Aji da Rukunin Masana'antu na Soja

By Kirista Sorensen, Satumba 4, 2023

Aikin Aiki

Ma'aikata sune jigon tattalin arziki. Ma'aikaci shi ne duk wanda ya yi aikin yini guda aka ba shi lada. Ribar da ma'aikaci ke samu ga kamfani ya zarce yawan albashin da ma'aikaci ke karba.

Ba shi da bambanci a cikin masana'antar yaƙi na Amurka, wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanoni masu tasowa, kasuwa, da sayar da kayayyaki da ayyuka ga Amurka (soja da leken asiri) da gwamnatocin ƙawance. Haɗin waɗannan kamfanoni tare da kafa sojan Amurka ya zama sanannen rukunin soja-masana'antu.

Ayyuka masu aiki a cikin masana'antar yakin Amurka sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga:

• injiniya, Physicist, mathematician,
• mai shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, mai sarrafa tsarin, mai haɓaka girgije,
• walda, mashin, lantarki, bututu, makaniki.

Waɗannan ma'aikatan ba sa ƙayyade abin da kamfani da aka ba shi ke yi, yadda ake samar da samfuran, ko kuma wanda kamfanin ke sayar wa. ’Yan jari hujja ne ke yanke waɗancan yanke shawara: masu gudanarwa.

riba

Menene masu mulki suke yi da ribar da ma’aikata ke samu? Kamfanoni suna ba da biyan kuɗi ga masu hannun jari kuma suna biyan manyan shugabannin kamfanoni 7- da 8-lambobi. Har ila yau, suna sayen hannun jari, suna ƙara darajar kowane rabo.

Menene wannan kama?

• Babban riba General Dynamics' ribar (biyan kuɗin da aka nuna a matsayin kaso na farashin hannun jari na yanzu) yana cikin halin yanzu 2.34%;
• da Farashin RTX An biya diyya ga shugaban gudanarwa sama da dala miliyan 22 (duba p. 45);
• da Lockheed Martin sayayya baya Dala biliyan 7.9 na hannun jarinsa.

Wasu lokuta kamfanonin yaki suna amfani da ribar don gina wasu masana'antu ko filin ofis wanda ma'aikata zasu haifar da karin riba. Misali, Lockheed Martin karya ƙasa a cikin 2022 akan wani makami mai linzami a Huntsville, Alabama, da Boeing karya ƙasa A farkon wannan shekara a wani wuri a Jacksonville, Florida, don gyaran sassan jiragen saman soja.

Mutanen da aka haifa a cikin wannan tsarin tattalin arziki ba a koyar da su game da hanyoyin da yake cutar da ma'aikata.

Ajin Mulki

Za a iya raba 'yan jari hujja a saman tsarin zuwa rukuni hudu.

1. Masu zartarwa. Ayyukan babban kamfani (misali, babban jami'in gudanarwa, babban jami'in kudi, babban jami'in gudanarwa) shine haɓaka riba na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kwamitin gudanarwa na tabbatar da cewa shugabannin sun yi haka.

2. Masu kudi. Yawancin kamfanonin yaƙi na jama'a ne, watau suna fitar da haja da ake siyarwa akan musayar. Manyan bankuna da kamfanonin sarrafa kadari (misali, Vanguard, Titin Jiha, BlackRock) suna riƙe da yawa na wannan haja. Ana iya ganin waɗannan kamfanoni a matsayin masu hannun jarin hukumomi a saman masana'antar yaƙi.

Bankuna kuma suna ba da lamuni da layukan lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da ba da shawara kan haɗaka da saye.

Kamfani mai zaman kansa wani nau'in ƙungiyar kuɗi ne daban. Ya kunshi ’yan hamshakan masu hannu da shuni ne wadanda suka sayi kamfani, su gyara shi, sannan su yi kokarin sayar da shi don samun riba. Tabbatar da kai tsaye yana da komai a hannunsa tun daga kafafen yada labarai zuwa shagunan sayar da kayayyaki zuwa kamfanonin yaki zuwa asibitoci.

3. Zababbun jami'an akan kwamitocin ayyukan soja da leken asiri a majalisar dattijai da majalisa, da kwamitin harkokin waje a majalisar da kuma kwamitin hulda da kasashen waje a majalisar dattawa. Gabaɗaya, aikin ƴan siyasar jari hujja shine samar da yanayin da ƴan jari hujja ba ma'aikata suke cin riba ba.

Maimakon yin tsauraran matakan tsaro da ayyukan leƙen asiri, waɗannan zaɓaɓɓun jami'an sun yarda tallafin yakin neman zabe daga masana'antar yaki, daidaitawa da 'yan lobbyists, da wuce dokokin wanda ke ba da ikon yin aiki da makamai da wadatar da masana'antu.

Yawancin 'yan majalisa sune mai arziki sosai. Wasu ma suna cin riba daga yaƙi, kamar yadda aka rubuta sludge, business Insider, Da New York Times.

4. Manyan ma'aikata gudanar da ayyukan soji da na leken asiri.

Daidaikun mutane suna hawa ta hanyar yarda-ba su taɓa jin tsoro don magancewa, balle wargaza, rukunin masana'antu na soja-masana'antu. A Dan Majalisar California, misali, ya zama mai binciken fadar White House a cikin shekarun 1990s, sannan ya jagoranci CIA, sannan ya jagoranci Pentagon.

Manyan jami'an ofishin kuma sun hada da manyan hafsoshin sojan Amurka. Suna kula da yanayin yaƙi na dindindin lokacin da suke cikin uniform sannan su yi ritaya kuma suna samun kuɗi da yawa (misali, Mattis, Austin, Petraeus, Goldfein, Kuri'a) a ƙungiyoyin yaƙi, cibiyoyin kuɗi, ko kayan aikin kamfani (misali, tunani tankuna, kamfanonin lobbyingda 501 (c) ba riba).

Lokacin yanke hukunci

'Yan jari-hujja da 'yan siyasar da suke jagoranta - ta hanyar kamfen na ba da kuɗaɗe, faɗuwa, kera labarun shiga tsakani a tankunan tunani, da "ilmantar da mazabu” a ƙungiyoyin sa-kai — su ne suke yanke manyan yanke shawara a cikin al’umma.

Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan yanke shawara - abin da za a kashe kuɗi a matsayin ƙasa -amfanin masana'antar yaki. Kusan rabin abin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yanke na shekara-shekara kasafin kudin kashe kudi ne na soja. Kuma fiye da rabi na wancan kasafin kudin soja yana zuwa ga kamfanoni a cikin tsarin kwangilar kayayyaki da ayyuka. Kamfanonin yaki kuma sun mamaye da yawa daga cikin m nauyin aiki.

Shigar da sojojin Amurka da aka bayar alama ce ta dala a idanun masana'antu. Duk irin waɗannan shigarwar, ko suna cikin Amurka ko ƙasashen waje, hanyoyi ne waɗanda kamfanoni ke bin kayayyaki da sabis. Sojojin (soja, ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, jirgin sama, Marine, mai gadi) galibi ba abinci ba ne, kamar yadda ya faru a yakin duniya na farko. Su ne masu amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka na kamfani.

Aji yana da mahimmanci ga aikin soja. Biyan lamuni, taimakon koyarwa a cikin sabis, lissafin GI, da tsayayyen albashi da kiwon lafiya suna daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali da masu daukar aikin soja ke amfani da su don sa mutane su shiga. Haɓaka damar tattalin arzikin da ba na soja ba a Amurka na iya cutar da ɗaukar aikin soja, ainihin membobin Majalisa lokaci-lokaci bari zamewa. Kasuwanci don daukar aikin soja, da kuma faffadan kamfen don samun mutane su shiga soja, hukumomin talla ne suka tsara su (misali, GSD&M Idea City, Wunderman Thompson, Young & Rubicam, DDB Chicago), ba Pentagon ba. Ma’ana, sojoji suna kwangiloli da kamfanoni, don samar da faifan gani, da za su gamsar da talakawa da ma’aikata su shiga aikin soja, wanda masu mulki ke amfani da su a matsayin hanyar samun riba.

Dalibai sun cika aikin soja. An jibge su a jihar kuma an tura su kasashen waje. garrisoning duniya. Talakawa da ma'aikatan duniya a halin da ake ciki na ayyukan soji da na leken asirin Amurka, wadanda masu mulkin Amurka ke ba da umarni da kulawa, suna shan wahala matuka musamman ta fuskar tsaro. rayuka da aka rasa da lalata muhalli.

Katin Ayyuka

Shugabannin da ke kula da masana'antar Amurka suna sarrafa ayyukan yi (misali, Farashin RTX, Lockheed Martin), aika ayyuka zuwa ƙasashen waje (misali, Mexico, India) inda aiki ya fi arha, kuma akai-akai cut da shuffle ayyuka; masana'antar yaki suna aiki kadan kadan mutane a yau fiye da lokacin yakin cacar farko.

Duk da haka, ’yan jari hujja da ƙungiyoyin hulda da jama’a sun kware wajen buga katin “aiki” a lokacin da suke matsa lamba ko daidaitawa tare da zaɓaɓɓun jami’ai a matakin tarayya, jiha, da ƙananan hukumomi. Misali, a cikin shaida ga majalisar dokokin California game da yuwuwar karya harajin adadi 9 kowane, wakilai daga Lockheed Martin da Northrop Grumman sun jaddada cewa gina sabon masu jefa bom a California zai "ƙirƙiri ɗaruruwan ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi da kasuwanci ga ƙananan kamfanoni waɗanda ke ba da sassa," a cikin kalmomin LA Times.

Abubuwan magana ba su da kyau. "Mun himmatu wajen haɓaka tasirin tattalin arzikinmu ta hanyar faɗaɗa ayyukanmu… da kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a manyan ayyukan fasaha waɗanda ke tallafawa shirye-shiryen tsaron ƙasa masu mahimmanci," tabbatarwa mataimakin shugaban kamfani daya. "Wannan fadada [kayan aikin] zai kawo ɗaruruwan sabbin ayyuka zuwa yankin kuma ya haɓaka tushen samar da mu sosai," alwashi wani. "Kasuwancinmu yana da ƙwazo a kowane mataki, kuma shine babban ƙarfinmu da tushen dama," jihohin na uku.

Kudaden da gwamnatin tarayya ke kashewa kan wasu sassan tattalin arziki (misali, ababen more rayuwa, kiwon lafiya, makamashi mai dorewa, ilimin jama'a) yana haifar da ƙarin ayyukan yi fiye da kashe kuɗi akan kasafin soja.

Masanin tattalin arziki Heidi Peltier ya bayyana cewa, "Tsaftataccen makamashi yana haifar da kusan kashi goma cikin dari fiye da aikin soja, don irin wannan matakin na kashe kudi, yayin da kiwon lafiya ya haifar da kusan sau biyu fiye da ayyukan yi, kuma ilimi a matsakaici yana tallafawa kusan sau uku fiye da ayyukan soja, dala. da dollar"(pdf).

Yaƙi ba game da ayyuka ba ne. Yana da game da riba—ga masu mulki.

tashi

A cikin aiwatar da manufar yaƙin dindindin, masu mulki suna cutar da jama'a sau biyu:

1. Masu mulki ba sa fada da yake-yake. Yana riba. Talakawa da ma'aikata suna fama da yake-yake. Wasu suna mutuwa. Da yawa sun nakasa a jiki da/ko a hankali.
2. Dalar haraji na iya zuwa kiwon lafiya, kayayyakin more rayuwa, ilimi, ba da bashi, gidaje masu araha, da sauran shirye-shiryen da ke taimakawa jama'a. Maimakon haka, an jefa su cikin yaƙi.

Ƙarshen yanayin yaƙi na dindindin da warkarwa a matsayin al'umma yana buƙatar soke duk ƙa'idodin doka, farawa da ainihin doka: Dokar Tsaro ta Ƙasa ta 1947 da Dokar Harkokin Gudanar da Ma'aikata ta 1947. Tsohuwar ta samu gindin zama rukunin soja da masana’antu, ya kirkiro hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya, sannan ya kafa kwamitin tsaro na kasa, yayin da na baya-bayan nan ya haramta yawancin dabaru da dabaru da ma’aikata za su yi amfani da su wajen tsarawa da yaki da su.

Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli da suka ba kamfanoni gagarumin ikon siyasa shima dole ne a soke shi.

Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da tsarawa wani muhimmin bangare ne na canza halin da ake ciki.

Ajin masu mulki na tsoron hadin kan ma'aikata, domin hadin kan ma'aikata na iya amfani da lambobi masu inganci don ja da baya a kan tsarin tattalin arziki na cin riba fiye da mutane da aka sani da jari-hujja. Ƙwararren ma'aikacin haɗin gwiwa zai iya turawa haraji daloli nesa da kasuwancin yaƙi da zuwa shirye-shirye masu taimako (misali, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, agajin bala'i), har zuwa canzawa sana’ar yaki cikin masana’antun da a zahiri amfana bil'adama.

An ba da haɗin kai taro nau'i da kuma yanayi rikice-rikicen da muke rayuwa a ciki, yana da mahimmanci ma'aikata su haɗa kai a kan layin launin fata kuma su sami aiki. Kuma da wuri mafi kyau.

Christian Sorensen wani mai bincike ne da ya mayar da hankali kan kasuwancin yaki. Shi ne shugaban da ke kan gaba a kan hada-hadar sojoji da manyan ‘yan kasuwa. Tsohon Sojan Sama na Amurka, shine marubucin littafin Fahimtar Masana'antar Yaki (Clarity Press, 2020). Aikinsa yana samuwa a warindustrymuster.com. Sorensen babban ɗan'uwa ne a Eisenhower Media Network (EMN), ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun sojoji masu zaman kansu da ƙwararrun tsaron ƙasa waɗanda suka fahimci cewa manufofin ketare na Amurka ba sa sa su, ko duniya, mafi aminci.