Nuwamba
Nuwamba 1
Nuwamba 2
Nuwamba 3
Nuwamba 4
Nuwamba 5
Nuwamba 6
Nuwamba 7
Nuwamba 8
Nuwamba 9
Nuwamba 10
Nuwamba 11
Nuwamba 12
Nuwamba 13
Nuwamba 14
Nuwamba 15
Nuwamba 16
Nuwamba 17
Nuwamba 18
Nuwamba 19
Nuwamba 20
Nuwamba 21
Nuwamba 22
Nuwamba 23
Nuwamba 24
Nuwamba 25
Nuwamba 26
Nuwamba 27
Nuwamba 28
Nuwamba 29
Nuwamba 30
Nuwamba 31
Nuwamba 1. A wannan rana a cikin 1961, matan da aka yi amfani da ita don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a Amurka sun kasance mafi yawan mata na zaman lafiya a yau. “Mun kasance ne a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1961,” in ji wani memba, “a matsayin zanga-zangar adawa da gwaje-gwajen makaman nukiliya da Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet suka yi wanda ke sanya iska da abincin yaranmu guba.” A waccan shekarar, mata 100,000 daga garuruwa 60 suka fito daga ɗakunan girki da guraben aiki don neman: ACEARSHEN RASHIN MAKAMAI - BA DAN-ADAM BA, kuma an haifi WSP. Ungiyar ta ƙarfafa kwance ɗamarar yaƙi ta hanyar ilimantar da su game da haɗarin radiation da gwajin nukiliya. Membobinta sun yi kira ga Majalisar, sun yi zanga-zangar a wurin gwajin makaman nukiliya a Las Vegas, kuma sun halarci Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kwance damara a Geneva. Duk da cewa an gabatar da sammacin mata 20 daga kungiyar a cikin 1960s ta Kwamitin Ayyukan Ba-Amurke na House, ba da gudummawa ga zartar da Yarjejeniyar Haramtacciyar Dokar Haramta a shekarar 1963. Zanga-zangar da suka yi game da Yaƙin Vietnam ta sa mata 1,200 daga ƙasashe 14 na NATO suka bi su. a Hague a zanga-zangar adawa da ƙirƙirar Fungiyoyin Nukiliya da yawa. Sun kuma fara ganawa da matan Vietnam don tsara sadarwa tsakanin POWs da danginsu. Sun yi zanga-zangar shiga tsakani na Amurka a Amurka ta Tsakiya, da kuma mamaye sararin samaniya, kuma suna adawa da sabbin shirye-shiryen makami. Yakin Nukiliya na daskare na shekarun 1980 ya sami goyon baya daga WPS, kuma sun tuntubi Firayim Minista na Netherlands da Belgium, suna roƙon su da su ƙi dukkan sansanonin makamai masu linzami na Amurka kuma sun haɗa da bayanin Shugaba Regan na “Tsarin Jagoran Tsaron Tsaro,” wanda aka tsara don faɗa , rayuwa, kuma da tsammanin cin nasarar yaƙin nukiliya.
Nuwamba 2. A wannan rana a cikin 1982 wani raba gardamar nukiliya na nukiliya ya wuce a jihohin Amurka guda tara da ke yin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na majalisar wakilan Amurka. Wannan ita ce zaben raba gardama mafi girma a kan batun guda a tarihin Amurka, kuma an yi niyyar tabbatar da yarjejeniya tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet don dakatar da gwaji, samarwa, da tura makaman nukiliya. Shekaru da suka gabata masu gwagwarmaya sun fara shirya ƙoƙari da ilimin jama'a a kusa da Amurka. Taken yakin neman zaben shi ne “Yi tunani a duniya; yi aiki a cikin gida. ” Organiungiyoyi kamar Unionungiyar ofwararrun Masana kimiyya da andungiyar Gero Zero sun ba da koke-koke, sun yi muhawara, kuma sun nuna fina-finai. Sun ba da wallafe-wallafe game da tseren makamin nukiliya da kuma samar da shawarwari da suka dauka a gari, birni, da majalisun dokokin jihohi a duk cikin United Stares. Shekara guda bayan zaben raba gardama na 1982, an zartar da kudurori masu goyan bayan daskarar da makamin nukiliya na kasashe 370, majalisun kananan hukumomi 71, da kuma gida daya ko duka majalisun dokoki 23. Lokacin da aka gabatar da kudurin daskarar da Nuclear zuwa ga gwamnatocin Amurka da Soviet a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana da sa hannun 2,300,000. Ba ta samu goyon bayan gwamnatin Shugaba Ronald Reagan ba, wanda ke kallonta a matsayin bala'i. Fadar White House ta yi ikirarin cewa an yi amfani da masu yakin neman zaben ta hanyar “wasu bata gari 'yan iska da aka ba da umarnin kai tsaye daga Moscow.” Fadar White House ta fara kamfen din hulda da jama'a game da zaben raba gardama na Freeze. Reagan ya yi zargin cewa daskarewar "zai sa wannan ƙasa ta kasance cikin haɗarin fuskantar barazanar nukiliya." Duk da adawar adawa, motsi ya ci gaba tsawon shekaru bayan 1982 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga manyan matakan kwance ɗamara da rayuwar duniya a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki.
Nuwamba 3. A wannan rana a cikin 1950, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Flushing Meadows, NY, ta sanya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Tattaunawa don Aminci. Sakamakon, 377A, ya nuna matsayin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a karkashin Yarjejeniyarta, don kula da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Ya ba Majalisar Dinkin Duniya damar yin la'akari da batun inda kwamitin tsaro ba zai iya magance matsalar ba. Akwai mambobin kungiyar 193 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma mambobin majalisar na 15. Za a iya sanya wannan ƙuduri ta hanyar zabe a Majalisar Tsaro, ko kuma tare da bukatar da mafi rinjaye na mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka yi wa Sakataren Janar. Bayan haka, za su iya yin shawarwari don matakan da ba tare da "P5" ko 'yan kwamitin biyar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda suke da: China, Faransa, Rasha, United Kingdom, da kuma Amurka. Ba su da ikon dagewa don tallafawa shawarwari. Shawara zai iya haɗa da amfani da karfi da makamai ko yin rigakafin hakan. Ana iya rinjayar ikon veto a cikin Hukumar Tsaro ta wannan hanya lokacin da wani daga cikin P5 ya zama mai zalunci. An yi amfani dashi ga Hungary, Lebanon, Congo, Gabas ta Tsakiya (Falasdinu da Gabas ta Tsakiya), Bangladesh, Afghanistan, da Afirka ta Kudu. An jaddada cewa tsarin tsarin tsaro na yanzu da mambobin da ke da dindindin tare da ikon veto baya nuna gaskiyar halin da ake ciki a yanzu, kuma hakan ya bar Afirka, sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa, da Gabas ta Tsakiya ba tare da murya ba. Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro tana aiki ne don samun majalisar da aka zaɓa, ta hanyar sauya canje-canje ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hanyar mafi rinjaye na mambobin majalisar, wanda zai kawar da kujerun din din din.
Nuwamba 4. A kwanan nan a 1946 UNESCO aka kafa. Educungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu tana zaune ne a Faris. Manufar kungiyar ita ce bayar da gudummawa ga zaman lafiya da tsaro ta hanyar inganta hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ta hanyar tattaunawa da ilimi ta hanyar ilimi, kimiyya, da al'adu da kuma sake fasali da kara girmama adalci, bin doka, da hakkin dan adam. Don bin waɗannan manufofin, ƙasashe membobinta 193 da membobin tarayya 11 suna da shirye-shirye a cikin ilimi, kimiyyar ƙasa, zamantakewar jama'a da kimiyyar ɗan adam, al'adu, da sadarwa. UNESCO ba ta kasance ba tare da jayayya ba, musamman a alaƙarta da Amurka, Birtaniya, Singapore, da tsohuwar Soviet Union, galibi saboda ƙaƙƙarfan goyon baya ga 'yancin aikin jarida da kuma damuwarta na kasafin kuɗi. Amurka ta fice daga UNESCO a shekarar 1984 karkashin Shugaba Reagan, tana mai cewa ita ce dandamalin ‘yan gurguzu da masu kama-karya ta Duniya ta Uku don kai wa Yammaci hari. Amurka ta sake shiga a 2003, amma a 2011 ta yanke gudummawar da take baiwa UNESCO, sannan a shekarar 2017 ta sanya wa'adin zuwa 2019 don ficewa, wani bangare saboda matsayin UNESCO kan Isra'ila. UNESCO ta yi Allah wadai da Isra’ila kan “wuce gona da iri” da kuma “daukar matakan ba bisa doka ba” kan Musulmin ta shiga wurarensu masu tsarki. Isra’ila ta daskarar da duk wata alaka da kungiyar. Yin aiki a matsayin "dakin gwaje-gwaje na ra'ayoyi," UNESCO na taimaka wa ƙasashe yin amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya da kuma gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ke haɓaka ƙididdigar ra'ayoyi kyauta da musayar ilimi. Manufar UNESCO ita ce, tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki na gwamnatoci bai isa su kafa yanayin demokradiyya, ci gaba, da zaman lafiya ba. UNESCO tana da aiki mai wahala na aiki tare da ƙasashe waɗanda ke da tarihin tarihi na rikice-rikice da maslahar yaƙi.
Nuwamba 5. A wannan rana a 1855 Eugene V. Debs an haifi. Har ila yau, a wannan rana, a 1968 Richard Nixon, an za ~ e shugaban {asar Amirka, bayan da ya sabunta yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Vietnam. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don tunani game da wanene ainihin shugabanninmu. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, Eugene Victor Debs ya fara aiki a kan titin jirgin ƙasa kuma ya zama mai aikin kashe gobara. Ya taimaka tsara thean uwa na coman Wutar Lantarki. Kwararren mai iya magana ne kuma mai iya magana da rubutu, ya kasance memba na majalisar dokoki ta Indiana a shekarar 1885 yana da shekaru 30. Ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin jirgin ƙasa daban-daban zuwa Railungiyar Railway ta Amurka kuma ya gudanar da yajin aikin gama gari don ƙarin albashi a kan Babban Jirgin Ruwa na Arewa a cikin 1894. Debs ya kashe watanni shida a kurkuku bayan jagorantar yajin aikin kamfanin motoci na Chicago Pullman. Ya ga gwagwarmayar kwadago a matsayin gwagwarmaya tsakanin aji, kuma ya jagoranci kirkirar Jam’iyyar gurguzu ta Amurka wacce ya kasance dan takarar shugaban kasa sau biyar tsakanin 1900 da 1920. Ya mutu a 1926, yana da shekara 71. Ana ganin Richard Nixon a matsayin mayaudari saboda nasarorin da ya samu na dakatar da tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta Vietnam, wanda aka tabbatar ta wayar tarho ta FBI da bayanan hannu da hannu. Ya tura Anna Chennault don lallashi Vietnam su ki amincewa da shawarar tsagaita wuta da Lyndon Johnson ta shirya wanda tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa, Hubert Humphrey, dan takarar Nixon ne. Nixon ya karya dokar Logan ta 1797 wacce ta hana 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu kutse cikin tattaunawar hukuma da wata ƙasa. A cikin shekaru huɗu tsakanin ɓarna da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na gaba, an kashe fiye da mutanen Vietnamese miliyan, da kuma membobin sojojin Amurka 20,000.
Nuwamba 6. Wannan ita ce Ranar Duniya ta Duniya don hana ƙwayar muhalli a yakin da yaki. Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin ƙirƙirar wannan rana a 2001, yayi ƙoƙari ya mayar da hankalin duniya game da mahimmancin kariyar yanayin da muke ɗauka daga lalacewar yaƙi. Yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun mai daɗaɗɗun wurare ba su zama da zama kuma an samar da miliyoyin' yan gudun hijira. Yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe suna lalata yanayi ta hanyar samarwa da gwajin makamin nukiliya, harba iska da jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu, watsewa da haƙar ma'adinan ƙasa da binne iko, amfani da adana sojoji da guba, gubobi, da ɓata, da ƙima. amfani da burbushin mai. Amma duk da haka manyan yarjejeniyoyin muhalli sun haɗa da keɓancewa don amfani da yaƙi. Yaƙe-yaƙe da shirye-shiryen yaƙi babban dalili ne na lalacewar muhalli. Su ma wani rami ne wanda dala tiriliyan da za ayi amfani da shi don hana lalacewar muhalli an zubar da su. Yayin da matsalar muhalli ke tabarbarewa, tunanin yaƙi a matsayin kayan aiki da za a magance ta, bi da 'yan gudun hijirar a zaman abokan gaba na sojoji, suna yi mana barazanar mummunan yanayin. Bayyana cewa canjin yanayi yana haifar da yaƙe yana rasa gaskiyar cewa humanan Adam ne ke haifar da yaƙi, kuma sai dai idan bamu koyi magance rikice rikice ba kawai za mu ƙara tsananta musu. Babban abin da ke haifar da wasu yaƙe-yaƙe shi ne sha'awar sarrafa albarkatun da ke cutar da ƙasa, musamman mai da gas. A gaskiya ma, ƙaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe ta ƙasashe masu arziki a cikin waɗanda ba su da kyau ba ta yi daidai da take hakkin ɗan adam ko rashin dimokiradiyya ko barazanar ta'addanci, amma yana da dangantaka da kasancewar mai.
Nuwamba 7. A wannan rana a cikin 1949, Tsarin Tsarin Mulkin Costa Rica ya hana rundunar sojojin kasa. Costa Rica, yanzu tana amfani da makamashi mai karfi, yana gida ga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Ƙasar Amirka da Jami'ar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan samun 'yencin kai daga kasar Meziko karkashin mulkin Spain, Costa Rica ta ayyana' yancinta daga Tarayyar Amurka ta Tsakiya wacce ta raba tsakaninta da Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, da El Salvador. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren yakin basasa, an yanke shawarar kawar da sojojinta, da kuma saka hannun jari a maimakon jama'arta. Kamar yadda ƙasar noma da aka san ta da kofi da cacao, Costa Rica kuma an san ta da kyau, al'adu, kiɗa, kayayyakin more rayuwa, fasaha, da yawon buɗe ido. Manufofin kasar game da muhalli sun karfafa amfani da makamashin hasken rana, cire carbon daga sararin samaniya, da adana kusan kashi 25 na kasarta a matsayin wuraren shakatawa na kasa. An kafa Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne “don samar wa dan adam wata cibiyar ilimi ta kasa da kasa don zaman lafiya da nufin bunkasa a tsakanin dukkan‘ yan Adam ruhin fahimta, juriya da zama tare cikin lumana, don karfafa hadin kai tsakanin mutane da kuma taimakawa rage matsalolin da kuma barazana ga zaman lafiya da ci gaban duniya, daidai da kyakkyawan buri da aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. ” A shekarar 1987, Shugaban Costa Rica Oscar Sanchez ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya saboda taimakon da ya yi wajen kawo karshen yakin basasa a Nicaragua. Costa Rica ta karbi 'yan gudun hijirar da yawa, yayin ƙarfafa kwanciyar hankali a duk Amurka ta Tsakiya. Ta hanyar samarwa da yan ƙasa ilimi kyauta, kiwon lafiya na duniya da sabis na zamantakewar al'umma, Costa Rica tana jin daɗin adadin rayuwar ɗan adam mai ban sha'awa. A cikin 2017, National Geographic ya kuma bayyana shi "Haasar da ta fi Farin Ciki a Duniya!"
Nuwamba 8. A wannan rana a 1897, an haifi Dorothy Day. A matsayin marubuta, mai aiki, kuma mai sulhu, ranar da aka fi sani da shi don farawa da Katolika Katolika, da kuma inganta daidaitattun zamantakewa. Ta bar koleji a Illinois don matsawa garin Greenwich a 1916 inda ta zauna a rayuwar ta Bohemia, ya yi abokai da yawa, kuma ya rubuta wa jaridar zamantakewa da jaridu. A 1917, ta shiga tare da Alice Paul da kuma Matafiya ta Mata kamar ɗaya daga cikin "Sentinels Sentinels" da ke rufe gidan White House. Wannan ya haifar da daya daga cikin tsare-tsare da yawa da kuma kurkuku da Day ta fuskanta, har ma da hakkin mata na jefa kuri'a. Halinta a matsayin "m" ya ci gaba bayan da ta yi hira da Katolika a ranar da ta tura Ikklisiya don tallafa wa masu ƙiyayya da wannan labarin da kuma yaki. Ta jagorancin ya kalubalanci ka'idodin Katolika, wanda ya haifar da goyon baya na coci ga masu cin zarafi da matalauta, musamman ma'aikata masu fama da rashin kuɗi, da kuma rashin gida. Lokacin da ta sadu da Peter Maurin, tsohon Kirista Brother, a 1932, sun kafa wata jaridar da ta inganta koyarwar Katolika da ta dace da adalci ta zamantakewa. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen sun kai ga "Green Revolution" da kuma taimakon coci na samar da gidaje ga talakawa. Ƙasashe ɗari biyu an kafa su a Ƙasar Amirka, da kuma 28 a wasu ƙasashe. Ranar ta rayu a daya daga cikin wadannan gidaje masu karimci yayin karfafawa ta hanyar rubuta takardu game da rayuwarta da manufarta. Ma'aikatan Katolika sun yi zanga-zangar WWII, kuma an kama ranar a 1973 don nunawa game da yaki a Vietnam yayin da yake goyon bayan ma'aikatan ma'aikata na United Farm a California. Rayuwar ta ta ruɗi mutane da yawa, ciki har da Vatican. An yi la'akari da rana a matsayin dan takara don canonization tun 2000.
Nuwamba 9. A wannan rana a 1989 Wall Berlin ya fara fara rushe, yana nuna ƙarshen Yakin Cold. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don tuna yadda saurin canji zai zo da kuma yadda za'a samu salama. A 1961, an gina bangon da ke rarraba birnin Berlin don hana yammacin "fascists," kuma don gudanar da rikici da miliyoyin matasa ma'aikata da masu sana'a daga kwaminisancin Gabas ta Jamus. An yanke layi da layin dogo, kuma an raba mutane daga aikin su, iyalansu, da 'yan uwa. Ginin ya zama alama na Yakin Cold tsakanin Sojojin Yammacin Turai da Soviet Union bayan WWII. Kamar yadda mutanen 5,000 suka tsere daga bango, akwai ƙoƙari da dama da suka kāsa. An gina garun a tsawon shekaru goma, kuma an karfafa shi tare da jerin ganuwar har zuwa 15 ft., Tsayi, haske mai haske, fences na lantarki, masu tsaron makamai a hasumiyoyin tsaro, kai hari ga karnuka, da kuma minefields. Masu tsaron Jamus na Gabas sun umurce su su harbe idanunsu duk wanda ya yi zanga-zangar bangon, ko ƙoƙarin tserewa. Ƙasar Soviet ta sha kashi a tattalin arziki, canje-canje a ƙasashe irin su Poland da Hungary sun sami ƙasa, kuma yunkurin zaman lafiya na kawo ƙarshen Cold War ya ci gaba. Rikicin kabilanci da ke ciki da kewayen Jamus ya jagoranci yunkurin kawar da bangon daga gefen yamma. Shugaban Jamus Jamus, Erich Honecker, ya yi murabus daga baya, kuma Gunter Schabowski ya shaidawa 'yan gudun hijirar' yan gudun hijira daga Jamus ta Gabas. Wajan Gabas ta Tsakiya sun kai kusa da bangon yayin da masu tsaro suka tsaya, suka rikice kamar sauran. Dubban kuma suka rusa zuwa bango, suna yin 'yanci da sulhu. Mutane da yawa sun fara kwance a bango tare da hammers, chisels,. . . kuma begen ba sauran ganuwar.
Nuwamba 10. A wannan ranar a cikin 1936 rukunin farko na zaman lafiya a duniya, International Voluntary Service for Peace (IVSP), sun isa Bombay karkashin jagorancin Pierre Ceresole. Ceresole ya kasance mai son zaman lafiya a Switzerland wanda ya ƙi biyan harajin da ake amfani da shi don makamai, kuma ya daɗe a kurkuku. Ya kafa Civilungiyar Civilasa ta Duniya (SCI) a cikin 1920 don samar da masu sa kai a sansanonin aiki na duniya a yankunan da bala'oi da rikice-rikice suka shafa. Mohandas Gandhi ne ya gayyace shi ya zo Indiya, kuma a 1934, 1935, da 1936, kungiyar ta yi aiki a Indiya a sake gina bayan girgizar ƙasar Nepal-Bihar ta 1934. Grewungiyar ta haɓaka a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kuma Ceresole ya mutu a cikin 1945. A cikin 1948, ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya da yawa na duniya sun haɗu a ƙarƙashin sabon jagorancin kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu (UNESCO). SCI yana cikinsu. A cikin 1970's SCI ta sake tsara kanta ta hanyar daidaita musayar masu sa kai na duniya. Hakanan ya fadada daga kasancewa bisa sansanonin aiki don nuna tasirin siyasa na zaman lafiyar duniya. Har yanzu ana amfani da masu ba da agaji a yau, ka'idodin SCI sun haɗa da: rashin ƙarfi, haƙƙin ɗan adam, haɗin kai, girmama muhalli da tsarin halittu, hada dukkan mutane waɗanda ke raba manufofin motsi, ƙarfafa mutane don canza tsarin da ya shafi rayuwarsu, da haɗin kai. aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na gida, na ƙasa, da na duniya. Groupsungiyoyin aiki, alal misali, an kafa su a yankuna don ayyukan ci gaban ƙasa da ilimi game da ƙaura, 'yan gudun hijira, musayar Gabas ta Yamma, jinsi, rashin aikin yi tsakanin matasa, da kuma mahalli. SCI ya ci gaba har zuwa yau, wanda aka sani da Sabis na Ba da Kai na Duniya a yawancin ƙasashe masu magana da Ingilishi.
Nuwamba 11. A wannan rana a cikin 1918, da ƙarfe 11 a ranar 11 ga watan 11, Yaƙin Duniya na endedaya ya ƙare a kan jadawalin. Ba zato ba tsammani mutane a duk faɗin Turai sun daina yin bindiga da junansu. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, suna ta kisa da ɗaukar harsasai, suna faɗuwa da kururuwa, suna nishi suna mutuwa. Sannan suka tsaya. Ba wai sun gaji bane ko sun dawo cikin hankalinsu ba. Dukansu kafin da bayan ƙarfe 11 suna bin umarni kawai. Yarjejeniyar Armistice wacce ta kawo karshen yakin duniya na daya ta sanya karfe 11 a matsayin lokacin barin aiki, kuma an kashe maza 11,000 ko raunata tsakanin sanya hannu kan Armistice da tasirin sa. Amma wannan sa'ar a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wannan lokacin na ƙarshen yakin da ya kamata a kawo ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe, wannan lokacin da ya fara bikin duniya na farin ciki da kuma maido da wasu kamannin hankali, ya zama lokacin shiru, kararrawar kararrawa, tunawa, da sadaukar da kai don kawo karshen yakin. Wannan shine ranar Armistice. Ba bikin yaƙi ba ne ko na waɗanda ke shiga yaƙi, amma na lokacin da yaƙi ya ƙare. Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta zartar da kudurin ranar Armistice a shekarar 1926 tana kiran "atisayen da aka tsara domin dorewar zaman lafiya ta hanyar kyakkyawar niyya da fahimtar juna." Wasu kasashen har yanzu suna kiranta da Ranar Tunawa, amma Amurka ta sake sanya mata suna Ranar Sojoji a shekarar 1954. Ga mutane da yawa, ranar ba sauran farin cikin kawo karshen yaki ba sai don yabon yaki da kishin kasa. Zamu iya zabar mu dawo da ranar Armistice zuwa ma'anarta ta asali. KARA GAME DA RANAR ARMISTICE.
Nuwamba 12. A wannan rana a cikin 1984 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da sanarwar kan hakkin 'yanci zuwa zaman lafiya. Babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ta Duniya a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1948. Har yanzu wannan shi ne ginshikin aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ya ayyana cewa ‘yancin rayuwa na da muhimmanci. Amma har sai da 1984 ta bayyana game da Hakkin Jama'a zuwa Zaman Lafiya. Ya ce “rayuwa ba tare da yaƙi ba ita ce ainihin farkon abin da ake buƙata don. . . jin daɗin rayuwa, ci gaba da ci gaba. . . da kuma cikakken aiwatar da hakkoki da kuma 'yanci na dan Adam wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi shela, "wannan" aiki ne mai tsarki "da kuma" muhimmin nauyi "na kowace Jiha cewa" manufofin Jihohi suna fuskantar kawar da barazanar na yaƙe-yaƙe ”da kuma“ sama da komai, don kauce wa bala’in nukiliya a duniya. ” Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sami babban matsala wajen ginawa da aiwatar da wannan sanarwar. An yi aiki da yawa a cikin shekaru, musamman daga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, don sake yin bayani game da sanarwar, amma duk irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun gaza wucewa tare da wadataccen rinjaye saboda ƙasashen nukiliyar sun ƙaurace. A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2016, sauƙin da aka sauƙaƙa ya sami ƙuri'a na 131 a goyan baya, 34 ya ƙi, sannan 19 suka ƙi. A 2018, har yanzu ana ta muhawara. Masu ba da rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman sun ziyarci wasu yanayi a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban don bincika takamaiman abubuwan da suka shafi take haƙƙoƙin da aka samo a cikin Sanarwar ofancin Bil'adama ta Duniya, kuma akwai wani motsi don naɗa Rapporteur na Musamman kan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Zaman Lafiya, amma har yanzu ba a yi hakan ba yi.
Nuwamba 13. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1891 hukumar kula da zaman lafiya na duniya ta kafa a Roma ta Fredrik Bajer. Har yanzu yana aiki, manufarta ita ce yin aiki zuwa ga "duniya ba tare da yaƙi ba." A cikin shekarun ta na farko kungiyar ta cika burinta a matsayin mai kula da zirga-zirgar zaman lafiya a duniya, kuma a 1910 ta samu kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya. Bayan yakin duniya na 1959, kungiyar kasashen duniya da sauran kungiyoyi sun rage mahimmancinta, kuma ta dakatar da ayyukanta a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin 300, an ba da dukiyarta ga Kwamitin Sadarwa na ofasashen Duniya na forungiyoyi don Zaman Lafiya (ILCOP). ILCOP ta ambaci sakatariyarta ta Geneva a Ofishin Aminci na Duniya. IPB yana da ƙungiyoyi mambobi 70 a cikin ƙasashe 2011, yana aiki azaman hanyar haɗi don ƙungiyoyi masu aiki akan ayyuka iri ɗaya, kuma yana kan sauran kwamitocin a ciki da wajen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan lokaci, mambobin kwamitin IPB da yawa sun karɓi kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel. Shirye-shiryen soja suna da mummunan sakamako, ba wai kawai ga waɗanda yaƙin ya faɗa ba, har ma da tsarin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da kuma shirye-shiryen IPB na shirye-shiryen kwance ɗamarar yaƙi don ci gaba mai ɗorewa. IPB yana mai da hankali musamman kan sake sanya kudaden sojoji zuwa ayyukan zamantakewar da kare muhalli. Ofishin Kula da Zaman Lafiya na Duniya yana fatan lalata makaman agaji na kasa da kasa, yana tallafa wa yakin neman kwance damara da dama, gami da kwance damarar nukiliya, da kuma ba da bayanai kan matakan tattalin arziki na makamai da rikice-rikice. IPB ta kafa Ranar Ayyuka ta Duniya kan Kudin Sojoji a shekarar XNUMX, tana aiki don rage tasiri da sayar da kananan makamai, nakiyoyi, kayan yaki, da uranium da aka lalata, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa.
Nuwamba 14. A wannan rana a 1944 a Faransa, Marie-Marthe Dortel-Claudot da Bishop Pierre-Marie Theas sun bada ra'ayin Pax Christi. Pax Christi Latin ne don “Peace of Christ.” Paparoma Pius XII a cikin 1952 ya amince da shi a matsayin hukuma ta zaman lafiya ta zaman lafiya ta duniya. Ya fara ne a matsayin motsi don yin aiki tsakanin sasantawa tsakanin Faransawa da Jamusawa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II tare da shirya aikin hajji na zaman lafiya, kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu ƙasashen Turai. Ya girma a matsayin “yaƙin addu’ar neman zaman lafiya a tsakanin dukkan ƙasashe.” Ta fara mai da hankali kan 'yancin ɗan adam, tsaro, kwance ɗamarar yaƙi, da kuma kwance ɗamarar soja. Yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyi membobi 120 a duk duniya. Pax Christi International ya dogara ne da imanin cewa zaman lafiya zai yiwu, kuma yana duban dalilan & sakamakon lalacewar rikici da yaƙi. Ganinsa shine "za a iya karya lagon tashin hankali da rashin adalci." Sakatariyar ta ta Duniya tana cikin Brussels kuma akwai surori a kasashe da yawa. Pax Christi ta shiga cikin nuna goyon baya ga masu zanga-zanga a cikin kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a Mississippi, tana taimakawa wajen kauracewa kauracewar harkokin kasuwanci da ke nuna wariyar launin fata. Pax Christi tana aiki ne ta hanyar sauƙaƙa sadarwar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar zaman lafiya, da ba da shawara ga motsi a duniya, da kuma haɓaka ƙarfin membobin ƙungiyoyi don aikin zaman lafiya ba tashin hankali. Pax Christi tana da matsayin tuntuba a matsayinta na kungiya mai zaman kanta a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta ce “tana kawo muryar kungiyoyin farar hula a cocin Katolika, kuma akasin haka tana daukar kimar cocin Katolika ga kungiyoyin farar hula.” A shekarar 1983, an baiwa Pax Christi International lambar yabo ta UNESCO na Ilimi na Zaman Lafiya.
Nuwamba 15. A wannan rana a cikin 1920, majalisar dokoki ta farko na duniya, wato League of Nations, ta hadu a Geneva. Batun tsaro gama gari sabon abu ne, samfuran munanan Yaƙin Duniya na .aya. Girmama mutunci da 'yanci na dukkan membobin, da kuma yadda za a haɗa su wajen kiyaye su daga ta'adi, an magance su a cikin Alkawarin da ya haifar. An kafa ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa kamar Postungiyar Postungiyoyin Jama'a da sauran tsarin rayuwa da tattalin arziki, kuma mambobin sun amince kan batutuwa kamar sufuri da sadarwa, dangantakar kasuwanci, kiwon lafiya, da kula da cinikin makamai na duniya. An kafa Sakatariya a Geneva kuma aka kafa Majalisar dukkan mambobi, tare da Majalisar da ta kunshi wakilan Amurka, Burtaniya, Faransa, Italia, da Japan a matsayin membobin dindindin, tare da wasu hudu da Majalisar ta zaba. Koyaya, kujerar Amurka a Majalisar ba ta taɓa zama ba. (Asar Amirka ba ta shiga cikin Kungiyar ba, wanda zai kasance daya daga cikin masu daidaitawa. Wannan shawara daban ce da ta shiga daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga baya, inda aka baiwa Amurka da wasu kasashe hudu ikon veto. Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ɓarke, ba a yi roƙo ga Leagueungiyar ba. Babu wani taro na Majalisar ko Majalisar da aka yi yayin yaƙin. Aikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar kungiyar an ci gaba akan iyakantaccen sikelin, amma ayyukanta na siyasa sun ƙare. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da tsari iri daya da na League, an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1945. A cikin 1946, aka kawo karshen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a hukumance.
Nuwamba 16. A wannan rana a cikin 1989, sojojin Salvadoran suka kashe firistoci shida da wasu mutane biyu. Yakin basasa a El Salvador, 1980-1992, ya kashe mutane sama da 75,000, ya bar 8,000 da suka bata sannan miliyan guda suka rasa muhallansu. Kwamitin Gaskiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka kafa a 1992 ya gano cewa kashi 95 na cin zarafin bil adama da aka rubuta yayin rikicin ya faru ne daga sojojin Salvadoran a kan fararen hular da ke rayuwa musamman mazauna yankunan karkara wadanda ake zargin suna goyon bayan 'yan tawayen hagu. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1989, Sojojin Salvadoran suka kashe Jesuits Ignacio Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Segundo Montes, Amando López, Juan Ramón Moreno, da Joaquín López, da Elba Ramos da ɗiyarta yarinya Celina a gidansu da ke harabar makarantar na Jose Simeon Canas Jami'ar Amurka ta Tsakiya a San Salvador. Manyan sanannun mashahuran Atlacatl Battalion sun mamaye harabar tare da umarnin a kashe shugabanta, Ignacio Ellacuría, kuma ba a bar shaidu a baya ba. Ana zargin 'yan Jesuit din da hada kai da sojojin' yan tawaye kuma sun amince da tattaunawar kawo karshen rikicin cikin gida tare da Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, (FMLN). Kisan da aka yi ya jawo hankalin duniya ga kokarin 'yan Jesuit kuma sun kara matsin lamba daga kasashen duniya na tsagaita wuta. Wannan shine ɗayan maɓallin juyawa wanda ya jagoranci sasantawa zuwa yaƙin. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta kawo karshen yakin a 1992, amma ba a gurfanar da wadanda ake zaton su ne suka shirya kisan ba a gaban shari'a. Biyar daga cikin shidan Jesuit da aka kashe ‘yan asalin kasar Sipaniya ne. Masu shigar da kara na Spain sun dade suna neman a dawo da su daga El Salvador na manyan mukarraban babban kwamandan sojojin da ke da hannu a cikin mutuwar.
Nuwamba 17. A wannan rana a cikin 1989 juyin juya hali na Velvet, zaman lafiya ta zaman lafiya na Czechoslovakia, ya fara ne tare da daliban makaranta. Czechoslovakia sun yi ikirarin cewa 'yan Soviet sun biyo bayan WWII. Da 1948, manufofin Marxist-Leninist sun cancanci a duk makarantu, an kaddamar da kafofin yada labaru, kuma 'yan kwaminisanci sun mallaki harkokin kasuwanci. Dukkan 'yan adawa sun sadu da mummunan zalunci da' yan sanda a kan masu zanga-zanga da iyalansu har sai da aka dakatar da magana. Shirin shugaban Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev ya sauya yanayin siyasar da ke cikin 1980 da ke jagorantar dalibai don shirya wani misalin tunawa da ya kamata a girmama wani dalibi wanda ya mutu 50 shekaru da suka wuce a cikin watan Maris na aikin Nazi. Dan wasan Czechoslovakian, marubuci, da kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo Vaclav Havel sun shirya kungiyar ta Civic don sake dawowa kasar ta hanyar "Juyin juyin juya hali" na zanga-zangar lumana. Havel yayi amfani da haɗin gine-gine ta hanyar haɗuwa da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu kida da ke haifar da ƙungiyar masu tasowa. Kamar yadda dalibai suka tashi a ranar Nuwamba 17th, sun sake sadu da su ta hanyar kisa daga 'yan sanda. Cibiyar Civic ta ci gaba da tafiya, suna kira ga 'yan ƙasa don dawo da dalibai a yakin neman' yancin bil'adama da maganganun da aka haramta a karkashin mulkin gurguzu. Yawan masu martaba sun karu daga 200,000 zuwa 500,000, kuma sun ci gaba har sai da yawa sun kasance masu yawa don 'yan sanda su ƙunshi. A ranar Nuwamba 27th, ma'aikata a fadin kasar sun yi yunkuri, suna shiga cikin martaba suna kira ga kawo ƙarshen maganganun kwaminisanci. Wannan salama mai zaman lafiya ya jagoranci tsarin mulkin kwaminisanci ya yi murabus ta hanyar Disamba. An zabi Vaclav Havel a matsayin shugaban Czechoslovakia a 1990, zaben farko na dimokiradiyya tun daga 1946.
Nuwamba 18. A wannan rana a cikin 1916 yakin da Somaliya ta ƙare. Wannan yaƙin duniya na ɗaya ne tsakanin Jamus, a gefe ɗaya, da Faransa da Daular Birtaniyya (gami da sojoji daga Kanada, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu, da Newfoundland) a ɗaya gefen. Yaƙin ya faru ne a gabar Kogin Somme a Faransa, kuma an fara shi a ranar 1 ga Yuli. Kowane bangare yana da dalilai na dabarun yakin, amma ba shi da kariya ta halin kirki. Maza miliyan uku sun yaƙi juna daga ramuka tare da bindigogi, da iskar gas mai guba, kuma - a karon farko - tankuna. Kimanin maza 164,000 aka kashe, wani kuma kusan 400,000 suka ji rauni. Babu ɗayansu da ake kira sadaukarwa saboda wata manufa ta ɗaukaka. Babu wani abin kirki da ya fito daga yaƙin ko yaƙin don yin nauyi a kan lalacewar. Tankunan sun kai saurinsu na mil 4 a awa guda kuma gaba ɗaya sun mutu. Tankunan sun fi mutane sauri, waɗanda ke shirin yaƙi tun a shekarar 1915. Daruruwan jiragen sama da matukan jirgin su ma an lalata su a cikin yaƙin, yayin da ɗaya ɓangaren ya ci gaba gaba ɗaya mil 6 amma ba su sami wata fa'ida ba. Yaƙin ya ɓarke a cikin dukkanin abubuwan da ke da amfani. Ganin sha'awar bil'adama na fata fata, da kuma kayan aikin farfaganda cikin hanzari, tsananin tsoro da girman yakin ya sa mutane da yawa yunƙurin yin imanin cewa saboda wasu dalilai wannan yaƙin zai kawo ƙarshen kafa yaƙi. Amma, ba shakka, mahaliccin yaƙi (masana'antun kera makamai, 'yan siyasa masu hauka da ƙarfi, masu son tashin hankali, da masu aiki da ma'aikata waɗanda za su tafi tare kamar yadda aka umurce su) duk sun kasance.
Nuwamba 19. A wannan rana a 1915 Joe Hill aka kashe, amma bai mutu ba. Joe Hill shi ne mai shiryawa na ma'aikata na masana'antu na duniya (IWW), wata ƙungiya mai suna "Wobblies" wadda ta yi marhabin da Hukumar Ƙasa ta Amirka (AFL) da goyon bayan jari-hujja. Hill kuma mawallafi ne mai kwarewa da kuma wallafa wallafe-wallafen wanda ya karfafa masu rauni da ma'aikatan ma'aikata daga dukkanin masana'antu, ciki har da mata da baƙi, don shiga tare. Ya kuma rubuta yawancin waƙoƙin da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin zanga-zanga na IWW ciki har da "Mai wa'azi da Bawa," da kuma "Akwai Ƙarfi a cikin Ƙungiya." Rashin amincewa ga IWW ya kasance mummunan hali a cikin mazan jiya a farkon 1900s, kuma 'yan gurguzu sun kasance dauke da makiya ta 'yan sanda da' yan siyasa. Lokacin da aka kashe wani mai sayar da kaya a cikin wani fashi a Salt Lake City, Joe Hill ya ziyarci asibitin da ke kusa da wannan dare da ciwon bindiga. Lokacin da Hill ya ki bayyana yadda aka harbe shi, 'yan sandan sun zargi shi da kashe mai shagon. Daga bisani aka fahimci cewa wani mutumin da yake tare da shi a Hill ya harbe Hill. Duk da rashin shaidar, da kuma goyon baya ga goyon baya na hukumar ta IWW, Hill da aka yanke masa hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa. A cikin wata sauti ga mai gabatarwa Big Bill Hayward, Hill ya rubuta cewa: "Kada ku ɓata lokaci na baƙin ciki. Shirya! "Waɗannan kalmomi sun zama ma'anar ƙungiyar. Alfred Hayes ya rubuta waƙar "Joe Hill," wanda aka sanya shi a cikin 1936 da Earl Robinson. Kalmomin nan "Na yi mafarkin na ga Joe Hill a daren jiya" har yanzu yana kokarin ma'aikata.
Nuwamba 20. A wannan rana a cikin 1815 yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya na Paris ta ƙare na Napoleon Wars. Aikin wannan yarjejeniya ya fara ne watanni biyar bayan barin Napoleon na farko da napo na Napoleon Bonaparte na biyu a 1814. A watan Fabrairun, 1815, Napoleon ya tsere daga gudun hijirar da ya yi a tsibirin Elba. Ya shiga Faris a ranar 20 ga Maris kuma ya fara kwanaki Dari na dawowar da ya yi. Kwana hudu bayan kayen da ya sha a yakin Waterloo, an shawo kan Napoleon ya sake yin murabus, a ranar 22 ga Yuni. Sarki Louis XVIII, wanda ya tsere daga kasar lokacin da Napoleon ya isa Paris, ya sake hawa karagar mulki a karo na biyu a ranar 8 ga Yulin. Sasantawar zaman lafiya ita ce mafi inganci da Turai ba ta taba gani ba. Tana da sharuddan hukunci fiye da yarjejeniyar shekarar da ta gabata wacce Maurice de Talleyrand ya sasanta. An umarci Faransa da ta biya franc miliyan 700 na rarar kudade. Iyakokin Faransa sun rage matsayinsu na 1790. Bugu da kari, Faransa za ta biya kudi don biyan kudin samar da katangun kariyar da kasashe makwabta bakwai za su gina. A karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, ya kamata wasu sassan Faransa su mamaye sojoji har dubu 150,000 har na tsawon shekaru biyar, tare da Faransa ta biya kudin; Koyaya, an sami theungiyar Hadin kai ne kawai mai muhimmanci tsawon shekaru uku. Baya ga tabbatacciyar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Faransa da Burtaniya, Austria, Prussia, da Rasha, akwai ƙarin ƙarin tarurruka huɗu da aikin da ke tabbatar da tsaka tsaki na Switzerland da aka sanya hannu a rana ɗaya.
Nuwamba 21. A wannan kwanan wata a 1990, Cold War ya ƙare tare da Yarjejeniyar Paris don sabuwar Turai. Yarjejeniya ta Paris ita ce sakamakon taro da dama da gwamnatocin Turai da Kanada, Amurka, da USSR, a birnin Paris, daga Nuwamba 19-21, 1990. Mikhail Gorbachev, babban mai gyarawa, ya zo ne a cikin Soviet Union kuma ya gabatar da manufofin glasnost (budewa) kuma perestroika (sake tsarawa). Daga Yuni na 1989 zuwa Disamba 1991, daga Poland zuwa Rasha, mulkin kama-karya na gurguzu ya fadi daya bayan daya. A ƙarshen kaka na 1989, Jamusawa na Gabas da Yamma suna rusa katangar Berlin. Cikin 'yan watanni, Boris Yeltsin, shugaban masarautar Soviet ta Rasha mai goyon bayan giya, ya karbi ragamar aikin. Tarayyar Soviet da Mayafin ƙarfe sun narke. Amurkawa sun rayu ta hanyar al'adun Yakin Cacar Baki wanda ya hada da farautar mayu na McCarthyist, mafaka a bayan gida, tsere sararin samaniya, da rikicin makami mai linzami. Dubun-dubatar Amurkawa da miliyoyin rayukan da ba Amurkawa ba sun yi asara a yaƙe-yaƙe da aka ba da hujja ta hanyar adawa da kwaminisanci. Akwai yanayi na fata da annashuwa game da Yarjejeniyar, har ma da mafarkai game da lalata ƙasa da rabon zaman lafiya. Yanayin bai dore ba. Amurka da kawayenta sun ci gaba da dogaro da kungiyoyi irin su NATO da tsofaffin hanyoyin tattalin arziki maimakon sabon hangen nesa tare da karin tsarin hada karfi. (Asar Amirka ta yi alkawarin wa shugabannin (asar Rasha, cewa, ba za su fa) a] a NATO, a gabas ba, amma tun daga wannan lokacin, ta yi daidai. Don buƙatar sabon raison d'etre, NATO ta tafi yaƙi a Yugoslavia, ta kafa abin misali don yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe a Afghanistan da Libya, da kuma ci gaba da yaƙin sanyi mai fa'ida ga dillalan makamai.
Nuwamba 22. A wannan rana a 1963, an kashe Shugaba John F. Kennedy. Gwamnatin {asar Amirka ta kafa kwamiti na musamman don bincika, amma an yanke shawarar da aka yi da shi idan ba a iya ba. Aikin kwamandar Warren shi ne Allen Dulles, tsohon darekta na CIA wanda Kennedy ya cire, wanda kuma mutane da yawa suna ganin cewa a cikin kungiyoyi masu tayar da hankali. Wannan rukunin ya hada da E. Howard Hunt wanda ya yi ikirarin aikinsa kuma ya sa wa wasu sunayen a kan gadonsa. A cikin shugaban 2017, Donald Trump, a kan bukatar CIA, ba tare da izini ba kuma ba tare da bayani ba, ya sanya wasu takardun kisan gillar JFK wadanda aka shirya a ƙarshe. Biyu daga cikin litattafan da suka fi shahara a kan wannan batu sune Jim Douglass ' JFK da Ba'a iya bayyanawa ba, da kuma David Talbot Iblis na Chessboard. Kennedy ba mai son zaman lafiya ba ne, amma ba shi ne mayaƙin da wasu suke so ba. Ba zai yi yaƙi da Cuba ko Soviet Union ko Vietnam ko Gabashin Jamus ko ƙungiyoyin ’yanci a Afirka ba. Ya ba da shawarar kwance ɗamarar yaƙi da zaman lafiya. Yana magana da hadin gwiwa tare da Khrushchev, kamar yadda Shugaba Dwight Eisenhower ya yi yunƙuri kafin tashin U2. Kennedy shima ya kasance dan adawar na Wall Street wanda CIA ke da halin yin juyin mulki a manyan biranen kasashen waje. Kennedy yana aiki don rage ribar mai ta hanyar rufe hanyoyin haraji. Yana ba da izinin barin siyasa a Italiya don shiga ikon. Ya hana karin farashin kamfanonin karfe. Ko da wane ne ya kashe Kennedy, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, mutane da yawa sun danganta ayyukan rashin girmamawa ga CIA da sojoji ta hanyar 'yan siyasa a Washington a matsayin abin da ke nuna tuhuma da tsoro.
Nuwamba 23. A wannan kwanan wata a 1936, Carl von Ossietzky, sanannen jaridar Jamus da Pacifist, an ba da lambar yabo na Nobel na zaman lafiya a shekara ta 1935. Ossietzky an haife shi ne a cikin 1889 a Hamburg, kuma ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi da sassaucin ra'ayi tare da ƙwarewar rubutu. Ya kasance - tare da Kurt Tucholsky - wanda ya kirkiro Friedensbundes der Kriegsteilnehmer (kawancen zaman lafiya na mahalarta yaƙi), ƙungiyar Nie Wieder Krieg (Babu Wararin War), kuma babban edita na mako-mako Die Weltbühne (Matsayin duniya) . Bayan ya bayyana to haramtaccen horo na sojoji na Reichswehr, Ossietzky an gurfanar da shi a farkon 1931 don cin amana da leken asiri. Ko da lokacin da mutane da yawa suka yi ƙoƙari su shawo kansa ya gudu, ya ƙi, yana mai cewa zai tafi kurkuku kuma zai zama zanga-zangar da ke cike da fushi game da hukuncin siyasa. A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1933 Ossietzky an sake kama shi, wannan lokacin na Nazis. An tura shi zuwa sansanin tattara mutane inda aka yi masa mummunan rauni. Da yake fama da cutar tarin fuka, an sake shi a 1936 amma ba a ba shi izinin zuwa Oslo don karɓar kyautar sa ba. Time Magazine ta rubuta: “Idan wani mutum ya yi aiki, ya yi yaƙi kuma ya sha wahala don a sami zaman lafiya, shi ɗan ƙaramin Bajamushe ne, Carl von Ossietzky. Kusan shekara guda Kwamitin Kyautar Zaman Lafiya na Nobel ya cika da koke-koke daga dukkanin tabin hankali na 'yan gurguzu, masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu rubutun adabi gabaɗaya, suna zaɓar Carl von Ossietzky don Kyautar Peace ta 1935. Taken da suke yi: 'Aika Kyautar Zaman Lafiya a Sansanin Nutsuwa.' ”Ossietzky ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1936 a asibitin Westend da ke Berlin-Charlottenburg.
Nuwamba 24. A wannan rana a 2016, bayan shekaru 50 da shekaru 4 na tattaunawa, Gwamnatin Colombia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Rundunar Soja ta Revolutionary Army of Colombia (FARC). Yaƙin ya dauki rayuka 200,000 Colombia kuma ya bar mutane miliyan bakwai daga ƙasarsu. An bai wa Shugaban Columbia kyautar Lambar Nobel ta Duniya, kodayake magungunansa na zaman lafiya ba su. Duk da haka, 'yan tawayen sun dauki matakan da suka dace don biyan yarjejeniyar da aka yi a kan gwamnati. Wannan tsari ne mai rikitarwa, samar da kwakwalwa, sake komawa, musayar fursunoni, amnesty, kwamitocin gaskiya, gyaran tsarin mallakar ƙasa, da kuma kudade ga manoma don shuka amfanin gona ba tare da kwayoyi ba. Gwamnati ta kasa yin hakan, kuma ta keta yarjejeniyar ta ƙi ƙyamar sakin fursunoni, da kuma fitar da fursunonin zuwa Amurka. FARC ya zama dimokuradiyya, amma sakamakon tashin hankali ya cika da sabon tashin hankali, cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Gwamnati ba ta da kariya ga kare fararen hula, sake mayar da tsohuwar mayakanta, tabbatar da kare lafiyar tsoffin mayakan, ko don bunkasa ci gaban tattalin arziki a yankunan karkara. Har ila yau, gwamnati ta dage kan kafa kwamitin gaskiya da kotu na musamman don gwada mutane don laifukan yaki. Yin zaman lafiya ba aiki ba ne, kodayake wani lokaci zai iya zama maɓalli. Kasashen da ba tare da yakin ba ne babban ci gaba, amma rashin kawo karshen tashin hankali da rashin adalci ya ba da damar yakin basasa. Colombia, kamar sauran ƙasashe, na buƙatar bangaskiya ga alkawurran tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali, ba kawai sanarwa ba ne kawai da kyauta.
Nuwamba 25. Wannan rana ita ce Ranar Duniya ta Duniya don kawar da rikici da mata. Har ila yau a wannan rana a 1910, Andrew Carnegie ya kafa Ƙaddamarwa ga Aminci na Duniya. An gabatar da sanarwar kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 1993 game da kawar da rikici kan mata. Yana bayyana tashin hankali ga mata kamar "kowane nau'i na rikici na jinsi wanda ya haifar da, ko kuma yana iya haifar da, ta jiki, jima'i ko cutar ta jiki ko wahala ga mata, ciki har da barazanar irin wannan aiki, tilastawa ko cin zarafi na 'yanci, ko yana faruwa a fili ko kuma a cikin rayuwar sirri. "Ɗaya bisa uku na mata da 'yan mata a duniya sun fuskanci mummunan halin jiki, da jima'i, ko kuma tunanin mutum a rayuwarsu. Babban tushen wannan rikici shi ne yaki, wanda yayinda fyade ne wani lokacin makamin, kuma mafi yawan wadanda aka kashe sune fararen hula ciki har da mata da yara. Gidajen Carnegie na Kasuwanci na Duniya shine cibiyar sadarwa na cibiyoyin bincike na siyasa. An kafa shi ne a 1910 tare da manufa na kawar da yaki, bayan haka shi ne don ƙayyade abu mafi girma na ɗan adam ya yi kuma yayi aiki don kawar da wannan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na wanzuwar, Ƙaddamarwa ta mayar da hankali kan aikata laifin yaki, gina abota na kasa da kasa, da kuma ci gaba da yaduwa. Ya yi aiki, kamar yadda mahaliccin ya buƙata, zuwa ga makasudin makasudin ƙarewa. Amma kamar yadda al'adun yammacin Yammacin ya ke da yaki, Ƙungiyar ta ba da izinin yin aiki a kan dukkanin abubuwa masu kyau, don kawar da su, ba a yakin ba, amma daga cikin manufa ta farko na anti-talla.
Nuwamba 26. A wannan rana a 1832, an haifi Dokta Mary Edwards Walker a Oswego, NY. Tufafin maza ya fi amfani a gonar dangi, kuma ɗayan halayenta da yawa shine sanya tufafin maza koyaushe. A shekarar 1855 ta kammala karatun ta daga kwalejin koyon aikin likita ta Syracuse, ita kadai ce daliba a ajin. Ta auri Albert Miller, likita, ba ta ɗauki sunansa ba. Bayan aikin likita na hadin gwiwa wanda bai yi nasara ba (matsalar ita ce jininta), sai suka sake aure. A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, a cikin 1861, an yarda Walker ya zama mai aikin sa kai na sojan Tarayyar. A matsayinta na likitar tiyata da ba a biya ta ba, ita kadai ce likitar mata a yakin basasa. Ta ba da kanta a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri ga Sashen Yakin amma aka ƙi. Galibi tana ratsa layukan abokan gaba don halartar fararen hula da suka ji rauni, ana kama ta kuma ta yi watanni huɗu a matsayin fursunan yaƙi. Tun da daɗewa kafin a ba mata ƙuri'a bisa ƙa'ida, ta yi zaɓe, kodayake ta yi watsi da yunƙurin kawo ƙarshen har zuwa rayuwa ta gaba. Bayan yakin, Shugaba Andrew Johnson ya ba Mary Edwards Walker lambar girmamawa. Canje-canje a cikin ka'idojin lambar yabo a cikin shekarar 1917 na nufin cewa za a mayar da shi, amma ta ƙi ba da shi kuma ta saka shi har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta. Ta karɓi ƙaramin fansho na yaƙi sama da wanda aka ba zawarawan yaƙi. Ta yi aiki a gidan yarin mata a Kentucky da kuma a gidan marayu a Tennessee. Walker ta wallafa littattafai biyu kuma ta nuna kanta a gefen gefe. Dr. Walker ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1919. Ta taba cewa, "Abin kunya ne cewa mutanen da ke jagorantar gyara a wannan duniya ba a yaba musu sai bayan sun mutu."
Nuwamba 27. A yau a 1945 CARE aka kafa don ciyar da waɗanda suka tsira daga yakin duniya na II a Turai. CARE ta tsaya ne don "Haɗin gwiwa don Bayar da Amurkan zuwa Turai." Yanzu shine "Hadin gwiwa don Taimako da Agaji a Ko'ina." Tallafin abinci na CARE asali sun ɗauki nau'ikan fakiti waɗanda rarar kayayyakin yaƙi ne. An aika da fakitin abinci na ƙarshe na Turai a cikin 1967. A cikin 1980's CARE International aka kafa. Rahoton yana aiki a cikin ƙasashe 94, yana tallafawa ayyukan 962 kuma yana kaiwa sama da mutane miliyan 80. Hedikwatarta tana Atlanta, Georgia. Ta fadada aikinta tsawon shekaru, da gaske aiwatar da shirye-shirye “don samar da mafita mai dorewa ga talauci.” Yana bayar da shawarwari game da sauye-sauyen manufofin magance talauci kuma yana ba da amsa ga gaggawa, kamar yadda doungiyar Red Cross da Redungiyoyin Red Crescent ke yi. CARE ta ce "ta himmatu wajen yin fiye da biyan bukatun gaggawa" ta hanyar shawo kan shingen tsari ga ci gaba kamar wariya da wariya, cibiyoyin rashawa ko na rashin iya aiki, samun muhimman ayyukan jama'a, rikice-rikice da zamantakewar al'umma, da kuma babbar barazanar lafiyar jama'a. CARE baya aiki a cikin Amurka. NGOungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta saka jari don tallafawa ƙananan ƙananan masana'antu tare da ajiyar ƙungiya da lamuni. Kulawa baya tallafawa, tallafawa, ko zubar da ciki. Maimakon haka, yana ƙoƙari ya rage mace-macen mata da jarirai ta hanyar “ƙaruwa, aiki, da kuma daidaito na ayyukan kiwon lafiya.” CARE ta bayyana cewa shirye-shiryenta suna maida hankali ne akan mata da yan mata saboda karfafawa mata muhimmiyar hanyar kawo ci gaba. CARE tana samun kuɗaɗen gudummawa daga mutane da hukumomi da hukumomin gwamnati, gami da Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Rana ta huɗu a watan Nuwamba ita ce ranar hutu na godiya a Amurka, tareda rabuwa da coci da kuma jihohin don sake nuna kisan kiyashi a matsayin alheri.
Nuwamba 28. A wannan kwanan wata a 1950 an tsara tsarin shirin Colombo don bunkasa tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Shirin ya fito ne daga taron Commonwealth na harkokin waje da aka gudanar a Colombo, Ceylon (a yanzu Sri Lanka) kuma asalin kungiyar sun hada da Australia, Birtaniya, Kanada, Ceylon, Indiya, New Zealand, da Pakistan. A 1977, da sunan da aka canza zuwa "The Colombo Shirin m tattalin arziki da kuma Social Development a kasashen Asiya da Pacific." Shi ne yanzu wani Inter-ungiyoyi na 27 members, ciki har da Indiya, Afghanistan, Iran, Japan, Korea, New Zealand , Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, da kuma Amurka. Kudin aiki na Sakatariya ya biya shi daga kasashe mambobi ta hanyar haɗin kuɗi na shekara-shekara. An gina asali, jiragen sama, hanyoyi, hanyoyi, jiragen ruwa, asibitoci, tsire-tsire, masana'antun gyare-gyare, jami'o'i, da gine-gine a cikin kasashe mambobi tare da tallafin jari da fasaha daga ci gaba ga kasashe masu tasowa, tare da kwarewar horo. Manufofinta sun hada da haɗin gwiwa game da haɗin gwiwar kudancin kudu da kariya, da kuma amfani da babban birnin kasar da yadda ya dace, da kuma hadin kai da fasaha a raba da kuma canza fasaha. A wa] annan} asashen, an tsara shirye-shirye na kwanan nan don samar da basira da kuma kwarewa a fannoni daban daban na ayyukan tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a matsayin "ma'anar kyakkyawan tsarin manufofi da shugabanci a cikin tsarin manufofin jama'a a cikin yanayi na duniya da tattalin arzikin kasuwa." ya mayar da hankali ga bunkasuwar kamfanoni na bunkasa tattalin arziki da kuma magance rigakafin miyagun ƙwayoyi a kasashe mambobi. Cibiyoyinsa na yau da kullum sune Shawarwari na Drug, Ƙarfafawa, Harkokin Jinsi, da Muhalli.
Nuwamba 29. Wannan ita ce ranar hadin kai ta duniya tare da al'ummar Palastinu. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa wannan ranar a shekarar 1978, don mayar da martani ga Nakba, ko kuma masifar kashe-kashe da korar Falasdinawa daga kasarsu da kuma lalata garuruwa da kauyuka a lokacin da aka kafa kasar Isra'ila a 1948. Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 181 (II) kan batun raba Falasdinu, an zartar da shi a wannan ranar a shekarar 1947 don kafa wasu kasashen Larabawa da na yahudawa a kan kasar Falasdinu. Birtaniyya ta kasance karkashin mulkin mallakar Falasdinu, kuma ba a tuntubi mutanen Falasdinu kan raba kasarsu ba. Wannan aikin ya sabawa Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, don haka bashi da ikon doka. Kudurin na 1947 ya ba da shawarar Falasdinu ta mallaki kashi 42 cikin 55 na yankunanta, kasar Yahudu kuma tana da kashi 0.6, sannan Kudus da Baitalami kashi 2015. Ya zuwa shekarar 85, Isra’ila ta tilasta fadada ikonta zuwa kashi 2015 na Falasdinu mai tarihi. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 5.6, yawan ‘yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu ya kai miliyan 2012. Falasdinawa har yanzu suna fuskantar mamayar soja, ci gaba da mulkin farar hula ta hanyar mamaya, tashin hankali da tashin bama-bamai, ci gaba da gina matsugunan Isra’ila da fadada ta, da tabarbarewar yanayin jin kai da tattalin arziki. Al’ummar Falasdinu ba su sami ‘yancinsu da ba za a iya kawar da shi ba na yanke hukunci ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba, kamar yadda kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na‘ Yancin Dan Adam ya nuna - da ‘yancin kasa zuwa ga dukiyoyinsu. An ba da matsayin mai sanya ido na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga Falasdinu a shekarar 2015, sannan a shekarar XNUMX, an daga tutar Falasdinu a gaban hedkwatar Majalisar. Amma ana kallon ranar ta duniya a matsayin wani yunƙuri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don magance bala'in da ta haifar da kuma ba da hujja da ƙuduri wanda ya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga al'ummar Falasɗinu.
Nuwamba 30. A kwanan nan a cikin 1999, ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar masu gwagwarmaya ta keta yarjejeniyar Minista ta Duniya a Seattle, Washington. Tare da masu zanga-zanga 40,000, kawancen Seattle sun mamaye duk wata zanga-zanga a Amurka har zuwa lokacin kan kungiyoyin da aikinsu shine dunkulewar tattalin arziki. Kungiyar WTO tana hulda da dokokin cinikayya a duk duniya tare da tattauna yarjejeniyar cinikayya tsakanin mambobinta. Yana da mambobi 160 waɗanda ke wakiltar 98% na kasuwancin duniya. Don shiga kungiyar WTO, gwamnatoci sun amince su bi manufofin kasuwanci da kungiyar ta WTO ta kafa. Taron Minista, kamar yadda yake a Seattle, yana haɗuwa kowane shekara biyu, kuma yana yanke manyan shawarwari don membobin. Yanar gizo ta WTO ta ce burinta shi ne "bude kasuwanci domin kowa ya amfana," kuma yana ikirarin taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa. Rakonta a wannan batun babban rashin nasara ne da gangan. Kungiyar WTO ta fadada tazara tsakanin attajirai da matalauta yayin da ta rage aikin yi da matsayin muhalli. A cikin dokokinta, WTO tana fifita kasashe masu arziki da manyan kamfanoni, tana cutar da kananan kasashe da yawan harajin shigo da kaya. Zanga-zangar da aka yi a Seattle ta kasance babba, mai kirkira, wacce ba ta da tashin hankali, kuma labari ne a cikin haɗuwa da abubuwa daban-daban, daga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago zuwa masu rajin kare muhalli zuwa ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da talauci. Duk da yake rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai na kamfanoni sun haskaka dan kadan daga cikin mutanen da ke aikata barna ta dukiya, girma da horo da kuma kuzarin zanga-zangar sun yi nasarar tasiri ga shawarar WTO da kuma fahimtar jama'a. Mafi mahimmanci, zanga-zangar Seattle ta haifar da irin wannan ƙoƙarin a WTO da tarurruka masu alaƙa a duk duniya tsawon shekaru masu zuwa.
Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.
Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.
Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.
Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.
Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.
Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.
Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.
Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz
Graphics by Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.
