Disamba
Disamba 1
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Disamba 1. A wannan rana a shugabancin 1948 Costa Rica ya bayyana manufar kasar don kawar da sojojinsa. Shugaba Jose Figueres Ferrar ya sanar da wannan sabuwar ruhin ne a jawabin da ya yi a wannan rana daga hedkwatar sojojin kasar, Cuartel Bellavista, a San Jose. A cikin isharar alama ya kammala jawabinsa ta hanyar fasa rami a bango tare da mika makullan kayan aikin ga ministan ilimi. A yau wannan tsohon kayan aikin soja gidan kayan gargajiya ne na kasa. Ferrar ya ce, "lokaci ya yi da Costa Rica ta koma matsayinta na gargajiya na samun malamai fiye da sojoji." Kudin da aka kashe a kan sojoji, yanzu ana amfani da shi, ba kawai ga ilimi ba, amma kula da lafiya, kokarin al'adu, aiyukan zamantakewar jama'a, muhalli na asali, da kuma 'yan sanda masu samar da tsaron cikin gida. Sakamakon shi ne cewa Costa Ricans suna da yawan karatu na 96%, tsawon rai na shekaru 79.3 - matsayin duniya har ma ya fi na Amurka - wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da wuraren bautar da ke kare kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na duk ƙasar, kayan aikin makamashi da ke kan gaba ɗaya akan abubuwan sabuntawa, kuma an tsara shi lamba 1 ta Hanyar Tsarin Duniya mai farin ciki idan aka kwatanta da darajar 108 ta Amurka. Duk da yake yawancin ƙasashe da ke kewaye da Costa Rica suna ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin kayan yaƙi kuma suna da hannu cikin rikicin cikin gida da rikice-rikice na kan iyaka, Costa Rica ba ta. Misali ne mai rai cewa ɗayan mafi kyawun hanyoyi don kaucewa yaƙi shine kar a shirya ɗaya. Wataƙila wasu daga cikinmu su shiga cikin "Switzerland ta Amurka ta Tsakiya" kuma su bayyana yau kamar yadda suke da shi a matsayin "Ranar Rushewar Soja."
Disamba 2. A wannan rana a 1914 Karl Liebknecht ya jefa kuri'a kawai a kan yaki a majalisa na Jamus. An haifi Liebknecht a 1871 a Leipzig a matsayin na biyu na 'ya'ya maza biyar. Mahaifinsa ya kasance memba ne na jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (ko SPD). Lokacin da aka yi masa baftisma, Karl Marx da Friedrich Engels su ne masu tallafawa baptismarsa. Liebknecht ya yi aure sau biyu, matarsa ta biyu ta asalin Rasha, kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. A 1897, Liebknecht ya yi nazarin doka da tattalin arziki kuma ya kammala karatunsa don ƙarin bayani a Berlin. Manufarsa ita ce kare Marxism. Liebknecht shi ne babban kashi a cikin 'yan adawa da WWI. A cikin 1908, yayin da yake kurkuku saboda rubuce-rubuce na soja, an zabe shi a majalisa ta Prussian. Bayan jefa kuri'a don rancen soja don bada kudin yaki a watan Agustan 1914 - yanke shawara akan dogara ga jam'iyyarsa - Liebknecht, a ranar Disamba 2nd, shi ne kawai memba na Reichstag don kada kuri'a don ƙarin biyan bashin don yaki. A 1916, an cire shi daga SPD kuma an kafa shi tare da Rosa Luxemburg da sauransu Ƙungiyar Spartacus wanda ya watsa fassarar wallafe-wallafe. An kama shi a lokacin zanga zanga, Liebknecht ya yanke masa hukuncin kisa ga wasu manyan shekaru hudu a kurkuku, inda ya zauna har sai an yafe shi a watan Oktobar 1918. A 9th Nuwamba ya bayyana Freie Sozialistische Republik (Jam'iyyar Socialist Na Ƙasar) daga baranda na Berliner Stadtschloss. Bayan rashin nasarar da Spartacus ya yi da raunuka tare da daruruwan da aka kashe, a kan 15th na Janairu Liebknecht da Luxemburg an kama su kuma an kashe su daga mambobin SPD. Liebknecht na ɗaya daga cikin politiciansan siyasa kaɗan waɗanda suka soki take haƙƙin bil adama a daular Ottoman.
Disamba 3. A wannan rana a 1997 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramta haramtacciyar ma'adinai. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don buƙatar cewa sauran ƙananan ƙasashe suna shiga kuma su tabbatar da ita. Tsarin na Bankin Ban ya ce babban manufarsa: "Tabbatacce ne don kawo ƙarshen wahala da bala'in da wasu 'yan bindigar suka yi na kashewa da kashewa daruruwan mutane a kowane mako, mafi yawan marasa fararen hula da marasa tsaro da kuma yara musamman ..." A Ottawa , Kanada, wakilai daga kasashe 125 sun gana da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Kanada Lloyd Axworthy da Firayim Minista Jean Chretien don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dakatar da makaman da makaman da ake kira "wargajewa a cikin jinkirtaccen motsi." Ƙungiyoyi daga yakin da suka gabata ya kasance a kasashe 69 a 1997 , ci gaba da mummunan yaki. An gudanar da yakin neman kawo karshen wannan annoba a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata ta Kwamitin Red Cross ta Duniya, da kuma Jody Williams dan kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka wanda ya kafa Wakilin Kasuwanci na kasa da kasa na Ban Ki-moon, kuma ya goyi bayan marigayi Diana na Wales. Ƙasashen da ke fama da yunƙurruka ciki har da Amurka da Rasha sun ki shiga yarjejeniyar. A cikin martani, Ministan harkokin wajen Axworthy ya lura da wani dalili na cire ma'adinai shi ne samar da noma a kasashe irin su Afghanistan. Dokta Julius Toth na taimakon taimakon likitoci na kasa da kasa Doctors Without Borders ya yi sharhi cewa "Yana da mahimmanci ga waɗannan kasashe su sake tunani game da dalilan da basu sa hannu ba. Idan za su iya tabbatar wa yara da zan magance lokacin da na ke aiki a ƙasashe da masu amputees da wadanda ke fama da wadannan ma'adinai ... sun fi dacewa su zo tare da kyakkyawan dalili na kasancewa a kan layi. "
Disamba 4. A wannan kwanan wata a 1915, Henry Ford ya tashi daga Turai daga Hoboken, New Jersey a kan wani linzamin teku mai suna "Peace Ship". Masu goyon bayan 63 masu zaman lafiya da masu gabatar da labarai na 54 tare da su, maƙasudinsa bai zama ba fãce don kawo ƙarshen kisa na yakin duniya na gaba. Kamar yadda Ford ya gan shi, yakin basasa ba shi da iyaka amma mutuwar samari da karɓar tsofaffi . Ya ƙudura ya yi wani abu game da shi, ya yi niyyar yin tafiya zuwa Oslo, Norway kuma, daga can, ya shirya don shirya taron na kasashe masu tsauraran ra'ayi na Turai a Hague wanda zai rinjaye shugabannin kasashe masu tayar da hankali don yin zaman lafiya. Amma a cikin jirgi, duk da haka, haɗin gwiwa da sauri ya ɓata. Shafin da ake kira Shugaba Wilson, na inganta ha} ar gwiwar sojoji da makamai na rundunar {asar Amirka, ya sanya wa] ansu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, game da wa] ansu 'yan gwagwarmaya. Bayan haka, lokacin da jirgin ya isa Oslo a watan Disamba na 19, 'yan gwagwarmayar sun samu kawai daga cikin magoya bayansa don su maraba da su. Ta hanyar Kirsimeti Hauwa'u, Ford ya ga rubuce-rubuce a kan bango da kuma yadda ya kashe kisan gillar Peace Ship. Da'awar rashin lafiyar, sai ya tsallake jirgin tafiya na jirgin sama zuwa Stockholm kuma ya tashi zuwa gida a kan wani linzamin Norwegian. A} arshe, kamfanin na Ford ya kawo miliyoyin dolar Amirka, don samun zaman lafiyar, kuma ya samu kaɗan, sai ya yi ba'a. Duk da haka, ana iya tambayar shi ko wauta da aka danganci shi an sanya shi daidai. Shin ainihin karya ne tare da Ford, wanda ya nuna kansa gazawa cikin yakin rai? Ko kuma tare da shugabannin kasashen Turai waɗanda suka tura sojoji miliyan 11 zuwa mutuwarsu a cikin yaki ba tare da wani dalili ko dalilin ba?
Disamba 5. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1955 da Ƙungiyar Busgott Busgott ya fara. Sakatariyar karamar kungiyar kungiyar cigaban mutane masu launuka (NAACP) Rosa Parks, fitacciyar 'yar asalin garin da aka fi warewa a Alabama, ta ki ba wa wani farin fasinja kujerarta ta bas kwana hudu kafin. An kama ta. Akalla kashi 90 na baƙar fata 'yan ƙasa Montgomery sun tsaya daga motocin bas ɗin, kuma kauracewa taron ya zama labari na duniya. Improungiyar Ingantacciyar Montungiyar Montgomery da shugabanta, Martin Luther King Jr ne suka haɗu tare da kauracewa taron wannan ita ce "Ranar Kwanaki." A wani taro bayan an kama Uwargida Parks, King ya ce, a cikin abin da zai zama salon maganarsa da ya saba, cewa za su “yi aiki tare da haushi da kuma azama don samun adalci a kan bas din,” cewa idan sun yi kuskure, Kotun Koli da Tsarin mulki bai yi daidai ba, kuma “Idan mun yi kuskure, Allah Madaukaki ba daidai ba ne.” An kwashe kwanaki 381 ana zanga-zanga da kauracewar. An yanke wa King hukunci bisa zargin sa da tsoma baki cikin kasuwancin da aka halatta lokacin da aka shirya wasan motsa jiki; gidansa ya yi ruwan bama-bamai. Kauracewa zaben ya kare da hukuncin Kotun Koli na Amurka cewa rabe-raben motocin bas na jama'a ya saba wa tsarin mulki. Kauracewa Montgomery ya nuna cewa zanga-zangar rashin tashin hankali na iya samun nasarar kalubalantar wariyar launin fata kuma ya zama misali ga sauran kamfen na kudu da suka biyo baya. King ya ce, "Kristi ya nuna mana hanya, kuma Gandhi a Indiya ya nuna zai iya aiki." King ya ci gaba da taimakawa wajen jagorantar nasarar da ba ta dace ba. Kauracewa gasar babban misali ne na yadda rashin daukar mataki zai iya kawo canji mai dorewa inda tashin hankali ba zai iya ba.
Disamba 6. A wannan rana a cikin 1904 Theodore Roosevelt ya kara da Addini na Monroe. Masanin Tarihi mai suna Monroe Doctrine ya bayyana shi a cikin 1823, a cikin jawabinsa na shekara-shekara zuwa majalisar. Ya damu da cewa Spain zata iya daukan tsoffin mulkinsa a Kudancin Amirka, tare da Faransa ta shiga shi, ya sanar da cewa Amurka za ta kare shi daga Yammacin Turai, kuma za a yi la'akari da ƙoƙari na Turai na sarrafa duk wani ƙasashen Latin Amurka a matsayin abin ƙi a kan Amurka. Kodayake, a farkon farko, wata sanarwa ce, wannan ya zama ginshiƙan manufofin harkokin waje na {asar Amirka, musamman lokacin da Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ya kara da Roosevelt Corollary, don mayar da martani ga wani rikicin da ya faru a Venezuela. Wannan ya bayyana cewa, Amurka za ta shiga tsakani a tsakanin rikice-rikice tsakanin kasashen Turai da ƙasashen Latin Amurka don tabbatar da faɗar Turai, maimakon ƙyale 'yan Turai su yi hakan. Roosevelt ya yi iƙirarin cewa Amurka ta cancanci kasancewa "ikon 'yan sanda na duniya" don kawo karshen rikici. Daga yanzu, za a fahimci ka'idodin Monroe kamar yadda ya dace da cin zarafi na Amurka, maimakon kawai hana tsoma baki a Latin Amurka. An yi amfani da wannan gaskatawa sau da yawa a cikin shekaru 20 na gaba a cikin Caribbean da Amurka ta tsakiya. An rantsar da shi a cikin 1934 da shugaban kasar Franklin D. Roosevelt, amma bai taba tafi ba. An ci gaba da koyarwa da Rubuce-Rubuce-rubuce a shekarun da suka wuce, kamar yadda {asar Amirka ta kashe, ta mamaye, ta shawo kan matsalar, ta kuma horar da 'yan bindigar mutuwa. A yau ne shugabannin Amurka ke nunawa Addinin Ilimin na Monroe har zuwa wannan rana don kayar da ko gwamnatoci a kudanci. Kuma ana fahimta a cikin Latin Amurka a matsayin ƙetare na mulkin mallaka da rinjaye.
Disamba 7. A wannan rana a cikin 1941, sojojin Japan sun kai hari kan sansanin Amurka a Philippines da Hawaii a Pearl Harbor. Samun shiga yaki bai zama sabon ra'ayi a fadar Roosevelt White House ba. FDR ta yi kokarin kwance ga Amurka game da jiragen ruwan Amurka ciki har da Greer da Kerny, wanda ya kasance yana taimaka wa jiragen saman Biritaniya bin sawun jiragen ruwan na Jamus, amma wanda Roosevelt ya nuna kamar ba a kai hari ba. Roosevelt ya kuma yi ƙarya cewa yana da wata taswira ta asirin 'yan Nazi da ke shirin mamaye Kudancin Amurka, da kuma shirin Nazi na ɓoye don maye gurbin dukkan addinai da Nazism. Duk da haka, jama'ar Amurka ba su sayi tunanin shiga wani yaƙin ba har sai Pearl Harbor, ta inda Roosevelt ya riga ya kafa daftarin, ya kunna Guardungiyar Tsaro ta ,asa, ya kirkiro babbar Ruwa a cikin tekuna biyu, ya yi ciniki da tsofaffin masu lalata abubuwa zuwa Ingila don musayar haya na sansaninta a cikin Caribbean da Bermuda, kuma - kwanaki 11 kawai kafin harin da ake tsammani ba zato ba tsammani, kuma kwana biyar kafin FDR ta yi tsammanin hakan - ya ba da umarnin a asirce ƙirƙirar jerin kowane Jafananci da Jafananci- Ba'amurke a Amurka. A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta Churchill ya fada wa majalisar ministocinsa, "Shugaban ya ce zai yi yaki amma ba zai bayyana shi ba," kuma "duk abin da za a yi don tilasta wani lamarin." An ba da kuɗi, jiragen sama, masu ba da horo, da matuka jirgin zuwa China. An sanya takunkumin tattalin arziki a kan Japan. An fadada kasancewar sojojin Amurka a kusa da Pacific. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, babban hafsan hafsoshi George Marshall ya fada wa kafofin watsa labarai, “Muna shirin kai wa Japan hari.”
Disamba 8. A wannan rana a cikin 1941, uwargidan majalisar dokokin kasar Jeannette Rankin ta jefa kuri'un kawai akan Amurka shiga yakin duniya na biyu. An haifi Jeanette Rankin a Montana a 1880, ɗan fari a cikin yara bakwai. Ta yi karatun aikin zamantakewa a cikin New York kuma da sauri ta zama mai tsara don zaɓen mata. Komawa Montana, ta ci gaba da aiki don zaben mata, kuma ta yi takara don zama Jam’iyyar Republican mai ci gaba. A cikin 1916 ta zama mace ta farko a cikin majalisar wakilai. Kuri'ar ta na farko a cikin House ta sabawa shigowar Amurka cikin Yaƙin Duniya na 1918. Gaskiyar cewa ba ita kaɗai ba aka yi watsi da ita. An kushe ta saboda wai ba ta da kundin tsarin mulki don siyasa saboda kasancewarta mace. An sha kashi a cikin 1940, ta yi shekaru ashirin da biyu masu zuwa tana aiki wa ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya kuma ta jagoranci rayuwa mai sauƙi, ta dogaro da kai. A shekarar 1940, tana da shekaru sittin, ta sake cin zabe a matsayin ‘yar Republican. Kuri'arta "a'a" kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da ayyana yaki a Japan ta zo ne washegari bayan harin bam din da aka kai a tashar Pearl Harbor wanda ya juya wa Amurkawa baya da ke ware don shiga yakin. Daga baya ta rubuta cewa sanya takunkumi a kan Japan a 1973 ya kasance mai tayar da hankali, an yi shi ne da fatan wani hari, ra'ayin da a yanzu ya samu karbuwa sosai. Jama'a sun juya mata baya. Bayan kwana uku, ta janye maimakon fuskantar ƙuri'ar yaƙi kan Jamus da Italiya. Ba ta sake tsayawa takara a Majalisa ba amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai kawo tashin hankali, tana tafiya zuwa Indiya inda ta yi imanin cewa Mahatma Gandhi ya yi alkawarin abin koyi don zaman lafiyar duniya. Tana nuna rashin amincewa da Yaƙin a Vietnam. Rankin ya mutu yana da shekara tasa'in da uku a cikin XNUMX.
Disamba 9. A kwanan nan a 1961 Nazi Kocin Kanar Adolf Eichmann ya sami laifin laifuffukan yaki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin 1934 an nada shi ya yi aiki a sashin da ke kula da al'amuran yahudawa. Aikinsa shine ya taimaka ya kashe yahudawa da sauran mutane, kuma shi ke da alhakin kayan aiki don “mafita ta ƙarshe”. Ya gudanar da bincike yadda yakamata, haɗuwa, da jigilar yahudawa zuwa wuraren da suke zuwa a Auschwitz da sauran sansanonin hallaka mutane. Daga baya aka kira shi "maginin kisan kiyashi." Kodayake sojojin Amurka sun kama Eichmann a ƙarshen yaƙin, ya tsere a 1946 kuma ya yi shekaru a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A 1958, shi da danginsa suka sauka a Ajantina. Isra'ila ta damu da tsarawar da ke girma a cikin wannan sabuwar ƙasar ba tare da sanin Holocaust kai tsaye ba kuma tana ɗokin ilimantar da su da sauran duniya game da hakan. Wakilan asirin Isra’ila sun kame Eichmann a cikin haramtacciyar kasar Argentina a 1960 kuma suka kai shi Isra’ila don shari’a a gaban alkalai na musamman guda uku. Cutar da aka yi da rigima da gwajin wata huɗu ya haifar da rahoton Hannah Arendt kan abin da ta kira haramtacciyar mugunta. Eichmann ya musanta aikata wani laifi, yana mai cewa ofishinsa ba shi da alhakin safara kawai, kuma shi kawai ya kasance ma'aikacin gwamnati ne bayan umarni. Eichmann an same shi da aikata laifukan yaki da na cin zarafin bil'adama. An ki daukaka kara; an kashe shi ta hanyar ratayewa a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1962. Adolph Eichmann misali ne ga duniya na mummunan kisan wariyar launin fata da yaƙi.
Disamba 10. A wannan rana a cikin 1948, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Wannan ya sanya wannan ranar kare hakkin bil'adama. Sanarwar ta kasance a mayar da martani ga kisan-kiyashi na yakin duniya na biyu. Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kare hakkin Dan-Adam, wadda Eleanor Roosevelt ta jagoranci, ya tsara wannan takarda a tsawon shekaru biyu. Wannan shine bayanin farko na kasa da kasa don amfani da kalmar "'yancin bil'adama." Bayyanawar Hakkin Dan-Adam yana da abubuwan 30 da ke ba da labarin al'amuran jama'a, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da kuma al'adu suna nuna dabi'u na' yanci, mutunci, da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Alal misali, yana kare hakkin rayuwa, da kuma hana haramtawa da azabtarwa, da hakkin 'yancin tunani, ra'ayi, addini, lamiri, da kuma zaman lafiya. An wuce ta ba tare da wata ƙasa ba, amma abstentions daga USSR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, da Afirka ta Kudu. Gwamnatocin jihohi sunyi tsayayya da ikon su, kuma akidar Soviet ta ba da kyauta ga yancin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma yayin da dan jari-hujja na West ya sanya muhimmancin hakkin 'yanci da siyasa. Ta hanyar fahimtar hakkokin tattalin arziki, sanarwar ta bayyana cewa "Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya zama daidai da rayuwa ta dace ga lafiyar da jin daɗi na kansa da na iyalinsa." A ƙarshe, wannan takardun ya zama ba shi da kariya kuma an duba shi , ba a matsayin doka ba, amma a matsayin bayyanar halin kirki da kuma matsayin daidaitattun daidaito ga dukan mutane da sauran kasashe. An yi amfani da hakkoki a yarjejeniyar, yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki, ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na yankin, da kuma tsarin mulki a fadin duniya.
Disamba 11. A wannan rana a cikin 1981, mummunar kisan gillar da aka yi a tarihin Latin Amurka na yau ya faru a El Salvador. Masu kisan gillar sun sami horo da tallafi daga gwamnatin Amurka, wacce ke adawa da masu hagu da gwamnatoci masu zaman kansu karkashin tutar ceton duniya daga kwaminisanci. A El Salvador Amurka ta ba wa azzalumar gwamnati makamai, kudade, da tallafin siyasa kan kudi dala miliyan daya a rana. A cikin El Mozote mai nisa an yi shi ne ta bataliyar Atlacatl wanda aka horar da shi a cikin abin da ake kira tayar da kayar baya a Makarantar Sojan Amurka ta Amurka. Wadanda aka kashe sun kasance 'yan tawaye ne da kuma sansani wadanda ke da iko da yawancin yankunan karkara. Sojojin Atlacatl sun yi wa maza tambayoyi, sun azabtar da su sannan sun kashe su, sannan sun ɗauki matan, suna harbe su bayan sun yi musu fyaɗe, suna fasa cikin mata masu ciki. Sun tsaga makogwaron yara, sun rataye su a bishiyoyi, sun kuma kona gidajen. An kashe mutane ɗari takwas, yara da yawa. Witnessesan shaidu sun tsere. Kasa da makonni shida bayan haka, an buga hotunan gawarwakin a biranen New York da Washington. Amurka ta sani amma ba ta yi komai ba. Dokar afuwa a El Salvador ta dakile bincike a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Bayan kwashe shekaru bakwai ana tono gawawwaki, a cikin watan Oktoban 2012, sama da shekaru talatin bayan El Mozote, Kotun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tsakanin Amurka ta sami El Salvador da laifin kisan gillar, da rufe shi, da rashin yin bincike daga baya. Biyan bashin dangin da suka tsira ya yi kadan. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, El Salvador ya kasance mafi yawan masu kisan kai a duniya. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don keɓe lokaci don yin nazari da nuna rashin amincewa da munanan ayyukan tsoma bakin sojoji a wasu ƙasashe.
Disamba 12. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1982, matan 30,000 sun hada da hannayensu don su kewaye kundin kilomita tara na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Greenham Common a Berkshire, Ingila. Manufar da aka yanke wa kansu shine "rungumi tushe," game da shi "musayar tashin hankali da ƙauna." Gidauniyar Greenham, wadda aka bude a 1942, ta Birtaniya ta yi amfani dashi da sojojin Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . A lokacin Yakin Cold War, aka ba da rance ga Amurka don amfani da Dokar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amurka. A cikin 1975, Soviet Union ta kaddamar da makamai masu linzami na kwakwalwa ta tsakiya tare da tashe-tashen hankulan kayan lambu a kan iyakokinta cewa kungiyar NATO ta dauki barazana ga tsaro na Yammacin Turai. A cikin martani, NATO ta tsara shirin shirya 500 da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na 1983 da ke cikin yammacin Turai ta hanyar 96, wadanda suka haɗa da missiles na cruise na 1981 a Greenham Common. Tun da farko, matan da suka yi zanga-zanga game da shirin NATO sun yi a 36, lokacin da matan 19 suka yi tafiya zuwa Greenham Common daga Cardiff, Wales. A lokacin da aka yi watsi da tunanin da suke yi na muhawara da shirin tare da jami'an, matan sun kulla kansu a shinge a filin jirgin sama, suka kafa sansanin Camp Camp a can, kuma sun fara abin da ya zama abin tarihi na 1992 a kan makaman nukiliya. Tare da ƙarshen Cold War, an rufe cibiyar soja na Greenham Common a Satumba XNUMX. Duk da haka, zanga-zangar da aka yi a can inda dubban dubban mata ke aiki. A lokacin da aka sake mayar da hankali ga makaman nukiliya, yana tunatar da mu cewa tabbatar da rayuwa ta nuna rashin amincewar juna ta hanyar samar da hanyoyi masu mahimmanci wajen nuna matakan da suka shafi ayyukan soja da masana'antu.
Disamba 13. A wannan rana a cikin sojojin 1937 na Japan sun yi wa fyade fyade kuma sun lalata mata 20,000 mata da 'yan mata mata. Jakadan kasar Japan sun kama Nanjing, babban birnin kasar Sin. Sama da makonni shida suka kashe fararen hula da kuma fada da gidajensu. Sun yi fyade tsakanin matan 20,000 da 80,000 da yara, suka yanke mahaifiyar masu juna biyu, da kuma matan da aka haifa tare da sandunan bamboo da bayonet. Yawan mutuwar ba shi da tabbas, har zuwa 300,000. An lalata takardun shaida, kuma laifin ya kasance dalilin dalilin tashin hankali tsakanin Japan da China. An yi amfani da fyade da tashin hankali a matsayin makaman yaki a cikin rikice-rikice da dama da suka hada da Bangladesh, Cambodia, Cyprus, Haiti, Liberia, Somaliya, Uganda, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, da kuma Amurka ta Kudu. An yi amfani dashi akai a tsabtace kabilu. A Rwanda, 'yan mata masu juna biyu da ke cikin ciki sun rabu da iyalansu da al'ummomi. Wasu sun watsar da jarirai; wasu sun kashe kansa. Rashin fyade ya lalata masana'antar al'umma ta hanyar da 'yan makamai ba za su iya ba, kuma cin zarafi da ciwo ya zana a kan dukan iyalai. Yara mata da mata a wasu lokutan an hana su karuwanci da cinikin karuwai, ko don samar da jima'i don dawowa da kayan abinci, wani lokaci tare da karfin gwamnatoci da kuma sojoji. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an tsare matan da aka tilasta su gamsu da dakarun. Yawancin mata Asiya sun shiga karuwanci a lokacin yakin Vietnam. Harkokin jima'i yana kawo matsala mai mahimmanci a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar da masu gudun hijira. Kotun Nuremberg ta yanke hukuncin fyade a matsayin laifi a kan bil'adama; Dole ne a bukaci gwamnatoci su tilasta dokoki da ka'idojin gudanar da aiki da kuma bayar da shawarwari da sauran ayyuka ga wadanda aka cutar.
Disamba 14. A kwanan nan a 1962, 1971, 1978, 1979, da kuma 1980, an gudanar da gwajin bam na nukiliya a Amurka, Sin, da kuma USSR. Wannan kwanan wata wata samfurin da aka zaba daga jimlar gwajin nukiliya da aka sani. Daga 1945 zuwa 2017, akwai gwajin bam na nukiliya 2,624 a duniya. Kasashen farko na nukiliya sun bar Amurka a kan Nagasaki da Hiroshima, Japan, a 1945, a cikin abin da aka gani yanzu kamar gwajin nukiliya na farko, tun da babu wanda ya san yadda za su kasance da karfi. Rahotanni da aka kashe da rauni a Hiroshima sune 150,000 da Nagasaki, 75,000. Wani lokaci na yaduwar nukiliya ya bi yakin duniya na biyu. A lokacin Yakin Cold, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, Amurka da Soviet Union sun yi farin ciki don samun nasara a cikin makaman nukiliya na duniya. Amurka ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na nukiliya na 1,054, sannan kuma USSR ta biyo bayan gwaje-gwajen 727, kuma Faransa tare da 217. Har ila yau, Birtaniya, Pakistan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Indiya sun yi gwaje-gwaje. Isra'ila kuma an san cewa yana da makamai na nukiliya, ko da yake ba a taba yarda da ita ba, kuma jami'an Amurka suna ci gaba da yin hakan. Rashin ƙarfin makaman nukiliya ya karu sosai a tsawon lokaci, daga bam din nukiliya zuwa bama-bamai na hydrogen nuclear hydrogen, da kuma makaman nukiliya. A yau, fashewar makaman nukiliya ita ce 3,000 sau da yawa a matsayin mai iko kamar yadda bom ya jefa a kan Hiroshima. Tsarin makamashi na nukiliya mai karfi ya haifar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da kuma raguwa, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Haramtacciyar Nukiliya ta 1970 da kuma Bankin Nukiliya wanda ya fara tattara ratifications a 2017. Abin takaici, makamai masu linzami na nukiliya ba su tallafawa ba, kuma tunaninsu ya janye daga matakan da suke gudana.
Disamba 15. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1791 an ƙaddamar da Dokar Kare Hakkin Amurka. A {asar Amirka, wannan shi ne Bill of Rights Day. Akwai muhawara da yawa game da tsarawa da kuma tabbatar da Tsarin Mulki, wanda ke nuna tsarin gwamnati, amma a ƙarshe ya faru a 1789, tare da fahimtar cewa za a kara Bill of Rights. Za'a iya gyara Tsarin Mulki ta hanyar amincewa da kashi uku cikin hudu na Amurka. Na farko na gyare-gyare na goma zuwa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka shine Bill of Rights, an tabbatar da shekaru biyu bayan an kafa Tsarin Mulki. Ɗaya daga cikin Kwaskwarimar da aka ambata shine Na farko, wanda ke kare 'yanci na magana, latsa, taro, da kuma addini. Kwaskwarima ta biyu ya samo asali ne a kan hakkin ya mallaki bindigogi, amma da farko ya ba da izini ga jihohi don tsara 'yan bindiga. Takaddun farko na Kwaskwarima na Biyu sun haɗa da haramtacciyar rundunar soja ta ƙasa (wanda aka samu a cikin shekaru biyu na ƙaƙƙarfan sojojin da ke cikin babban rubutun Tsarin Mulki). Rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da rundunar farar hula ta soja, da kuma damar da ya dace ya shiga shiga soja. Muhimmancin yan bindigar sun kasance sau biyu: sata ƙasar daga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurkan, da kuma tilasta bautar. An gyara wannan gyare-gyaren don nunawa ga 'yan bindigar gwamnati, maimakon jihohin tarayya, a cikin jihohin da suka ba da izinin bauta, wanda wakilansa suka ji tsoron bautar' yan tawaye da kuma bautar da bawa ta hanyar aikin soja. Amincewa na Uku ya haramta hawan kowa ya dauki bakuncin sojoji a gidajensu, wani aikin da ya saba da daruruwan dakarun soja na dindindin. Huxu ta hu] u ta hu] u hu] u, kamar yadda na farko, ya kare mutane daga zalunci na gwamnati, amma an keta su.
Disamba 16. A wannan rana a cikin 1966 yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa game da 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) ta amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An fara aiki a 1976. A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, kasashen 172 sun kulla yarjejeniyar. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu na Tattalin Arziki, Bayarwar Bayar da Harkokin Dan Adam, da kuma ICCPR sun hada da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Duniya ta Duniya. ICCPR ya shafi duk hukumomin gwamnati da jami'ai, da kuma dukkanin gwamnatocin jihohi da na gida. Mataki na ashirin da 2 ya tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin mallaka a cikin ICCPR zai kasance ga kowa a cikin jihohin da suka ƙulla yarjejeniyar. Mataki na 3 tana tabbatar da daidaita hakkokin maza da mata. Daga cikin wasu hakkoki da ICCPR ke kare shi ne: 'yancin rayuwa, da' yanci daga azabtarwa, 'yanci daga bautar, zuwa zaman lafiya, tsaro na mutum,' yanci na motsa jiki, daidaito a gaban kotu, da kuma shari'a mai adalci. Sharuɗɗa biyu na zaɓi sun nuna cewa kowa yana da hakkin ya ji komitin kare hakkin Dan-Adam, kuma ya soke hukuncin kisa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ya bincika rahotanni da kuma magance matsalolin da shawarwari ga kasar. Kwamitin kuma wallafa Janar Bayani tare da fassarori. Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Libiya ta Amirka ta gabatar da jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Janairu 2019 zuwa kwamitin game da laifuffuka a Amurka, kamar: cin zarafin iyakokin Amurka da Mexico, yin amfani da karfi a kan kisan kiyashi, Kula da Tsaro na Tsaro na kasa, da kuma kisa. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don ƙarin koyo game da ICCPR kuma don shiga tare da riƙe da shi.
Disamba 17. A wannan rana a cikin 2010, alamar da Mohammed Bouazizi ya yi a Tunisiya ya kaddamar da Spring Arab. Bouazizi an haife shi a cikin 1984 a cikin dangin talauci tare da yara bakwai da mahaifin mahaifinsa mara lafiya. Ya yi aiki daga shekara goma a matsayin mai siyar da titi kuma ya bar makaranta don tallafawa iyalinsa, yana samun kusan $ 140 a wata yana siyar da kayayyakin da ya shiga cikin bashi don saya. Ya kasance sananne, mashahuri, da karimci tare da kyauta ga talakawa. 'Yan sanda sun tursasa shi kuma suna tsammanin cin hanci. Rahotanni game da aikin nasa suna da sabani, amma danginsa sun ce 'yan sanda sun so su ga izinin mai siyarwar sa, wanda ba ya bukatar siyarwa daga amalanke. Wani jami'in mata ya buge shi a fuska, ya tofa masa yau, ya ɗauki kayan aikinsa, kuma ya zagi mahaifinsa da ya mutu. Mataimakan ta suka doke shi. Matar da take zaginsa ta sa wulakancinsa ya zama mafi muni. Yayi kokarin ganin gwamnan, amma abin ya faskara. Gaba daya cikin takaici, ya sha kanshi da mai, ya saita kansa ya huta. Bayan kwana goma sha takwas, ya mutu. Tare da zanga-zangar kan titi, mutane dubu biyar sun halarci jana'izarsa. Bincike ya ƙare tare da jami'in matar da ta zagi shi. Kungiyoyi sun bukaci a cire gwamnatin mai cin hanci da rashawa, Ben Ali, da ke kan mulki tun daga 1987. Yin amfani da karfi don murkushe zanga-zangar ya jawo suka daga kasashen duniya, kuma kwanaki goma bayan mutuwar Bouazizi, Ben Ali ya zama tilas ya yi murabus ya tafi tare da danginsa. An ci gaba da zanga-zanga tare da sabon tsarin mulki. Zanga-zangar rashin zaman lafiya da aka fi sani da Baƙin Larabawa ya bazu a Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da mutane da yawa suna yin maci fiye da kowane lokaci a tarihinta. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don tsara rashin jituwa ga rashin adalci.
Disamba 18. A wannan kwanan wata a 2011, Amurka ta yi tsammani ya ƙare yaƙin Iraki, wadda ba ta ƙare ba, kuma wanda ya kasance cikin nau'i daya ko wani tun daga shekara ta 1990. Shugaban Amurka Amurka George W. Bush ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don janye sojojin Amurka daga Iraki daga 2011, kuma ya fara cire su a 2008. Shugabansa a matsayin shugaban kasar, Barack Obama, ya yi yakin neman kawo karshen yakin Iraqi da kuma fadada hakan a Afghanistan. Ya ci gaba da rabi na biyu na wannan alkawarin, dakarun Amurka guda biyu a Afganistan. Obama ya nemi ci gaba da dubban dakaru a Iraqi fiye da ranar ƙarshe amma idan majalisar Iraki za ta ba su wata rigakafi don duk wani laifi da za su aikata. Majalisar ta ƙi. Obama ya janye mafi yawan sojojin, amma bayan da ya sake zaben ya tura dubban dakarun zuwa, duk da rashin bin wannan laifi. A halin yanzu kuma rikice-rikice da aka yi a lokacin yakin da aka kaddamar a 2003, yakin 2011 a Libya, da kuma goyon baya da goyon baya ga masu mulki a fadin yankin da 'yan tawaye a Siriya sun haifar da tashin hankali da kuma rukuni na kungiyar da ake kira Ísis wanda ke aiki wata hujja don kara yawan sojojin Amurka a Siriya da Iraq. Yakin da Amurka ta kai wa Iraki a cikin shekaru bayan 2003 ya kashe fiye da 'yan Iraqi miliyan daya, bisa ga kowane bincike mai zurfi da aka gudanar, ya lalata kayan aiki na asali, ya haifar da annobar cutar, matsalolin' yan gudun hijirar, cututtuka na muhalli, da kuma ingantaccen zamantakewa, kashe jama'a. {Asar Amirka ta zuba ku] a] en dolar Amirka miliyan dubu] aya, don biyan ku] a] en da ake yi, a kowace shekara, don bin shekaru 2001, da dama, ta hanyar yin amfani da ita, a hanyar da 'yan ta'adda na Satumba na Satumba ke yi.
Disamba 19. A wannan ranar a cikin 1776 Thomas Paine ya buga rubutunsa na farko na "Rikicin Amurka". Ya fara “Waɗannan sune lokutan da ke gwada rayukan mutane” kuma shine farkon ƙasidarsa guda 16 tsakanin 1776 da 1783 a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka. Ya isa Pennsylvania daga Ingila a 1774, galibi ba shi da ilimi, kuma ya rubuta kuma ya sayar da kasidu masu kare ra'ayin jamhuriya. Ya ƙi iko ta kowace hanya, ya yi tir da “zaluncin sarautar Biritaniya” kuma ya goyi bayan juyin juya halin a matsayin yaƙi na adalci da tsarki. Ya yi kira ga sata daga masu biyayya, ya ba da shawarar rataye su, kuma ya yaba da cin zarafin da wasu gungun mutane suka yi wa sojojin Biritaniya. Paine ya bayyana kansa a cikin sauƙaƙan kalmomi, yana yin kyakkyawan farfaganda a lokacin yaƙi. Amincewa da rikitarwa, ya ce, “Da ƙyar na faɗi magana; dalili shi ne, Kullum ina tunani. ” Wasu sun gaskata cewa la'antar sa da sauran masu tunani ke nuna rashin ilimin sa. Ya koma Burtaniya a cikin 1787 amma ba a karɓi tunaninsa ba. Supportaunar da yake yi wa Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ya sa ana tuhumarsa da laifin yin tawaye da tilasta masa barin Ingila zuwa Faransa kafin a kama shi kuma a yi masa shari'a. Faransa ta fada cikin rikici, ta'addanci, da yaki, kuma an daure Paine a lokacin Ta'addancin amma daga karshe aka zabe ta zuwa Babban Taron Kasa a 1792. A 1802, Thomas Jefferson ya gayyaci Paine ta dawo Amurka. Paine ya kasance yana da ci gaba sosai game da gwamnati, kwadago, tattalin arziki, da addini - don haka ya samu makiya da yawa. Paine ta mutu a cikin Birnin New York a cikin 1809 kuma galibi an lasafta ta cikin Iyayen Kafa Foundasar Amurka. Wannan rana ce don karantawa tare da tunani mai mahimmanci.
Disamba 20. A wannan rana a 1989 Amurka ta kai hari kan Panama. An yi amfani da mamayewa, karkashin shugabancin George HW Bush, da ake kira Aiki Dalili kawai, ya tura sojojin 26,000, kuma shine mafi girma a Amurka tun lokacin yaki a Vietnam. Maganar da aka yi da nufin mayar da su ga shugabancin Guillermo Endara, wanda aka kashe dala miliyan goma, kuma Manuel Noriega ya kaddamar da shi, kuma ya kama Noriega akan zargin da ake yi a fataucin miyagun kwayoyi. Noriega ta kasance wata bashi da aka biya ta CIA har tsawon shekaru biyu, amma biyayyarsa ga Amurka ya ɓace. Harkokin motsa jiki na mamaye sun hada da kiyaye kulawar Amurka na Canal na Panama, rike sansanonin soja na Amurka, samun goyon baya ga mayakan Amurka a Nicaragua da wasu wurare, da zanen Shugaba Bush a matsayin jagora mai mahimmanci fiye da kullun, sayar da makamai, da ake kira Vietnam Syndrome, ma'anar rashin jin daɗin jama'a na Amurka don tallafa wa yakin basasa. Har zuwa mutanen 4,000 Panamanians sun mutu a cikin wannan "bushewa" don nasarar Gulf War. Panama ta bunkasa tattalin arzikin da ya dace da yawon shakatawa, bangare na ma'aikatar, Panal Canal, ragamar ritaya ta rushe al'ummomi, yin rajista, harajin haraji ga kamfanoni masu hakar ma'adinai da masu zuba jarurruka, banki na kasashen waje, ƙananan kuɗin rayuwa, da darajar ƙasa. An san Panama ne don cin hanci da rashawa, cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, da kuma haɗin gwiwar cocaine. Akwai rashin aikin yi na yalwace, da kuma rarraba tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta, tare da 40% na yawan ƙasa a karkashin matakin talauci. Mutane suna zaune a gidajen da ba su da kyau kuma basu da damar samun magani ko abinci mai kyau. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don tunani game da wanda ya karbi ganimar yaƙi kuma wanda ke fama da sakamakon.
Disamba 21. A wannan kwanan wata a 1940, shirin da aka yi na kashewa na Tokyo da Amurka ta amince da ita tare da kasar Sin. Makonni biyu suna jin kunya shekara guda kafin harin da Japan ta kai wa Pearl Harbor, Ministan Kudin TV na China Soong da Kanar Claire Chennault, wani sojan Amurka da ya yi ritaya, sun hadu a dakin cin abinci na Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka Henry Morgenthau don tsara yadda za a kashe gobarar babban birnin Japan. Kanar din, wanda ke yi wa Sinawa aiki, ya kasance yana kira gare su da su yi amfani da matukan jirgin Amurka su jefa bam a Tokyo tun a kalla a shekara ta 1937. Morgenthau ya ce zai iya sa a saki maza daga aiki a rundunar sojan saman Amurka idan Sinawa za su iya biyan su $ 1,000 a wata . Soong ya yarda. Amurka ta ba China jiragen sama da masu horo, sannan matuka jirgi. Amma tashin gobarar Tokyo bai faru ba har dare na 9-10 ga Maris, 1945. An yi amfani da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, kuma gobarar da ta tashi ta lalata murabba'in kilomita 16 na birnin, ta kashe kimanin mutane 100,000, kuma ta bar mutane miliyan ba su da muhalli . Wannan shi ne harin bama-bamai mafi barna a tarihin ɗan adam, wanda ya fi Dresden lalacewa, ko ma da bam ɗin atom da aka yi amfani da su a Japan a ƙarshen shekarar. Inda fashewar bama-bamai na Hiroshima da Nagasaki suka sami kulawa da la'ana da yawa, halakar Amurka fiye da biranen Japan sama da sittin kafin wannan tashin bam din ya yi kadan. Birane masu fashewar bama-bamai sun kasance tsakiyar yakin Amurka tun lokacin. Sakamakon ya fi asarar rayuka amma raunin da aka samu na Amurka ya ragu. Wannan rana ce mai kyau wacce za'ayi la'akari da darajar rayukan mutane ba-Amurka.
Disamba 22. A wannan ranar a cikin 1847, ɗan majalisa Abraham Lincoln ya ƙalubalanci hujjar Shugaba James K. Polk game da yaƙin Mexico. Polk ya dage cewa Mexico ta fara yakin ne ta hanyar “zubar da jinin Amurka a kan Amurka.” Lincoln ya bukaci da a nuna masa inda fadan ya faru kuma yayi ikirarin cewa sojojin Amurka sun mamaye wani yanki da ake takaddama a kansa wanda ya dace da Mexico. Ya kara sukar Polk saboda "babbar yaudara" game da asalin yakin da kuma kokarin karawa zuwa yankin Amurka. Lincoln ya kada kuri'ar adawa da wani kudiri da ke kiran yakin da aka halatta, kuma shekara guda daga baya ya goyi bayan wanda ya wucce, tare da bayyana yakin ba ya cikin tsarin mulki. A shekara mai zuwa yakin ya ƙare tare da Yarjejeniyar Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Yarjejeniyar ta tilasta wa gwamnatin Mexico amincewa da karbe Alta California da Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico da Amurka ta yi. Wannan ya kara kilomita murabba'in 525,000 zuwa yankin Amurka, gami da ƙasar da ta hada duka ko sassan Arizona na yanzu, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, da Wyoming. Amurka ta biya diyyar dala miliyan 15 kuma ta soke bashin dala miliyan 3.5. Mexico ta yarda da asarar Texas kuma ta karɓi Rio Grande a matsayin iyakarta ta arewa. Babban fadada yankin Amurka ya faru ta hanyar hadewar Polk na Texas a 1845, tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Oregon tare da Biritaniya a cikin 1846, da kuma ƙarshen Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka. An kalli yaƙin a cikin Amurka a matsayin nasara, amma an soki lamirin mutanen da suka mutu, tsadar kuɗi, da kuma ɗaukar nauyi. Adawar Lincoln ga yaƙi ba ta hana shi shiga Fadar White House ba, inda, kamar yawancin shugabanni, ya watsar da ita.
Disamba 23. A wannan rana a cikin 1947 shugaban kasar Truman ya kori 1,523 na 15,805 yakin duniya na II. Abubucin da aka saba wa sarauta da sarakunan sarauta. A Amurka a 1787, a Tsarin Tsarin Mulki, an ba da ikon gafartawa ga shugaban Amurka. A cikin 1940, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Zaɓuɓɓuka da Taimako. Dukkan mutanen da ke tsakanin shekaru 21 da 45 sun yi rajistar wannan takardar. Bayan yakin, yawan mutanen da aka kurkuku saboda ƙin shiga, baza su yi rajistar, ko kuma sun kasa yin la'akari da ƙananan gwajin don ƙin yarda da ƙididdigar nauyin ƙididdigar 6,086 ba. Yawan raƙuman da ba a sani ba ne, amma a cikin 1944, sojojin sun rubuta ragowar ragowar 63 ga kowane 1,000 maza da ke aiki. Truman ya ki bayar da amsar da za ta gafarta wa kowa, kuma a maimakon haka ya bi aikin daga yakin duniya na farko: gafartawa. Sakamakon wata gafartawa shine mayar da cikakken hakkokin 'yanci da siyasa. A cikin 1946, Truman ya ba da kwamiti guda uku don nazarin shari'ar masu ƙiyayya. Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar gafarta wa 1,523 takardun sakonni kawai. Hukumar ta ce babu wata gafara da aka ba wa 'yanci wadanda suka "kasance kansu masu hikima da kuma masu kwarewa fiye da al'ummomin da za su yanke shawara don su kare tsaron kasar." A cikin 1948, Eleanor Roosevelt ya yi kira ga Truman ya sake nazarin duk abubuwan da suka faru, amma Truman ya ki yarda, yana cewa mutanen da suke cikin "'yan kallo ne kawai ko masu shirka." Amma a cikin 1952, Truman ya yafe wa wadanda suka yi aiki a cikin sojojin a lokacin da suke, kuma duk wadanda suka gudu daga cikin soja.
Disamba 24. A wannan rana a 1924 Costa Rica ya ba da sanarwar janye daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don nuna rashin amincewa da Rukunin Monroe. Alkawari na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyi, wanda aka samo asali a cikin 1920, ya yi la'akari da waɗannan koyaswar a matsayin hanya na tabbatar da "kiyaye zaman lafiya" duk da cewa yawancin kasashen Latin Amurka ba su kula da batun Monroe ba don haka. An yi amfani da Kwalejin Monroe, wanda aka kirkiro a 1823, don zama kayan aikin kare kare bukatun Amurka a Amurkan ko da yake yana nufin ƙaryata al'ummomi da dama su kasancewa da kansu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan maganganun da suka sake fassara Maganar Monroe shi ne Roosevelt Corollary na 1904, wadda ta nuna cewa Amurka ta ba da mulkin mallaka a Amurka. Roosevelt Corollary ya ba da hujjar canza ka'idodin Monroe daga wani daga cikin wadanda ba'a ba da izinin shiga tsakani daga Turai ba a cikin Amurkan zuwa daya daga cikin aiki na Amurka. Wasu magoya bayan wannan manufar sunyi imanin cewa wani ɓangare ne na "nauyin kullun" don yin aiki bisa ga launin fatar, al'adu, da kuma addini. Roosevelt ya bayyana cewa "mummunar rashin adalci, ko rashin ƙarfi wanda ya haifar da kwantar da hankulan jama'a" ya ba da izinin Amurka don samun 'yancin' yan sanda na kasa da kasa bisa ga fassarar Maganar Monroe. Wannan tunanin wariyar launin fata, tare da tattalin arzikin tattalin arzikin Amurka, ya riga ya riga ya shirya hanyar shiga cikin kasashen Amurka, Cuba, Panama, Dominican Republic, Honduras, da kuma Nicaragua lokacin da Costa Rica ta yanke shawarar tarihi a 1924.
Disamba 25. A wannan rana a 1914, a wasu wurare tare da yammacin yamma a yakin duniya na, sojojin Birtaniya da Jamus sun sanya makamai suka sauka daga rudunansu don musayar gaisuwa da gaisuwa tare da abokan gaba. Kodayake gwamnatocin kasashen da ke fama da yaki sun yi watsi da kiran Paparoma Benedict XVI makonni biyu da suka wuce don kafa aikin tsagaita wutar Kirsimeti na wucin gadi, dakarun da kansu sun bayyana rashin amincewa da shi. Mene ne ya sa su yi haka? Yana iya kasancewa, bayan da aka magance matsalolin da ke tattare da rikici a arewacin kasar Faransa, sun fara gano mummunan abin da suke ciki da abin da abokan gaba a cikin yankunan ba su da nisa ba. Halin "rai da rai" ya riga ya bayyana kanta a "yin musayar da fushi" tare da abokan gaba a lokacin "lokacin kwanciyar hankali" tsakanin fadace-fadace. Ko da yake, jami'an tsaro na bangarorin biyu suna jin tsoro don yin watsi da rashin himma don kashe abokin gaba, wanda ke jagorantar Birtaniya ta hanyar Janairu 1915 don yin karin bayani game da kwarewar da aka yi masa. Saboda wannan dalili, Kirsimeti na Kirsimeti na 1914 yana da tsammanin zama wani abu ne na daya. Duk da haka, shaidar da masana tarihi Jamus Thomas Weber ya gano a cikin 2010 ya nuna cewa an lura da karin abubuwan kirki na Kirsimeti a 1915 da 1916. Dalilin, ya yi imanin, yana da cikakkiyar fahimtar cewa, bayan yakin, sojojin da suka tsira sun ji irin wannan makoki da cewa an motsa su don taimaka wa sojojin da suka ji rauni a wani gefe. Sojojin sun ci gaba da lura da wani abincin Kirsimeti inda za su iya, saboda abin da suka kasance na mutuntaka, wanda aka binne a cikin mummunar yaki, ya kasance mai da hankali sosai ga ƙaunar da ke da ƙauna da zaman lafiya.
Disamba 26. A wannan rana a 1872 Norman Angell an haifi. Ƙaunar karantawa ta kai ga jingina ta Mill Essay a kan Yanci a cikin shekaru 12. Ya yi karatu a Ingila, Faransa, da kuma Switzerland kafin tafiya zuwa California a 17. Ya fara aiki don St. Louis Globe-Democrat, da San Francisco Tarihin. A matsayin mai rubutu, sai ya koma Paris kuma ya zama babban editan Daily Messenger, to, ma'aikacin ma'aikata ne Sanarwa. Sanarwarsa game da Warren Amurka, da Dreyfus, da kuma Boer War ya jagoranci Angell zuwa littafinsa na farko, Patriotism a ƙarƙashin Hanyoyi guda uku: A Kayan Rationalism a Siyasa (1903). Yayin da yake gyara Editan Ubangiji Northcliffe's Paris Daily Mail, Angell ya buga wani littafi Ƙungiyar Yammacin Turai, wanda ya fadada cikin 1910 kuma ya sake suna Babban Mafarki. Maganar Angell game da yaki da aka bayyana a cikin aikinsa shi ne cewa soja da ikon siyasa sun tsaya a kan hanyar samar da kariya ta hakika, kuma ba zai yiwu ba ne ga wata al'umma ta dauki wani abu. The Great mafarki An sabunta shi a duk lokacin da yake aiki, yana sayar da nauyin 2 miliyan, kuma an fassara shi cikin harshen 25. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili na majalisar wakilai, tare da kwamitin duniya game da yaki da fascism, a kan kwamiti na kwamitin kungiyar tarayyar kasashen duniya, da kuma shugaban kungiyar Abyssinia, yayin da yake wallafa littattafai arba'in da ɗaya, ciki harda Mujallar Kudi (1928), Masanan gaibi (1932), Menace zuwa Tsaro ta Tsaronmu (1934), Zaman Lafiya da Masu Tafiya? (1938), da kuma Bayan Duk (1951) a kan haɗin gwiwa a matsayin tushen don wayewa. An girgiza Angell a 1931, kuma ta karbi lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Duniya a 1933.
Disamba 27. A wannan rana a cikin 1993 Belgrade Women a Black sun gudanar da zanga zangar Sabuwar Shekara. Kwaminisancin Yugoslavia ya kasance daga jamhuriyoyin Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro da Macedonia. Bayan Firayim Minista Tito ya mutu a 1980, rarrabuwa ya tashi kuma an ƙarfafa shi tsakanin ƙabilu da masu kishin ƙasa. Slovenia da Croatia sun ayyana 'yanci a cikin 1989, wanda ya haifar da rikici tare da sojojin Yugoslavia. A shekarar 1992 yaki ya barke tsakanin Musulman Bosniya da Croats. Yunkurin mamaya babban birni, Sarajevo, ya ɗauki watanni 44. Mutane 10,000 sun mutu kuma an yiwa mata 20,000 fyade a tsabtace kabilanci. Sojojin Sabiyawan Bosnia sun mamaye Srebrenica tare da kisan Musulmai. NATO ta yi ruwan bama-bamai kan mukaman Sabiyawan Bosniya. Yaƙin ya ɓarke a 1998 a Kosovo tsakanin 'yan tawayen Albaniya da Serbia, sannan NATO ta fara yin ruwan bama-bamai, tana ƙara mutuwa da lalata yayin da suke ikirarin yaƙi da abin da ake kira yaƙin ɗan adam. Mata a cikin baƙar fata sun samo asali yayin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice. Anti-militarism shine aikinsu, "abinda ke gabansu da kuma zabin siyasa." A cikin imani cewa mata koyaushe suna kare ƙasashensu ta hanyar renon yara, tallafawa marasa ƙarfi, da yin aiki ba biya a cikin gida, suna faɗin “Mun ƙi ikon soja - samar da makamai don kisan mutane… mamayar jinsi ɗaya, al’umma , ko kuma bayyana wani. ” Sun shirya ɗaruruwan zanga-zanga a lokacin da bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan, kuma suna aiki a duk duniya tare da bitar ilimi da taro, da zanga-zanga. Suna kirkirar kungiyoyin zaman lafiya na mata kuma sun sami yawancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran mata da kyaututtukan zaman lafiya da gabatarwa. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don waiwaye ga yaƙe-yaƙe kuma ku tambayi abin da da an yi daban.
Disamba 28. A wannan rana a cikin 1991, gwamnatin Philippines ta ba da umurni ga Amurka ta janye daga tushe na sojan ruwa a Subic Bay. Jami'an Amurka da Philippine sun kai yarjejeniya ta yarjejeniyar da suka wuce a kan yarjejeniyar da za ta ba da izini na tushe na tsawon shekaru goma don musayar dala miliyan 203 a kowace shekara. Amma yarjejeniyar da Majalisar Dattijai ta Filiban ta ƙi sun yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, wadda ta kai hari kan sojojin Amurka a kasar kamar yadda mulkin mallaka yake da shi da kuma rikici ga mulkin mallaka na Philippines. Gwamnatin Philippine ta canja Subic Bay a cikin yankin Subic Freeport na kasuwanci, wanda ya kirkiro wasu ayyukan New 70,000 a farkon shekaru hudu. A cikin 2014, duk da haka, {asar Amirka ta sake sabunta sojojinta a} asa, a karkashin sharu]] an Yarjejeniyar Harkokin Tsaro. Yarjejeniya ta ba da damar Amurka ta gina da kuma sarrafa wurare a kan tashoshin Philippines don amfani da kasashen biyu don inganta ƙwarewar gida ta kare kansa daga barazana ta waje. Irin wannan buƙata yana da ƙyama, duk da haka. Filibirin Philippines ba su da wata haɗari game da mamayewa, kai hari, ko kuma aiki daga ko'ina-ciki har da kasar Sin, wanda ke aiki tare da Philippines don samar da albarkatu a cikin tekun Kudancin kasar a karkashin yarjejeniyar da ta hana yin amfani da Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya tambayarka ko Amurka zata iya tabbatar da kasancewa a soja fiye da 80 kasashe da yankuna a duniya. Duk da mummunan barazanar da 'yan siyasa da' yan siyasa suka ruwaito, Amurka tana da karfin gaske kuma an tsara shi da gaske daga duk wani haɗari na ƙetare na kasashen waje kuma ba shi da damar haɗakar irin wannan haɗari a wasu wurare kamar yadda 'yan sandan da aka zaba a duniya.
Disamba 29. A wannan rana a cikin 1890, sojojin Amurka sun kashe mutane maza, mata, da yara yara 130-300 Sioux a kisan kiyashin da aka kashe. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin karshe na rikice-rikicen da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Amurka da 'yan ƙasar Amirka a lokacin 19th Ƙasar yammacin fadada yammacin Amurka. Wani bikin addini wanda ake kira Ghost Dance ya kasance mai juriya, kuma Amurka ta gane cewa yana da barazana ga manyan hare-haren. {Asar Amirka ta kwanan nan ta shahararren Lakota Chief Sitting Bull, a ƙoƙari na kama shi da kuma kawo karshen wasan. Wasu Lakota sun yi imanin cewa rawa zai dawo da tsohuwar duniya kuma cewa saka abin da ake kira "fatalwowi" zai kare su daga harbe su. Lakota, cike da yunwa, suna zuwa wurin ajiyar Pine Ridge. An haramta su ne daga Amurka 7th Cavalry, dauke da su zuwa Knee Creek ta Wounded, kuma suna kewaye da bindigogi mai sauri. Labarin shi ne cewa an harbe wani harbi, ko ta Lakota ko ta soja na Amurka ba a sani ba. An kashe mummunan kisan gilla. Yawan wadanda aka kashe Lakota suna jayayya, amma ya bayyana a fili cewa akalla rabin wadanda aka kashe su ne mata da yara. Wannan shi ne karo na karshe tsakanin sojojin tarayya da Sioux har zuwa 1973, lokacin da mambobi na Indiyawan Indiya suka sha kashi a kan 71 kwanaki don nuna rashin amincewar yanayi a kan ajiyar. A 1977, Leonard Peltier ya yanke hukuncin kisa don kashe jami'an FBI guda biyu. Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar da ta nuna baƙin ciki ga kisan kiyashin 1890 bayan shekaru ɗari, amma Amurka ta fi sani da asalinta na tsarin kisan gilla da kuma tsabtace kabilanci.
Disamba 30. A kwanan nan a cikin Cibiyar 1952 Tuskegee ta bayar da rahoton cewa 1952 ita ce shekarar farko a cikin shekaru 71 na rikodin rikodin cewa babu wanda aka lalata a Amurka - yarda da dubani wanda ba zai tsaya gwajin lokaci ba. (Lynching na ƙarshe a Amurka ya faru ne a cikin ƙarni na 21.) statididdigar sanyin nan da ƙyar za ta iya ba da labarin abin da ya faru a duniya game da kisan gilla ga mutane. Galibi mahaukata suka aikata, lynching ya ba da misali mai kyau game da kusancin ɗan adam na rashin yarda da tsoron “ɗayan,” “daban”. Lynching yana matsayin babban hoto a cikin ƙananan maganganun kusan dukkanin yaƙe-yaƙe a tarihin ɗan adam, waɗanda koyaushe ke nuna rikici tsakanin mutane na ƙasashe daban-daban, addinai, jinsi, tsarin siyasa, ko falsafa. Kodayake ba a san shi ba a wasu wurare a duniya, yin lalata a Amurka, wanda ya bunƙasa daga shekarun bayan yakin basasa har zuwa ƙarni na 20, a halin yanzu laifi ne da ke da nasaba da launin fata. Fiye da kashi 73 na kusan 4,800 da aka kashe a Amurka 'yan Afirka ne Ba-Amurke. Lynchings sun kasance galibi-duk da cewa ba keɓaɓɓe ba ne kawai - abin da ya faru na Kudu. Tabbas, jihohin kudu 12 ne kawai suka yi lissafin lilin 4,075 na Ba'amurke-Ba'amurke daga 1877 zuwa 1950. Kashi casa'in da tara na mutanen da suka aikata wadannan laifuffuka ba su taɓa hukunta wani daga cikin jihar ko na gari ba. Babu wani abu da zai iya misalta halin rashin ikon dan Adam na yanzu don hada kai don hana bala'o'in duniya, kamar lalata muhalli ko yakin nukiliya na duniya fiye da gaskiyar cewa Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta kasa zartar da wata doka da ke ayyana aikata laifukan tarayya har zuwa Disamba, 2018, bayan shekara 100 da gwadawa.
Disamba 31. A wannan rana, mutane da dama a duniya suna tunawa da ƙarshen shekara guda da farkon sabon saiti. Sau da yawa, mutane suna yin shawarwari ko alkawurra don saduwa da wasu manufofi a cikin shekara ta fara. World BEYOND War ya kirkiro Sanarwar Zaman Lafiya wanda muke tsammanin shima yana aiki da kyakkyawan ƙudurin sabuwar shekara. Wannan Bayyanar da Zaman Lafiya ko zaman lafiya ana samun sa a yanar gizo a worldbeyondwar.org kuma dubunnan mutane da kungiyoyi sun sanya hannu a kusan kowace kusurwa ta duniya. Bayanin ya kunshi jimloli biyu ne kawai, kuma ya karanta gabaɗaya: “Na fahimci cewa yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe suna sa mu ƙasa da aminci maimakon kare mu, cewa suna kashe, raunata da kuma cutar da manya, yara da jarirai, suna lalata mahalli sosai, suna lalata 'yancin jama'a, da kuma tozarta tattalin arzikinmu, tare da dibar albarkatu daga ayyukan tabbatar da rayuwa. Na yi alkawarin shiga da kuma tallafawa kokarin da ba na tashin hankali ba don kawo karshen dukkan yakin da shirye-shiryen yaki da samar da dauwamammen zaman lafiya da adalci. ” Ga duk wanda ke da shakku game da kowane ɓangare na sanarwar - Shin gaskiya ne cewa yaƙe-yaƙe suna da haɗari gare mu? Shin ta'addanci ya lalata yanayin yanayi? Shin yaki ba makawa ko dole ko amfani? - World BEYOND War ya kirkiri gidan yanar gizo gaba daya don amsa irin wadannan tambayoyin. A worldbeyondwar.org sunaye ne da bayani game da tatsuniyoyin da aka yarda dasu game da yaƙe-yaƙe da dalilan da yasa muke buƙatar kawo ƙarshen yaƙi, da kuma kamfen ɗin da mutum zai iya shiga ciki don ciyar da wannan burin. Kada ku sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya sai dai idan kuna nufin ta. Amma don Allah ayi ma'ana! Duba worldbeyondwar.org Barka da Sabuwar Shekara!
Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.
Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.
Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.
Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.
Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.
Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.
Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.
Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz
Graphics by Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.
