Fabrairu
Fabrairu 1
Fabrairu 2
Fabrairu 3
Fabrairu 4
Fabrairu 5
Fabrairu 6
Fabrairu 7
Fabrairu 8
Fabrairu 9
Fabrairu 10
Fabrairu 11
Fabrairu 12
Fabrairu 13
Fabrairu 14
Fabrairu 15
Fabrairu 16
Fabrairu 17
Fabrairu 18
Fabrairu 19
Fabrairu 20
Fabrairu 21
Fabrairu 22
Fabrairu 23
Fabrairu 24
Fabrairu 25
Fabrairu 26
Fabrairu 27
Fabrairu 28
Fabrairu 29
Fabrairu 1. A wannan rana a 1960, 'yan makaranta hudu daga Jami'ar North Carolina Agricultural da Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Jami'ar sun zauna a gidan sayar da abincin rana a cikin gidan woolworth dake 132 South Elm Street a Greensboro, North Carolina. Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, da Joseph McNeil, dalibai a Kwalejin Noma da Kwalejin Kasuwancin North Carolina, sun shirya zama a Wakilin Magajin Woolworth. Wadannan dalibai hudu sun zama sanannun Greensboro na hudu saboda ƙarfin zuciya da kuma sadaukar da kansu don kawo karshen rarrabewa. 'Yan daliban nan hudu sun yi ƙoƙarin yin umurni da abinci a wurin sayar da kayan abinci na Woolworth amma an hana su ne bisa ga tsere. Duk da Brown v. Board of Education hukuncin a cikin 1954, raguwa ya kasance a cikin kudanci. Greensboro ta hudu ya zauna a kan abincin rana har sai an rufe gidan cin abinci, duk da cewa an hana aikin. Sauran matasan sun sake komawa gidan abincin Woolworth akai-akai kuma sun karfafa wasu su shiga su. A watan Fabrairu 5th, daliban 300 sun shiga cikin zama a Woolworth. Ayyukan] alibai hu] u na hu] u, sun ha] a da sauran jama'ar Amirka, musamman ma] aliban koleji, a Greensboro da kuma kudancin Jim Crow ta Kudu, don shiga cikin wuraren zama da sauran zanga-zanga. A ƙarshen Maris, tashin hankalin masu zaman kansu ya yada zuwa biranen 55 a jihohi na 13, kuma wadannan abubuwan sun haifar da haɗin gine-gine masu yawa a kudanci. Koyaswar Mohandas Gandhi ya karfafa wa wadannan samari su shiga cikin zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewarsu, suna nuna cewa ko da a cikin duniya na tashin hankali da kuma matsalolin, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ba su da tasirin gaske.
Fabrairu 2. A wannan rana a 1779, Anthony Benezet ya ki karbar haraji don tallafawa juyin juya halin yaki. Domin kiyayewa da kuma tallafawa juyin juya halin juyin juya hali, Kwamitin Tsaron Yammacin Afirka ya ba da harajin yaki. Anthony Benezet, mai shahararren Quaker, ya ƙi karbar haraji domin ya biya bashin. Benezet, tare da Musa Brown, da Samuel Allinson, da kuma sauran 'yan Quakers, sun yi tsayayya da yaki a dukan nau'o'in, duk da la'akari da barazanar ɗaurin kurkuku ko da kisa don hana karbar haraji.
Har ila yau, a wannan rana, a 1932, an fara gudanar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a duniya a Geneva, Switzerland. Bayan yakin duniya na, an haɗu da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a duniya, amma Amurka ta yanke shawarar kada ta shiga. A Geneva, {ungiyar ta Duniya da {asar Amirka ta yi} o} arin kawar da irin wannan tashin hankalin da aka yi, a dukan fa] in Turai. Yawancin membobin sun amince da cewa Jamus ta kasance da matakan makamai da aka kwatanta da kasashen Turai kamar Faransa da Ingila; Duk da haka, Jamusanci Hitler ta koma 1933 kuma tattaunawar ta rushe.
Kuma a wannan rana a cikin 1990, shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Frederik Willem de Klerk ya karyata zargin da aka yi wa 'yan adawa. Kungiyar Afrika ta ANC ta zama doka kuma ta kasance mafi rinjaye a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Kudu tun lokacin da 1994 ke yin aiki ga ƙungiyoyi, ba da launin fata, da kuma dimokiradiyya. ANC da Nelson Mandela mafi rinjaye sun kasance cikin ɓangaren wariyar launin fata, da kuma barin jam'iyyar ANC ta shiga gwamnati ta samar da karin dimokuradiyya ta Kudu ta Afrika.
Fabrairu 3. A wannan rana a cikin 1973, shekaru 40 na rikice-rikicen yaki a Vietnam ya ƙare lokacin da yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta da aka sanya a Paris a watan da ta gabata ya fara aiki. Vietnam ta jimre da ƙiyayya mara yankewa tun 1945, lokacin da aka fara yaƙin neman 'yanci daga Faransa. Yakin basasa tsakanin arewaci da kudancin ƙasar ya fara ne bayan da aka raba ƙasar da yarjejeniyar Geneva a 1954, tare da “masu ba da shawara” na sojan Amurkan suka zo a 1955. Nazarin 2008 da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard da Cibiyar Kula da Kiwon Lafiya da Tattaunawa a Jami'ar Washington ta kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 3.8 na mummunan tashin hankali sakamakon abin da Vietnamese ke kira Yakin Amurka. Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na mutuwar fararen hula ne. Arin miliyoyin sun mutu yayin da Amurka ta faɗaɗa yaƙin a cikin Laos da Cambodia. Wadanda suka ji rauni sun kasance a cikin adadi da yawa, kuma idan aka yi la’akari da bayanan asibitin Kudancin Vietnam, kashi daya bisa uku mata ne da yara kwata-kwata ‘yan kasa da shekaru 13. Rikicin da Amurka ta yi ya hada da 58,000 da aka kashe da 153,303 da suka jikkata, gami da 2,489 da suka bata, amma mafi yawan tsoffin sojan za su yi daga baya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa A cewar Pentagon, Amurka ta kashe kimanin dala biliyan 168 kan Yaƙin Vietnam (kusan dala tiriliyan 1 a cikin kuɗin 2016). Ana iya amfani da wannan kuɗin don inganta ilimi ko tallafawa kuɗaɗen shirin Medicare da Medicaid da aka ƙirƙiro kwanan nan. Vietnam ba ta zama barazana ga Amurka ba, amma - kamar yadda Pentagon Papers ta bayyana - gwamnatin Amurka ta ci gaba da yaƙin, kowace shekara, musamman “don kare fuska.”
Fabrairu 4. A wannan rana a 1913, An haifi Rosa Parks. Rosa Parks wani dan wasan kare hakkin bil'adama na Afrika, wanda ya fi da farko ya fara da Busgott na Montgomery ta hanyar ƙyale wurinsa zuwa wani fararen fata, yayin da yake hawa motar. An san Rosa Parks a matsayin "Uwargida na 'Yancin Bil'adama" kuma ta lashe Medal na Mista Freedom don sadaukar da kai ga daidaito da kuma kawo karshen raba gardama. An haifi Parks a Tuskegee, Alabama, kuma an yi ta cin zarafi a lokacin da yaro ya kasance da yaro; duk da haka, ta karbi takardar digiri na makarantar sakandare a 1933, duk da cewa kawai 7% na Afrika na Amirka sun kammala makarantar sakandare a wancan lokaci. Lokacin da Rosa Parks ya ki daina barin wurin zama, ta fuskanci irin wariyar launin fata da wa] anda ke kewaye da ita da dokokin Jim Crow da ba su da zalunci. Ta hanyar doka, an bukaci Parks don barin gidan zama, kuma ta yarda ta tafi kurkuku don nuna nuna goyon baya ga daidaito. Bayan kwanciyar hankali mai wuya da wahala, 'yan fata na Montgomery sun ƙare a kan bas din. Sun yi haka ba tare da yin amfani da tashin hankali ba ko kuma kara haushi. Wani shugaban da ya fito daga wannan matsala kuma ya ci gaba da jagorancin wasu batutuwa shi ne Dokta Martin Luther King Jr. Dukkan ka'idoji da fasaha da aka yi amfani da su a Montgomery za a iya canzawa kuma a yi amfani da dokokin da ba daidai ba da hukumomi marasa adalci a yau. Za mu iya jawo hankali daga Rosa Parks da wadanda suka gabatar da ita don inganta matsalolin zaman lafiya da adalci a nan da yanzu.
Fabrairu 5. A wannan rana a 1987, Uwayen Kasa na Kasa sun yi zanga-zangar a wani shafin binciken gwajin nukiliya Nevada. Barbara Wiedner ya kafa tsohuwar yara don Peace International a 1982 bayan da ta san nauyin 150 makaman nukiliya a cikin mil na gidanta a Sacramento, California. Manufar kungiyar ita ce ta ƙare amfani da mallakar mallakar makaman nukiliya ta hanyar zanga-zanga da zanga-zanga. Shaidu shida na Amurka, ciki har da Leon Panetta da Barbara Boxer, sun halarci wannan zanga-zangar, tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Martin Sheen, Kris Kristofferson, da Robert Blake. Wannan zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa a yankin Nevada na gwajin nukiliya ya haifar da yalwaci da tallafawa ga abin da aka gwada gwajin makaman nukiliya. Nasarar makaman nukiliya a Nevada ta karya dokar kuma ta damu da dangantakar Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet, ta kara karfafa cigaban makaman nukiliya da gwaji. A zanga-zangar, rikice-rikice na 'yan siyasa,' yan wasan kwaikwayo, matan tsofaffi, da sauran mutane sun aika da sako ga shugaban kasar Ronald Reagan da gwamnatin Amurka da cewa ba a yarda da gwajin nukiliya ba, kuma ba za a iya kiyaye mutanen nan cikin duhu game da ayyukan gwamnati ba. Wani sako kuma aka aika zuwa ga talakawa ta hanyar waɗannan labaran: idan ƙananan ƙananan tsofaffi na iya tasiri kan manufofin jama'a idan sun shirya da kuma aiki, to, haka za ku iya. Yi la'akari da tasirin da za mu iya samu idan muka yi aiki tare tare. Gaskantawa da makaman nukiliya ya rushe, amma makaman ya kasance, da kuma bukatar da karfi da motsi ya soke su girma tare da kowace shekara.
Fabrairu 6. A wannan rana a 1890, an haifi Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, ko Bacha Khan, an haife shi ne a cikin Birtaniya da aka mallaki Birtaniya zuwa wani dangin gida mai arziki. Bacha Khan ya yi rayuwa mai ban sha'awa domin ya kirkiro ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mai suna "Red Shirt Movement," wanda aka keɓe don 'yancin kai Indiya. Khan ya sadu da Mohandas Gandhi, mai zartar da rashin biyayya, kuma Khan ya zama daya daga cikin masu shawarwari mafi kusa, yana jagorantar abota da za ta kasance har sai da kisan Gandhi a 1948. Bacha Khan ya yi amfani da mummunan rashin amincewa don samun 'yancin ga Pashtuns a Pakistan, kuma an kama shi sau da yawa saboda ayyukan jaruntakarsa. A matsayin musulmi, Khan ya yi amfani da addininsa a matsayin wahayi don inganta al'umma mai zaman kanta da zaman lafiya, inda za a bai wa talakawa taimako taimako kuma su sami damar bunkasa tattalin arziki. Khan ya san cewa rashin nuna bambanci yana nuna soyayya da jin tausayi yayin tashin hankali ya haifar da mummunar azaba da ƙiyayya; sabili da haka, yin amfani da ma'anar rashin amfani, yayin da wuya a wasu yanayi, shine hanya mafi tasiri na samar da canji a cikin ƙasa. Birnin Birtaniya ya ji tsoron ayyukan Gandhi da Bacha Khan, kamar yadda ya nuna lokacin da 200 ke zaman lafiya, 'yan sanda na Birtaniya sun kashe' yan tawaye. Masallacin a Kissa Khani Bazaar ya nuna rashin amincewar mutanen Britaniya da kuma nuna dalilin da ya sa Bacha Khan ya yi yaki don 'yancin kai. A cikin hira a 1985, Bacha Khan ya ce, "Ni mai imani ne a cikin rashin zaman lafiya kuma na ce babu wani zaman lafiya ko kwanciyar hankali zai sauka a duniya har sai an yi amfani da rashin zaman lafiya, saboda rashin zaman lafiya ƙauna ce kuma yana ƙarfafa ƙarfin hali ga mutane."
Fabrairu 7. A wannan rana, an haifi Thomas More. Saint Thomas More, masanin Falsafa da kuma marubutan Katolika na Ingila, ya ki yarda da sabon Ikilisiyar Anglican na Ingila, kuma an fille masa kansa don cin amana a 1535. Thomas More ya rubuta Utopia, littafin da ke nuna tsibirin tsibiri cikakke wanda ya wadatu kuma yana aiki ba tare da matsala ba. Examarin bincika ɗabi'a a cikin littafin ta hanyar tattauna sakamakon kyawawan halaye. Ya rubuta cewa kowane mutum yana samun lada daga Allah saboda aikata nagarta da kuma azaba don aikata mugunta. Mutanen da ke cikin al'ummar Utopia sun ba da haɗin kai kuma sun zauna lafiya da juna ba tare da tashin hankali ko jayayya ba. Kodayake yanzu mutane suna kallon al'umar Utopia da Thomas More ya bayyana a matsayin hasashe na ba zai yiwu ba, yana da muhimmanci a yunƙuri don irin wannan zaman lafiya. Duniya ba ta cikin kwanciyar hankali a halin yanzu ba tare da tashin hankali ba; Koyaya, yana da matukar mahimmanci yunƙurin ƙirƙirar zaman lafiya, duniyar utopian. Matsala ta farko da dole ne a shawo kanta ita ce ta yaƙi a duk nau'ikan ta. Idan zamu iya kirkirar wani world beyond war, utungiyar utopian ba za ta zama kamar baƙi ba kuma ƙasashe za su iya mai da hankali kan wadata 'yan ƙasarsu sabanin kashe kuɗi don gina mayaƙan soja. Bai kamata kawai a jefa al'umman tekun gaba ba a matsayin marasa yuwuwa; maimakon haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da su azaman hadafin gama gari ga gwamnatocin duniya da daidaikun mutane. Thomas More ya rubuta Utopia don nuna matsalolin da suka kasance a cikin al'umma. Wasu an magance su. Wasu na bukatar zama.
Fabrairu 8. A wannan rana a 1690, kisan kiyashi na Schenectady ya faru. Rikicin da ake yi na kisan-kiyashi ya kai hari kan kauyen Ingila, mafi yawan mata da yara da aka yi ta hanyar sojojin Faransa da Algonquian Indiya. An kashe kisan gilla a lokacin yakin Yarima William, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Jarurun Nine, bayan da ake ci gaba da tsananta wa ƙasashen Indiya da Turanci. Masu haɗari sun ƙone gidaje a ko'ina cikin ƙauyen kuma suka kashe ko kurkuku kusan kowa a cikin al'umma. A cikin duka, an kashe mutanen 60 a tsakiyar dare, ciki har da mata 10 da yara 12. Wani mai tsira, yayin da aka raunata, ya tashi daga Schenectady zuwa Albany don ya sanar da wasu abin da ya faru a ƙauyen. Kowace shekara a bikin tunawa da kisan gillar, mai kula da Schenectady ya hau doki daga Schenectady zuwa Albany, ya ɗauki hanyar da wanda ya tsira. Amincewa da shekara ta zama hanya mai mahimmanci ga 'yan ƙasa su fahimci mummunan yaki da tashin hankali. An kashe maza, mata, da yara marasa kirki don ba da dalili ba. Garin Schenectady bai shirya don kai farmaki ba, kuma ba su iya kare kansu daga Faransa da Algonquians masu fansa ba. Za a iya kawar da wannan kisan gilla idan bangarorin biyu ba su taba yin yaki ba; Bugu da ƙari, wannan ya nuna cewa yaki yana fama da kowa, ba kawai wadanda ke fada a kan gaba ba. Har sai an kawar da yaki zai ci gaba da kashe marar laifi.
Fabrairu 9. A wannan rana a 1904, yaƙin Russo-Jafananci ya fara. A cikin marigayi 19th da kuma farkon 20th Shekaru da yawa, Japan, tare da kasashen Turai da dama, sun yi ƙoƙari su mallaki sassa na Asiya. Kamar kasashen Turai na mulkin mallaka, Japan za ta dauki yankin kuma ta kafa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta wucin gadi wanda zai yi amfani da 'yan yankin da kuma samar da kaya don amfanin kasar. Dukansu Rasha da Japan sun bukaci kasar Korea ta dauki nauyin mulkin kasar, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin kasashen biyu a kan tsibirin Koriya. Wannan yaki ba gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai ta Koriya ba ne; A maimakon haka, an yi ta gwagwarmaya ne ta hanyar dakarun waje biyu don yanke shawarar kullun. Rundunar mulkin mallaka ta hamayya kamar wannan ta hallaka kasashe kamar Korea ta siyasa da kuma ta jiki. Korea ta ci gaba da karɓar rikici ta hanyar yakin Koriya a cikin 1950. Japan ta rinjaye Rasha a Warsaw-Jafananci yaki da kuma kiyaye mulkin mallaka a kan tsibirin Koriya har zuwa 1945 lokacin da Amurka da Soviet Union rinjaye Jafananci. A cikin duka, an kashe kimanin 150,000 a ƙarshen yaki na Russo-Jafananci, ciki har da mutuwar na 20,000. Wannan yaki na mulkin mallaka ya shafi kasar Korea ta Kudu fiye da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi saboda ba a yi yakin da Japan ko ƙasar Rasha ba. Harkokin cinikayya ya ci gaba da faruwa a yau a ko'ina cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma {asar Amirka na da} o} arin magance yakin da ake yi wa wakilai, ta hanyar samar da makamai don taimaka wa wasu kungiyoyi. Maimakon yin aiki don kawo karshen yakin, {asar Amirka na ci gaba da bayar da makami ga yaƙe-yaƙe a ko'ina cikin duniya.
Fabrairu 10. A wannan rana a cikin 1961, Voice of Nuclear Disarmament, wani gidan rediyo mai fashin teku, ya fara aiki a bakin teku kusa da Birtaniya. Kamfanin Dr. John Hasted ya jagoranci tashar din, wani masanin kimiyya a jami'ar London, wani mai kida da mai rediyo a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Mai sanarwar, Lynn Wynn Harris, matar Dokta John Hasted. Dokta Hasted ya ha] a hannu da masanin lissafi da kuma masanin kimiyya, Bertrand Russell, a kwamitin na NASA, wani rukuni wanda ya bi ra'ayin falsafar Gandhi na rashin biyayya da tashin hankali. An watsa muryar murya na nukiliya a tashar tashoshin BBC bayan 11 a cikin 1961-62. An gabatar da shi ne a London ta kwamitin mamba na 100 yayin da yake kira ga mutane su shiga rassan su. Bertrand Russell ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kaddamar da yaduwar nukiliya don zama shugaban kwamitin na 100. Kwamitin 100 ya shirya manyan zanga-zanga, wanda aka fara a ranar Xuwan 18, 1961 a waje na Ma'aikatar Tsaro a Whitehall, daga bisani kuma a Trafalgar Square da kuma mai tsarki na Loch Polaris. Wadannan sun riga an kama su da kuma shari'ar mambobi na 32 na kwamitin na 100, wadanda ofisoshin da aka kai su ne daga manyan jami'ai na yanki, da kuma manyan mambobi shida na da laifin cin amana a karkashin Dokar Asirin Gida. Ian Dixon, Terry Chandler, Trevor Hatton, Michael Randle, Pat Pottle, da Helen Allegranza sun sami laifi kuma an tsare su a watan Fabrairun 1962. Daga nan sai kwamitin ya shiga cikin kwamitocin yanki na 13. Kwamitin na 100 na London shi ne ya fi aiki, gabatar da mujallar ƙasa, Aiwatar don Aminci, a watan Afrilu 1963, daga baya A Resistance, 1964.
Fabrairu 11. A wannan rana a 1990, Nelson Mandela ya tsira daga kurkuku. Ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da aikin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Tare da taimako daga Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amurka, an kama Nelson Mandela a kan laifin cin amana, kuma ya zauna a kurkuku daga 1962-1990; Duk da haka, ya kasance mai lakabi da jagorancin jagorancin gwagwarmaya. Shekaru hudu bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an zabe shi shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu, ya ba shi damar shigar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, yana samar da hakkoki na siyasa ga 'yan fata da fata. Mandela ya guje wa azabtarwa kuma ya bi gaskiya da sulhuntawa ga kasarsa. Ya ce ya yi imanin cewa ƙauna na iya cin nasara da mugunta kuma dole ne kowa ya kasance cikin bangare na tsayayya da zalunci da ƙiyayya. Ana iya taƙaita ra'ayoyin Mandela a cikin waɗannan kalmomi: "Babu wanda aka haifa yana ha'inci wani mutum saboda launin fata, ko bayansa, ko addininsa. Dole ne mutane su koyi inganci, kuma idan sun iya koyi da kiyayya, za a iya koya musu su kaunaci, domin ƙauna ta zo ne ta hanyar dabi'a ga zuciyar mutum fiye da kishiyarta. "Domin kawo karshen yakin da haifar da al'umma da ke zaman lafiya, dole ne zama masu gwagwarmaya kamar Nelson Mandela wanda ke son bada duk rayuwarsu saboda wannan lamari. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don yin aiki da aiki, diplomacy, reconciliation, da adalci.
Fabrairu 12. A wannan rana a cikin 1947, na farko da aka yi amfani da katin da aka kone a Amurka ya faru. Akwai kuskuren yaudara da cewa dakarun adawa da wannan shirin ya fara ne a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam; a gaskiya, mutane da yawa sun tsayayya da yakin basasa tun lokacin da suka fara a yakin basasar Amurka. An kiyasta mutanen 72,000 sun ki yarda da wannan labarin a yayin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma bayan yakin, mutane da yawa daga cikin mutanen sunyi tsayayye suka kone su katunan katunan. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ƙare, kuma babu wani sabon rubutun da aka sani, amma ƙona katunan katunan shine bayanin siyasa. Ma'aikata na 500 da ke cikin dakarun duniya biyu sun ƙone katunansu a birnin New York City da Washington, DC domin nuna cewa ba za su shiga ko kuma amincewa da ci gaba da tashin hankalin da sojojin Amurka suka yi ba. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tsoffin sojan kasar suka ƙi yin tarihin tashin hankali a cikin 'yan ƙasar Amirka da wasu ƙasashe a duniya tun lokacin da aka haifi Amurka. {Asar Amirka ta ci gaba da yakin basasa tun lokacin da 1776, kuma wata al'umma ce da ta yi ta fama da tashin hankali. Amma ayyuka masu sauƙi irin su katunan katunan sun ba da izini ga gwamnatin Amurka cewa 'yan ƙasa ba za su karbi al'umma ba a cikin yaki. {Asar Amirka na fama da yakin, kuma yana da mahimmanci cewa 'yan} asa suna gano hanyar da ba su da wata mahimmanci, wajen sadarwa da rashin yarda da ayyukan da gwamnati ke yi.
Fabrairu 13. A wannan rana a 1967, dauke da manyan hotuna na 'ya'yan Vietnam na Nepal,' yan kungiyar 2,500 na kungiyar Women Strike for Peace sun haddasa Pentagon, suna neman ganin "manyan 'yan matan da suka tura' ya'yansu zuwa Vietnam." Shugabannin cikin Pentagon sun kulle ƙofofi kuma sun ki yarda da masu zanga-zanga a ciki. Bayan ci gaba da kokarin, an yarda da su a ciki, amma ba a ba su damar ganawa da manyan jami'an da suka shirya su sadu da su ba. Maimakon haka, sun sadu da wani wakilin majalisa wanda bai bayar da amsoshin ba. Matan mata sunyi amsoshin tambayoyin daga gwamnati da ba za su samar da tsabta ba, don haka sun yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ne da za a yi yakin Washington. A yau da sauransu, Gwamnatin Amirka ta ki amincewa da yin amfani da iskar gas mai guba a cikin yaki da Vietnamese. Ko da tare da hotuna na 'ya'yan Vietnam' yan tawaye, gwamnatin Johnson ta ci gaba da sanya zargi kan Arewacin Vietnam. Gwamnatin {asar Amirka ta yi wa jama'arta ƙarya, don ci gaba da abin da ake kira "yaki da gurguzu," duk da cewa ba a samu sakamako ba, kuma yawancin hasara. Kungiyar Mata ta Kulla Kasuwanci ta amince da rashin nasarar yaki a Vietnam kuma sun bukaci amsoshin gaske game da yadda za'a kawo rikici. Lies da yaudara sun jawo yakin Vietnam. Wadannan masu zanga-zanga sun bukaci amsoshin daga manyan jami'an Pentagon, amma shugabannin dakarun sun ci gaba da yin musun amfani da gas mai guba ba tare da komai ba. Duk da haka gaskiya ta fito kuma ba a sake jayayya ba.
Fabrairu 14. A wannan rana a 1957, an kafa Cibiyar Shugabanci na Kudancin Kirista (SCLC) a Atlanta. Cibiyar Gudanarwar Kudanci ta Kudanci ta fara wata 'yan watanni bayan da mota na Montgomery ya rabu da shi ta hanyar Buscott Busgotery. Cibiyar ta SCLC ta wahayi ne ta Rosa Parks kuma ta shahara ta mutane kamar Martin Luther King Jr. wanda yayi aiki a matsayin jami'in zaɓaɓɓen. Manufar kungiyar ta ci gaba shine yin amfani da zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da aiki don kare hakkin bil'adama kuma kawar da wariyar launin fata. Bugu da ƙari, SCLC na neman yada addinin Kristanci kamar yadda abin ya gaskata shine hanya ta haifar da yanayi mai zaman lafiya ga dukan mutane a ko'ina cikin Amurka. Cibiyar ta SCLC tana ta gwagwarmaya ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin lumana don kawo sauyi a cikin Ƙasashen da ba a raba su ba, kuma sun yi nasara ƙwarai. Har yanzu akwai wariyar launin fata, na sirri da kuma tsarin, kuma kasar ba ta daidaita ba, amma akwai manyan ci gaba a zamantakewa na zamantakewa ga jama'ar Afirka. Aminci ba wani abu da zai faru ba a cikin duniya ba tare da shugabanni ba kamar SCLC aiki don ƙirƙirar canji. A halin yanzu, akwai surori da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a ko'ina cikin Amurka, ba'a iyakance ga Kudu ba. Kowane mutum na iya shiga ƙungiyoyi kamar SCLC, wanda ke inganta zaman lafiya ta hanyar addini kuma zai iya zama ainihin bambanci ta hanyar cigaba da aiki a kan abin da yake daidai. Kungiyoyi na addini kamar SCLC sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage rabuwa da inganta yanayin zaman lafiya.
Fabrairu 15. A wannan rana a 1898, jirgin Amurka da ake kira USS Maine ya hura a tashar jiragen ruwa a Havana, Cuba. Jami'ai da jaridu na Amurka, wasu daga cikinsu sun yi magana a fili don uzuri don kaddamar da yaki domin shekaru da dama sun zarga Spain, duk da rashin shaidar. Spain ta gabatar da bincike mai zaman kanta kuma ta yi da'awar bin hukuncin da wani mai yanke hukunci ya yi. {Asar Amirka ta fi son shiga cikin yakin da ba za a iya tabbatar da laifin cewa Spain ta yi laifi ba. Wani binciken da Amurka ta yi game da shekaru 75 ya ƙare, kamar yadda Farfesa Farfesa Philip Alger ya yi a lokacin (a cikin rahoto da yakin da ake kira Theodore Roosevelt ya shafe) cewa, Maine kusan an yi shiru ta hanyar fashewa ta ciki da kuma hadari. Ka tuna Maine da Jahannama tare da Spain shine yaƙin, har yanzu ana ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar abubuwan tunawa da ke nuna sassan jirgin a duk faɗin Amurka har zuwa yau. Amma zuwa jahannama tare da hujjoji, hankali, salama, ladabi, da mutanen Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, da Guam shine gaskiyar. A cikin Philippines, fararen hula 200,000 zuwa 1,500,000 sun mutu saboda tashin hankali da cuta. Shekaru dari da biyar bayan ranar da Maine ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar, duniya ta yi ikirarin hare-haren ta'addanci da Amurka ke kaiwa Iraki a cikin mafi yawan kwanaki na zanga-zanga a cikin tarihi. A sakamakon haka, kasashe da yawa sun yi tsayayya da yaki, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ki yarda da shi. {Asar Amirka ta ci gaba da yin hakan, a} ar} ashin dokar. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don ilmantar da duniya game da yakin yaki da gwagwarmayar yaki.
Fabrairu 16. A wannan rana a cikin 1941, wata wasika ta fastoci da aka karanta a duk minbarin majami'ar Yaren mutanen Norway ta umarci masu taron da su “tsaya kyam, jagorantar maganar Allah… kuma su kasance masu aminci ga abin da kuka yarda da shi….” A nata bangaren, Cocin ta gaishe da dukkan mabiyanta “cikin farin ciki na imani da ƙarfin hali cikin Ubangijinmu da Mai Cetonmu.” Wasikar ta nemi hada kan ‘yan kasar Norway da su yi adawa da mamayar da‘ yan Nazi suka yi wa mamayar Mazhabar Lutheran ta Norway, biyo bayan mamayar da Jamusawa suka yi wa kasar a ranar 9 ga Afrilun 1940. Cocin kuma ta dauki matakin kanta kai tsaye don dakile kutse na ‘yan Nazi. A ranar Lahadi Lahadi, 1942, an karanta takaddar da Cocin ta aika wa dukan fastoci a bayyane zuwa kusan dukkanin ikilisiyoyin. Mai taken "Gidauniyar Cocin," ta yi kira ga duk wani malamin coci da ya yi murabus a matsayinsa na mai wa'azin Cocin Jiha - matakin da Cocin ta san zai jefa su cikin tsanantawa da 'yan Nazi. Amma dabarun yayi aiki. Lokacin da duk fastocin suka yi murabus, sai mutane suka ba su goyon baya da kauna, aminci, da kuma kudi, suka tilasta wa shugabannin cocin na Nazi yin watsi da shirin cire su daga cocinsu. Tare da murabus din, amma, Majami'ar Jiha ta watse kuma an kafa sabon cocin Nazi. Har zuwa 8 ga Mayu, 1945, tare da miƙa wuya da sojojin na Jamus suka yi, kafin a iya dawo da majami'u a ƙasar Norway kamar yadda suke a da. Har yanzu, wasikar fastocin da aka karanta a cikin mimbarin Norway fiye da shekaru huɗu kafin ta taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ya sake nuna cewa ana iya tsammanin mutane talakawa su sami ƙarfin hali don tsayayya da zalunci da kare ƙimomin da suke ɗauka a matsayin tushen ɗan adam.
Fabrairu 17. A wannan rana a 1993, an saki shugabanni na zanga-zangar dalibai na 1989 a kasar Sin. Yawancin mutanen da aka kama a birnin Beijing, inda 1949, a kan Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong ya yi kira ga "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar" a karkashin tsarin mulkin gurguzu. Bukatar dimokuradiyya na gaskiya ya bunkasa har shekaru arba'in har sai wadanda ke cikin Tiananmen, Chengdu, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xi'an, Changsha, da kuma sauran yankuna sun girgiza duniya kamar yadda dubban dalibai aka kashe, suka ji rauni, ko kuma a kurkuku. Duk da yunƙurin da China ta yi na toshe manema labaru, wasu sanannun karɓar ƙasashen waje. Fang Lizhi, Farfesa na astrophysics, an ba shi mafaka a Amurka, kuma ya koyar a Jami'ar Arizona. Wang Dan, babban jami'in tarihin tarihin Peking, mai suna 20, an yi masa kurkuku sau biyu, aka tura shi a 1998, kuma ya zama mai bincike a bako a Oxford, kuma shugaban Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Sin. Chai Ling,] an jariri na] alibai na shekaru 23, ya tsere bayan watanni goma a ɓoye, ya kammala karatu daga Harvard Business School, kuma ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na inganta tashar yanar gizo don jami'o'i. Wu'er Kaixi, wani dan wasan mai suna 21 mai shekaru 19 ya rantsar da Premier Li Peng a kan talabijin na kasa, ya tsere zuwa Faransa, sannan yayi nazarin tattalin arziki a Harvard. Liu Xiaobo, wani malamin wallafe-wallafen da ya fara "Yarjejeniyar 08," wata alama ta kira ga 'yancin mutum,' yancin magana, da kuma za ~ u ~~ uka na jam'iyyun siyasa, da aka gudanar a wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba, kusa da Beijing. Han Dongfang, wani ma'aikacin direktan 27 da ke taimakawa wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Autonomy na Beijing a 1989, 'yan kasuwa na' yan kwaminis na farko a cikin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin, an tsare shi a kurkuku. Han ya tsere zuwa Hongkong, kuma ya fara Labarin Labarun {asar China don kare hakkin 'yan} asar Sin. Mutumin da aka ba da kyauta wanda ke rufe layin tankuna ba a taɓa gano shi ba.
Fabrairu 18. A wannan rana a cikin 1961, 88 mai shekaru goma shahararren dan Birtaniya / Bistrand Russell ya jagorancin wasu mutane 4,000 zuwa tashar Trafalgar na London, inda aka gabatar da jawabai akan isowa daga makamai masu linzami na kungiyar Mormon na makaman nukiliya. Daga nan sai marubucin suka shiga ma'aikatar Tsaro na Birtaniya, inda Russell ya buga sako na nuna rashin amincewa ga ƙofar gini. Wani zanga-zangar da aka biyo baya ya biyo a titi, wanda ya yi kusan kusan sa'o'i uku. Ranar Fabrairu ce ta farko ta shirya sabon rukuni na 'yan gwagwarmaya, kwamitin "100," wanda aka zabi Russell a matsayin shugaban kasa. Kwamitin ya bambanta da muhimmanci daga Birtaniya ta kafa Gidan Gaddafi na Nuclear Disarmament, daga bisani Russell ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban kasa. Maimakon shirya hanya tare da magoya bayan da ke dauke da alamu, manufar kwamitin ita ce ta yi aiki da karfi da kuma hankalin-yin ayyukan kai tsaye na rashin biyayya da ta'addanci. Russell ya bayyana dalilansa na kafa kwamitin a wata kasida a cikin New dattaku a cikin watan Fabrairun 1961. Ya ce a wani bangare: “Idan duk wadanda ba su amince da manufofin gwamnati ba za su shiga cikin manyan zanga-zangar nuna rashin biyayya ga farar hula za su iya sanya wautar gwamnati ba zai yiwu ba kuma ya tilasta wa wadanda ake kira’ yan kasa da su amince da matakan da zai sa rayuwar dan Adam ta yiwu. ” Kwamitin na 100 ya gabatar da zanga-zanga mafi inganci a ranar 17 ga Satumbar, 1961, lokacin da ya sami nasarar toshe kawunan maraƙin a tashar jirgin ruwa mai tsarki na Holy Loch Polaris. Bayan haka, duk da haka, dalilai daban-daban sun haifar da raguwarta cikin sauri, gami da bambance-bambance a kan manyan manufofin kungiyar, karuwar kame 'yan sanda, da kuma shiga kamfen din da ya danganci wasu abubuwa ban da makaman nukiliya. Russell da kansa ya yi murabus daga Kwamitin a 1963, kuma an rushe kungiyar a watan Oktoba 1968.
Fabrairu 19. A wannan rana a 1942, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu na Jamus a Norway, malamai na Norwegian sun fara yakin neman nasara na tsayayyar rashin amincewa da shirin Nazi na shirin ilimi na kasar. An dauki wannan dokar ta hanyar mai cin gashin kishin Nazi mai suna Vidkun Quisling, sa'an nan kuma Shugaban Minista na Nazi na Norway. A karkashin sharuddan dokar, an kawar da ƙungiyar malamai a yanzu kuma duk malaman da aka rubuta a watan Fabrairun 5, 1942 tare da sabuwar Jami'ar Koyarwa ta Norwegian. Malaman sun ki yarda da su, amma sun manta da ranar ƙarshe na Fabrairu 5. Sai suka biyo bayan jagoran kungiyar Nazi a Oslo, wanda ya aika da dukkan malamai a taƙaitaccen bayanin da za su iya yin amfani da su don sanar da rashin amincewar su don yin aiki tare da bukatar Nazi. Malaman za su kwafa da aika wasikar zuwa ga Quisling gwamnati, tare da suna da adireshin da aka sanya. A watan Fabrairu 19, 1942, yawancin malamai na 12,000 na Norwegian sun yi haka kawai. Maganar Quisling ta bugunta ita ce ta umurci makarantun Norway su rufe su wata guda. Wannan aikin, duk da haka, ya sa iyayensu masu tausayi su rubuta wasu takardun 200,000 na rashin amincewa ga gwamnati. Ma'aikatan da kansu suna gudanar da zaman kansu a cikin saitunan masu zaman kansu, da kuma kungiyoyi masu boye sun biya bashin da aka yi wa iyalai fiye da 1,300 malaman makaranta waɗanda aka kama da kuma kurkuku. Dangane da rashin nasarar shirin su na kwace makarantu na Norway, shugabannin fascist sun fitar da dukan malaman kurkuku a cikin watan Nuwamba 1942, kuma an sake mayar da tsarin ilimi ga hukumar Norwegian. Dabarun yunkurin rikici ba ta yi nasara ba wajen magance matsalolin zalunci na rashin karfi.
Fabrairu 20. A wannan rana a 1839, majalisa ta yanke dokar da ta haramta karuwanci a District of Columbia. Shari'ar dokar ta haifar da kukan jama'a a kan wani dakin 1838 a cikin mummunar Bladensburg Dueling Grounds a Maryland, a kan iyakar DC kawai. A cikin wannan hamayya, wani dan majalisa mai suna William Graves na Kentucky ya harbe shi da wani dan majalisa daga Maine mai suna Jonathan Cilley. An yi la'akari da yadda aka yi la'akari sosai, ba wai kawai saboda musayar wuta guda uku da ake buƙatar kawo ƙarshen ba, amma saboda wanda ya tsira, Graves, ba wanda aka yi masa rauni ba. Ya shiga duel ne don tabbatar da sunan wani abokinsa, wani editan jaridar New York mai suna James Webb, wanda Cilley ya kira lalata. A nasa bangare, majalisar wakilai ta zabi kada su yi wa 'yan kuliya ko wasu' yan majalisa biyu da ke cikin duel, kodayake mawuyacin halin da ake ciki a DC da kuma mafi yawan jihohi da yankuna na Amurka. Maimakon haka, ya gabatar da lissafin da zai "hana izinin ko karbar a cikin Gundumar Columbia, da kalubalantar yaki da duel, da kuma azabtar da ita." Bayan da nassi ya gabatar da shi, gwargwadon ya sa jama'a su bukaci a dakatar da su. dueling, amma ya yi kadan don kawo ƙarshen aikin. Kamar yadda suka yi a kai a kai tun lokacin 1808, duelists sun ci gaba da taruwa a cibiyar Bladensburg dake Maryland, mafi yawa a duhu. Bayan yakin basasa, duk da haka, dueling ya fadi daga ni'ima kuma ya ƙi hanzari a duk fadin Amurka. An yi karshe ne a cikin 1868 na karshe na wasu hamsin da duels a Bladensburg.
Fabrairu 21. A wannan rana a cikin 1965, gungun wuta mai cin gashin dan Adam na Afrika da dan kare hakkin bil'adama Malcolm X ya kashe shi yayin da ya shirya don magance kungiyar hadin kai ta Amurka (OAAU), kungiyar da ta kafa wannan shekara kafin wannan. sun bukaci a sake ha] a da jama'ar {asar Amirka, tare da al'adunsu, na Afrika, kuma su taimaka wajen samun 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki. A cikin jigon haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga baƙi, Malcolm X ya ba da ra'ayi mai yawa. A matsayinsa na memba na Jamhuriyar Islama, ya yi hukuncin kullun Amurkawa kamar "aljannu" kuma ya yi kira ga rarrabe launin fata. Ya bambanta da Martin Luther King, ya bukaci 'yan baki su ci gaba da samun' yancin kansu. "Kafin ya bar ƙasar musulunci, ya kawar da kungiyar saboda rashin amincewar da ya yi wa 'yan sanda da cin zarafin' yan sanda da kuma hada hannu tare da 'yan siyasar bakin ciki na gida. ciyar da hakkin baki. A ƙarshe, bayan shiga cikin 1964 Hajji zuwa Makka, Malcolm ya zo ne a kan ra'ayin cewa abokan gaba na 'yan asalin Amurka ba sa fata bane, amma wariyar launin fata kanta. Ya ga Musulmai "launuka masu launin launin fata, masu launin shuɗi ga 'yan Afirka masu fata," suna hulɗar da juna daidai kuma sun kammala cewa Musulunci kanta shine mabuɗin magance matsalolin launin fata. An yi la'akari da cewa Malcolm ya kashe wasu mambobi ne na kungiyar 'yan kasa ta musulunci ta Musulunci (NOI) wanda ya bar shi a shekara daya. KASA barazanar da aka yi masa da gaske ya tsananta har zuwa kisan, kuma an kashe 'yan kungiyar NOI guda uku a kan kisan. Duk da haka, biyu daga cikin uku da ake zargi da kisan gilla sun ci gaba da kasancewa rashin laifi, kuma shekarun da suka gudanar da binciken sun jefa shakku kan batun da aka yi musu.
Fabrairu 22. A wannan rana a 1952, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Koriya ta Arewa ta zargi Amurka da yin watsi da kamuwa da cutar a kan Koriya ta Arewa. A lokacin Yaƙin Koriya (1950-53), sojojin Sinawa da na Koriya suna fama da ɓarkewar cututtukan cututtuka waɗanda suka yi niyyar zama cutar shan inna, kwalara, da annoba. Arba'in da huɗu waɗanda suka riga sun mutu sun yi gwajin cutar sankarau. Amurka ta ƙaryata game da hannu a yaƙin nazarin halittu, duk da cewa shaidun gani da ido da yawa sun zo ciki har da ɗan rahoton Australiya. Jaridun duniya sun gayyaci binciken kasa da kasa yayin da Amurka da kawayenta suka ci gaba da kiran zargin a matsayin yaudara. (Asar Amirka ta ba da shawarar gudanar da bincike daga Red Cross ta Duniya don kawar da duk wani shakku, amma Soviet Union da kawayenta sun ƙi, suna da yakinin cewa Amurka ta yi ƙarya. A ƙarshe, Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta kafa Hukumar Kimiyya ta Duniya don Gaske Game da Yakin Cutar Kanjamau a cikin China da Koriya tare da fitattun masana kimiyya, gami da mashahurin masanin ilmin kimiyar ɗan adam da masanin ilmin kimiyar ɗan adam. Binciken su ya samu goyon baya daga shaidun gani da ido, likitoci, da fursunonin yakin Koriya ta Amurka su hudu wadanda suka tabbatar da cewa Amurka ta aike da yakin nazarin halittu daga filayen jirgin sama a Okinawa da Amurka ta mamaye zuwa Koriya ta fara a 1951. Rahoton karshe, a watan Satumbar 1952, ya nuna cewa Amurka na amfani da makamai masu guba, da andungiyar ofungiyar Lauyoyi ta Demokraɗiyya ta publicasa ta ba da labarin waɗannan sakamakon a cikin “Rahotonta game da Laifin Amurka a Koriya.” Rahoton ya nuna cewa Amurkan ta karɓi gwajin Japan ɗin da aka gabatar a baya a cikin gwajin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi a 1949. A lokacin, Amurka ta kira waɗannan gwaji “mummunan farfaganda mara tushe.” 'Yan Japan din dai, an same su da laifi. Sannan, haka ma Amurka
Fabrairu 23. A yau a 1836, yakin Alamo ya fara a San Antonio. Yaƙin na Texas ya fara a 1835 lokacin da ƙungiyar Anglo-Amurka da mazauna Tejanos (mazauna Mexicans da Indiyawa) suka kama San Antonio wanda ke ƙarƙashin mulki na Mexica, suna da'awar ƙasar a "Texas" a matsayin kasa mai zaman kanta. An kira San Antonio Lopez na Santa Anna a, kuma ya yi barazanar cewa sojojin "ba za su dauki fursunoni ba." Dokar Amurkan Amurka a Cif Sam Houston ya amsa ta hanyar umarni mazauna su bar San Antonio kamar yadda 200 ba su da yawa da yawa daga rundunar 4,000 Sojojin Mexico. Kungiyar ta yi tsayayya, suna neman mafaka a cikin wani babban masallaci na Franciscan wanda aka gina a 1718 da ake kira The Alamo. Bayan watanni biyu, a ranakun Fabrairu 23, 1836, sojoji shida na Mexico sun mutu a yakin yayin da suke kai hari da kashe mutum ɗari da tamanin da uku. Sojojin Mexican sun sanya gawawwakin wadannan mazauna wuta a bayan Alamo. Janar Houston ta karbi sojojin da ke tallafa wa wadanda aka kashe a yakin neman 'yanci. Maganar "Ka tuna da Alamo" ya zama sanadiyar kira ga mayakan Texas, kuma bayan shekaru goma bayan sojojin {asar Amirka, a yakin da ya sata wata ƙasa mai nisa daga Mexico. Bayan kisan gilla a Alamo, sojojin Houston sun ci gaba da rinjaye sojojin Mexico a San Jacinto. A watan Afrilu na 1836, Janar Santa Anna ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar lafiya ta Velasco, kuma sabuwar Jamhuriyar Texas ta bayyana 'yancin kanta daga Mexico. Texas ba ta zama wani ɓangare na Amurka har sai Disamba na 1845. An kara girma a cikin yaki mai zuwa.
Fabrairu 24. A wannan rana a cikin 1933, Japan ta janye daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasashen. An kafa kungiyar a cikin 1920 a cikin fatan wanzar da zaman lafiya a duniya bayan taron Paris Peace Peace wanda ya kawo karshen yakin duniya na 1933. Asali mambobin sun hada da: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia , Denmark, El Salvador, Faransa, Girka, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Italia, Japan, Liberia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Siam, Spain , Sweden, Switzerland, Afirka ta Kudu, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, da Yugoslavia. A cikin XNUMX, kungiyar ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke gano Japan da laifi a yakin Manchuria, kuma ta nemi a janye sojojin Japan. Wakilin Japan Yosuke Matsuoka ya karyata rahoton rahoton tare da bayanin: “… Manchuria namu ne daidai. Karanta tarihinka. Mun dawo da Manchuria daga Rasha. Mun sanya shi yadda yake a yau. ” Ya ce Rasha da China sun haifar da "damuwa da damuwa matuka," kuma Japan ta ga "tilas ce ta yanke hukuncin cewa Japan da sauran mambobin kungiyar suna da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da yadda za a samu zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya." Ya sake maimaita cewa Manchuria lamari ne na rayuwa da mutuwa ga Japan. "Japan ta kasance kuma za ta kasance tushen tushen zaman lafiya, tsari da ci gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya." Ya tambaya, “Shin jama'ar Amurka za su yarda da irin wannan ikon na Yankin Canal na Panama; Ingila za ta ba shi izinin ne a kan Masar? An gayyaci Amurka da Rasha don amsawa. Duk da nuna goyon baya, Amurka, wacce ta horar da Japan kan mulkin mallaka, ba ta taba shiga Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya ba.
Fabrairu 25. A wannan kwanan wata a 1932, jaridar Britaniya ta fi dacewa, mace mai suna, mai wa'azi, da kuma kirista mai zaman lafiya Krista Maude Royden ya wallafa wata wasika a London Daily Express. Co-sanya hannu da 'yan gwagwarmaya biyu, wasika ta ba da shawarar abin da zai iya kasancewa kyakkyawan shirin zaman lafiya na karni na ashirin. A karkashin sharuɗɗa, Royden da abokan aiki biyu zasu jagoranci 'yan gudun hijirar "Peace Army" daga mazajen Birtaniya da maza zuwa Shanghai, inda za su yi kokarin dakatar da yakar sojojin kasar Sin da Japan ta hanyar yin musayar kansu a tsakanin su. Yaƙin tsakanin bangarorin biyu ya sake cigaba, bayan da aka yi wa dan takarar Manzuria hari a watan Satumbar Satumba, 1931. Wani lokaci a baya, Royden ya gabatar da batun "Peace Army" a cikin wata hadisin ga ikilisiyarta a Ikilisiyar Congregational London. A can ta yi wa'azi: "Maza da mata wadanda suka yi imani da shi su zama nauyin su ya kamata su ba da gudummawa su sanya kansu marasa lafiya a tsakanin 'yan gwagwarmaya." Ta jaddada cewa ta yi kira ga maza da mata, kuma wajibi ne wadanda suka ba da taimako su nemi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta aika sun kasance marasa lafiya a wurin rikici. A} arshe, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta watsar da tunanin Royden, kuma an yi watsi da shi a cikin manema labarai. Amma, kodayake sojojin Peace Army basu shirya ba, wasu maza da mata na 800 sun ba da gudummawa don shiga cikin sahun, kuma an kafa kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya ci gaba da aiki har tsawon shekaru. Bugu da} ari, tunanin Royden game da abin da ta kira "tsoratar da sojoji na zaman lafiya" ya karbi ilimin kimiyya game da lokaci a matsayin tsari don dukan ayyukan da ake yi na gaba ta hanyar abin da ake kira yanzu "marasa lafiya marasa lafiya."
Fabrairu 26. A wannan rana a 1986, Corazon Aquino ya ci gaba da mulki bayan rikici da aka yi da Ferdinand Marcos a Philippines.. Marcos, wanda aka sake zaba a matsayin shugaban Philippines a 1969, an hana shi yin wa'adi na uku, kuma ya nuna adawa da bayyana dokar soja tare da kula da sojoji, rusa Majalisa, da kuma daure abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa. Babban sanannen mai sukar sa, Sanata Benigno Aquino, ya share shekaru bakwai a kurkuku kafin ya kamu da ciwon zuciya. An zarge shi da laifin kisan kai, an yanke masa hukunci, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa lokacin da Amurka ta shiga tsakani. Yayin da yake warkewa a Amurka, Aquino ya yanke shawarar komawa Philippines don cire Marcos daga mulki. Ayyuka da rubuce-rubucen Gandhi sun yi wahayi zuwa gare shi zuwa rashin tashin hankali a matsayin hanya mafi kyau don shawo kan Marcos. Yayin da Aquino ya dawo Philippines a 1983, amma, 'yan sanda sun harbe shi kuma suka kashe shi. Mutuwar tasa ta zaburar da dubban daruruwan magoya bayanta wadanda suka fito kan tituna suna neman "Adalci ga Duk Wadanda Aka Yi Wa 'Yancin Siyasa da Ta'addancin Soja!" Zawiyar Benigno Corazon Aquino, ta shirya taro a Fadar Malacanang a kan bikin cika shekara daya da kisan Aquino. Yayin da Sojojin Ruwa suka yi harbi cikin taron, masu zanga-zangar lumana 15,000 suka ci gaba da maci daga fada zuwa Gadar Mendiola. Daruruwan sun ji rauni kuma an kashe goma sha ɗaya, duk da haka waɗannan zanga-zangar ta ci gaba har sai Corazon ya yi takarar shugaban ƙasa. Lokacin da Marcos yayi iƙirarin lashe, Corazon ya yi kira ga rashin biyayya ga farar hula a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma mutane miliyan 1.5 suka amsa tare da ““arfafawar Jama’ar. Kwana uku bayan haka, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta yi tir da zaben, kuma ta kada kuri’ar yanke tallafin soja har sai Marcos ya yi murabus. Majalisar Philippine ta soke sakamakon zaben lalatacce, tare da ayyana Corazon a matsayin shugaban kasa.
Fabrairu 27. A wannan rana a 1943, Gestapo na Nazi a Berlin ya fara tayar da Yahudawa maza waɗanda suka auri mata da ba Yahudawa ba, da kuma 'ya'yansu maza. Kimanin mutane 2,000, an yi maza da yaran a wata cibiyar jama'ar yahudawa da ke Rosenstrasse (Rose Street), ana jiran a tura su cibiyoyin ayyukan da ke kusa. Iyalansu '' gauraye ', duk da haka, ba su da tabbas a lokacin cewa mutanen ba za su iya fuskantar makoma guda ba kamar yadda dubun-dubatan Yahudawa da ke Berlin suka kora zuwa sansanin Auschwitz kwanan nan. Don haka, a cikin yawan lambobin da suka haɗu da yawancin mata da uwaye, membobin dangi suna taruwa kowace rana a waje da cibiyar jama'a don yin babban zanga-zangar da citizensan ƙasar Jamusawa suka yi a duk yaƙin. Matan yahudawa da ke a kurkuku sun yi ta gunaguni suna cewa, "Maimaita mana matanmu." Lokacin da masu gadin Nazi suke yin amfani da bindigogi a wurin taron, sai suka amsa da “kisan kai, mai kisan kai, mai kisan kai….” Tsoron cewa kisan kisan daruruwan mata na Jamusawa a tsakiyar Berlin na iya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin manyan sassan Jamusawa, Ministan Yada Labarai Joseph Goebbels ya ba da umarnin sakin Yahudawa maza da mata. Ya zuwa 12 ga Maris, amma ba a saki 25 daga cikin mutane 2,000 da aka kame ba. A yau, cibiyar jama'a ta Rosenstrasse ba ta wanzu, amma abin tunawa da sigar rubutu da ake kira "Block of Women "an gina shi a wani shagon kusa a 1995. Littafinsa ya ce: "Ƙarfin rashin biyayya, ƙaunar ƙauna, ta rinjayi tashin hankali na mulkin mallaka. Ka ba mu mutanenmu baya. Mata suna tsaye a nan, suna rinjaye mutuwa. Yahudawa maza suna da 'yanci. "
Fabrairu 28. A wannan ranar a cikin 1989, Kazakhstan 5,000 daga wurare daban-daban suka gudanar da taron farko na Nevada-Semipalatinsk Antinuclear Movement – wanda aka ambata don nuna haɗin kai ga zanga-zangar Amurka game da gwajin nukiliya a wani wuri a Nevada. A ƙarshen taron, kungiyoyin Kazakh sun amince kan shirin da za a kawo karshen gwajin nukiliya a Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kafa manufar kawar da makaman nukiliya a duniya. An baza dukkanin shirin su ne a matsayin takarda kai kuma sun karbi bakuncin sabbin takardun miliyoyin mutane. An fara aikin motsa jiki ne kawai kwana biyu kafin, lokacin da wani mawaki da dan takara na majalisar wakilai na Tarayyar Soviet sun kira wadanda suka damu da su shiga cikin zanga-zangar gwajin gwagwarmayar nukiliya a wani makami a Semipalatinsk, wani yanki na Soviet Kazakhstan. Kodayake an kawar da gwajin nukiliya a sama a yarjejeniyar US / Soviet da aka sanya hannu a 1963, binciken da ke karkashin kasa ya kasance halatta kuma ya ci gaba a shafin Semipalatinsk. Ranar Fabrairu 12 da 17, 1989, kayan aikin rediyo sun rabu da kayan aiki, suna sa rayukan mazauna a yankunan da ke kewaye da su. Yawanci sakamakon sakamakon da Nevada-Semipalatinsk ya yi, wato Soviet Soviet, a ranar 1 1989, 1991, ya yi kira ga 'yan kasuwa kan dukkan gwajin nukiliya ta Amurka da Soviet Union. Kuma a watan Agustan XNUMX, shugaban kasar Kazakhstan ya rufe gidan Semipalatinsk a matsayin wata hanyar samar da gwajin nukiliya kuma ya buɗe wa masu gwagwarmaya don gyarawa. Ta wannan matakan, gwamnatocin Kazakhstan da Tarayyar Soviet sun zama farkon da za su rufe wani gwaji na nukiliya ko'ina a duniya.
Fabrairu 29. A wannan rana mai zuwa a 2004, Amurka ta sacewa da kuma rantsar da Shugaban Haiti. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don tunawa da cewa da'awar cewa dimokuradiyya ba su shiga yaki tare da dimokiradiyya ba su kula da al'amuran dimokuradiyya na Amurka da kuma kayar da sauran dimokuradiyya. Dattijan Amurka Luis G. Moreno tare da mayakan sojojin Amurka sun gana da shugaban kasar Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide a gidansa a ranar Fabrairu 29th. A cewar Moreno, 'yan adawa na Haitian sun yi barazana ga rayuwar Aristide, sai ya nemi mafaka. Aristide ta fito da wannan safiya ya rikice ƙwarai. Aristide da'awar cewa sojojin Amurka sun sace shi tare da matarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na juyin mulki wanda aka ba da izini ga kungiyoyin da Amurka ta dora wa Aristide da aka tura zuwa Afirka, kuma yayi kokarin tuntubar da yawa daga cikin 'yan siyasar Amurka. Maxine Waters, dan majalisa daga California, ya tabbatar da cewa Aristide ya ce: "Duniya dole ne ta san cewa juyin mulki ne. An sace ni. An tilasta ni. Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru. Ban yi murabus ba. Ban tafi da yardar rai ba. An tilasta ni in tafi. "Wani kuma, Randall Robinson, tsohon shugaban hukumar adalci na adalci na Human Rights Transhafrica, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa" shugaban kasar da aka zaba "ya" sace "da Amurka" a cikin hukumar [US] juyin juya halin juyin mulki, "Ƙara," Wannan abu ne mai ban tsoro da za a yi la'akari. "Ba da shawara ga ayyukan Amurka da rahoton da Caucus Black Cigacus ya ruwaito, kuma wakilan Haiti a Amurka sun kai ga 'yanci na karshe na shugaban kasar Aristide shekaru uku bayan haka, da kuma don sanin laifin da Amurka ta yi.
Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.
Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.
Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.
Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.
Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.
Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.
Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.
Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz
Graphics by Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.
