Ukuthula Komhlaba Ngomthetho: Ukuguqula Impi Ngomthetho Wezomhlaba Wonke

nguJames Taylor Ranney

Lesi sihloko sichaza incwadi entsha kaJames Ranney, Ukuthula Komhlaba Ngomthetho. Thenga le ncwadi lapha¹

Kufanele sigcine impi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyayibona noma cha, indlela yokugwema impi yenuzi yinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ebhekene nesintu. Njengoba uHG Wells ethi: "Uma singapheli impi, impi izosiqeda." Noma, njengoba uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ethi: "Abantu kufanele baqede impi ngaphambi kokuba impi iqede isintu."    

Sibonakala singacabangi ngokusebenzisa impendulo yalezi zitatimende ezingenhla. Ngokuba uma lesi siphakamiso esingenhla is kuyiqiniso, kulandela ukuthi sidinga ukuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela zokulwa. Futhi kukhona i-crux elula yesiphakamiso sethu: izindlela eziningi zokuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke-uhlelo lwesigaba esinezinhlelo eziphelele zokuxoxisana, ukukhulumisana, ukuphikisana nokugwetshwa.

Umlando womqondo. Lokhu akuwona umqondo omusha, futhi awuwona umqondo omkhulu. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva ku (1) isazi sefilosofi esaziwayo saseBrithani uJeremy Bentham, o-1789 wakhe Hlela ukuthula okuPhezulu nokuPhakade, Abanye abavelele abavelele bahlanganisa: (2) uMengameli uTheodore Roosevelt, okhulumela inkulumo yakhe yokwamukelwa kwe-1910 uNobel Peace Prize engakapheli isikhathi eside, wahlongoza ukuxazululwa kwamanye amazwe, inkantolo yomhlaba wonke, futhi "uhlobo oluthile lwamandla omhlaba omhlaba" ukuphoqa izinqumo zenkantolo; (3) uMengameli uWilliam Howard Taft, owabeka inkantolo "yinkantolo yokubambisana" kanye namaphoyisa omhlaba wonke ukuba acindezele indlela yokubambisana nokugwetshwa; kanye no-4 uMongameli uDwight David Eisenhower, owakhuthaza ukudalwa kweNkantolo YezobuLungiswa eMhlabeni wonke ngokulawula okuphoqelekile kanye nokunye "kwamandla omhlaba wonke ahlonishwayo futhi aqinile ngokwanele ukuze athole inhlonipho yonke." Ekugcineni, kulokhu, U-Eisenhower noKennedy, "Isitatimende Esihlanganisiwe Semithetho Evunyelweneyo Yokuxoxisana Ngezikhali" saxoxwa ngezinyanga eziningana ngummeli waseMelika uJohn J. McCloy no-Valerian Zorin. Lesi Sivumelwano saseMcCloy-Zorin, esadluliselwa yi-UN General Assembly ngoDisemba 20, i-1961 kodwa hhayi ekugcineni eyamukelwa, kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakhiwe "izinqubo ezinokwethenjelwa zokuxazululwa kokuthula" kanye nombutho wamazwe omhlaba owawuzoba nesizwe sawo wonke amazwe- ibutho lempi elisebenzisekayo.  

Ukuthula Komhlaba Ngomthetho (WPTL) kufingqiwe. Umqondo oyisisekelo, okuncane kakhulu kuneSivumelwano SakwaMcCloy-Zorin, unezingxenye ezintathu: i-1) ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi (ngokunciphisa okuhlangene emandleni ajwayelekile); 2) izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke; kanye ne-3) izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuphoqelela, kusukela emandleni omphakathi womhlaba wonke amandla okuthula emhlabeni jikelele.

1. Ukuqedwa: kuyadingeka futhi kuyenzeka: Sekuyisikhathi Sokuqeda Amandla Wezikhali Zase-Nuclear Weapons. Kusukela kusukela ngoJanuwari 4, umhleli we-2007 Wall Street Journal yi-"former realism" uHenry Kissinger (owayenguNobhala Wezwe), uSenator Sam Nunn, uWilliam Perry (owayenguNobhala Wezokuvikela) noGeorge Shultz (owayenguNobhala Wezwe), imibono yabantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke sekufinyelele ekuvumelaneni ngokuvamile ukuthi izikhali zenuzi ziyingozi futhi eseduze nabo bonke abanakho nakwezwe lonke.² Njengoba uRonald Reagan ayevame ukutshela uGeorge Shultz: "Kwenzekani kakhulu ngezwe elingagxila emaminithini e-30?"³ Ngakho-ke, konke esikudingayo manje kuyisimo sokugcina sokuguqula ukusekelwa komphakathi esivele kubanzi ukuqeda⁴ zibe izinyathelo ezithintekayo. Nakuba i-United States yinkinga, uma i-United States neRussia neChina bevumelana nokuqeda, bonke abanye (ngisho no-Israyeli neFrance) bayolandela.
2. Izindlela Zokuxazulula Izingxabano Zomhlaba Wonke: I-WPTL izobe isungula uhlelo olunezinxenye ezine zokuxoxisana okuphoqelelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke, ukuxoxisana okuphoqelekile, ukuphikisana okuphoqelekile, nokugwetshwa okuphoqelekile-kwanoma yikuphi ukuphikisana phakathi kwamazwe. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho kwamakhotho asekhaya, mayelana ne-90% yazo zonke "amacala" azoxazululwa ekuxoxisaneni nasekuxolelaneni, kanti elinye i-90% lihlezi ngemuva kokubambisana, lashiya isisele esincane sokugwetshwa okuphoqelekile. Ukuphikisana okukhulu okukhulunywe phezu kweminyaka (ikakhulukazi yi-neo-cons) ekugunyazeni okuphoqelekile eNkantolo Yobulungisa Yomhlaba Wonke bekulokhu ukuthi amaSoviet akasoze avuma. Iqiniso liwukuthi amaSoviet ngaphansi kukaMikhail Gorbachev wenza vumelana nayo, kuqala ku-1987.
3. Izinqubo zomthetho jikelele: Abafundi abaningi bezomthetho emhlabeni wonke baye babonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-95% yamacala, amandla nje omphakathi womphakathi asebenza kahle ekuqinisekiseni ukuhambisana nezinqumo zenkantolo yamazwe omhlaba. Inkinga evumelekile ukuthi yiyona indima i-international peace force engase ikwazi ukuyenza ekuqiniseni, inkinga nganoma yikuphi ukuphoqelela lokho kube amandla okuvotela eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha we-UN. Kodwa izixazululo ezihlukahlukene ezikhona kule nkinga zingenziwa (isb. Uhlelo oluhlangene lokuvotela / oluningi kakhulu), ngendlela efanayo noMthetho WaseLwandle LwaseLwandle owenzela amacala okugwetshwa okungahambisani ne-V-5 veto.  

Isiphetho. I-WPTL yisiphakamiso esiphakathi komgwaqo esingesi "kancane kakhulu" (isu lethu lamanje lokuthi "ukuphepha okuhlanganyelwe") noma "kakhulu" (uhulumeni womhlaba noma i-world federalism noma i-pacifism). Umqondo oye wawunakekelwa ngokungalindelekile eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule⁵ okuyinto okufanele ihlolwe kabusha izikhulu zikahulumeni, i-academia, kanye nomphakathi jikelele.  

AMANOTHI:

1. Sicela uthumele i-imeyili kumbhali ku-jamestranney@post.harvard.edu ukuthola iflaya lesaphulelo le-PDF lama-20%. Kusuka ezibuyekezweni: "ukuzibandakanya, okujabulisayo, nokujabulisayo," "kucace ngokusobala, kufinyeleleka futhi kuqinile," futhi "kuzokhuthaza ababonayo futhi kuguqulwe abagxeki").
2. Phakathi kwamakhulu ezisebenzi zamasosha kanye nezikhulu zombuso eziphume zifuna ukuqedwa: U-Admiral Noel Gaylor, u-Admiral Eugene Carroll, uGeneral Lee Butler, uGeneral Andrew Goodpaster, uGeneral Charles Horner, uGeorge Kennan, uMelvin Laird, uRobert McNamara, uColin Powell, no UGeorge HW Bush. Cf. UPhilip Taubman, The Partners: Five Cold Warriors kanye ne-Quest yabo Yokuvimbela Ibhomu, ngo-12 (2012). Njengoba uJoseph Cirincione esanda kuqeda, ukuqedwa ngumbono othandwayo “yonke indawo… ngaphandle kwaseDC” engqungqutheleni yethu.
3. Ukuxoxisana noSusan Schendel, umsizi kuGeorge Shultz (May 8, 2011) (ehambisa lokho uGeorge Shultz akushilo).
4. Amapholi akhombisa cishe i-80% yomphakathi waseMelika othanda ukuqedwa. Bheka http://www.icanw.org/polls.
5. Bheka uJohn E. Noyes, “William Howard Taft kanye neTaft Arbitration Treaties,” 56 Vill. L. Rev. 535, 552 (2011) (“umbono wokuthi ukulamulana kwamazwe omhlaba noma inkantolo yamazwe omhlaba ingaqinisekisa ukuxazululwa ngokuthula kwezingxabano phakathi kwamazwe ayizimbangi usunyamalele kakhulu.”) NoMark Mazower, Ophethe Umhlaba: The History of an Idea , ngo-83-93 (2012) (isiphakamiso sokulamula samazwe omhlaba "sihlale emthunzini" ngemuva komsebenzi omningi ngasekupheleni kwe-19th nokuqala kwe-20th amakhulu eminyaka).