Uhlelo Lokuthula Oselukhohlwe Kade Lomongameli Abahlanu BaseMelika
nguProf. James T. Ranney (ukuze uthole izinguqulo ezigcwele, i-imeyili: jamestranney@post.harvard.edu).
Kufanele sigcine impi. Indlela yokugwema impi yenuzi yindaba ebaluleke kakhulu ebhekene nesintu. Njengoba uHG Wells akubeka (1935): “Uma singayiqedi impi, impi izosiqeda.” Noma, njengoba uMongameli uRonald Reagan kanye noNobhala-Jikelele weSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev basho esitatimendeni sabo esihlanganyelwe eNgqungqutheleni yaseGeneva yango-1985: “impi yenuzi ayinakunqotshwa, futhi akumelwe neze ilwe.”
Kodwa ngokusobala asikacabangi ngemiphumela egcwele yalesi sitatimende esingenhla. Ngokuba uma isiphakamiso esingenhla is kuyiqiniso, kulandela ukuthi sidinga ukuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela zokulwa. Futhi lapho kulele umnyombo olula wesiphakamiso sethu: izindlela ezihlukile zomhlaba zokuxazulula izingxabano—ikakhulukazi ukulamula kwamazwe ngamazwe, okwandulelwa ukulamula kwamazwe ngamazwe futhi kusekelwe ukwahlulela kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Umlando womqondo. Lona akuwona umqondo omusha, futhi akuwona umqondo oqinile. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva (1) kusazi sefilosofi esidumile saseBrithani uJeremy Bentham, okwathi ngo-1789 Hlela ukuthula okuPhezulu nokuPhakade, yahlongoza “INkantolo Evamile Yokwahlulela ukuze kukhishwe isinqumo sokungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwezizwe eziningana.” Abanye abasekeli abavelele bahlanganisa: (2) UMongameli Theodore Roosevelt, okwathi enkulumweni yakhe yokwamukela uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel ka-1910 okwase kuyisikhathi eside enganakiwe waphakamisa ukulamula kwamazwe ngamazwe, inkantolo yomhlaba wonke, “nohlobo oluthile lwamandla amaphoyisa omhlaba wonke” ukuze aphoqelele izinqumo zenkantolo; (3) UMongameli uWilliam Howard Taft, owasekela “inkantolo yokuxoxisana” kanye nombutho wamaphoyisa wamazwe ngamazwe ukuba uphoqe ukuba kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulamula nokukhipha isinqumo; kanye (4) noMongameli uDwight David Eisenhower, owakhuthaza ukusungulwa “KweNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe” enegunya eliphoqelelwe kanye nohlobo oluthile “lwamandla amaphoyisa omhlaba wonke aqashelwa emhlabeni wonke futhi aqine ngokwanele ukuze ahlonishwe umhlaba wonke.” Ekugcineni, mayelana nalokhu, ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-Eisenhower kanye noKennedy, "Isitatimende Esihlanganyelwe Sezimiso Ezivunyelwene Zezingxoxo Zokuhoxiswa Kwezikhali" kwaxoxiswana ngazo phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa ngummeleli wase-US uJohn J. McCloy kanye nommeleli weSoviet u-Valerian Zorin. Lesi Sivumelwano sikaMcCloy-Zorin, esaphasiswa yi-UN General Assembly ngo-December 20, 1961 kodwa asizange samukelwe ekugcineni, kucatshangwa ngokusungulwa “kwezinqubo ezinokwethenjelwa zokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula” kanye nombutho wamaphoyisa wamazwe ngamazwe owawuzoba nokubusa kwawo wonke amazwe ngamazwe- amandla ezempi asebenzisekayo.
Ukuthula Komhlaba Ngomthetho (WPTL) kufingqiwe. Umqondo oyisisekelo, ongenamandla kakhulu kuneSivumelwano seMcCloy-Zorin, unezingxenye ezintathu: 1) ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi (ngokunciphisa okuhambisanayo namandla avamile); 2) izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke; kanye 3) nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuphoqelela, kusukela emandleni ombono womphakathi womhlaba kuya ebuthweni lokuthula lamazwe ngamazwe.
- Ukuqedwa: kuyadingeka futhi kungenzeka: Sekuyisikhathi seNgqungquthela Yokuqedwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi. Kusukela ngo-January 4, 2007 Wall Street Journal umhleli wangaphambili "nuclear realists" Henry Kissinger (owayenguNobhala Wezwe), uSenator Sam Nunn, William Perry (owayenguNobhala Wezokuvikela), kanye noGeorge Shultz (owayenguNobhala Wezwe), umbono wabantu abaphezulu emhlabeni wonke usufinyelele esivumelwaneni esijwayelekile sokuthi izikhali zenuzi ziyingozi ecacile neseduze kubo bonke abanazo kanye nomhlaba wonke.[1] Njengoba uRonald Reagan ayevame ukusho kuGeorge Shultz: “Yini enkulu kangaka ngomhlaba ongaqhunyiswa ngemizuzu engu-30?”[2] Ngakho-ke, konke esikudingayo manje kuyisimo sokugcina sokuguqula ukusekelwa komphakathi esivele kubanzi ukuqeda[3] ezinyathelweni ezingenziwa. Nakuba i-United States iyinkinga, uma i-United States ne-Russia ne-China sebevumile ukuqedwa, bonke abanye (ngisho no-Israel ne-France) bazolandela.
- Izindlela Zokuxazulula Izingxabano Zomhlaba Wonke : I-WPTL izomisa uhlelo olunezingxenye ezine lokuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke—izingxoxo eziyimpoqo, ukulamula okuyimpoqo, ukulamula okuyimpoqo, nokwahlulela okuyimpoqo—kwanoma yiziphi izingxabano phakathi kwamazwe. Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho ezinkantolo zasekhaya, cishe amaphesenti angama-90 awo wonke “amacala” azoxazululwa ngokuxoxisana nokulamula, kanti amanye ama-90% azoxazululwa ngemva kokulamula, okushiya insalela encane yokuqulwa kwecala okuyimpoqo. Ukuphikisana okukhulu okwaphakanyiswa eminyakeni edlule (ikakhulukazi ama-neo-cons) ekulawuleni okuyimpoqo eNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe kube ukuthi amaSoviet awasoze avumelana nakho. Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi amaSoviet ngaphansi kukaMikhail Gorbachev wenza vumelana nayo, kuqala ku-1987.
- Izinqubo zomthetho jikelele: Izazi eziningi zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ziveze ukuthi emacaleni angaphezu kwama-95%, umbono womphakathi womhlaba ube nempumelelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotshelwa kwezinqumo zezinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe. Udaba okuvunywa ukuthi lunzima kube yindima umbutho wokuthula wamazwe ngamazwe ongase ulidlale ekuqiniseni umthetho, inkinga nganoma yikuphi ukuphoqelelwa okunjalo amandla e-veto eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN. Kodwa izixazululo ezihlukahlukene ezingaba khona zale nkinga zingase zenziwe (isb. uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokuvota/iningi elikhulu), ngendlela efanayo naleyo uMthetho Wesivumelwano Solwandle owasungula ngayo izinkantolo zokwahlulela ezingekho ngaphansi kwe-veto ye-P-5.
Isiphetho. I-WPTL yisiphakamiso esiphakathi komgwaqo esingesi "kancane kakhulu" (isu lethu lamanje lokuthi "ukuphepha okuhlanganyelwe") noma "kakhulu" (uhulumeni womhlaba noma i-world federalism noma i-pacifism). Umqondo oye wawunakekelwa ngokungalindelekile eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule[4] okuyinto okufanele ihlolwe kabusha izikhulu zikahulumeni, i-academia, kanye nomphakathi jikelele.
[1] Phakathi kwamakhulu ebutho lezempi kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphumele obala zivumelana nokuqedwa: u-Admiral Noel Gaylor, u-Admiral Eugene Carroll, uGeneral Lee Butler, General Andrew Goodpaster, General Charles Horner, George Kennan, Melvin Laird, Robert McNamara, Colin Powell, kanye UGeorge HW Bush. Cf. UPhilip Taubman, Abalingani: Amaqhawe Abandayo Amahlanu kanye Nomzamo Wawo Wokuvimba Ibhomu, ngo-12 (2012). Njengoba uJoseph Cirincione esanda kubhala, ukuqedwa kuwumbono othandwayo “yonke indawo…ngaphandle kwase-DC” kungqungquthela yethu.
[2] Ukuxoxisana noSusan Schendel, umsizi kuGeorge Shultz (May 8, 2011) (ehambisa lokho uGeorge Shultz akushilo).
[3] Amapholi akhombisa cishe u-80% womphakathi waseMelika othanda ukuqedwa. Bheka ku-www.icanw.org/polls.
[4] Bheka uJohn E. Noyes, “William Howard Taft kanye neTaft Arbitration Treaties,” 56 Vill. L. Rev. 535, 552 (2011)(“umbono wokuthi ukulamula kwamazwe ngamazwe noma inkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe kungaqinisekisa ukuxazululwa ngokuthula kwezingxabano phakathi kwamazwe aqhudelanayo sekunyamalele kakhulu.”) kanye noMark Mazower, Ophethe Umhlaba: The History of an Idea. , ngo-83-93 (2012)(isiphakamiso sokunxeshezelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe "sihlale emthunzini" ngemva kokusebenza okuningi ekupheleni kwe-19th nokuqala kwe-20th amakhulu eminyaka).
