By Pillars of Society / The Phoenix, Maris 16, 2023
DUBLIN (Maris 10, 2023) — Kwanan nan an wanke shi daga laifin lalata wani jirgin saman sojan ruwan Amurka a filin jirgin sama na Shannon shekaru shida da suka gabata, tsohon jami’in sojan, kwamandan Edward Horgan, mai shekaru 77, dole ne ya kasance daya daga cikin masu juriya (kuma mai ban tsoro). ) Masu fafutukar hana kafa gwamnati Ireland ta gani shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance a ciki da waje a kotunan Irish da Garda ya rike sel tsawon shekaru a yakin neman zaman lafiya kuma ya mayar da kayan ado na soja da na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da takardar shaidar aikin shugaban kasa don nuna rashin amincewa da shigar da gwamnati a yakin Iraki (idan aka ba da sojojin Amurka. wucewa zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hanyar Shannon).
Shi memba ne wanda ya kafa sansanin zaman lafiya na Shannon kuma babban memba na Allianceungiyar Aminci da Tsabtace. Kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucensa da ra'ayoyinsa - kamar yadda aka faɗa wa masu fafutukar zaman lafiya da masu kare tsaka tsaki na Irish - Horgan ya zama mafi tasiri, fuskar ɗan adam na motsin zaman lafiya a Ireland a cikin shekaru da yawa.
Horgan zai iya zama babban memba na ajin jami'in, watakila ma babban jami'in ma'aikata, idan ya buga wasan tare da manyan tagulla da ministocin da suka dace. Ya bayyana irin rawar da ya taka a fagen soja a matsayin nadin da aka yi masa a shekarar 1983 a matsayin jami’in kwamandan runduna ta daya.
A cikin 1985, Horgan ya zama babban malami a fagen yaki a makarantar Command and Staff, inda ya ce ya zama dole ya koyar da manyan kwamandojin soja dabarun soja a nan gaba bisa la’akari da litattafan sojojin Burtaniya da na Amurka, wanda “Na san kusan sun kusa. gaba ɗaya bai dace ba don kare ƙasa da jama'ar jamhuriyar Irish".
Kamar yadda Horgan ya ce: “Na kammala cewa Ireland ba ta da abin da za ta iya kāre yankinta ta hanyar soja ta al’ada kuma za a iya kāre ta, kamar yadda aka sami ’yancin kanmu, ta hanyar yaƙin tawaye.
"Muhawarar da ake yi ita ce, idan muna da tawagar jiragen yaki da kuma birged na tankokin yaki da sauran kayan aikin soja, za mu iya kare Ireland daga duk wani mai iya tada hankali. Saddam Hussein da Muammar Gaddafi za su gano cewa ɗaruruwa ko ma dubban tankunan da ba su da aiki da jiragen sama ba su da wani amfani a kan makaman NATO na yau da kullun. An shafe sojojinsu a kwanakin farko na hare-haren da Amurka/Nato suka jagoranta a kan kasashensu kuma an kashe sojojinsu da suka shiga aikin soja a cikin dubbansu.
"Algeria da Vietnam sun nuna nasarar da aka samu na madadin yakin neman zabe," in ji shi.
“Kwararan Kwalejin Soja namu sun shiga cikin wannan dambarwa ta hanyar wayo ta tsara duk wani atisayen soji kamar a koda yaushe sojojin da suka mamaye suna da karancin karfin soja fiye da yadda muke da su. Babu wani ikon soja mai hankali da zai mamaye wata ƙasa kamar Ireland ba tare da yin amfani da runduna masu kai hari kusan ninki uku na ƙarfin kare mu ba. Duk da haka, da yake muna da sojoji da ba su wuce 10,000 ba kuma ba mu da jirgin yaƙi ko tankunan yaƙi na zamani, mun keɓance maƙiyanmu na tunanin haka.
"Lokacin da na ba da shawarar a wurin atisaye cewa yakin da ake yi shi ne kawai zabi mai hankali, amma cewa wannan yana bukatar a tsara shi da kyau tun da wuri, an gaya mini cewa wannan ba tsarin soja ba ne ko manufofin gwamnati, kuma an gaya mini in koyar da koyarwar da aka amince da ita a hukumance.
“Bayan watanni shida a wannan nadin, na yanke shawarar cewa na samu isasshiyar aikin soja, don haka na yanke shawarar yin ritaya da wuri. Na ji daɗin hidimar soja na shekaru 22 da yawa kuma ban so in ƙara shekaru 20 na koyarwa ko kuma yin amfani da horon soja da na san ba daidai ba ne.”
Experiwarewar Duniya
Akwai wani abu mai mahimmanci game da wannan rashin jituwa tare da sojoji da kafa siyasa yayin da Horgan ya tsaya kan ra'ayoyi da ka'idodin kwarewar mulkin mallaka na Irish a kan sabbin jami'an 'zamani' da 'yan siyasa sun damu da kasancewa tare da manyan su na transatlantic.
A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa ko makamancin haka, Horgan ya yi aiki a babban jami'in tsaro da aminci a wurare kamar Aughinish Alumina a yammacin Limerick da Trinity College Dublin, kafin ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana aikin dimokaradiyya da sa ido kan zabe a cikin kasashe sama da 20.
Ya kuma shafe shekaru da dama yana mai da hankali kan harkokin siyasar kasa da kasa da bincike kan zaman lafiya, inda ya samu shaidar digiri fiye da daya kan irin wadannan batutuwan da suka shafi kwarewarsa a duniya, wanda a yanzu ya mayar da shi mai fafutukar neman zaman lafiya.
Yawancin irin waɗannan masu fafutuka suna nuna yarjejeniyoyin EU daban-daban tsakanin tsakiyar 1980s da ƙarshen zamani [shekaru goma daga 2000 zuwa 2009] a matsayin tsarin da ministocin Irish suka juya baya ga kyakkyawar manufar rashin daidaituwa da tsaka-tsaki wanda a da ya bambanta manufofin harkokin waje na Irish. Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun fara ne da Dokar Turai guda ɗaya ta 1987 kuma Yarjejeniyar Maastricht ta 1992, Yarjejeniyar Amsterdam ta 1998, Yarjejeniyar Nice ta 2002 da Yarjejeniyar Lisbon ta 2008 suka biyo baya. Da farko masu jefa ƙuri'a na Irish sun ƙi amincewa da na biyun na ƙarshe waɗanda daga baya suka amince da su biyo bayan tabbacin da EU ta yi cewa ba za a yi la'akari da tsaka-tsakin Irish da yarjejeniyoyin ba.
A cikin labarin Irish Times (IT) bayan da aka amince da Yarjejeniyar Lisbon a cikin kuri'a ta biyu a cikin 2008, Horgan ya rushe babban ra'ayi na D4 na tsaka-tsaki kamar yadda hack Peter Murtagh ya yi a kwanakin baya, wanda ya yi watsi da "insular… tsaka tsaki”.
A cikin salonsa mai sauƙi amma ingantacce kuma mafi gamsarwa, Horgan ya rubuta cewa: “A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2003, gwamnati ta kira matsayin tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar ayyana Ireland a matsayin kasa mai tsaka-tsaki, amma ta saba wa yarjejeniyar Hague ta barin sojojin Amurka su yi amfani da filin jirgin sama na Shannon don yakinta. a Iraki. Sharadi mai ma'ana na tsaka-tsaki shi ne cewa jihohi ba sa shiga kawancen soji, kamar NATO, ko sojojin EU idan irin wannan ya ci gaba."
Ya kuma rubuta: “Dole ne a samar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar lumana, ba yaƙi ba. A cikin yanayi na musamman, dole ne a aiwatar da zaman lafiya ta halaltacciyar hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba ta hanyar ’yan banga da suka nada kansu kamar Amurka, Burtaniya ko Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic ta Arewa (NATO) ba”.
Horgan ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi da abokansa suna goyon bayan wani aiki, tsaka tsaki mai kyau wanda ke nuna manufofin da suka gabata na Éamon de Valera da Frank Aiken, "masu goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya".
Anan kuma, Horgan yana nuna rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin dabi'un kin mulkin mallaka da suka bayyana a cikin gwamnatocin Fianna Fáil da wasu jam'iyyu a cikin shekaru 50 na farko na jihar da kuma sabon kafa wanda ke tunanin ko ta yaya ne dan duniya ya kasance cikin yakin yammacin duniya. inji.
Mafi ban sha'awa idan gardamar da ba ta hankali ba wacce ta ƙaddara kawai waɗanne ra'ayoyin game da tsaka-tsaki za su - ko ba za su kasance ba - ga masu karatu na Irish Times masu sassaucin ra'ayi ya zo da sauri. Horgan ya gano cewa, tun daga wannan labarin shekaru 15 da suka gabata (Agusta 2008), takardar bayanin ba ta sake buga wani labarin da mai fafutukar neman zaman lafiya ya gabatar mata ba. Kamar sauran - 'yan jamhuriyar arewa da kuma Eurosceptics musamman - irin waɗannan mutanen da aka yi la'akari a ƙarshe sun daina tsarawa da ƙaddamar da labaran da ke da layin Tara Street.
Shekara guda kafin wannan musayar, Horgan ya kai gwamnati gaban Kotun Koli, yana mai da'awar cewa sauƙaƙe tafiyar da sojojin Amurka da makamai zuwa Iraki, ta hanyar dakatar da shi a Shannon, ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki bisa dalilai guda biyu kuma ya kasance "raguwar cin zarafi ne daga gwamnatin Amurka. jiha, a matsayin jiha mai tsaka-tsaki, na ƙa'idodin al'ada na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma saboda haka ya sabawa tsarin mulki" (a ƙarƙashin dokar Irish).
ZIYARAR BUSH
Mai shari’a Nicky Kearns ta yi watsi da duk wasu dalilai uku na shari’ar Horgan amma, dangane da batun tsaka-tsaki da dokokin kasa da kasa, ya amince da cewa “kotu a shirye take ta tabbatar da cewa akwai wata ka’ida da za a iya gane ta na dokokin al’ada dangane da matsayin tsaka-tsaki, inda a karkashinsa. Kasa mai tsaka-tsaki ba za ta iya ba da izinin zirga-zirgar dakaru masu yawa ko alburusai na wata kasa mai fada da juna ta cikin yankinta a kan hanyar zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki da wata ba”.
Duk da haka, Kearns ya kammala: “Idan rikici ya taso, a kowane hali dole ne a bi dokokin gida.”
Shigowar Horgan na gaba ya fi ban mamaki kuma shi, tare da wasu masu fafutukar antwar guda biyu, sun haifar da hayaniya lokacin da suka shiga "yankin keɓewa" a cikin Shannon Estuary a cikin Yuni 2004, lokacin da shugaban Amurka na lokacin George W Bush ya ziyarci Ireland. An harba jiragen ruwa guda biyu daga LÉ Aoife yayin da wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ya zagaya sama yayin da sojojin jihar suka bi sahun jaruman uku da suka yi arangama da su a daren.
A kotun gundumar Ennis, alkali Joseph Mangan ya yi watsi da tuhumar da ake yi wa mutanen uku na kin bin umarnin barin yankin da aka ware. Alkalin ya kuma yi watsi da tuhumar shiga yankin da aka kebe ba tare da izini ba bayan ya ki amincewa da bukatar da jihar ta gabatar na gyara tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi wa mutanen uku.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, babban aikin Horgan na siyasa da zaman lafiya shi ne na marubucin wasiƙa ga jaridu kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga wasu a cikin labaran da duka biyun suka ba magoya bayansa makamai da kuma shawo kan wasu su rungumi wannan manufa. Rubuce-rubucensa a kan Falasdinu, Yemen, Siriya da sauran manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na yaki da kisan kiyashi irin su Ukraine misalai ne na littafi na lucid, ilimi da rarrashi siyasa. A matsayin aikinsa na yau da kullun, yana kuma kula da Cibiyar Kula da waɗanda suka tsira daga azaba a Dublin.
Sunayen Yara
Duk da haka, babban aikin Horgan a kwanakin nan shi ne yakin neman sunan yara, yunƙurin sanya sunayen yara da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu yakin Gulf na farko a 1991 zuwa yau.
Horgan ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da muka hada da kididdigar da ke nuna cewa yara kusan rabin miliyan ne suka mutu a sakamakon takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Amurka ta kakaba wa Iraki a shekarun 1990, mutum ya fara gane cewa jimillar yaran da suka mutu sakamakon waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe na iya kai miliyan ɗaya.” (Kididdigar Iraki kididdigar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce).
Horgan ya yi mafi yawan wannan kamfen lokacin da aka gurfanar da shi a gaban Kotun Laifukan Da’irar Dublin a watan Janairu, tare da Dan Dowling, kan zargin yin kutse a filin jirgin sama na Shannon da kuma yin lahani ga wani jirgin ruwan sojan ruwa na Amurka (ya rubuta “Haɗari, haɗari, kar ku tashi”) a cikin jirgin). Horgan ya gabatar da babban fayil ga gardawan da aka kama tare da sunayen yara har 1,000 da suka mutu a Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Ya dauki lokaci mai yawa yana bayyana wa alkalan kotun da kuma alkali mai lura da hankali Martina Baxter cewa manufarsa kawai ita ce "gwada da rage yawan mutanen da ake kashewa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman yara. Don haka ne kuma na yi imanin cewa na sami uzuri na halal.”
Horgan ya kara da cewa dalilinsa na "reshen" na shiga filin jirgin shine don nuna rashin adalcin da gwamnati ta yi a Shannon da " gazawar gardai, karkashin umarnin gwamnati, ina tsammanin, don bincika jiragen".
Yunkurin da mai gabatar da kara na jihar, Barista Jane McCudden, ya yi na fentin Horgan a matsayin wani matsananci mai tayar da hankali na siyasa mai yiwuwa ba shi ne mafi kyawun dabara ba yayin da ya kawar da irin wannan zargi cikin sauki.
Alkalin kotun bai dau lokaci mai tsawo ba ya wanke mutanen biyu daga laifukan da suka aikata, amma ana kyautata zaton sun ji tilas a yanke musu hukunci kan laifin da ake tuhumarsu da shi, inda alkali Baxter ya umarci kowannensu ya biya Yuro 5,000 ga wata mafakar mata da ke Clare. Da take yanke hukuncin, ta kuma bayyana mutanen biyu a matsayin “bayyani na kwarai, natsuwa da mutunci” a kowane mataki yayin shari’ar. “Ku mutane ne masu ɗaukaka; kun kasance cikin ladabi da mutunci a ko'ina," in ji alkali Baxter.
Tsohuwar fara'a da wayewar Horgan, kamar yadda alkali da sauransu suka gane, wani yanki ne kawai na kayan masarufi, wanda a kasan yana da fayyace, ingantaccen nazari akan siyasar duniya da yakin basasa da kuma ikon bayyana shi a takaice a cikin mahallin Irish. .
Haɗin gwiwar EU da NATO
Ba a taɓa buƙatar irin wannan bincike ba kamar yadda 'masu jahohinmu' - Micheál Martin, Leo Varadkar har ma da shugaban jam'iyyar Green Party Eamon Ryan - suka fara zama kamar shugabannin Turai yayin da ake tunkarar Babban Yaƙin a 1914, wani mahaukacin gudu wanda har ma ya jawo. abin da ake kira yanzu jam'iyyu da shugabannin dimokuradiyyar zamantakewar Turai; duk banda James Connolly na Ireland.
Wani ci gaba na musamman a wannan shekara - ko dai ba a lura da shi ba ko kuma da gangan kafofin watsa labarai da siyasa suka yi watsi da su - shi ne sanarwar hadin gwiwa kan hadin gwiwar EU da NATO, wanda aka gabatar a tsakiyar watan Janairu. Ya yi magana game da "darajar dabi'u" na EU / NATO da kuma babbar barazana ga tsaro na Yuro-Atlantic da ke haifar da ta'addancin Rasha a Ukraine, kafin ya yi gargadin "girma gasar gasa" da "tabbatar da Sin ta yi".
Har ila yau, ta jaddada bukatar hadin kan EU da NATO. Amma ainihin sakon da ke cikin bayanin mai maki 14 ya zo a lamba ta takwas, wanda ya ce: “NATO ta kasance ginshikin tsaro na gama-gari ga kawayenta da ke da muhimmanci ga tsaron yankin Yuro Atlantika. Mun fahimci ƙimar kariyar tsaro ta Turai mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi wacce ke ba da gudummawa mai kyau ga tsaro na duniya da na tekun Atlantika kuma yana dacewa da haɗin gwiwa tare da NATO. "
Wannan wata bayyananniyar sanarwa ce ta EU cewa, yayin da shirye-shiryenta na aikin soja na kungiyar ke ci gaba da aiki a cikin jirgin kasa, NATO ce ta kira harbe-harbe a cikin kawancen kasashen yammacin Turai daga yanzu kuma tana shirin samar da sojojin EU da za su kasance masu zaman kansu da ma kansu. A yanzu an gane abokin hamayyar NATO a matsayin mafarkin bututu.
Horgan yana sane da irin wannan ci gaba - sakamakon mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine da tsoma bakin NATO tun da farko. Ana sa ran jin ta bakin Horgan kan wannan batu nan gaba kadan. A halin da ake ciki, jarumin mai fafutukar fafutuka ya sake kasancewa a wannan karshen mako tare da wasika zuwa Sunday Independent. A ciki, ya kai hari kan Micheál Martin saboda keta tsaka-tsakin Irish a matsayin minista a gwamnatocin da suka gabata da kuma a cikin majalisar ministocin da ta amince da tura jami'an tsaro don horar da sojojin Ukraine.
