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Oktoba 1. A wannan rana a 1990, Amurka ta goyi bayan rukuni na Rwanda da sojojin Uganda ke jagorantar su. Amurka ta goyi bayan harin da ta kai wa Ruwanda tsawon shekaru uku da rabi. Wannan rana ce mai kyau da za a tuna cewa yayin da yaƙe-yaƙe ba zai iya hana kisan kare dangi ba, suna iya haifar da su. Idan kuka yi adawa da yaƙi a yan kwanakin nan zaku ji kalmomi biyu da sauri: “Hitler” da “Ruwanda.” Saboda Ruwanda ta fuskanci rikicin da ke buƙatar 'yan sanda, batun yana faruwa, Libya ko Siriya ko Iraki dole ne a jefa bam. Amma Ruwanda ta fuskanci rikicin da ta'addanci ya haifar, ba rikicin da ke buƙatar militarism ba. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali ya ci gaba da cewa "kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Ruwanda ya kasance alhakin Amurkawa dari bisa dari!" Me ya sa? Da kyau, Amurka ta goyi bayan mamayewar Ruwanda a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1990. Africa Watch (wacce daga baya ake kira Human Rights Watch / Afirka) ta wuce gona da iri tare da la'anta take hakkin bil adama da Ruwanda ta yi, ba yaƙi ba. Mutanen da ba a kashe ba sun gudu daga maharan, suna haifar da rikicin 'yan gudun hijira, sun lalata noma, da lalata tattalin arziki. Amurka da Yammacin duniya sun ba da makamai ga masu dumama wutar sannan suka kara matsin lamba ta Bankin Duniya, IMF, da USAID. Hostiyayya ta ƙaru tsakanin Hutus da Tutsis. A watan Afrilu na 1994, an kashe shugabannin Rwanda da Burundi, kusan tabbas daga mayaƙin da Amurka ke marawa baya da kuma shugaban Ruwanda da zai zama Paul Kagame. Rikicin da ba kawai kisan kare dangi daya bangare ya biyo bayan kisan ba. A wancan lokacin, ma'aikatan zaman lafiya, agaji, diflomasiyya, neman afuwa, ko kuma gabatar da kara na shari'a sun taimaka. Bama-bamai ba za su samu ba. Amurka ta zauna har lokacin da Kagame ya kwace mulki. Zai dauki yakin zuwa Congo, inda miliyan 6 zasu mutu.

Oktoba 2. A wannan rana a kowace shekara ana kiyaye Ranar Duniya na Duniya na Rashin Ƙaddanci a duk duniya. An kafa shi a 2007 ta hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ranar tashin hankali ba ta kai tsaye ga ranar haihuwar Mahatma Gandhi, babban mai gabatar da kara na rashin biyayya da tashin hankali ba wanda ya jagoranci Indiya da 'yancin kansa daga mulkin Birtaniya a 1947. Gandhi ya yi la'akari da cewa ba tashin hankali ba ne "mafi karfi da karfi a zubar da dan adam ... ya fi karfi da makami na hallaka da aka tsara ta hanyar basirar mutum." Yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa tunaninsa na wannan karfi ya fi yadda ya ke amfani da shi taimakawa samun 'yancin kai na kasarsa. Gandhi ya fahimci cewa ba tashin hankali ba ne mahimmanci wajen gina kyakkyawan dangantaka tsakanin mutane da addinai daban-daban da kuma fadada yancin mata, da kuma rage talauci. Tun da mutuwarsa a 1948, yawancin kungiyoyi a duniya, irin su yaki da yaki da 'yan-kishin kare hakkin Dan-Adam a Amurka, sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da yunkuri don ci gaba da canji ko siyasa. Ayyukan da aka dauka sun haɗa da zanga-zangar da yunkuri, ciki har da tafiya da tsinkaye; ba tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ikon mulki; da kuma maganganu masu banbanci, irin su sit-ins da blockades, don hana ayyukan rashin adalci. A cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kafa ranar tashin hankali, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tabbatar da muhimmancin duniya game da batun rashin cin zarafi da kuma tasirinta wajen tabbatar da al'adun zaman lafiya, haƙuri, da fahimta. Don taimakawa gaba da wannan lamari a ranar tashin hankali, mutane, gwamnatoci, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a duniya suna ba da laccoci, taron manema labaru, da kuma sauran gabatarwa da nufin ilmantar da jama'a game da yadda za a iya amfani da hanyoyi masu tasowa don inganta zaman lafiya a tsakanin da tsakanin kasashe.

Oktoba 3. A kwanan nan a cikin 1967, fiye da mutanen 1,500 a fadin Amurka sun mayar da katunan katunan zuwa gwamnatin Amurka a zanga-zangar "nunawa" ta farko a kasar Vietnam. An gabatar da zanga-zangar da wani rukuni mai suna "The Resistance," wanda, tare da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan gwagwarmayar yaki, za su ci gaba da ƙarin' 'kunnawa' 'kafin su fitar da su. Duk da haka, wani nau'i na zane-zane na zane-zane ya samo asali a cikin 1964 wanda zai tabbatar da abin da ya dace da kuma dacewa. Wannan shine cinye katunan katunan, yawanci a cikin zanga-zangar da daliban jami'a suka shirya. Ta hanyar wannan rashin amincewa, dalibai suna ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙin su don yin aiki tare da rayuwarsu bayan kammala karatun, maimakon a tilasta su sanya su cikin hadari a cikin abin da mutane da yawa sun yi la'akari da yakin basira. Hakan ya nuna halin jaruntaka da amincewa, kamar yadda Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta yi doka a watan Agustan 1965, daga bisani Kotun Koli ta amince da shi, wanda ya sa lalata katunan katunan laifi. A gaskiya, duk da haka, 'yan maza ne aka yanke hukunci game da aikata laifuka, yayin da aka zartar da ƙuƙwalwar katin wuta ba kamar yadda ake yi ba, amma na yaki. A wannan yanayin, hotunan konewa a cikin bugawa da kuma talabijin sun taimakawa ra'ayin jama'a game da yakin ta hanyar nuna alamar da ba ta da alaƙa da al'adun gargajiya. Har ila yau, konewar na taka rawar gani wajen raguwa da damar da Hukumar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Amurka ta tsara domin kula da matakan da ake bukata don yin amfani da na'urorin yaki da Amurka a Vietnam da kudu maso gabashin Asia. Haka kuma, sun taimaka wajen kawo karshen yakin basasa.

Oktoba 4. A wannan kwanan wata a kowace shekara, Ikilisiya ta Roman Katolika na Assisi yana lura da Roman Katolika a duniya. An haife shi a 1181, Francis na ɗaya daga cikin manyan adadin Ikilisiyar Roman Katolika, wanda ya kafa tsarin addininsa mafi girma, kuma sananne ne a cikin shekaru biyu bayan mutuwarsa a 1226. Amma duk da haka, fahimtar bayanan da Francis ya yi game da shi a yau shine mutumin da yake da mahimmancin gaske da kuma abin da ya faru na tarihin-wanda ke ci gaba da taimakawa miliyoyin mutane na bangaskiya daban-daban, ko a'a, su bi jagoransa wajen nuna darajar da kuma neman bunkasa rayuwar wasu mutane da dabbobi. Francis kansa ya jagoranci rayuwa mai ban sha'awa ga talakawa da marasa lafiya. Amma, saboda ya sami wahayi daga cikin jiki, jiki, da abubuwa masu sauki, shi ma yana jin daɗin jin dadi kuma yana da damar yin magana tare da daidaitaccen sauƙi ga yara, masu karɓar haraji, kasashen waje, da kuma Farisiyawa. A cikin rayuwarsa, Francis ya yi wahayi zuwa ga waɗanda suka nemi rayuwa ta ma'ana da sabis. Ma'anarsa a gare mu a yau, ba kamar icon ba ne, amma a nuna hanyar hanyar budewa, girmamawa ga yanayi, ƙaunar dabbobi, da mutuntawa da zaman lafiya tare da sauran mutane. Muhimmancin muhimmancin Francis game da rayuwa yana nunawa da cewa UNESCO, hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙaddamar da gina zaman lafiya ta hanyar hadin kai a duniya a cikin Ilimi, Kimiyya, da Al'adu, da aka kafa Basilica na St. Francis a Assisi wani masaukin tarihi na duniya. Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta samo asali a cikin Francis, kuma tana nemansa don gina zaman lafiya ta duniya daga tushe a cikin zukatan maza da mata.

Oktoba 5. A wannan rana a cikin 1923, an haifi dan jarida mai zaman lafiya a Amurka Philip Berrigan a Harbors Biyu, Minnesota. A cikin watan Oktoba 1967, Berrigan, sannan kuma dan Katolika na Roman Katolika, ya shiga tare da wasu mutane uku a cikin farko na abubuwa biyu masu ban mamaki game da rashin biyayya ga Vietnam. A "Baltimore Four," a yayin da aka kira kungiyar, suna kwatanta da kansu da kuma kiwon kaji a kan Bayanan Zaɓaɓɓun Bayanan da aka aika a gidan kwastan Baltimore. Bayan watanni bakwai, Berrigan ya haɗu tare da wasu maza da mata takwas, ciki harda ɗan'uwansa Daniyel, wanda shi kansa firist ne da mai yaki da yaki, don ɗaukar daruruwan 1-A daftarin fayiloli cikin kwanduna na waya daga Catonsville, Maryland. da filin ajiya. A can, abin da ake kira "Catonsville Nine" ya sa fayiloli su yi haske, ta yin amfani da su, kuma a matsayin alama, napalm na gida. Wannan aikin ya sa 'yan uwan ​​Berrigan su kasance suna daraja da kuma tayar da muhawara game da yaki a gidaje a fadin kasar. A nasa bangare, Philip Berrigan ya soki dukan yaki kamar "la'anta ga Allah, 'yan adam, da ƙasa kanta." Saboda yawancin ayyukansa na yaki da yaki, sai ya biya farashin, a tsawon rayuwarsa, tsawon shekara goma sha ɗaya a kurkuku . Wadannan shekarun da suka ɓace, sun ba shi mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, wanda ya bayyana a cikin tarihin kansa na 1996, Yin Yaƙin Yakin Dan RagoBerrigan ya ce: "Ban ga bambanci kadan ba tsakanin duniyar da ke cikin kurkukun da kuma duniyar da ke waje." “Katangan gidan yari miliyan ba za su iya kare mu ba, saboda ainihin haɗarin - tsarikan soja, haɗama, rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, fasikanci, zaluncin‘ yan sanda - suna waje, ba a cikin bangon gidan yarin ba. ” Wannan gwarzon jarumin na world beyond war ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2002, yana da shekara 79.

Oktoba 6. A wannan rana a cikin 1683, ɗumbin goma sha uku mafi yawan mutanen Quaker daga yankin Rhineland na yammacin Jamus sun isa tashar Philadelphia bayan tafiyar 75 ranar wucewa a cikin 500-ton schooner Concord. Iyalan sun gamu da tsangwama na addini a cikin mahaifarsu bayan rikice-rikicen sauye-sauye, kuma, bisa ga rahotanni, sun yi imanin cewa sabon mulkin mallaka na Pennsylvania zai ba su filayen noma da 'yancin addini da suke nema. Shugabanta, William Penn, ya bi ka'idojin 'yanci na Quaker na' yancin lamiri da kuma sasantawa, kuma ya tsara kundin 'yanci wanda ke bayar da tabbacin' yancin yin addini. Hijrar dangin Jamusawan ta kasance abokiyar Penn Francis Pastorius, wakilin Jamusawa na kamfanin sayan filaye a Frankfurt. A watan Agusta 1683, Pastorius ya yi shawarwari tare da Penn don siyan fili a arewa maso yammacin Philadelphia. Bayan da bakin haure suka zo a watan Oktoba, ya taimaka musu suka kafa wurin a wurin da za a san shi da “matsugunin Germantown”. Yankin ya ci gaba, yayin da mazaunanta suka kera masaku a bakin rafuka kuma suka sami furanni da kayan lambu a filayensu mai girman kadada uku. Pastorius daga baya yayi aiki a matsayin magajin gari, yana kafa tsarin makaranta da rubuta ƙuduri na farko a cikin Amurka game da bautar chattel. Kodayake ƙididdigar aiki ba ta bi ƙudurin ba, ya kasance a cikin garin Germantown da ra'ayin cewa bautar ya saɓa wa imanin Kirista. Kusan ƙarni biyu bayan haka, bautar a hukumance ta ƙare a Amurka. Duk da haka, shaidu suna ci gaba da bayar da shawarar cewa ba za a iya share ƙazamar ƙaƙƙarfan abin da aka kafa ba har sai ƙa'idar Quaker cewa dukkan ayyuka dole ne a ɗaura su da lamirin ɗabi'a karɓaɓɓe a duniya.

Oktoba 7. A wannan rana a 2001, Amurka ta kai farmaki kan Afghanistan kuma ta fara daya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi girma a tarihin Amurka. Yara da aka haifa bayan ya fara yaki a Amurka kuma ya mutu a Afghanistan. Wannan rana ce mai kyau don tuna cewa an yi yakin basasa fiye da ƙare. Wannan zai yiwu an hana shi. Bayan hare-haren 9 / 11, {asar Amirka ta bukaci Taliban ta mika wuya, da ake kira Osama bin Laden. Daidai da al'adun Afganistan, Taliban sun nemi hujja. Amurka ta amsa tare da ultimatum. Taliban sun aika da bukatar neman shaida kuma sun shawarci tattaunawar Bin Laden don fitina a wata kasa, watakila wanda zai iya yanke shawarar aika da shi zuwa Amurka. Amurka ta amsa cewa ta hanyar fara kai hare-haren boma-bamai da kuma mamaye kasar da ba a kai farmaki ba. shi, ya kashe daya daga cikin daruruwan dubban fararen hula da zasu mutu a cikin yakin da ake yi na 9 / 11. Yayinda yake ganin yadda duniya ta nuna tausayawa bayan 9 / 11, {asar Amirka na iya samun amincewa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don irin wani aikin soja, kodayake babu wata hujja ta doka. Amurka ba ta damu ba don gwadawa. {Asar Amirka ta kai ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da har ma da NATO, amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta hannunsa, wanda ake kira "Operation Enduring Freedom". A ƙarshe, Amurka ta bar kusan shi kaɗai don ci gaba da ƙoƙari don tayar da mayakan da ya zaba a kan wasu yakin da ke gudana wanda ya rasa duk wani ma'anar ma'anar ko ma'ana. Lokaci ne mai kyau don tunawa da cewa yaƙe-yaƙe sun fi sauƙi a hana su ƙare.

Oktoba 8. A wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1917, marubucin Turanci Wilfred Owen ya aika wa mahaifiyarsa sakon farko na daya daga cikin waƙoƙin yaƙin da aka fi sani da harshen Ingilishi. Baiwa ma'anar Latin da aka fassara zuwa "Mai Dadi da Daidaitawa", waƙar da aka kwatanta da hankali ya bambanta halin Owen da kansa da bala'in da ya faru a matsayin soja a yakin duniya na tare da matsayi na yaki da aka gani a cikin wani littafin marubuci na Roma mai suna Horace. A cikin fassarar, layin farko na littafin Horace ya ce: "Mai dadi da dacewa shi ne ya mutu saboda kasa daya." An yi watsi da irin wannan karfin da Owen ya yi a cikin sakon da ya aika wa mahaifiyarsa da farkon rubutun kansa: "A nan yaro ne na gas, "in ji shi sardonically. A cikin waka, inda ake kira Horace "aboki na," Owen ya nuna mummunar mummunan tasirin iskar gas kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin batun wani soja wanda ba zai iya samun mashinsa ba a lokaci. Ya rubuta cewa:
Idan kana iya ji, a kowane jolt, jinin
Ku zo ku yi tsere daga cutar huhu,
Abune kamar ciwon daji, mai zafi kamar cud
Abun ƙyama, ƙura marar yalwa a kan harsuna marar laifi, -
Abokina, ba za ka gaya da irin wannan zest ba
Ga yara suna tsayayya ga wasu matsananciyar daukaka,
Old Lie: Dulce et decorum ne
Pro patria mori.
Halin Horace shine karya, saboda hakikanin yaki ya nuna cewa, don soja, aikin mutuwa ga kasarsa shine "mai dadi da kuma dacewa." Amma, wanda zai iya tambaya, "Yaya game da yakin kanta?" Za a iya yin kisan da maimatawa da yawan mutane a matsayin mai daraja?

Oktoba 9. A wannan rana a cikin 1944, an gabatar da shawarwari ga ƙungiya mai zuwa don ci gaba da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya ga dukan ƙasashen duniya don nazarin da tattaunawa. Wadannan shawarwarin sune samfurin wakilai daga kasar Sin, Birtaniya, Amurka da Amurka, wadanda suka yi tarurruka bakwai makonni da dama a Dumbarton Oaks, wani ɗaki mai zaman kansa a Washington, DC Sakon su shine ƙirƙirar tsari don tsara sabuwar Ƙasashen duniya, da za a kira su Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadda za ta iya samun amincewa mai karɓa kuma ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya da tsaro a duniya. Don haka, wannan tsari ya sanya wa] annan} ungiyoyi su sanya rundunar sojan da za su sasanta wani Kwamitin Tsaro, wanda zai dauki matakan da za a yi don karewa da kuma kawar da barazana ga zaman lafiya ko ayyukan ta'addanci. Wannan tsari ya kasance wani muhimmin sakamako na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda aka kafa a watan Oktoba 1945, amma bayanansa na tasiri a hana ko kawo karshen yakin ya zama m. Matsalar babbar matsala ita ce ikon karfin mambobi biyar masu zaman kansu na Majalisar Tsaro-Amurka, Rasha, Birtaniya, Sin da Faransa - wanda ya sa su karyata duk wani ƙuduri da ke barazana ga abubuwan da suka dace. A hakika, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta iyakance ga kokarin da yake yi na kiyaye zaman lafiya ta hanyar hanyar da ke ba da damar yin amfani da iko maimakon na bil'adama da adalci. Wata ila yakin za a ƙare ne kawai lokacin da manyan kasashe na duniya suka yarda da ƙarancin ƙaƙaf da kuma tsarin gine-gine ta hanyar da za'a amince da wannan yarjejeniya.

Oktoba 10. A wannan kwanan wata a 1990, wata mace mai shekaru 15 mai shekaru XNUMX ta shaida a gaban Caucus Hakkin Dan-Adam na Ƙasar cewa, a matsayinta na mai ba da agaji a asibitin Al-Adan a Kuwait, ta ga sojojin dakarun Iraqi sun karbe yawan jarirai daga cikin mahaukaci, suna barin su "mutu a kan bene." Asusun yarinyar ya kasance bam ne. Shugaba George HW Bush ya sake maimaita shi sau da yawa don taimakawa samun goyon bayan jama'a game da mummunan harin da Amurka ta jagoranta wanda aka shirya a watan Janairun 1991 don fatattakar sojojin Iraki daga Kuwait. Daga baya, duk da haka, an bayyana cewa matashi mai ba da shaida na wasar jakadan Kuwaiti ne a Amurka Shaidarta ita ce ƙirƙirar wani kamfanin PR na Amurka wanda bincikensa a madadin gwamnatin Kuwaiti ya nuna cewa cajin "abokan gaba" da zalunci shine hanya mafi kyau don samun goyon bayan jama'a don yakin da ke tabbatar da sayarwa mai wahala. Bayan an fatattaki sojojin Iraki daga Kuwait, wani binciken gidan yanar sadarwar ABC da ke can ya tabbatar da cewa jariran da ba su isa haihuwa ba sun mutu a zahiri. Dalilin, duk da haka, shine likitoci da ma'aikatan aikin jinya da yawa na Kuwaiti sun gudu daga wuraren aiki –ba wai sojojin Iraki sun yaye jariran Kuwaiti daga masu barsu ba kuma sun bar su sun mutu a farfajiyar asibiti. Duk da wadannan bayyanan, kuri'un da aka kada sun nuna cewa Amurkawa da dama na daukar harin da aka kaiwa Iraqi a 1991 a matsayin "yaki mai kyau." A lokaci guda kuma, suna kallon mamayewar Iraki a 2003 da mara kyau, saboda abin da ake zarginsa da shi, "makaman kare dangi," ya zama karya. A zahiri, duk rikice-rikicen sun sake tabbatar da cewa duk yaƙi ƙarya ne.

Litinin na biyu a Oktoba shine Columbus Day, ranar da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka gano kisan gillar Turai. Wannan rana ce mai kyau nazarin binciken.

Oktoba 11. A wannan rana a 1884, an haifi Eleanor Roosevelt. A matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na {asar Amirka daga 1933 zuwa 1945, har ma ta mutu a 1962, ta ba da damarta da} arfinta, wajen inganta harkokin zamantakewa da kuma 'yancin] an adam. A cikin 1946, Shugaba Harry Truman ya nada Eleanor Roosevelt a matsayin wakilin Amurka na farko a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar farko ta Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. A wannan matsayin, ta kasance matattara wajen tsarawa da kuma lura da tsara rubuce-rubucen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkin Dan-Adam a shekarar 1948, takardar da ita da kwararru a fannoni daban-daban na ilimi suka ba da gudummawa. Keya'idodi masu mahimmanci guda biyu masu ɗabi'a sun jaddada manyan ka'idoji na takaddar: ƙimar mutuncin kowane ɗan adam, da nuna banbanci. Don tabbatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin, Sanarwar ta ƙunshi abubuwa 30 waɗanda ke ƙunshe da cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka shafi jama'a, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu. Kodayake takaddar ba ta ɗaure ba, da yawa daga masu zurfin tunani suna ganin wannan rauni na fili azaman ƙari ne. Yana ba da sanarwar don yin aiki a matsayin tushen ci gaban sabbin shawarwari na dokoki a cikin dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, kuma yana taimakawa wajen inganta kusanci da yarda da ra'ayin ɗan adam. Eleanor Roosevelt tayi aiki har ƙarshen rayuwarta don samun karɓuwa da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana a cikin Sanarwar, kuma yanzu shine ya zama gadonta mai ɗorewa. Gudummawar da take bayarwa ga tsarinta yana bayyana a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na ƙasashe da yawa da ƙungiyar ci gaba ta dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. A aikinta, Shugaba Truman a 1952 ya yi shelar Eleanor Roosevelt “Uwargidan Shugaban Duniya”.

Oktoba 12. A kwanan nan a cikin 1921, kungiyar League of Nations ta sami nasarar farko ta farko na zaman lafiya, game da rikici na Upper Silesia. Wannan rana ce ta banner don shawo kan zalunci. Hankalin wayewa ya yi mulki aƙalla na ɗan lokaci. Organizationungiyar da aka kirkira don gina gadoji na amincin zaman lafiya ta sami nasarar shiga ta farko zuwa matakin duniya The League of Nations ƙungiya ce ta gwamnatoci da aka kafa sakamakon Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris. An fara kafa kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar kiyaye zaman lafiya a duk duniya. Manufofin farko na kungiyar sun hada da rigakafin yaki ta hanyar tsaro da kuma kwance ɗamarar yaƙi, da sasanta rigingimun ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar tattaunawa da sasantawa. An kirkiro ta ne a 10 ga Janairu, 1920 kuma tana da hedikwata a Geneva, Switzerland, aikinta na farko shi ne amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Versailles, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a hukumance, a shekara ta 1919. Ko da yake muhawarar tana ci gaba game da tasirin ofungiyar, tabbas tana da yawa karamar nasara a cikin shekarun 1920, kuma ta dakatar da rikice-rikice, ceton rayuka da samar da ginshikin abin da zai biyo baya a shekarar 1945, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Game da rikicin Silesia ya samo asali ne bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Firstaya kuma yaƙin ƙasa ne tsakanin Poland da Jamus. Lokacin da sasantawa ba ta yi kamar tana aiki ba, sai aka miƙa shawarar ga Leagueungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Shawarwarin League ɗin ya sami karbuwa daga ɓangarorin biyu a watan Oktoba na 1921. Shawarwarin da yarda da ita sun sanya hankali sama da zalunci kuma suna ba da fata cewa wata rana al'ummomi na iya dogaro da magana da fahimta sabanin tashin hankali da hallaka.

Oktoba 13. A wannan rana a cikin 1812, sojojin dakarun soji na New York sun ki su ketare Kogin Niagara zuwa Kanada don karfafa sojojin dakarun soja da na yau da kullum don yaki da Birtaniya da ake kira Battleston Heights. Watanni hudu a cikin yakin 1812, an yi yakin domin cimma nasarar daya daga cikin hare-haren Amurka guda uku da aka shirya a Kanada wanda ya nufa don kafa matakan da za a dauka na kama da Montreal da Quebec. Makasudin yaki ya hada da sanya takunkumi ga cinikayyar Amurka tare da Faransanci kuma ya ƙare ƙaunataccen jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya na jiragen ruwa a kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka, har ma da cin nasarar Kanada da kuma kara da Amurka. Yaƙi na Queenston Heights ya fara da kyau ga jama'ar Amirka. Rundunar sojojin sun ketare kogin Niagara daga kauyen Lewiston na New York kuma suka kafa kansu a kan tuddai a kan garin Queenston. Da farko sojojin sun yi nasarar kare matsayinsu, amma, a cikin lokaci, ba za su iya kame Britaniya da abokansu na Indiya ba tare da ƙarfafawa ba. Duk da haka, 'yan kaɗan a cikin' yan bindigar New York, babban bangare na ƙarfafa sojojin a Lewiston, sun yarda su ƙetare kogi kuma su taimake su. Maimakon haka, sun ambata sassan da aka yi a Tsarin Mulki sun yi imanin suna buƙatar su ne kawai don kare lafiyarsu, ba don taimakawa Amurka ta shiga wata ƙasa ba. Ba tare da tallafi ba, da 'yan Birtaniya da suka ragu a sararin samaniya suka karɓe sojojin da suka rage gaba daya, wanda ya tilasta musu mika wuya. Sakamakon hakan shine alama ce ta dukan yakin. A farashin rayuwar mutane da yawa, ya kasa magance jayayya da za'a iya warware ta ta hanyar diplomasiyya.

Oktoba 14. A wannan rana a 1644, An haifi William Penn a London, Ingila. Kodayake dan wani mashahurin babban hafsan sojan ruwa na Anglican na Biritaniya, Penn ya zama Quaker yana da shekara 22, yana bin ka'idojin kyawawan halaye wadanda suka hada da hakuri da dukkan addinai da kabilu da kuma kin daukar makami. A cikin 1681, Sarki Charles na II na Ingila ya ba da babban rance daga mahaifin Penn da ya mutu ta hanyar ba William wani yanki mai faɗi a yamma da kudu da New Jersey, don a sanya masa suna Pennsylvania. Kasancewa gwamnatinta na mulkin mallaka a 1683, Penn ta aiwatar da tsarin dimokiradiyya wanda ke ba da cikakken 'yanci na addini, yana jawo hankalin Quakers da baƙi na Turai na kowace ƙungiya mai rarrabuwar kai. Daga 1683 zuwa 1755, ya bambanta da sauran yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, mazaunan Pennsylvania sun kauce wa tashin hankali kuma sun ci gaba da abokantaka da ƙasashe na asali ta hanyar ƙwace ƙasarsu ba tare da biyan diyya ba kuma ba sa musu giya. Haƙuri na addini da kabilanci a zahiri yana da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka har ma da evenan asalin Tuscaroras na Arewacin Carolina sun motsa don aika manzanni can neman izinin kafa sulhu. Kauracewar Pennsylvania na yaƙi kuma yana nufin cewa duk kuɗin da aka kashe a kan mayaƙan soja, kagarai, da kayan yaƙi ana samun su maimakon haɓaka mulkin mallaka da gina garin Philadelphia, wanda a shekarar 1776 ya wuce Boston da New York a girma. Yayin da manyan kasashe na wannan lokacin suke gwagwarmaya don mallakar nahiyar, Pennsylvania ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri fiye da duk wasu makwabtanta wadanda suka yi amannar ana bukatar yaki don ci gaba. A wurinta, suna girbe 'ya'yan haƙuri da zaman lafiya da William Penn ya shuka kusan ƙarni ɗaya da ta gabata.

Oktoba 15. A wannan rana a cikin 1969, kimanin miliyoyin Amirkawa suka halarci zanga-zangar adawa da al'umma a kan Vietnam. An tsara shi a cikin wani shirin da aka tsara na kwana daya a cikin gida, kuma an gano shi "Peace Moratorium," an dauki aikin ne mafi girma a tarihin Amurka. A ƙarshen 1969, 'yan adawa a kan yakin ya ci gaba sosai. Miliyoyin mutanen Vietnamanci da wasu mambobin kungiyar ta 45,000 Amurka sun riga sun kashe. Kuma, duk da haka, duk da haka, Shugaba Nixon ya yi nasara kan shirin da aka yi alkawarin kawo karshen yakin, kuma ya riga ya fara janyewar sojojin Amurka, an kashe rabin miliyon a Vietnam a cikin yakin da aka kiyasta ba tare da lalata ba. A yayin da aka kafa Moratorium, yawancin 'yan Amirka na tsakiya da kuma tsakiyar Amurka sun fara shiga makarantun koleji da matasa a wajen nuna adawa da yaki a cikin taro, ayyukan addini, tarurruka, da tarurruka. Kodayake} ananan magoya bayan magoya bayan sun bayyana ra'ayoyinsu, to, Moratorium ya fi muhimmanci, wajen gano yadda za a sake fasalin tsarin mulkin gwamnati, da miliyoyin jama'ar {asar Amirka, da Shugaban {asar Amirka suka yi la'akari da cewa, "Mafi yawancin 'Yan Amirka." Ta haka ne, a tsare da gwamnati a kan hanya zuwa ga abin da ya tabbatar da extrication daga cikin yaki. Bayan shekaru uku na mutuwar da hallaka, Amurka ta ƙare aikin soja a duk kudu maso gabashin Asia ta hanyar shiga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris a watan Janairun 1973. Amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da fada tsakanin Vietnamese da kansu har zuwa watan Afrilu 1975. Sa'an nan Saigon ya fadi zuwa arewacin Vietnam da kuma Vietnam Cong, kuma kasar ta hade ne a karkashin gwamnatin kwaminisanci a Hanoi a matsayin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Vietnam.

Oktoba 16. Wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1934 alamar farkon kungiyar Amincewa da Lafiya, kungiyar da ta fi tsufa a cikin Birtaniya. An halicci halittarsa ​​ta wasika a cikin Manchester Guardian wanda wani sanannen mai son kawo zaman lafiya, firist na darikar Anglican, da wani malamin soja na yakin duniya na 2,500 mai suna Dick Sheppard ya rubuta. Wasikar ta gayyaci duk mazajen da suka manyanta don su aika wa Sheppard da katin da ke nuna "kaurace wa yaki kuma ba za su sake goyon bayan wani ba." A cikin kwanaki biyu, maza 100,000 suka amsa, kuma, a cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa, sabuwar ƙungiyar yaƙi da yaƙi tare da membobi XNUMX ta bayyana. Ya zama sananne da "Pungiyar Alkawarin Zaman Lafiya," saboda duk membobinta sun ɗauki alƙawarin mai zuwa: “Yaƙi laifi ne ga ɗan adam. Na yi watsi da yaki, don haka na kuduri aniyar ba zan goyi bayan kowane irin yaki ba. Na kuma kuduri aniyar yin aiki don kawar da dukkan abubuwan da ke haifar da yaki. ” Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Pungiyar Alkawarin Aminci ta yi aiki da kanta, ko kuma tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, don adawa da yaƙi da yaƙin da ke haifar da shi. Baya ga ayyukan hana yaƙe-yaƙe, Unionungiyar tana bin yaƙin neman ilimi a wuraren aiki, jami'o'i, da kuma al'ummomin gari. Manufar su ita ce ta kalubalanci tsarin gwamnati, ayyuka, da manufofin da aka tsara domin shawo kan jama'a cewa amfani da makami na iya aiwatar da bukatun bil'adama yadda ya kamata tare da ba da gudummawa ga tsaron kasa. A cikin rashin amincewa, Pungiyar Alkawarin Aminci ta ba da hujjar cewa za a iya samun dawwamammen tsaro ne kawai lokacin da aka inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam ta misali, ba da ƙarfi ba; lokacin da diflomasiyya ta ginu kan sasantawa; kuma idan aka sake sanya kasafin kudi don magance tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da yake-yake da gina zaman lafiya na dogon lokaci.

Oktoba 17. A wannan rana a cikin 1905, Czar Nicholas II na Rasha, a karkashin matsin lamba daga manyan masu ba da shawara da kuma manyan masu ba da shawara, sun bayar da "Manema labarai na Oktoba" wanda ya yi alkawalin gyara matakan da aka yi a kan dukkanin ma'aikatan 1.7-miliyan daga dukkanin masana'antu. sana'a. Yawan aikin ya samo asali ne a watan Disamba na 1904, lokacin da masu aiki a St. Petersburg suka wallafa wani takarda da ake kira gajarta kwanakin aiki, matsayi mafi girma, ƙuntatawar duniya, da kuma zaɓaɓɓun taro na gwamnati. Wannan aikin ya janyo hankalin ma'aikata na aiki a duk fadin kasar Rasha wanda ya jawo takardun takarda na 135,000. Ranar Janairu 9, 1905, ƙungiyar ma'aikata, tare da masu yawa na marubuta na 100,000 sun kasance masu biyayya ga Czar, sun nemi aikawa da su zuwa Winter Palace a St. Petersburg. Maimakon haka, an harbe su da bindigogi daga manyan jami'an tsaro, kuma an kashe daruruwan mutane. A cikin sulhu, Nicholas II ya sanar da yarda da sabon kwamitin shawara na kasa. Amma aikinsa bai yi nasara ba, a cikin babban bangare saboda ma'aikatan masana'antu za a cire su daga membobinsu. Wannan ya kafa mataki don "Babban Oktoba Oktoba", wanda ya gurgunta kasar. Kodayake Kwanan watan Oktoba na Czar, wanda ya yi alkawarin cewa an yi taron babban taro da kuma yanayin aiki, da yawa masu aiki, 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi,' yan kasuwa, da kuma 'yan tsirarun kabilu sun kasance da rashin jin daɗi. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ba za a sake nuna bambancin siyasa a Rasha ba. Zai jagoranci, a maimakon haka, ga Rundunar Rasha ta 1917, wadda ta rushe Babban Jami'ar Czarist kuma ta sanya masu mulki Bolshevik cikin ikon. Bayan yakin basasa na shekaru biyu, zai kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da kuma kashe Czar da iyalinsa.

Oktoba 18. A wannan rana a cikin 1907, an sanya taron na biyu na taron Hague da ke magance yakin yaki a taron zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a Hague a Netherlands. Bayan shawarwarin da aka yi a farkon yarjejeniya ta duniya da kuma bayanan da aka yi a Hague a 1899, ƙungiyar 1907 Hague ta kasance daga cikin tsoffin furucin da suka shafi yaki da laifukan yaki a dokokin duniya. Babban mahimmanci a cikin duka taron shine kafa kotun kasa da kasa don ƙaddamar da hukunci game da rikice-rikice na kasa da kasa - aikin da ake tsammani ya zama dole don maye gurbin ma'aikatar yaki. Wadannan kokarin sun kasa, duk da haka, kodayake an kafa bidiyon tattaunawa don yin sulhu. A karo na biyu na Hague, wani yunƙurin Birtaniya ya sanya iyakacin makamai ya kasa, amma iyakance a kan yakin basasa ya ci gaba. Bugu da} ari, yarjejeniyar ta 1907 Hague ta} ara yawan wa] anda ke 1899, amma ha] in gwiwar manyan} asashen duniya, sun taimaka wajen} o} arin da ake yi, a} arshe, a} arshe, a} asashen duniya. Daga cikin wadannan, mafi muhimmanci shine yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand na 20, wadda 1928 ta sanya hannu kan alkawalin cewa ba za ta yi amfani da yaki don magance "rigingimu ko rikice-rikice na kowane nau'in halitta ko kuma duk abin da ya samo asali ..." Manufar yarjejeniya ta kawar da yaki har abada , ba wai kawai saboda yaki ya zama mummunan ba, amma saboda al'umma da ke son yin amfani da yaki don riba dole ne su ci gaba da shirya su fito gaba. Wannan muhimmin abu ne ya haifar da tunanin da ake yi na juyin juya hali wanda ya juya dabi'un halayen dabi'u. Maimakon bayar da ku don saduwa da bukatun bil'adama da kuma taimakawa wajen warkar da yanayin yanayi, jama'a suna zuba jari a mafi girma a cikin tasowa da kuma gwada gwagwarmaya masu tasiri, wanda kanta ke haifar da mummunar lalacewar yanayi.

Oktoba 19. A wannan rana a 1960, an kama Martin Luther King Jr. tare da masu zanga-zangar dalibai na 51 a lokacin da ake nuna bambanci suna zama a "Magnolia Room," wani ɗakin shayi a ɗakin shaguna na Stores a Atlanta, Georgia. Kasancewa yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa a Atlanta wanda mahalarta Atlanta Student Movement ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, amma mai girma Magnolia Room ya taimaka wajen nuna haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Gidajen Atlanta ce, amma har ma da al'adun Jim Crow ta Kudu. Abokan Afirka na iya sayarwa a Rich, amma ba za su iya gwada tufafi ba ko dauki teburin a Magnolia Room. Lokacin da masu zanga-zangar suka aikata haka, an zarge su da cin zarafin dokar da take da ita wajibi ne kowa ya bar dukiya idan aka tambaye shi. Duk wadanda aka kama sun fito ne a kan takunkumi ko kuma sun gurfanar da su, sai dai Martin Luther King. Ya fuskanci wata jimla hu] u a cikin sansanin aikin jin dadin jama'a na Georgia don motsawa a jihar ta hanyar cin zarafin doka da aka haramta don hana yin amfani da abinci. Shirin da dan takarar shugaban kasa John Kennedy ya yiwa jagorancin ya jagoranci kai tsaye zuwa sakin Sarkin, amma zai yi kusan wata shekara ta zama da kuma Ku Klux Klan a cikin Atlanta kafin cin hanci da rashawa ya tilasta birnin ya hade. Cikakken fatar kabilanci a Amurka har yanzu ana samun cimma kusan rabin karni daga baya. Amma, yayin da yake jawabi a yayin bikin tunawa da 'yan makaranta na Atlanta, Lonnie King, wanda ya kafa magungunan motsa jiki da kansa mai zanga-zangar Magnolia Room, ya bayyana fata. Ya ci gaba da samun bege ga samun daidaituwa tsakanin launin fata a cikin ɗaliban ɗalibai na daliban. "Ilimi," in ji shi, "a koyaushe ya kasance ci gaba da ci gaba, hakika a Kudu."

Oktoba 20. A wannan rana a cikin 1917, Alice Paul ya fara jigilar kurkuku a watanni bakwai don nuna rashin amincewa da cewa ya sha wuya. An haife shi a shekara ta 1885 a wani ƙauyen Quaker, Paul ya shiga Swarthmore a shekara ta 1901. Ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Pennsylvania tana karatun ilimin tattalin arziki, kimiyyar siyasa, da zamantakewar al'umma. Wata tafiya zuwa Ingila ta tabbatar da imanin ta cewa yawan zaɓen a cikin gida da kuma ƙasashen waje shine mafi mahimmancin rashin adalci na zamantakewar al'umma wanda ba a magance shi ba. Yayin da take samun karin digiri uku a fannin shari'a, Paul ya sadaukar da rayuwarta don tabbatar da cewa an ba wa mata damar yin magana kuma ana daukar su a matsayin 'yan kasa daya. Tafiyarta ta farko a Washington, DC, ta gudana ne a jajibirin bikin rantsar da Woodrow Wilson na shekarar 1913. Ba a yi watsi da motsi ba da farko, amma duk da haka ya haifar da shekaru huɗu na tayar da hankula, koke, kamfe, da faɗaɗa jerin gwano. Kamar yadda WWI ya kunno kai, Paul ya bukaci cewa kafin ya kamata ya yada dimokiradiyya a ƙasashen waje, gwamnatin Amurka ta magance shi a cikin gida. Ita da mabiya goma sha biyu, "Silent Sentinels," sun fara zazzarowa a Fadar White House a watan Janairu na 1917. Maza, musamman ma masu goyan bayan yaƙi, suka kai wa matan hari lokaci-lokaci, aka kama su, aka kuma ɗaure su. Kodayake yaƙin yana ɗaukar kanun labarai, wasu maganganu game da mummunan magani da aka nuna ga ƙungiyar zaɓen ta jawo ƙarin tallafi ga dalilinsu. Da yawa waɗanda suka yi yajin yunwa a kurkuku ana tilasta musu ciyarwa a ƙarƙashin mummunan yanayi; kuma an tsare Paul a kurkukun masu kula da masu tabin hankali. Daga karshe Wilson ya amince da tallafawa zaben mata, kuma an yi watsi da duk tuhumar. Paul ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don Dokar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama, sannan kuma Kwaskwarimar 'Yancin Daidaitawa, inda ya kafa misali a duk rayuwarta ta hanyar zanga-zangar lumana.

Oktoba 21. A wannan ranar a cikin 1837, Sojojin Amurka sun juya cikin tayar da yakin da 'yan kabilar Seminole ta hanyar yin amfani da kuskure. Hakan ya faru ne daga juriya na Seminoles zuwa Dokar Dokar Indiya na 1830, wanda ya ba Gwamnatin Amurka damar bude ƙasa zuwa mazauna fararen hula ta hanyar cire Indiyawan Indiya biyar a gabashin Mississippi zuwa yankin Indiya a Arkansas da Oklahoma. Lokacin da Seminoles suka tsayayya, sojojin Amurka sun tafi yaki don kokarin cire su da karfi. Duk da haka, a cikin gwagwarmayar yaƙi a watan Disamba na 1835, kawai mayakan 250 Seminole, jagorancin jarumi mai suna Osceola, ya jagoranci juyin juya hali na sojojin 750 Amurka. Wannan nasara da nasarar da Osceola ke ci gaba ya haifar da daya daga cikin mafi girman ayyukan da aka yi a tarihin soja na Amurka. A cikin watan Oktobar 1837, sojojin Amurka sun kama Osceola da 81 daga mabiyansa, kuma, sun yi alkawarin yin sulhu, suka jagoranci su a karkashin wani farar fata na gaskiya zuwa wani sansanin kusa da St. Augustine. Da ya isa wurin, duk da haka, Osceola aka kori a kurkuku. Ba tare da shugabanta ba, yawancin mutanen Seminole sun koma gida a Indiya ta Indiya a gaban yakin da aka ƙare a 1842. Ba sai 1934 ba, tare da gabatar da Dokar Maimaitawa ta Indiya, cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta dawo daga mayar da hankali ga biyan bukatun masu farar fata na Indiya. Dokar Maimaitawa, wadda ta kasance a ciki, ta ƙunshi wadataccen abin da, a fuskar su, zai iya taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka su gina zaman lafiya mafi aminci yayin da suke riƙe da al'adunsu. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana gani, ko gwamnati za ta ba da goyon bayan da ake bukata don taimakawa wannan hangen nesa gaskiya.

Oktoba 22. A wannan rana a cikin 1962, shugaban kasar John Kennedy ya sanar da jawabin telebijin ga jama'ar Amurka cewa Gwamnatin Amurka ta tabbatar da kasancewar Sojojin nukiliya Soviet a Cuba. Firayim Ministan Soviet Nikita Khrushchev ya ba da izinin shigar da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya a Cuba a lokacin bazara na 1962, duka don kare ƙawancen abokan gaba daga yiwuwar mamayewar Amurka da kuma daidaita ikon Amurka a cikin makamin nukiliya mai tsayi da matsakaiciya wanda ke Turai. . Tare da tabbatar da sansanonin kera makamai masu linzami, Kennedy ya nemi Soviet ya fatattake su kuma ya aika da duk muggan makamai a Cuba zuwa gida. Ya kuma ba da umarnin katange sojojin ruwa a kusa da Cuba don hana isar da duk wani karin kayan aikin soja. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, Amurka ta ɗauki ƙarin matakin haɓaka ƙarfin sojinta zuwa matakin da zai iya tallafawa yaƙin nukiliya gaba ɗaya. Abin farin ciki, ba da daɗewa ba aka cimma matsaya cikin lumana – galibi saboda ƙoƙarin neman mafita ya kasance kai tsaye a Fadar White House da Kremlin. Babban Lauyan kasar Robert Kennedy ya bukaci Shugaban da ya amsa wasiku biyu da Firayim Ministan Soviet ya riga ya aika zuwa Fadar White House. Na farko ya ba da damar cire sansanonin masu linzami don musayar alƙawarin shugabannin Amurka ba za su mamaye Cuba ba. Na biyun ya bayar da yin hakan idan Amurka kuma ta yarda ta cire kayan aikinta na makamai masu linzami a Turkiyya. A hukumance, Amurka ta karɓi sharuɗɗan saƙon farko kuma kawai ta yi biris da na biyun. A asirce, duk da haka, Kennedy ya yarda daga baya ya janye sansanonin makamai masu linzami na Amurka daga Turkiyya, shawarar da ta kawo ƙarshen Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban a ranar 28 ga Oktoba.

Oktoba 23. A wannan kwanan wata a 2001, an dauki babban mataki don warware ɗayan manyan rikice-rikicen kabilanci a tarihin zamani. An fara ne a cikin 1968, yawancin 'yan kasar Roman Katolika da kuma' yan gurguzu na Protestant a Ireland ta Arewa sun shiga shekaru fiye da talatin da dama da ake kira "Matsala." Masu neman 'yan kasar sun so lardin Birtaniya su zama Jam'iyyar Ireland, yayin da' yan kungiyar yana so ya kasance zama na Birtaniya. A cikin 1998, Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a da ta dace ta samar da tsarin tsarin siyasa ta hanyar tsarin rarraba ikon mulki tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da suka hada da bangarori biyu. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da shirin "ƙaddamarwa" - canja wurin 'yan sanda, shari'a, da sauran iko daga London zuwa Belfast-da kuma ka'idojin cewa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke hada kai da bangarorin biyu sun fara aiwatar da duk wani ɓarna. Da farko dai rundunar sojan Republican Irish (IRA) ba ta so ta rushe dukiyar da ta ba da gudummawa ga 'yan kasa. Amma, a lokacin da ake kira ga bangarori na siyasa, Sinn Fein, da kuma fahimtar rashin amfani da shi, kungiyar ta sanar da ranar 23 na 2001, cewa za ta fara yin watsi da duk kayan da aka mallaka a hannunsa. Ba har zuwa watan Satumba na 2005 cewa IRA ya kwace makamai na karshe ba, kuma, daga 2002 zuwa 2007, ci gaba da rikice-rikicen siyasa ya tilasta London ta sake kafa doka ta Arewacin Ireland. Duk da haka, by 2010 ƙungiyoyin siyasa da yawa a Ireland ta Arewa sun yi zaman lafiya tare. Babu shakka, muhimmiyar mahimmanci a wannan sakamako shi ne shawarar da IRA ya yi na kawar da ƙoƙarin da ya yi wajen inganta hanyar rikon kwarya ta ƙasar Irish ta hanyar rikici.

Oktoba 24. A wannan rana, an lura da ranar Duniya ta duniya a duk faɗin duniya, tare da yin la'akari da ranar tunawa da ranar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa a 1945. Ranar ta bayar da wani lokaci don tuna da goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na zaman lafiya na duniya, 'yancin ɗan adam, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da dimokuradiyya. Har ila yau, za mu iya yaba da ayyukan da ya yi, wanda ya hada da ceton rayukan miliyoyin yara, kare kariya daga ƙasa, taimakawa wajen kawar da kananan matakan, da kuma kafa tsari ga yarjejeniyar 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation. Bugu da} ari, yawancin masu lura da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nuna cewa, tsarin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yanzu, wanda ya hada da wakilai na kowane sashi na sashin jihohi, ba shi da damar amsawa ga mawuyacin matsalolin da ke haifar da kalubale ga mutane a duniya. Don haka suna kira ga kafa kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai zaman kanta, wanda ya hada da wakilai daga majalisun kasa ko na yankuna na yanzu. Sabuwar jiki zai taimaka wajen magance matsaloli masu tasowa irin su sauyin yanayi, rashin tsaro da abinci, da ta'addanci, yayin da suke haɓaka hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki tare da inganta dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam, da bin doka. Tun daga watan Agusta na 2015,} ungiyar ta 1,400, da kuma tsoffin mambobin majalisa, sun sanya hannu kan} ungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Xinkin Duniya, daga} asashen 100. Ta hanyar irin wannan taro, wakilai za su yi la'akari da mazabarsu, da kuma wasu daga wajen gwamnati, zasu ba da kula da yanke shawara na duniya; yi aiki a matsayin haɗi tsakanin 'yan ƙasa na duniya, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; da kuma ba da babbar murya ga 'yan tsiraru, matasa, da kuma' yan asalin ƙasar. Sakamakon zai zama Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke hada baki, tare da karfafuwa don saduwa da kalubalen duniya.

Oktoba 25. A wannan kwanan wata a 1983, wata} ungiyar 2,000, ta Amirka, ta kai hari kan Grenada, wani tsibirin Caribbean dake arewacin Venezuela, da yawan jama'ar da ba su da 100,000 ba. Yayin da yake kare matakin a fili, Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya ba da misali da barazanar da sabuwar gwamnatin Markisanci ta Grenada ta yi game da lafiyar kusan Amurkawa dubu daya da ke zaune a tsibirin –da yawansu dalibai ne a makarantar koyon aikin likita. Har zuwa kasa da mako guda kafin hakan, Grenada ya kasance yana karkashin mulkin Maurice Bishop, wanda ya kwace mulki a 1979 kuma ya fara kulla kyakkyawar alaka da Cuba. Amma a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, wani Marxist, Bernard Coard, ya ba da umarnin kisan Bishop kuma ya karbe ikon gwamnati. Lokacin da sojojin ruwa masu mamaye suka gamu da hamayya ba zato daga sojojin Grenadian da injiniyoyin sojan Cuba, Reagan ya ba da umarnin a kara wasu sojojin Amurka 4,000. Ba da daɗewa ba cikin mako guda, an kifar da gwamnatin Coard tare da maye gurbinsa da wanda Amurka ta yarda da shi. Ga Amurkawa da yawa, duk da haka, wannan sakamakon ba zai iya ba da dalilin dala da rayukan wani yaƙin Amurka don cimma burin siyasa ba. Wasu kuma sun san cewa, kwana biyu kafin mamayar, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta riga ta san cewa ɗaliban likitanci a Granada ba su cikin haɗari. Iyayen ɗalibai ɗari biyar sun yi wa Shugaba Reagan ta wayar tarho cewa kada ya kai hari, bayan sun sami labarin cewa 'ya'yansu na da' yanci barin Granada duk lokacin da suke so. Duk da haka, kamar gwamnatocin Amurka kafin da tun, gwamnatin Reagan ta zaɓi yaƙi. Lokacin da yaƙin ya ƙare, Reagan ya karɓi yabo don `` sake dawowa '' na farko da aka yi tunanin tasirin kwaminisanci tun farkon Yakin Cacar Baki.

Oktoba 26. A wannan rana a 1905, Norway ta sami 'yancin kai daga Sweden ba tare da mafaka ba. Tun daga 1814, Norway aka tilasta ta cikin “haɗin kai” tare da Sweden, sakamakon mamayewar Sweden mai nasara. Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ikon sarkin Sweden, amma ta kiyaye kundin tsarin mulkinta da matsayinta na doka a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Bayan samun nasarar shekaru da yawa, duk da haka, bukatun Norway da na Sweden sun ƙara rikicewa, musamman yayin da suka shafi cinikin ƙasashen waje da kuma manufofin cikin gida na Norway masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Aƙƙarfan ra'ayin kishin ƙasa ya haɓaka, kuma, a cikin 1905, sama da kashi 99% na Norwaywa suka goyi bayan ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta ƙasa baki ɗaya. A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1905, majalisar dokokin Norway ta ba da sanarwar cewa tarayyar Norway da Sweden ta narke, abin da ya haifar da fargaba ainun cewa yaki tsakanin kasashen zai sake barkewa. Madadin haka, duk da haka, wakilan Norway da Sweden sun haɗu a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta don sasantawa kan yarda da ƙa'idodin rabuwa. Kodayake mashahuran 'yan siyasar Sweden na dama-dama sun fi son tsarin tsattsauran ra'ayi, sarkin Sweden din ya yi tirjiya sosai da fuskantar wani yaki da Norway. Babban dalilin shi ne sakamakon zaben raba gardama na kasar Norway ya gamsar da manyan kasashen Turai cewa yunkurin yanci kasar Norway da gaske yake. Hakan ya sa sarki ya ji tsoron cewa za a iya ware Sweden ta hanyar danne ta. Bugu da kari, babu kasar da ta so ta daɗa mummunan ra'ayi a ɗayan. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1905, sarkin Sweden ya yi watsi da nasa da duk wani ikirarin zuriyarsa zuwa gadon sarautar Norway. Kodayake Norway ta kasance masarauta ta majalisar dokoki ta hanyar nada yariman Denmark don cike gurbin, amma hakan ya zama, ta hanyar yunkurin mutane marasa jini, babbar kasa a karon farko tun karni na 14.

Oktoba 27. A wannan rana a cikin 1941, makonni shida kafin harin da Japan ta kai a kan Pearl Harbor, shugaban kasar Franklin Roosevelt ya ba da jawabin rediyo na "Navy Day" na kasa inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yankunan Jamus ba tare da tsauraran fashewar jiragen ruwa ba a cikin jiragen ruwa na Amurka a cikin yammacin Atlantic. A zahiri, jiragen ruwan Amurka suna taimaka wa jiragen Burtaniya bin sawun jiragen ruwan, don haka suna keta dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda dalilai na son rai na kashin kai da na kasa, ainihin dalilin Shugaban kasa wajen daidaita ikirarin nasa shi ne tunzura jama'a da kiyayya ga Jamus da za ta tilastawa Hitler ya ayyana yaki a kan US Roosevelt kansa ba ya son shelanta yaki a kan Jamus, kamar yadda jama'ar Amurka da alama ba shi da sha'awar shi. Shugaban, duk da haka, yana da ace a hannun riga. Amurka na iya zuwa yaƙi tare da ƙawancen Jamus, Japan, don haka ta kafa tushen ma shigar da yaƙi a Turai. Dabarar za ta tilasta Japan ta fara yakin da jama'ar Amurka ba za su iya watsi da shi ba. Don haka, farawa a watan Oktoba 1940, Amurka ta ɗauki matakan da suka haɗa da kiyaye rundunar sojan ruwan Amurka a Hawaii, tana mai cewa Dutch ta ƙi karɓar man Jafana, da shiga Burtaniya ta hana duk wata kasuwanci da Japan. Babu makawa, a cikin abin da bai wuce shekara guda ba, a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, an jefa bom a Pearl Harbor. Kamar kowane yaƙe-yaƙe, Yaƙin Duniya na II ya dogara ne da ƙarya. Amma duk da haka, shekaru da yawa daga baya, ya zama sananne da "The Good War" - wanda kyakkyawan nufin Amurka ya rinjayi turawan ikon Axis. Wannan tatsuniyar ta mamaye tunanin jama'ar Amurka tun daga lokacin kuma ana karfafa ta kowace ranar 7 ga Disamba a cikin bukukuwa a duk fadin kasar.

Oktoba 28. Wannan kwanan wata a cikin 1466 alamar haihuwar Desiderius Erasmus, a Masanin addinin Kirista na Holland ya yadu a matsayin babban masanin kimiyya na Arewacin Renaissance. A cikin 1517, Erasmus ya rubuta wani littafi game da mummunan yaki da ke ci gaba da da amfani a yau. Takardun Kaddamar da Salama, littafin ya yi magana a farkon mutum muryar "Aminci," mutumin da aka kwatanta a matsayin mace. Aminci ya nuna cewa, kodayake ta bayar da "tushen dukan albarkatu na mutuntaka," wa] anda ke "neman irin mugunta ba su da iyaka" a cikin wa] anda suka bambanta da su, kamar yadda shugabanni, malaman jami'o'i, shugabannin addinai, har ma da talakawa. suna makanta ga cutar yaki zai iya kawo musu. Mutane masu karfi sun halicci yanayin da ake magana akan Kirista gafartawa yana dauke da lalata, yayin yakin yaki ya nuna nuna goyon baya ga al'ummar da sadaukar da kai ga farin ciki. Dole ne mutane su yi watsi da mai azabtarwa Allah na Tsohon Alkawali, Aminci ya furta, kuma ya nuna ni'ima ga Allah mai jinƙai na Yesu. Allah ne wanda ya fahimci hakikanin abubuwan da ke haifar da yaki cikin neman ikon, ɗaukaka, da fansa, da kuma tushen zaman lafiya cikin soyayya da gafara. "Aminci" ya ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan sarakuna sukan gabatar da maganganunsu ga masu hikima da marasa adalci. Koda ko kowane bangare ya ɗauki hukuncin da ba daidai ba, za a kare nauyin da ya fi girma a sakamakon yaki. Ya kamata a tuna cewa yakin da ya yi a lokacin Erasmus ya ci gaba da karawa kuma ya kashe kawai wadanda suka yi yaƙi da su. Sakamakonsa na yaki ya dauki nauyin mafi girma a zamaninmu na zamani na nukiliya, lokacin da duk wani yaki ya iya kawo hadarin kawo karshen rayuwa a duniya.

Oktoba 29. A wannan kwanan wata a 1983, a kan matan 1,000 Birtaniya sun yanyan sassan shinge kewaye da Greenham Common airfield daga Newbury, Ingila. A yayin da 'yan bindigar suka cike da "black cardigans" (code for cutters cutters), matan sun yi zanga-zangar zanga-zangar kin amincewa da shirin NATO na canza filin jiragen sama a cikin gidan mallaka na 96 Tomahawk. Da makamai masu linzamin kansu da aka shirya su isa watan mai zuwa. Ta hanyar yankan sassan shinge na filin jirgin saman, matan suna nufin nuna alamar bukatunsu na karya "Wall Berlin" wanda ya hana su daga furta damuwa game da makaman nukiliya ga hukumomin soji da ma'aikata a cikin tushe. Amma "Jam'iyyar Halloween," duk da haka, ita ce kawai daga cikin jerin hare-haren nukiliya da 'yan matan Birtaniya suka yi a Greenham Common. Sun fara yunkurin su a watan Agustan 1981, lokacin da ƙungiyar 44 ta shiga 100 mil zuwa Greenham daga Cardiff City Hall dake Wales. A lokacin da suka isa, hudu daga cikinsu suka ɗaure kansu a waje na shinge na filin iska. Bayan da kwamandan kwamandan Amurka ya karbi wasikar da ke adawa da aikin makami mai linzamin makami, ya gayyaci mata su kafa sansanin a waje da tushe. Sun yarda da haka, a cikin lambobi masu yawa, don shekaru 12 na gaba, suna yin rikici da abubuwan da suka nuna rashin amincewarsu ga masu goyon bayan 70,000. Bayan bin yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya ta farko tsakanin Amurka da Soviet da aka sanya a cikin 1987, mata sun fara barin tushe. Yaƙin neman yakin a can ya ƙare a 1993, bayan kawar da makamai masu linzami na karshe daga Greenham a 1991, da kuma ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewa da wasu makaman nukiliya. An rushe cibiyar Greenham a shekarar 2000.

Oktoba 30. A wannan kwanan wata a 1943, da aka kira Gidan Rediyon Harkokin Kasuwanci ya sanya hannun Amurka, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, da Sin a wani taro a Moscow. Sanarwar a hukumance ta kafa tsarin iko hudu wanda daga baya zai yi tasiri a kan tsarin kasa da kasa na bayan yakin. Ya ba wa ƙasashe huɗu ƙawayenta haɗin kai a Yaƙin Duniya na II don ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe da ikon Axis har sai dukkan sojojin abokan gaba sun yarda da miƙa wuya. Sanarwar ta kuma bayar da shawarar a kafa kungiyar kasa da kasa ta kasashe masu son zaman lafiya wadanda za su yi aiki tare kamar yadda ya dace don kiyaye zaman lafiya da tsaro a duniya. Kodayake wannan hangen nesan ya haifar da kafuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan shekaru biyu, sanarwar huɗu ta ikon ta kuma nuna yadda damuwa kan son-kai na ƙasa zai iya kawo cikas ga haɗin kan ƙasa da gurgunta ƙoƙarin magance rikice-rikice ba tare da yaƙi ba. Misali, Shugaban Amurka Roosevelt ya gaya wa Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Churchill a asirce cewa sanarwar ta “ba za ta taba nuna wariya ga hukuncin karshe game da tsarin duniya ba.” Bayanin ya kuma watsar da duk wata tattaunawa game da dindindin na rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta duniya, ba tare da wata manufa ta kiyaye zaman lafiya ba. Kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an halicce ta da hankali tare da iko na musamman, gami da veto, don 'yan kasashe kawai. Sanarwar Fourarfin Hudu ta wakilci ƙaura daga kyakkyawan yanayi na mummunan yaƙi ta hanyar ciyar da hangen nesan al'ummomin duniya waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon girmama juna da haɗin kai. Amma kuma ya bayyana yadda har yanzu tunanin manyan kasashen duniya ke bukatar ci gaba don kawo irin wannan al'umma da world beyond war.

Oktoba 31. A wannan rana a cikin 2014, babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ya kafa kwamiti mai zaman kansa mai zaman kanta don samar da rahoto don nazarin tsarin ayyukan zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma bayar da canje-canjen da ake bukata don taimakawa ga bukatun jama'a na duniya. A cikin watan Yunin 2015, kungiyar ta 16 ta gabatar da rahoto ga Sakataren Janar, wanda, bayan binciken da ya dace, ya aika da shi zuwa Majalisar Dattijai da Tsaron Tsaro don yin la'akari da tallafi. Bugu da} ari, takardun na bayar da shawarwari game da yadda za a gudanar da ayyukan zaman lafiyar, don taimaka wa {ungiyar [UN], don hana rikici, cimma burin siyasa, kare 'yan farar hula, da kuma kawo zaman lafiya. "A wani bangare ya nuna" Matching Shifts for Peace Services " Rahotanni sun ce "Ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa su ne mayar da hankali kan kulawa da duniya, kayan aiki da albarkatu don tallafa wa' yan wasan na kasa don yin zabuka masu ƙarfi da ake buƙatar mayar da zaman lafiya, magance matsalolin rikice-rikice, da kuma biyan bukatun masu yawa yawan jama'a, ba kawai 'yan tsiraru ba ne kawai. "Bayanin da aka ba da gargadi ya yi gargadin cewa wannan aiki kawai za a iya biye da shi idan an gane cewa zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali ba zai iya samun ci gaba ba ko ci gaba. Maimakon haka, "shugabancin siyasar" dole ne ya zama babban alamar dukkan hanyoyin da za a magance rikice-rikice, gudanar da sulhu, kula da tsagaita wuta, taimakawa wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, gudanar da rikice-rikicen rikice-rikicen, da kuma biyan ƙoƙari na tsawon lokaci don samun zaman lafiya. Idan aka yi amfani da hankali a cikin duniyar duniyar, shawarwarin da aka bayar a cikin rahoton na 2015 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Ayyukan Salama na iya ƙaddara al'umman duniya a kusa da karɓar shawarwari na kasa da kasa, a maimakon mayaƙa, a matsayin sabon ka'ida don magance rikici.

Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.

Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.

Je zuwa fayilolin mai jiwuwa.

Je zuwa rubutun.

Je zuwa zane-zanen.

Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.

Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.

Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.

Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.

Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.

Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz

Graphics by Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.