Impi Yezwe Yesibili Akuyona Impi Yobulungisa

NguDavid Swanson

Ichazwe kusukela encwadini ekhishwe nje Impi Akukaze Imane.

Impi Yesibili Yomhlaba ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "impi enhle," futhi ibilokhu ikhona kusukela empini yase-US eVietnam eyaqhathaniswa nayo ngaleso sikhathi. IMpi Yezwe II ibusa kakhulu e-US ngakho-ke ukuzijabulisa nemfundo yaseNtshonalanga, ukuthi "okuhle" kuvame ukusho okungaphezu kokuthi "ukulunga." Owine umncintiswano wonobuhle “kaMiss Italy” ekuqaleni konyaka wazifaka esimeni sokuhlambalaza ngokumemezela ukuthi ubengathanda ukuphila phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngenkathi ehlekwa usulu, kusobala ukuthi wayengeyedwa. Abaningi bangathanda ukuba yingxenye yento evezwe kabanzi njengehloniphekile, eyiqhawe, nejabulisayo. Uma kungukuthi bathola umshini wesikhathi, ngincoma ukuthi bafunde izitatimende zabathile abangama-WWII nabasindile ngaphambi kokuba babuyele ukujoyina ubumnandi.[i] Ngenhloso yale ncwadi, noma kunjalo, ngizobuka kuphela isimangalo sokuthi i-WWII ilungile ngokuziphatha.

Akunandaba noma ngabe umuntu ubhala izincwadi iminyaka emingaki, enza izingxoxo, ashicilele amakholomu, futhi akhulume emicimbini, kusalokhu kungenakwenzeka ukukwenza kube ngumnyango womcimbi e-United States lapho ukhuthaze khona ukuqedwa kwempi ngaphandle kokuthi umuntu akufake umbuzo wokuthi-mayelana-nokuhle-kwempi. Le nkolelo yokuthi kube nempi enhle eminyakeni engama-75 eyedlule yingxenye enkulu yalokho okwenza umphakathi wase-US ubekezelele ukulahla ama-trillion amadola ngonyaka ukulungiselela uma kungenzeka kube nempi enhle ngonyaka ozayo,[Ii] ngisho naphezu kwezimpi eziningi kakhulu phakathi neminyaka eyi-70 edlule lapho kunokuvumelana okujwayelekile ukuthi bezingalungile. Ngaphandle kwezinsumansumane ezicebile, ezimile mayelana neMpi Yezwe II, inkulumo-ze yamanje mayelana neRussia noma iSyria noma i-Iraq noma iChina izwakala njengehlanya kubantu abaningi njengoba kuzwakala kimi. Futhi-ke imali ekhishwe yinganekwane yempi enhle iholela ezimpini ezimbi kakhulu, kunokuba zivimbele. Ngibhale ngalesi sihloko isikhathi eside kakhulu kuma-athikili amaningi nasezincwadini, ikakhulukazi Impi Ngamanga.[Iii] Kepha ngizonikeza lapha amaphuzu ambalwa abalulekile okufanele okungenani abeke izimbewu ezimbalwa zokungabaza ezingqondweni zabasekeli abaningi baseMelika beWWII njengeMpi Efanele.

UMark Allman noTobias Winright, ababhali be- “Just War” okukhulunywe ngabo ezahlukweni ezedlule, abaqhamuki kakhulu ngohlu lwabo lwe-Just Wars, kepha bayakhuluma ngokudlulisa izinto eziningi ezingenabulungisa zeqhaza laseMelika kwiWWII, kubandakanya nemizamo ye-US ne-UK sula inani labantu emadolobheni aseJalimane[Iv] futhi ukuphikelela kokuzinikela okungekho emthethweni.[V] Kodwa-ke, baphakamisa ukuthi bakholwe ukuthi le mpi yayingenele, iqhutshwa ngokungalungile, futhi ilandelwa ngokunembile ngokusebenzisa iMarshall Plan, njll.[vi] Angiqiniseki ukuthi iqhaza laseJalimane njengamasosha amaningi ase-US, izikhali, neziteshi zokuxhumana, futhi njengomhlanganyeli ezimpini ezingekho emthethweni zase-US kule minyaka edlule kufakiwe ekubaleni.

Nakhu engicabanga ukuthi njengezizathu eziphezulu eziyi-12 zokuthi iMpi Enhle ibingeyinhle / ingalungile.

1. Impi Yezwe II ayengenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweMpi Yezwe I, ngaphandle kokungazibuwula kokuqala iMpi Yezwe I kanye nendlela yokuqeda ukulwa neMpi Yezwe I eyabangela abantu abaningi abahlakaniphile ukuba babikezele iMpi Yezwe II endaweni, noma ngaphandle kwezimali zikaWall Street yeJalimane yamaNazi amashumi eminyaka (njengenqunyiwe kumakominisi), noma ngaphandle kohlanga lwempi nezinqumo eziningi ezimbi ezingadingeki ziphindwe esikhathini esizayo.

2. Uhulumeni wase-US akazange ahlaselwe ngokuhlaselwa okungalindelekile. UMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wayethembise buthule uChurchill ukuthi i-United States izosebenza kanzima ukuvusa iJapan ekutheni ihlasele. I-FDR yazi ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kuyeza, futhi ekuqaleni yabhala isimemezelo sempi yokulwa neJalimane neJapane kusihlwa ePearl Harbor. Ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour, i-FDR yayakhe izisekelo e-US nezilwandle eziningi, zathengisa izikhali eBrits ngezisekelo, zaqala okusalungiswa, zakha uhlu lwabo bonke abantu baseJapan baseMelika ezweni, zanikeza izindiza, abaqeqeshi nabashayeli bezindiza eChina , yafaka unswinyo olunzima eJapan, futhi yazisa amasosha ase-US ukuthi impi neJapan iyaqala. Utshele abeluleki bakhe abaphezulu ukuthi ulindele ukuhlaselwa ngoDisemba 1, okuyizinsuku eziyisithupha zokuphumula. Nakhu okungena kudayari kaNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson kulandela umhlangano owawungoNovemba 25, 1941, eWhite House: “UMongameli wathi amaJapane ayedume ngokuhlasela ngaphandle kwesixwayiso futhi wathi singahlaselwa, isibonelo ngoMsombuluko ozayo. ”

3. Impi yayingesiyo inzuzo futhi ayizange idayiswe ngaleyo ndlela kuze kube yilapho iphelile. Kwakungekho poster ekucela ukuba usize Uncle Sam londoloza amaJuda. Umkhumbi wababaleki bamaJuda abavela eJalimane waxoshwa eMiami yi-Guard Guard. I-US kanye nezinye izizwe zenqaba ukwamukela ababaleki abangamaJuda, futhi iningi labantu base-US basekela leso sikhundla. Amaqembu okuthula aphikisana noNdunankulu uWinston Churchill kanye nobhala wakhe wangaphandle mayelana nokuthumela amaJuda avela eJalimane ukuze abasindise batshelwa ukuthi, ngenkathi uHitler engase avumelane kakhulu necebo, kungaba yinkathazo enkulu futhi kudinga imikhumbi eminingi kakhulu. I-US ayizange ibe nomzamo wokubambisana noma wezempi ukusindisa izisulu emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi. U-Anne Frank wenqatshelwe i-visa yase-US. Nakuba leli phuzu lingahambisani nendaba ecacile yesazi-mlando se-WWII njenge-War Just, iyinhloko emlandweni we-US ukuthi ngizofaka lapha ivesi elibalulekile elivela eNicholson Baker:

"U-Anthony Eden, unobhala waseBrithani wangaphandle, owayesebenziwe yiChurchill ngokuphatha imibuzo mayelana nababaleki, wabhekana nomuntu oyedwa wezithunywa ezibalulekile, wathi noma yikuphi ukuzamazama kokuthola amaJuda avela eHitler kwakungenakwenzeka. Lapho ehamba eya e-United States, i-Edene yabika ngokuqondile uCordell Hull, unobhala wezwe, ukuthi ubunzima obunzima ngokubuza uHitler kumaJuda ukuthi "uHitler angase asithathele noma yimuphi umnikelo onjalo, futhi akukhona nje imikhumbi eyanele kanye nezindlela zokuhamba emhlabeni ukuzobhekana nazo. ' UChurchill wavuma. Ephendula impendulo eyodwa, wathi: 'Ngisho noma singayithola imvume yokuhoxisa wonke amaJuda,' ukuthutha yedwa kuveza inkinga ezoba nzima ukuxazululwa. ' Ukuthunyelwa nokuthutha okwanele? Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, abaseBrithani babebalekele cishe amadoda angama-340,000 emabhishi aseDunkirk ngezinsuku ezingu-9 kuphela. I-US Air Force inezinkulungwane eziningi zezindiza ezintsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngisho ne-armistice emfushane, ama-Allies angabaleka ngendiza futhi athumele ababaleki ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu emkhakheni waseJalimane. "[vii]

Mhlawumbe kuya embuzweni othi "Inhloso Efanele" ukuthi uhlangothi "oluhle" lwempi aluzange lunikeze ithuba lokuthi yini engaba yisibonelo esiyinhloko sobubi bohlangothi "olubi" lwempi.

4. Impi yayingavikeleki. I-FDR yaqamba amanga ukuthi inebalazwe lamacebo amaNazi wokudweba iNingizimu Melika, ukuthi wayenomgomo wamaNazi wokuqeda inkolo, ukuthi imikhumbi yase-US (ngokusiza ngokuqondile amabutho aseBrithani empini) yahlaselwa amaNazi ngokungenacala, ukuthi iJalimane yayisongela i-United States.[viii] Icala lingenziwa ukuthi i-US idingekile ukungena empini eYurophu ukuvikela ezinye izizwe, ezazingenelela ukuvikela ezinye izizwe, kodwa icala lingenziwa ukuthi i-US ikhulise ukubhekwa kwezizwe, yandisa impi, futhi okwenze umonakalo omkhulu kunalokho okwakwenzekile, ngabe i-US ayenzanga lutho, azama ukudibanisa, noma utshalwa imali yokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukumangalela ukuthi umbuso wamaNazi wawungakhula ngelinye ilanga kufaka ukuthi umsebenzi wase-United States ulandelwa kakhulu futhi awukhombiswa yiziphi izibonelo zangaphambili noma ezilandelayo ezivela kwezinye izimpi.

5. Manje sisazi kabanzi kakhulu futhi ngemininingwane eyengeziwe ukuthi ukumelana nokungapheli komsebenzi nokungabi nabulungisa kungase kube nokuphumelela-futhi leyo mpumelelo kungenzeka ukuthi ihlale-kunokumelana nokuhlukumezeka. Ngalolu lwazi, singabheka emuva emiphakathini emangalisayo yezenzo ezingezona ukuphikisana namaNazi awakungakhethi kahle noma akhiwe ngaphesheya kwempumelelo yawo yokuqala.[ix]

6. Impi Enhle ibingawalungele amasosha. Njengoba ayentula ukuqeqeshwa kwanamuhla nesimo sengqondo esihle sokulungiselela amasosha ukuba ahlanganyele esenzweni esingokwemvelo sokubulala, amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 ama-US namanye amabutho eMpini Yezwe II awazange azidubule “izitha” zawo.[X] Ukuthi ama-veterans we-WWII aphathwe kangcono ngemva kwempi kunamanye amasosha ngaphambi noma kusukela, kwaba umphumela wenkinga eyenziwe iBusus Army ngemuva kwempi yangaphambilini. Lawo maqhawe athole ikholeji yamahhala, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nempesheni kwakungeyona ngenxa yemfanelo yempi noma ngenye indlela umphumela wempi. Ngaphandle kwempi, wonke umuntu wayenganikwa ikholeji yamahhala iminyaka eminingi. Uma sinikeze bonke abantu namuhla ikholeji yamahhala, kuzodinga okungaphezu kwezingxoxo zeHollywoodized World War II ukuze bathole abantu abaningi eziteshini zokuqasha ezempi.

7. Izikhathi eziningana inani labantu ababulawa emakamu aseJalimane babulawa ngaphandle kwabo empini. Abaningi balabo bantu babeyizizwe. Isilinganiso sokubulala, ukulimaza, nokubhubhisa senze i-WWII ibe yinto ebaluleke kunazo zonke abantu abaye bazenzele yona ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngicabanga ukuthi labo ababambisana nabo "baphikisana" nokubulawa okuncane kakhulu emakamu. Kodwa lokho akunakulungiselela ukwelashwa okwakungaphezu kwesifo.

8. Ukwandisa impi ukufaka ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwabantu kanye namadolobha, okufika ekugcineni kwamadolobhana okungenakunqotshwa kwamanye amazwe kuthatha iWWII ngaphandle kwemiklamo evikelekile yabaningi abaye bavikela ukuqala kwayo-futhi kufanelekile. Ukufuna ukuzinikela okungekho emthethweni futhi ukufuna ukwandisa ukufa nokuhlupheka kwenza umonakalo omkhulu futhi washiya ifa elibi futhi elihle.

9. Ukubulala inani elikhulu labantu kuthiwa kuvikelwa ohlangothini "oluhle" empini, kepha hhayi ohlangothini "olubi". Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili awukaze uqhamuke njengokucabanga. Izwe laseMelika belinomlando omude njengombuso wobandlululo. Amasiko ase-US okucindezela abantu base-Afrika baseMelika, ukuqeda ukuqothulwa kwabantu baseMelika baseMelika, futhi manje abaseMelika baseJapan asebephambene nakho kwaveza izinhlelo ezithile ezazikhuthaza amaNazi aseJalimane — lokhu kwakuhlanganisa amakamu amaMelika Omdabu, kanye nezinhlelo zama-eugenics nokuhlolwa kwabantu okwakukhona ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, futhi emva kwempi. Olunye lwalezi zinhlelo lubandakanya ukunika ugcunsula kubantu baseGuatemala ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuqulwa kwecala laseNuremberg.[xi] Isosha lase-US laqasha amaNazi aphezulu ekupheleni kwempi; zivumelane ngqo.[xii] I-US ihlose umbuso wezwe obanzi, ngaphambi kwempi, phakathi nayo, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. AmaNazi aseJalimane namuhla, enqatshelwe ukuzulazula ifulegi lamaNazi, ngezinye izikhathi avule ifulege ye-Confederate States of America esikhundleni salokho.

10. Uhlangothi "oluhle" "lwempi enhle," iqembu elenza ukubulala okukhulu futhi lifela uhlangothi olunqobile, kwakuyiSoviet Union yamakhomanisi. Lokho akwenzi impi inqobe ubukhomanisi, kepha kungcolisa izindaba zaseWashington nezaseHollywood zokunqoba “kwentando yeningi.”[xiii]

11. Impi Yesibili Yomhlaba ayikapheli. Abantu abajwayelekile e-United States babengenayo imali yabo yentela kuze kube yiMpi Yezwe II futhi lokho akukaze kumiswe. Kwakufanele kube okwesikhashana.[xiv] Izisekelo ezise-WWII-era ezakhiwe emhlabeni jikelele azikaze zivaliwe. Amabutho ase-US awazange ashiye eJalimane noma eJapane.[xv] Kukhona okungaphezu kwe-100,000 US neBrithani amabhomu asele ehlabathini eJalimane, abulala.[xvi]

12. Ukubuyela emuva eminyakeni engu-75 ezweni elingenakhokliya, elingama-colonial of structures, imithetho, kanye nemikhuba ehluke ngokuphelele ukuze kulungiswe ukuthi yikuphi okuye kwaba yizindleko ezinkulu kakhulu e-United States eminyakeni ngayinye kusukela kuyisenzo esiyinqaba sokuzikhohlisa okungukuthi ' t uzame ukulungiswa kwanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elincane. Ngicabanga ukuthi nginezinombolo ze-1 nge-11 ezingalungile ngokuphelele, futhi usadingeka ukuthi uchaze ukuthi umcimbi ovela kuma-1940 okuqala uvumela kanjani ukulahla amaRandi ayi-trillion angu-2017 empini yempi okungenzeka isetshenziselwe ukondla, ukugqoka, ukwelashwa nokuhlala izigidi zabantu, nokuvikela imvelo emhlabeni.

AMANOTHI

[i] Izikole zaseTelkel, Impi Ehle: Umlando Wezwi Elimlomo WeMpi Yezwe II (I-New Press: i-1997).

[Ii] Chris Hellman, TomDispatch, "$ 1.2 Trillion Yezokuphepha Kwezwe," Mashi 1, 2011, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175361

[Iii] UDavid Swanson, Impi Ngamanga, Edition Second (Charlottesville: Izincwadi Zomhlaba Nje, 2016).

[Iv] UMark J. Allman noTobias L.Winright, Ngemuva kwe-Clears Clears: I-Just War Tradition ne-Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2010) p. I-46.

[V] UMark J. Allman noTobias L.Winright, Ngemuva kwe-Clears Clears: I-Just War Tradition ne-Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2010) p. I-14.

[vi] UMark J. Allman noTobias L.Winright, Ngemuva kwe-Clears Clears: I-Just War Tradition ne-Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2010) p. I-97.

[vii] Impi engasekho: Emakhulu Eminyaka Eminyaka Yama-American Antiwar Nokubhala Ukuthula, ehlelwe nguLawrence Rosendwald.

[viii] UDavid Swanson, Impi Ngamanga, Edition Second (Charlottesville: Izincwadi Zomhlaba Nje, 2016).

[ix] Ibhuku nefilimu: Amandla Angaphezu Kakhulu, http://aforcemorepowerful.org

[X] UDave Grossman, Ekubulaweni: Izindleko Zengqondo Zokufunda Ukubulala Empi naseNhlanganweni (I-Back Bay Books: i-1996).

[xi] UDonald G. McNeil Jr., I-New York Times, "US Apologizes for Testing Syphilis eGuatemala," Okthoba 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/health/research/02infect.html

[xii] U-Annie Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip: Uhlelo Lwemfihlo Yobunhloli olwenza abaSazi BamaNazi eMelika (Little, Brown kanye neNkampani, i-2014).

[xiii] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando we-Untold we-United States (Amabhuku Egalari, i-2013).

[xiv] USteven A. Bank, uKirk J. Stark, noJoseph J. Thorndike, Impi Nemali (I-Urban Institute Press, i-2008).

[xv] RootsAction.org, "Suka Emgodini weNewstop. Vala i-Ramstein Air Base, "http://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12254

[xvi] UDavid Swanson, "I-United States Ivele Ihlaselwe Ibhomu EJalimane," http://davidswanson.org/node/5134