya umarce shi da Zaɓin Zaɓin Za a sa shi cikin Sojojin Amurka. Ya ki, ya furta cewa addininsa ya hana shi kashe. Bayan ya koma Musulunci a 1964, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. ya canza sunansa ga Muhammad Ali. Zai ci gaba da zama zakara a duniya a gasar zinare. A lokacin yakin Amurka a Vietnam a 1967, Ali ya ki shiga rundunar. Saboda rashin amincewa da shi, Muhammad Ali ya yanke hukuncin kisa akan kisa kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. An kuma kashe shi dalar Amurka dubu goma kuma an dakatar da shi daga wasan kwallo har shekaru uku. Ali ya yi kokarin kauce wa lokacin kurkuku, amma bai dawo zuwa zoben motar ba har zuwa Oktoba na 1970. Duk lokacin da aka dakatar da Ali daga wasan kwallon kafa, ya ci gaba da bayyana abokan adawarsa a yaki a Vietnam yayin da yake shirya domin dawowa wasanni a 1970. Ya fuskanci matsanancin zargi daga jama'a don nuna adawa da yakin nan a bayyane, duk da haka ya kasance da gaskiya ga abin da ya gaskata cewa ba daidai ba ne a kai hari ga jama'ar Vietnam lokacin da aka magance matsalolin ƙasashen Afrika a kasarsa a kowace rana. Ko da yake an san Ali ne saboda ikonsa da basira da yake da alaka da yakin basasa, bai kasance mai goyon baya ba game da tashin hankali. Ya dauki ra'ayi na zaman lafiya a lokacin da yake da hatsarin gaske kuma ya yi watsi da hakan.

Maris 7. A wannan rana a 1988, an bayar da rahoton cewa Atlanta Division na Kotun Koli na Amurka ya yi umurni da cewa kungiyoyin zaman lafiya dole ne su sami dama ga dalibai a makarantar sakandare a matsayin masu daukar dakarun soja. A hukuncin, bayar a kan Maris 4, 1988, wani martani ne ga wani akwati a kawo ta cikin Atlanta Aminci Alliance (<br> <br>) zargin cewa Atlanta Board of Education keta farko da goma sha huɗu Kwaskwarima hakkokin da musun <br> <br> mambobi izni su gabatar da bayani a kan ilimi da kuma aiki damar da suka shafi zaman lafiya ga ɗaliban makarantu a Atlanta. APA na son damar da aka samu a matsayin masu ba da agaji don su wallafa wallafe-wallafen a cikin ɗakin makaranta, a ofisoshin makaranta, da kuma shiga cikin Ranar Gwaninta da Harkokin Kasuwancin. A ranar 13 na 1986, 17, Kotu ta yi mulki a kan APA kuma ta umurci hukumar ta samar da APA tare da irin wannan dama da aka ba wa masu karɓar aikin soja. Duk da haka, hukumar ta aika da roko, wadda aka ba a ranar 1987, 1987. An jarraba al'amarin a watan Oktoba XNUMX. Kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa APA ta cancanci daidaitaccen magani kuma ta umurci Hukumar Ilimi ta ba da dama da dama don gabatar da ɗalibai a makarantun sakandare na Atlanta da bayanai game da aikin kulawa da zaman lafiya da kuma aikin soja ta hanyar ajiye littattafai a makarantun makarantu da kuma a makaranta ofisoshin jagoran. Har ila yau, ya yi mulki cewa APA ya cancanci shiga cikin Kwanan Kwana da kuma manufofi da ka'idodin da suka hana yin amfani da damar yin amfani da damar da kuma ba da damar yin magana da wadanda suka fi mayar da hankali kan raguwa a cikin wani filin da suka ɓata saboda sun karya haƙƙin Farko na Farko.

Maris 8. A wannan rana a 1965, a Amurka v. Seeer, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta fadada dalilin dalili na fita daga sabis na soja a matsayin mai ƙiyayya. Wasu mutane uku ne suka kawo karar wadanda suka yi ikirarin cewa an hana su saboda kin yarda da imaninsu saboda ba su daga wata kungiyar da aka yarda da ita. Musun sun dogara ne da dokokin da aka samo a cikin Dokar Horar da Soja ta Duniya da Dokar Hidima. Waɗannan ƙa’idodin sun nuna cewa za a iya keɓe mutane daga shiga soja idan “imaninsu ko koyarwar da suka yi ya sa suka ƙi yin yaƙi ko kuma shiga aikin soja.” An fassara imanin addini da ma'anar imani da “Maɗaukakin Maɗaukaki.” Fassarar imanin addini saboda haka ya dogara ne da ma'anar “Maɗaukaki.” Maimakon sauya dokokin, Kotun ta zaɓi faɗaɗa ma'anar “Maɗaukaki Maɗaukaki.” Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa “Maɗaukakin Sarki” ya kamata a fassara shi da “ma'anar iko ko kasancewa, ko imani, wanda duk ke ƙasa da shi ko kuma wanda duk ya dogara da shi.” Don haka Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa “ba za a iya keɓance matsayin wanda ya ƙi yin imaninsa ba kawai ga waɗanda suke da’awar bin ƙa’idodin halin ɗabi’un wani mutum na ƙoli, amma kuma ga waɗanda ra’ayinsu game da yaƙi ya samo asali daga ma’ana ta gaskiya da gaskiya da ke zaune a rayuwar mai riƙe da shi wuri ne da ke cike da Allah na waɗanda ”waɗanda ba a ba su kyauta. An kuma yi amfani da fadada ma'anar kalmar don rarrabe imanin addini da siyasa, zamantakewa ko falsafar imani, waɗanda har yanzu ba a ba da izinin amfani da su ba a ƙarƙashin hukuncin ƙin yarda da lamirinsu.

Maris 9. A wannan rana a cikin 1945, Amurka ta kashe wuta a Tokyo. Rashin napalm ya jefa bom sun kashe 'yan faransa na 100,000, wadanda suka ji rauni, suka hallaka mutane miliyan, gidajen da aka lalace, kuma sun sa koguna su tafasa a Tokyo. Wannan shi ne mafi girman hare hare a cikin tarihin yaki. An kama bama-bamai na Tokyo hare-haren ta'addanci da ke hallaka Hiroshima da Nagasaki, kuma sun yi la'akari da ramuwar gayyatar da Japan take kaiwa kan sansanin sojoji a Pearl Harbor. Masana tarihi sun gano cewa Amurka ba wai kawai san game da yiwuwar harin a kan Pearl Harbor ba, amma ya tsokani shi. Bayan da Amurka ta yi ikirarin Amurka a 1893, gina ginin jirgin saman Amurka a Pearl Harbor ya fara. {Asar Amirka ta gina wa] ansu dukiyarsa ta hanyar kawo makamai zuwa} asashe masu yawa, bayan WWI, da kuma gina magunguna a mafi yawan su. By 1941, {asar Amirka ta horar da wani jirgin saman soja na {asar China, yayin da yake bayar da makamai, da yakin basasa da kuma bama-bamai. Kashe makamin makamai zuwa Japan yayin da yake gina sojojin kasar Sin na cikin wani shirin da ya fusatar da Japan. Rashin barazanar shigar da Amurka a cikin Pacific ya tsananta har jakadan Amurka a Japan ya ji labarin yiwuwar kai hari kan Pearl Harbor, kuma ya sanar da gwamnatinsa yiwuwar watanni goma sha daya kafin a kai harin Japan. Militarism ya karu da shahararren Amurka a yayin da yake girma kuma ya ba da aikin yi ga jama'ar Amirka ta hanyar ganowa da kuma bayar da yakin basasa. Duka sojojin Amurka na 405,000 sun mutu, kuma an kashe 607,000 a lokacin yakin duniya, wani ɓangare na 60 miliyan ko fiye da mutuwar. Duk da wadannan kididdigarsu, Sashen War ya ci gaba, kuma an sake masa suna Sashen Tsaro a 1948.

Maris 10. On A yau a cikin 1987 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ƙin yarda da keta hakkin bil'adama. An bayyana ƙin yarda da lamirin mutum a matsayin ƙin yarda da dalilai na ɗabi'a ko na addini don ɗaukar makamai a cikin rikicin soja ko kuma yin aikin soja. Wannan amincewar ta tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na kowane 'yanci na tunani, lamiri, da addini. Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ya kuma ba da shawara ga kasashe da ke da manufofin shigar da sojoji cikin tilas su “yi la’akari da bullo da nau’uka daban-daban na aiki ga wadanda suka ki shiga soja saboda imaninsu wanda ya dace da dalilan kin yarda da imaninsu, tare da la’akari da kwarewar wasu Jihohi ta wannan fuskar. , kuma sun guji saka irin waɗannan mutane a kurkuku. ” Amincewa da ƙin yarda da imaninsa, a ka'ida, yana ba wa waɗanda suke ganin yaƙi ba daidai ba kuma lalata lalata su ƙi shiga ciki. Fahimtar wannan haƙƙin ya kasance aiki mai ci gaba. A Amurka memba na soja wanda ya zama mai ƙin yarda da imaninsa dole ne ya rinjayi sojojin su yarda. Kuma ba a yarda da adawa da wani yaki na musamman ba; mutum zai iya ƙin yarda da yaƙe-yaƙe kawai. Amma faɗakarwa da kuma nuna mahimmancin haƙƙin na ƙaruwa, tare da gine-ginen wurare a duk duniya don girmama waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da imaninsu da kuma hutun da aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Mayu. Shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy ya jaddada mahimmancin hakan lokacin da ya rubuta wa abokinsa waɗannan kalmomin: “Yaƙe-yaƙe zai wanzu har zuwa wannan ranar mai nisa da mai adawa da imaninsa ya sami irin martaba da martabar da jarumin yake da ita a yau.”

Maris 11. A wannan rana a 2004, 'yan kungiyar ta 191 sun kashe' yan kungiyar al-Qaeda a Madrid, Spain. A safiyar Maris 11^th, 2004, Spain ta shaharar da mummunan ta'addanci ko ba a kai hari ba a tarihinsa. An kashe mutane 191 kuma fiye da 1,800 sun ji rauni yayin da boma-bamai goma suka fashe a kan jiragen ruwa hudu da kuma cikin tashar jirgin kasa guda uku kusa da Madrid. Rashin fashewa ya haifar da kayan aikin hannu, kayan aikin fashewa. Da farko, an yi zaton cewa an kashe bama-bamai ne a matsayin kamfanin ETA, ƙungiyar 'yan kungiyar Basque da aka ware a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci ta Amurka da Tarayyar Turai. Kungiyar ta yi watsi da kalubalancin fashewar jirgin. Bayan kwanaki da dama bayan fashewar, kungiyar ta'addanci Al-Qaeda ta dauki alhakin hare-haren ta hanyar sakon layi. Mutane da yawa a Spain da kuma ƙasashe masu yawa a duniya sun ga hare-haren da ake yi na komawa kasar Spain a yakin Iraqi. Har ila yau hare-haren ya faru ne kawai kwana biyu kafin babban zabe na kasar Spain inda 'yan Socialist yaki, wanda shugaban Firayim Minista Jose Rodriguez, ya jagoranci. Rodriguez ya tabbatar da cewa za a cire dukkan dakarun Spain daga Iraki, tare da karshe daga cikinsu su bar Mayu ta 2004. Don tunawa da wadanda ke fama da mummunar hare-haren, an dasa wani gandun daji a cikin El Retiro Park a Madrid, kusa da daya daga cikin tashar jiragen kasa ne aka fara fashewa. Wannan rana mai kyau ne wanda za a yi ƙoƙari ya karya ragowar tashin hankali.

Maris 12. A wannan rana a 1930 Gandhi ya fara Maris Maris. Dokar Salt Act ta Birtaniya ta hana Indiyawa ta tattara ko sayar da gishiri, wani ma'adinai wanda ya zama abincin da ake ci dasu kullum. Jama'a na Indiya sun sayi gishiri daga hannun Birtaniya wanda ba wai kawai ya jagoranci masana'antun gishiri ba amma har ma yana da alhakin nauyi. Mai zaman kansa shugaban Mohandas Gandhi ya ga yadda ya yi watsi da gishiri a matsayin hanyar da Indiyawa za ta karya dokokin Birtaniya a hanyar da ba ta da wata hanya. A ranar 12^th, Gandhi ya bar Sabarmati tare da masu bin 78 kuma ya tafi garin Dandi a kan tekun Larabawa, inda kungiyar za ta yi gishiri daga ruwan teku. Marin yana da kusan 241 mil, kuma tare da hanyar Gandhi ya sami dubban mabiya. An yi watsi da cin hanci da rashawa a duk faɗin Indiya, kuma an kama mutane fiye da 60,000 Indiya, ciki harda Gandhi kan Mayu 21st. Tsarin rashin biyayya ya ci gaba. A watan Janairu na 1931, aka saki Gandhi daga kurkuku. Ya sadu da Mataimakin Indiya, Lord Irwin, kuma ya amince da su kira ayyukan da za a yi, don musayar ra'ayi, a taron na London, game da makomar Indiya. Har ila yau, taron bai samu sakamakon da Gandhi ya yi ba, amma shugabannin Birtaniya sun gane cewa wannan mutumin yana cikin 'yan Indiya kuma ba zai iya sauke shi ba. A gaskiya ma'anar tashin hankalin da aka yi wa 'yanci na Indiya ya ci gaba har sai da Birtaniya ta amince da cewa an dakatar da Indiya a cikin 1947.

Maris 13. A wannan rana a cikin 1968, iskar gas na nervous gas ta tashi a waje da Ƙungiyar Bayar da Dugway ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasar ta United State a Utah, shan tumaki 6,400 da ke kusa da Kwarin Skull. An kafa Dugway Proving Grounds a lokacin 1940s don wadata sojoji da wani wuri mai nisa don gudanar da gwajin makamai. Kwanaki da yawa kafin faruwar lamarin, Sojojin sun yi jirgin sama cike da iskar gas akan jijiyoyin Utah. Manufar jirgin shine ya watsa gas din a wani yanki mai nisa na Hamadar Utah, gwajin wanda karamin bangare ne na ci gaba da binciken sinadarai da makamai masu guba a Dugway. Gas din jijiyar da ake gwadawa an san shi da suna VX, wani abu mai guba sau uku kamar Sarin. A zahiri, digo guda na VX na iya kashe ɗan adam cikin kusan minti 10. A ranar gwajin, bakin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen fesa iskar gas din ya karye, don haka yayin da jirgin ya tashi sai bututun ya ci gaba da sakin VX. Iska mai karfi ta dauke gas din zuwa kwarin Skull inda dubban tumaki ke kiwo. Jami'an gwamnati ba su yarda da ainihin adadin tumakin da suka mutu ba, amma tsakanin 3,500 da 6,400 ne. Bayan afkuwar lamarin, sojojin sun tabbatar wa jama'a cewa ba za a iya samun asarar tumakin da yawa ba ta hanyar wasu 'yan digo na VX da aka fesa nesa ba kusa ba. Wannan lamarin ya fusata Amurkawa da yawa waɗanda suka yi matukar takaici da Sojojin da kuma yin amfani da muggan makamai don hallaka jama'a.

Maris 14. A wannan rana a 1879 Albert Einstein an haife shi. Einstein, daya daga cikin zukatan mutane a cikin tarihin ɗan adam, an haife shi ne a Württemberg, Jamus. Ya kammala karatunsa a kasar Switzerland, inda aka horar da shi a matsayin malamin ilmin lissafi da ilmin lissafi. Lokacin da ya karbi takardar shaidarsa a 1901, bai iya samun matsayin koyarwa ba kuma ya amince da matsayin matsayin mai sana'a a ma'aikatar waya ta Swiss. Ya samar da yawa daga cikin shahararren aikinsa a lokacin sa kyauta. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Einstein ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Ma'aikatar Duniya. An ba shi shugaban kasa na ƙasar Isra'ila, amma ya juya wannan bayarwar. Ayyukansa mafi muhimmanci shine Musamman na Ka'idar Dangantaka, Dangantaka, Janar Labaran Harkokin, Me yasa War ?, da kuma My Falsafa. Kodayake Einstein ya taimaka wa sauran masana kimiyya, wajen haifar da bam din bam, to shi kansa ba shi da wani ɓangare a cikin halittar 'yan ta'addan da aka jefa a Japan, kuma daga baya ya yi amfani da duk makaman nukiliya. Duk da haka, duk da ya shafi Buhari pacifist imani, ya bai rubuta wa Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt a madadin wani rukuni na masana kimiyya da suka damu da Amurka ta rashin mataki a cikin yankin na atomic makamai bincike, tsoron Jamus ta saye da irin wannan makami. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Einstein ya yi kira ga kafa wata gwamnati ta duniya da za ta gudanar da fasahar nukiliya da kuma hana yunkurin makamai na gaba. Ya kuma yi kira ga dukan duniya kada su shiga yaki. Ya mutu a Princeton, New Jersey a 1955.

Maris 15. A wannan rana a 1970, an kama masu zanga-zangar 78 yayin kokarin da 'yan gwagwarmayar' yan Amurkan Amurka suka yi don su zauna a Fort Lawton, suna buƙatar cewa birnin Seattle ya ba da dukiya maras amfani ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. Ƙungiyar 'yan Indiyawan Ƙasar da ke cikin dukan kabilanci sun fara motsa jiki, wanda Bernie Whitebear ya shirya da farko. A gwagwarmaya da suka mamaye Fort Lawton, a 1,100-Acre sojojin post a Seattle ta Magnolia unguwa, ya yi haka nan a mayar da martani ga ragewa Jihar Native American reservations, kuma ga 'yan adawa da kuma kalubalen da aka fuskantar da Seattle ta girma "birane Indian" yawan jama'a. A cikin 1950s, gwamnatin Amurka ta kafa shirye shiryen sake gurzawa dubban Indiyawa zuwa birane daban-daban, suna ba da tabbacin samun mafi kyawun aiki da damar ilimi. A ƙarshen shekarun da suka wuce, birnin Seattle yana da masaniya game da "matsala" na Indiyawan Indiya, duk da haka 'yan asalin ƙasar Aminiya sun ci gaba da ɓatacciyar ra'ayi a siyasar Seattle da kuma takaici saboda rashin amincewar garin. Whitebear, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙungiyoyi irin su Black Power, sun yanke shawarar shirya wani hari a kan Fort Lawton. Wadannan masu gwagwarmaya sun fuskanci 392^nd Sojojin 'yan sanda da ke dauke da makamai. Indiyawan da ke wurin sun kasance "makamai" tare da sandwiches, jakar barci, da kayayyakin kayan abinci. 'Yan asalin nahiyar Amirka sun mamaye tushe daga kowane bangare, amma babban jituwa ya faru a kusa da gefen ginin inda wani kamfanin 40 ya isa wurin ya fara janye mutane zuwa kurkuku. A 1973 sojojin sun ba mafi yawan ƙasar, ba ga 'yan asali na ƙasar ba, amma ga birnin don zama Discovery Park.

Maris 16. A wannan rana a 1921, an kafa asashen Duniya na War Resisters. Wannan kungiya ce mai amfani da maganin antimilitarist da ƙungiyar kwaminisanci wanda ke da tasiri a duniya tare da kungiyoyin 80 masu alaƙa a cikin kasashe na 40. Yawancin wadanda suka kafa wannan kungiya sun shiga cikin yaki da yakin duniya na farko, irin su Sakatare na farko na WRI, Herbert Brown, wanda ya yi shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan kurkuku a Birtaniya domin kasancewa mai ƙiyayya. An san kungiyar ta ƙungiyar War Resisters League, ko WRL, a Amurka inda aka kafa ta a 1923. WRI, hedkwatarsa ​​a London, ta yi imanin cewa yaki ya kasance mummunar laifi a kan bil'adama kuma cewa duk yakin, ko da kuwa dalilin da suke biye da su, kawai suna bin abubuwan siyasa da tattalin arziki na gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, duk yakin ya haifar da lalacewar maslahar yanayi, wahala da mutuwar mutane, da kuma kyakkyawan tsarin ƙarfin sabon iko da iko. Kungiyar ta yi ƙoƙarin kawo karshen yakin, farawa yakin basasa wanda ya kunshi ƙungiyoyi da mutane a cikin aiwatar da kawo karshen yakin. WRI ta gudanar da manyan shirye-shiryen uku don cimma burin da aka yi: shirin na Nonviolence, wanda ke inganta fasaha irin su juriya da rashin hadin kai, da hakkin ya ƙi Kashe Kashe, wanda ke tallafa wa masu ƙin yarda da kuma kula da aikin soja da kuma daukar ma'aikata, kuma a ƙarshe, Counter Shirin Matasa na Matasa, wanda ke ƙoƙari ya gano da kuma kalubalanci hanyoyin da matasa ke duniyar suke ƙarfafa su karbi dabi'u da dabi'un soja kamar yadda yake da daraja, mai kyau, al'ada, ko wanda ba zai yiwu ba.

Maris 17. A wannan rana a cikin 1968 a cikin mafi yawan shafukan Vietnam a Birtaniya zuwa yanzu, mutanen 25,000 sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Grosvenor Square a London. Wannan taron ya fara ne a cikin wani yanayi mai zaman lafiya da tsari, tare da mutanen 80,000 sun taru don nuna rashin amincewa da aikin soja na Amurka a Vietnam da Birtaniya don goyon bayan Amurka a yakin. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya kewaye da daruruwan 'yan sanda. Kawai dan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma dan gwagwarmaya mai suna Vanessa Redgrave da magoya bayansa uku sun yarda su shiga ofishin jakadancin don a kawo karshen zanga-zanga. A waje, an dakatar da taron daga shiga ofishin jakadancin, amma duk da haka sun ki amincewa da tsayawa, jefa dutse, masu kashe wuta, da kuma bama-bamai a kan 'yan sanda. Wasu masu lura da ido sun ce masu zanga-zanga sun shiga tashin hankali bayan "skinheads" suka fara yin waka a kan su. Bayan kimanin sa'o'i hudu bayan haka, an kama mutane 300 kuma an dakatar da mutanen 75, ciki har da masu kula da 'yan sanda na 25. Gudanar da mawaƙa da kuma co-kafa ƙungiyar almara The Rolling Duwatsu Mick Jagger na daya daga cikin masu zanga-zangar a Grosvenor Square a wannan rana, kuma wasu sunyi imani cewa abubuwan da suka faru sun sa shi ya rubuta waƙoƙin Street Yaƙi Mutumin da kuma Jin tausayi ga Iblis. An yi zanga-zangar da yawa a Vietnam a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, amma babu wani a London da ya fi girma kamar yadda ya faru ranar Maris 17^th . Yawancin zanga-zangar suka biyo baya a Amurka, kuma dakarun Amurka na ƙarshe suka bar Vietnam a 1973.

Maris 18. A wannan rana a 1644, yakin basasa na Anglo-Powhatan ya fara. Maganonin Anglo-Powhatan sune jerin yakin da aka yi tsakanin Indiyawa na Ƙwararrun Powhatan da 'yan Ingila na Virginia. Game da shekaru goma sha biyu bayan ƙarshen yakin basasa, akwai zaman lafiya a tsakanin 'yan asalin Amirka da masu mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, ranar Maris 18^th 1644, magoya bayan Powhatan sunyi ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari su kawar da ƙasashensu na 'yan Ingila sau ɗaya da duka. 'Yan kabilar Amurkan sun jagoranci jagorancin Cif Opechancanough, shugabanninsu da kuma ɗan'uwansu zuwa Cif Powhatan wanda ya shirya Powedean Confederacy. An kashe Xistan 500 a cikin harin farko, amma wannan adadi ya kasance kadan ne idan aka kwatanta da harin da aka kai a 1622 wanda ya kai kimanin kashi uku na yawan mazauna masu mulkin mallaka. Watanni bayan wannan harin, English ya kama Opechancanough, wanda yake tsakanin 90 da 100 shekaru a lokacin, kuma ya kawo shi Jamestown. A nan, an harbe shi a baya da wani soja wanda ya yanke shawara ya dauki abubuwan a hannunsa. An sanya sakonni a tsakanin Necotowance na Turanci da Opechancanough. Wadannan yarjejeniyar sun ƙuntata yankunan yankin Powhatan da yawa, tare da sanya su a cikin yankunan da ke arewa maso gabashin York. An yi yarjejeniya da yarjejeniyar kuma sun kafa wani tsari na cire 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirkanci daga kada kuri'ar shiga cikin yankunan Turai don su mallake ƙasar su kuma shirya shi kafin fadada su kuma sake dawo da su.

Maris 19. A wannan rana a 2003, Amurka, tare da sojojin hadin gwiwar sun kai hari kan Iraki. Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush ya fada a cikin wani jawabi ta gidan talabijin cewa yakin “don kwance damarar Iraki, da‘ yantar da jama’arta, da kuma kare duniya daga mummunan hadari. ” Bush da abokansa na Republican da Democrats sukan ba da hujjar yakin Iraki ta hanyar da'awar karya cewa Iraki ta mallaki nukiliya, da sinadarai, da makaman kare dangi, kuma Iraki tana kawance da al Qaeda - da'awar da ta gamsar da yawancin Amurkawa cewa Iraki tana da alaka zuwa laifukan ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001. Ta hanyar matakan da aka fi girmamawa a kimiyance, yakin ya kashe 'yan Iraki miliyan 1.4, ya ga mutane miliyan 4.2 sun ji rauni, kuma mutane miliyan 4.5 sun zama' yan gudun hijira. Miliyoyin 1.4 sun mutu 5% na yawan jama'a. Mamayewa ya hada da kai hare-hare ta sama 29,200, wanda ya biyo bayan 3,900 a cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa. Sojojin Amurka sun auna fararen hula, 'yan jarida, asibitoci, da motocin daukar marasa lafiya. Ya yi amfani da bama-bamai masu tarin yawa, farin fosfofi, uranium da ya lalace, da sabon nau'in napalm a cikin birane. Laifin haihuwa, yawan cutar kansa, da kuma mutuwar yara. Ruwan ruwa, tashoshin kula da shara, asibitoci, gadoji, da kayan wutar lantarki sun lalace, kuma ba a gyara ba. Shekaru da yawa, sojojin mamaye suka karfafa rarrabuwa da kabilanci da bangaranci, wanda ya haifar da ware kasa da danne hakkin da Iraki ke da ita ko da a karkashin mummunan mulkin 'yan sanda na Saddam Hussein. Kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda, gami da wanda ya dauki sunan ISIS, ya tashi ya bunkasa. Wannan rana ce mai kyau wacce za'a gabatar da ita domin neman a biya diyya ga mutanen Iraki.

Maris 20. A wannan rana a cikin 1983, mutanen 150,000, kamar 1% na yawan jama'ar Australia, sun shiga cikin ramuwar kariyar nukiliya. Harkokin ƙaddamar da makamashin nukiliya ya fara ne a cikin 1980s a Australia, kuma ya ɓullo da ɓarna a fadin kasar. An kafa kungiyar Kungiyar Jama'a don ƙaddamar da Naman Gida a 1981, kuma fitowarta ta bunkasa jagorancin motsi, musamman a Victoria, inda aka kafa kungiyar. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da masu ilimi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda suka fara motsa jiki ta hanyar ƙungiyar zaman lafiya. Jama'a don maganin ƙwayar cuta ta Nuclear sun bukaci rufe rufewar Amurka a Australia, kuma ta dauki manufofin adawa ga gamayyar Sojan kasar Australia da Amurka. Sauran kungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙasashe sun fito da sifofi irin su PND. Ostiraliya na da tarihi mai tsawo game da yaki da 'yan ta'addanci. A lokacin yakin Vietnam a 1970, kusan 70,000 mutane suka yi tafiya a Melbourne da 20,000 a Sydney a kan adawa da yaki. A cikin 80s, 'yan Australia sun yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen gudunmawar da kasar take bayarwa ga yakin basasa na nukiliya. Maris 20^th Rundunar 1983, wadda ta faru a ranar Lahadi kafin Easter, da aka fi sani da farko na "Katangar Lahadi", kuma ta taso da zaman lafiya da makaman nukiliya da damuwa da 'yan ƙasar Australia suka yi. Wadannan ragowar kwanakin Lahadi sun ci gaba a Australia a ko'ina cikin 1980s. Dangane da yunkurin da ake yi na yaduwar nukiliya wanda aka gani a cikin wadannan zanga-zangar, an dakatar da shirin nukiliya na Australia.

Maris 21. A wannan rana a 1966, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya ranar Duniya ta kawar da bambancin launin fata. An lura da wannan rana a duk faɗin duniya tare da jerin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma ayyukan da suke so su kusantar da hankalin mutane ga mummunan sakamako da kuma lalacewa na nuna bambancin launin fata. Bugu da ƙari, ranar yana zama abin tunatarwa ga dukan mutane wajibi ne don ƙoƙarin magance nuna bambancin launin fatar a kowane bangare na rayuwa a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na al'ummomin duniya da ke da rikicewa wanda ya dogara da haƙuri da yarda da wasu raga don ci gaba da rayuwa. A yau ma an yi nufin taimaka wa matasa a duk faɗin duniya ra'ayoyinsu da kuma inganta hanyoyi masu zaman lafiya don magance wariyar launin fata da kuma ƙarfafa haƙuri a cikin al'ummarsu, kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da cewa ƙaddamar da waɗannan muhimmancin haƙuri da yarda a cikin matasan yau yana iya zama daya daga cikin mafi yawan hanyoyi masu tasiri da tasiri don magance launin fata da nuna bambancin launin fata a nan gaba. An kafa wannan rana shekaru shida bayan abin da aka sani da Massacre na Sharpeville. A lokacin wannan mummunar yanayi, 'yan sanda sun bude wuta da kashe mutane 69 a zanga-zangar lumana a kan dokokin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bukaci al'ummomin duniya su karfafa kokarinta don kawar da dukkan nau'in nuna bambancin launin fatar a yayin da ya sanar da wannan rana a lokacin kisan kiyashin a 1966. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ci gaba da aiki don magance dukan nau'in launin fatar launin fata da kuma rikici na siyasa da ke da alaka da launin fatar kabilanci.

Maris 22. A wannan rana a 1980, mutanen 30,000 sun yi tafiya a Birnin Washington, DC, game da takardun yin rajista. A lokacin zanga-zangar, batutuwa na Rahoton Tsaro, wanda aka kafa ta Kwamitin Ta'addanci na kasa, an rarraba wa masu zanga-zanga da mahalarta. An kafa NRC ne a cikin 1980 don tsayayya da rajista zuwa gaftarin, kuma kungiyar tana aiki cikin farkon 1990s. Jaridu na Rahoton Resistance ta tarwatsa zuwa taron mutane da yawa suka bayyana game da batun NRC wanda shine kungiyar ta bude dukkan nau'o'i na jigon gwagwarmayar, ko hujja don tsayayya da aka dogara ne akan pacifism, addini, akidar, ko wasu dalilan da mutum zai iya yi don ba da gaskanta cewa su ya kamata a shigar da wannan. An sake shigar da takardun rajista a {asar Amirka a karkashin Shugaba Carter a 1980 a matsayin wani ɓangare na "shirye-shirye" ga Amurka don shiga tsakani a Afghanistan. A lokacin zanga-zanga a fadin kasar a yau da kuma a duk 1980, alamu kamar "Karyata yin rajista" ko "Ba zan yi rajistar" an gani ba a cikin dubun dubban wadanda suka yi imani da cewa suna da 'yanci ne kamar yadda mutane suka ƙi yin rajista. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don taimaka wa wasu takardun rijistar yin rajista a cikin sake yin amfani da su kuma su gane cewa haƙƙin da ya kamata ya ki shiga shiga rikici da hallakaswa shine hakikanin gaskiya ga dukan 'yan adam, kamar yadda babu wanda ya tilas ya shiga a cikin wannan mummunan yanayi kamar yakin.

Maris 23. A wannan rana a 1980 Akbishop Óscar Romero na El Salvador tsĩrar da sanannun hadisin salama. Ya yi kira ga sojojin Salvadoran da gwamnatin El Salvador da su yi biyayya ga umarnin Allah mafi girma, kuma su daina take hakkin bil adama na asali da aikata danniya da kisan kai. Washegari, Romero ya shiga cikin taron firistoci kowane wata don yin tunani a kan aikin firist. A yammacin wannan, ya yi bikin Mass a wani ƙaramin ɗakin sujada a asibitin Divine Providence. Yana gama hudubarsa, sai wata motar ja ta tsaya a kan titin da ke gaban ɗakin sujada. Wani dan bindiga ya fita, ya taka zuwa kofar dakin sujada, ya yi harbi. Romero ya buga a zuciya. Motar ta tashi da sauri. A ranar 30 ga Maris, sama da mutane 250,000 ne suka halarci makoki daga sassan duniya suka halarci jana’izarsa. A yayin bikin yayin da bama-bamai hayaki suka fashe a kan titunan kusa da babban cocin kuma harbe-harben bindiga daga gine-ginen da ke kewaye da su suka zo. Tsakanin mutane 30 zuwa 50 aka kashe ta hanyar bindiga da kuma a turmutsitsin da ya biyo baya. Shaidu sun yi ikirarin cewa jami'an tsaron gwamnati sun jefa bama-baman a cikin taron, kuma an yi ta harbe-harbe a cikin sojoji, sanye da fararen hula, daga baranda ko rufin Fadar Kasa. Yayin da harbe-harben ya ci gaba, an binne gawar Romero a cikin wani tsautsayi a ƙarƙashin gidan ibada. (Asar Amirka, a lokacin shugabancin Jimmy Carter da na Ronald Reagan, sun ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikicen ta hanyar ba da makamai da horo ga sojojin gwamnatin El Salvador. A shekarar 2010, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana ranar 24 ga Maris a matsayin "Ranar Duniya don 'Yancin Gaskiya Game da Babban Ta'addancin' Yancin Dan Adam da Darajar Wadanda Aka Ci."

Maris 24. A wannan rana a 1999, Amurka da NATO suka fara kwanaki 78 na bama-bamai Yugoslavia. (Asar Amirka ta yi imanin cewa, ba kamar shari'ar Crimea ba, daga baya, Kosovo na da 'yancin ballewa. Amma Amurka ba ta so a yi ta, kamar Crimea, ba tare da an kashe wani mutum ba. A cikin fitowar 14 ga Yuni, 1999 na The Nation, George Kenney, wani tsohon jami'in ofishin Gwamnatin Yugoslavia, ya ba da rahoto: “Wata majiya mai tushe da ba ta iya zuwa ba wacce take tafiya tare da Sakatariyar Gwamnati Madeleine Albright a kai a kai ta gaya wa wannan [marubucin] cewa, yana rantsar da masu rahoto zuwa zurfin Bayanin sirri a tattaunawar Rambouillet, wani babban jami'in ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ya yi alfahari da cewa da gangan Amurka ta sanya sandar sama da yadda Sabiyawan za su iya karba '' don kaucewa zaman lafiya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta ba da izinin Amurka da kawayenta na NATO su yi ruwan bama-bamai a kan Serbia a shekarar 1999. Haka ma Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ba. (Asar Amirka ta tsunduma cikin yakin basasa wanda ya kashe mutane da yawa, ya ji rauni da yawa, ya lalata kayayyakin fararen hula, asibitoci, da kafofin watsa labaru, kuma ya haifar da rikicin 'yan gudun hijira. Wannan halakar an yi ta ne ta hanyar karya, karyace-karyace, da karin gishiri game da ta'asa, sannan kuma aka ba da hujja ba tare da izini ba a matsayin martani ga tashin hankalin da ya taimaka wajen samarwa. A cikin shekarar da ta gabata kafin tashin bam din an kashe wasu mutane 2,000, akasari daga 'yan tawayen Kosovo Liberation Army wadanda, tare da goyon baya daga CIA, ke neman tsokano wani martani na Serbia wanda zai yi kira ga mayaƙan jin kai na Yammacin Turai. Yakin neman farfaganda ya danganta wuce gona da iri da ta'addancin ta'addanci ga kisan kiyashin Nazi. Lallai akwai ta'asa, amma mafi yawansu sun faru ne bayan tashin bam din, ba kafinsa ba. Yawancin rahoton Yammacin Turai sun canza wannan tarihin.

Maris 25. Wannan ita ce Ranar Tunawa ta Duniya na Bautawan da Aka Sami da Bautar Sadarwar Transatlantic. A yau, muna daukar lokaci don tunawa da mutane maza da mata, da yara da suka kamu da su a cikin bautar bautar mai karuwa na 15 a cikin shekaru 400. Wannan mummunar laifi za a dauka a koyaushe daya daga cikin, idan ba shine, mafi girma a cikin tarihi ba. Shirin bawan na karuwa shi ne mafi girma a cikin hijira a tarihin tarihi, kamar yadda miliyoyin mutanen Afirika suka janye daga gidajensu a Afirka kuma sun sake komawa sauran wurare na duniya, sun isa jiragen jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa a kudancin Amirka da Caribbean Islands. Daga 1501-1830, 'yan Afrika hudu sun wuce Atlantic domin kowane Turai. Wannan hijira ya kasance a fili a yau, tare da yawancin al'ummomin mutanen Afirka na zuriya a duk fadin Amurka. Muna girmamawa da tunawa a yau wadanda suka sha wahala da wadanda suka mutu saboda sakamakon mummunan bautar da bawa. An dakatar da bauta a Amurka a watan Fabrairun na 1865, amma ba a yi la'akari da bautar kariya da launin fatar kabilanci ba a duk fadin karni na gaba, yayin da aka raba rarrabuwa da wariyar launin fata har ya zuwa yau. Ana gudanar da al'amuran daban-daban a duniya a wannan rana, ciki har da ayyukan tunawa da kuma kulawa ga wadanda suka mutu. A yau ma lokaci ne mai kyau don ilmantar da jama'a, musamman ma matasa, game da sakamakon wariyar launin fata, bautar, da cinikin bawan. Ana gudanar da abubuwan ilimi a makarantu, kolejoji, da kuma jami'o'i. A 2015, an kafa wani tunawa a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Birnin New York.

Maris 26. A wannan rana a cikin 1979, yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Isra'ila-Masar ta sanya hannu.  A wani bikin da aka gudanar a Fadar White House, shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat da Firayim Minista Menachem Begin sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya na Isra'ila-Masar wanda shine yarjejeniya ta farko tsakanin Isra'ila da ƙasar Larabawa. A lokacin bikin, shugabannin biyu da Shugaban {asar Amirka, Jimmy Carter, sun yi addu'a cewa, wannan yarjejeniyar za ta kawo zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma ta kawo karshen tashin hankali da kuma fadace-fadacen da aka gudana tun lokacin da 1940s ya ƙare. Isra'ila da Masar sun shiga rikice-rikicen tun lokacin da Larabawa-Yakin Isra'ila, wanda ya fara kai tsaye bayan an kafa Isra'ila. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Isra'ila da Misira shine sakamakon watanni na tattaunawa mai wuya. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, kasashen biyu sun amince su kawo karshen tashin hankali da rikice-rikice da kuma kafa dangantakar diplomasiyya. Misira ya yarda ya gane Isra'ila a matsayin kasa kuma Isra'ila ta amince da su bar yankin Sinai da ya kwashe daga Misira a lokacin yakin kwanaki shida a 1967. Domin nasarar da suka samu wajen sa hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya, Sadat da Begin sun sami lambar yabo na Nobel Peace Prize. Mutane da dama a kasashen larabawa sunyi fushi da fushin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya yayin da suke ganin ta cin amana, kuma an dakatar da Eygpt daga kungiyar Larabawa. A watan Oktobar na 1978, 'yan ta'addan Musulmi sun kashe Sadat. Taron zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomi ya ci gaba ba tare da Sadat ba, amma duk da yarjejeniyar, tashin hankali ya ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakanin kasashen biyu-Gabas.

Maris 27. A wannan rana a 1958, Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev ya zama Premier na Soviet Union. Kwana daya kafin zaben sa, Khrushchev ya gabatar da sabuwar manufar harkokin waje. Shawararsa cewa ikon nukiliya yayi la'akari da kwance ɗamarar yaƙi da dakatar da kera makaman nukiliya ya samu karbuwa sosai. Bayan jawabin, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Andrei A. Gromyko ya amince da “haramta gwajin nukiliya da makaman nukiliya” na daga cikin ajandar Soviet. Marshal Voroshilov, shugaban Presidium na Soviet mafi girma, ya sake nanata cewa sabuwar gwamnatin “tana kan aiwatar da shirin,” kuma mutanen duniya sun san Mista Khrushchev a matsayin "mai tsayin daka, mai dauriya ga zaman lafiya." Yayin gabatar da alaƙar zaman lafiya tare da ƙasashe masu jari-hujja, Khrushchev ya kasance mai cikakken imani da gurguzu. Kuma, ba shakka, Yakin Cacar Baki ya ci gaba a karkashin gwamnatinsa yayin da ake murkushe zanga-zangar Hungary da ƙarfi, aka gina katangar Berlin, kuma aka kai hari da jirgin leken asirin Amurka da ke tashi a kan Rasha tare da kame matukinsa. Daga nan Amurka ta gano makamai masu linzami na nukiliya a wani sansanin Rasha da ke Cuba. Daga karshe Khrushchev ya amince da cire makamai masu linzami lokacin da Shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy ya yi alkawarin cewa Amurka ba za ta kai wa Cuba hari ba, kuma, a asirce, cewa za ta cire dukkan makaman nukiliya daga wani sansanin Amurka da ke Turkiyya. Khrushchev ya bawa duniya mamaki sau da dama ta hanyar harba tauraron dan adam na farko, kuma dan sama jannati na farko zuwa sararin samaniya. Rashin nasarar sa wajen shawo kan takwaransa shugaban kwaminisanci, Mao Zedong na China, da yin la’akari da kwance ɗamarar ya haifar da rashin samun cikakken goyon baya a Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin 1964, an tilasta Khrushchev ya yi murabus, amma ba a gaban tattaunawar hana keɓaɓɓen gwajin makamin nukiliya tare da Amurka da Ingila.

Maris 28. A wannan rana a 1979, wani hatsari na wutar lantarki na nukiliya ya faru a Mile Island a Pennsylvania. Wani ɓangare na ainihin ya narke a cikin tsire-tsire na biyu. A cikin watannin da suka biyo bayan hatsarin, jama'ar Amurka sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da nukiliya da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar. An gaya wa jama'ar Amurka ƙarya da yawa, wanda mai rajin yaƙi da makaman nukiliya Harvey Wasserman ya rubuta. Da farko dai, an tabbatar wa da jama'a cewa babu wani fitowar rediyo. Wannan da sauri ya zama ƙarya. Bayan haka an fadawa jama'a abubuwan da aka saki suna sarrafawa kuma anyi su bisa manufa don rage matsin lamba. Duk waɗannan maganganun ba su da gaskiya. An gaya wa jama'a cewa abubuwan da aka fitar ba su da muhimmanci. Amma masu sa ido sun cika kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ba, kuma daga baya Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta fada wa Majalisa cewa ba ta san yawan raunin da aka saki a Tsibirin Uku na Mile ba, ko kuma inda ya tafi. Alkaluman hukuma sun ce kashi daya na bai daya ga dukkan mutanen yankin ya yi daidai da x-ray na kirji daya. Amma mata masu juna biyu ba a yiwa x-rayed ba saboda an dade da sanin kwaya daya na iya yin mummunar illa ga amfrayo ko tayi a cikin mahaifa. An fadawa jama'a cewa babu bukatar korar wani daga yankin. Amma gwamnan Pennsylvania Richard Thornburgh sannan ya kwashe mata masu ciki da kananan yara. Abin baƙin cikin shine, an aika da yawa zuwa Hershey na kusa, wanda aka yi ruwa tare da faɗuwa. Yawan mutuwar jarirai ya ninka har sau uku a Harrisburg. Binciken gida-gida zuwa kofa a yankin ya sami ƙaruwa sosai a kansar, cutar sankarar bargo, lahani na haihuwa, matsalolin numfashi, zubar gashi, rashes, raunuka da ƙari.

Maris 29. A wannan rana a 1987 a Nicaragua, Vietnam Veterans for Peace ya tashi daga Jinotega da zuwa Wicuili. Tsoffin sojan da ke cikin wannan tattakin sun sa ido sosai kan yunƙurin Amurka na hargitsa ƙasar Nicaragua ta hanyar ba da taimako ga 'yan ta'addar Contras. Tsohon sojan Amurka goma ne suka kafa kungiyar Sojojin don zaman lafiya a cikin martani ga tseren makaman nukiliya na duniya da kuma ayyukan soja na Amurka a wasu ƙasashen Amurka ta Tsakiya. Grewungiyar ta haɓaka zuwa mambobi sama da 1985 a lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye Iraki a 8,000. Lokacin da aka kafa Tsohon Soji don Zaman Lafiya, ya ƙunshi yawancin Sojojin Amurka waɗanda suka yi aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na II, Yaƙin Koriya, da Vietnam, da Yakin Tekun Fasha. Hakanan ya ƙunshi tsoffin tsoffin soji da waɗanda ba tsoffin soji ba, amma ya girma a ƙasashen ƙetare a cikin recentan shekarun nan kuma yana da mambobi da yawa a cikin Kingdomasar Ingila. Tsoffin Sojoji don Peaceungiyar Aminci suna aiki tuƙuru don inganta hanyoyin yaƙi da tashin hankali. Hasungiyar ta yi adawa da ci gaba da adawa da yawancin manufofin soja na Amurka, NATO, da Isra’ila, gami da ayyukan soja da barazanar Rasha, Iran, Iraki, Libya, Siriya, da sauransu. A yau, mambobin wannan ƙungiyar suna ci gaba da tsunduma cikin himma kamfen don taimakawa kawo fahimtar mummunan halin yaƙi, kuma yawancin ayyukansu na yanzu suna mai da hankali ne ga yaƙin da ba zai ƙare ba kan ta'addanci. Createsungiyar ta ƙirƙiri ayyukan don tallafawa tsoffin mayaƙa, da adawa da yaƙe-yaƙe, da kuma magance yunƙurin ɗaukar sojoji a makarantu.

Maris 30. A wannan rana a 2003, mutane 100,000 sun ratsa ta Jakarta, babban birnin kasar Indiya, don nuna yakin basasa a Iraki, wanda ya fara a ranar Xuwan 19, 2003. Wannan ita ce babbar zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da aka taba yi a kasar musulmin da ta fi girma a duniya. Ranar ta kuma ga farkon zanga-zangar adawa da yaƙi a China. Wasu gungun daliban kasashen waje 200 ne aka ba su izinin wucewa ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Beijing suna rera taken nuna adawa da yakin. A kasar Jamus mutane dubu 40,000 suka kirkiro sarkar mutum mai tsawon mil 35 tsakanin garuruwan Munster da Osnabrueck. A Berlin mutane dubu 23,000 suka shiga cikin zanga-zanga a Tiergarten Park. An kuma yi jerin gwano da gangami a Santiago, Mexico City, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Paris, Moscow, Budapest, Warsaw da Dublin, India da Pakistan. A cewar wani malamin Faransanci Dominique Reynié, tsakanin 3 ga Janairu da 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, mutane miliyan 36 a duk duniya sun halarci zanga-zanga dubu 3,000 da aka yi don nuna adawa da yakin Iraki. Babban zanga-zangar a wannan lokacin ita ce Turai. An lissafa Rome a cikin Guinness Book of Records kamar yadda suke gudanar da babban taron adawa da yaƙi: mutane miliyan uku. Sauran manyan taruka sun gudana a Landan (wadanda suka shirya taron sun sanya adadin a miliyan 2); Birnin New York (375,000); da garuruwa da birane 60 a duk faɗin Faransa (300,000). Wani binciken da aka gudanar a watan Maris na 2003 wanda aka gudanar a kwanakin farko na yakin ya nuna cewa 5% na Amurkawa sun halarci zanga-zangar adawa da yaki ko kuma ta wasu hanyoyi sun nuna adawa ga yakin. Marubucin New York Times Patrick Tyler ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan manyan taruka “sun nuna cewa akwai manyan kasashe biyu a doron ƙasa, Amurka da ra’ayin jama’a na duniya”.

Maris 31. A yau a cikin 1972, wani taro ya taru da makaman nukiliya a Trafalgar Square na London. Fiye da mutanen 500 sun taru a dandalin a wannan rana don nuna jin tsoro da damuwa a kan gwajin nukiliya da gwaji na atomatik da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta gudanar. Banner na asali na asali da aka yi amfani da Gidan Gida na Nuclear Disarmament baya a 1958 an kawo shi a square kafin su fara 56-mile Easter Easter daga London zuwa Aldermaston, Berkshire. Ranar 4 ga watan Maris, a cewar Dick Nettleton, sakataren kungiyar, an shirya shi ne don sanar da mutanen da aka jagoranci su yi imani da cewa makaman binciken makamai na nukiliya an rufe shi domin an tura shi zuwa Aldermaston. Wannan matsin ya faru ne saboda wani jami'in watsa labarai na yau da kullum da aka gudanar da bincike kan makamai daga hukumar makamashin nukiliya ta Atomic zuwa ma'aikatar tsaron. Nettleton ya lura cewa, aikin 81% na aikin Hukumar ya ha] a hannu da makaman nukiliya da kuma boma-baman Birtaniya. Har ila yau, ya kara da cewa masana kimiyya sun sanar da shi cewa sun damu da halin da ake ciki a matsayin matakan neman cigaban bincike da ci gaban wadannan makamai. Masu zanga-zanga sun fara tafiya zuwa garin Chiswick, suna fatan su sami goyon baya daga maƙwabta kusa da hanyar da suke ci gaba da cibiyar nukiliya. Sun yi tsammanin 'yan sandan sun lalace a lokacin da suka isa Aldermaston, amma sun sami magoya bayan mutane dubu uku. Tare, sun sanya akwatunan baƙar fata guda ashirin da bakwai a ƙofar, ɗaya daga kowace shekara tun lokacin da aka kai hare-haren Amurka a Japan. Har ila yau, sun bar wani Gangamin Gida na Nuclear Disarmament, da aka yi wa ado da daffodils, alama ce ta bege.

Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.

Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.

Je zuwa fayilolin mai jiwuwa.

Je zuwa rubutun.

Je zuwa zane-zanen.

Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.

Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.

Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.

Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.

Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.

Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz

Graphics by Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.