NguTerry Crawford-Browne, World BEYOND War
Ukushona kukaWinnie Madikezela-Mandela, ukuthweswa icala kowayengumongameli uJacob Zuma kanye nenkampani yezikhali yaseFrance iThomson CSF/Thint/Thales ngenkohlakalo, kanye nabangu-25.th usuku lokukhumbula ukubulawa kukaChris Hani luhlangene ukuze kuvuselelwe ihlazo lentengo yezikhali eNingizimu Afrika.
Ngokuqondana nalezi zenzakalo, ukukhululwa okunesikhathi eside kwencwadi ka-Evelyn Groenink Okungonakali igxile kuqala ekutheni ngabe uphiko lwezimfihlo lwaseFrance lwalunecala yini ngokubulawa komele i-ANC eParis, uDulcie September ngo-1989. Ngabe uSeptember uke wakhubeka ekuhlanganeni kweFrance naseNingizimu Afrika ukwakha izikhali ze-neutron ezingabulala abantu kodwa zishiye ingqalasizinda yezomnotho ingenamyocu?
Noma ingabe ezinye izakhi phakathi kwabadingisiwe be-ANC base bevele bexoxisana ngezinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo ne-Thomson CSF? Owayengumeluleki kaZuma ngezemali uShabir Shaik watholwa enecala ngo-2005 lokukhokhela uZuma, wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-15 ebhadla ejele. I-Thomson CSF yayinerekhodi elide lenkohlakalo ngisho nokubulala, njengoba kwaba sobala odabeni lwase-Taiwan lapho ngezinga elikhulu ludlula isivumelwano sezikhali saseNingizimu Afrika.
Nokho uZuma akazange abekwe icala. Amacala angu-16 manje (nangu-783) abhekene noZuma okushushumbisa imali, inkohlakalo, ukuqola nokukhwabanisa, aphinde aqala ngo-2018 alelo cala elibhekene noShaik elingazange liqhutshekwe ngenxa yokuqubuka kwezepolitiki ku-ANC.
Owayengummeli kaThomson CSF (manje owaziwa ngelikaThales), waphenduka impempe, wethula ubufakazi ePeople's Tribunal on Economic Crime ngoFebhuwari ukuthi wayephelezele kabili uZuma e-Elysee Palace eParis. UZuma ubanjwe lapho ngoMengameli uJacques Chirac noNicholas Sarkozy, bobabili abebenelukuluku lokuthi uphenyo lwaseNingizimu Afrika olubhekene nenkampani yaseFrance kufanele luhoxiswe.
Ummeli, u-Ajay Sooklal, naye watshela i-Tribunal ukuthi ngemva kokuba uZuma eqoke iKhomishana kaSeriti Yophenyo ngo-2011, wabiza uSooklal ukuze amtshele ukuthi angatsheli iKhomishana ukuthi amaFulentshi ayemkhokhela kuze kube u-2009. njengoba azisa amalungu aphezulu e-ANC) wayesezolahlekelwa yicala engammangalela ngalo eNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo ngo-2010.
Abameli bakaZuma abakwazanga ukuphikisa ubuqiniso bobufakazi obuningi obumelene ne-BAE/Saab kanye ne-German Frigate and Submarine consortia. Ikhomishini kaSeriti yafakazela inkohliso. Umbiko wawo owakhishwa ngo-2016 wathola ukuthi abukho ubufakazi benkohlakalo mayelana nesivumelwano sokuthengwa kwezikhali, wachithwa ngokushesha njengomunye umzamo we-ANC wokucasha. Njengoba uNorman Moabi edalula ngo-2013, iJaji uWillie Seriti wayephishekela "i-ajenda yesibili yokuthulisa uTerry Crawford-Brownes walo mhlaba."
UZuma usengumengameli wesibili waseNingizimu Afrika ukususwa esikhundleni ngenxa yenkohlakalo ethinta isivumelwano sezikhali. UMengameli Thabo Mbeki wadalulwa ngo-2008 ethola imali yokugwazela egameni le-German Submarine Consortium, lapho wanika uZuma u-R2 million no-R28 million ku-ANC.
UMbeki wangenelela kusukela ngo-1995 egameni likahulumeni waseJalimane kanye ne-ThyssenKrupp okwathi, ngokusho kowayeyinxusa laseJalimane eNingizimu Afrika owangichithela ubhontshisi, “babezimisele ngazo zonke izindlela” ukunqoba izinkontileka zemikhumbi yempi.
Ukubulawa kukaHani ngo-April 1993 kwacishe kwaphazamisa inqubo yentando yeningi. Izizathu zokubulawa kwakhe azikaze ziphenywe ngendlela egculisayo, okuhlanganisa neKhomishini YamaQiniso Nokubuyisana. Ubugebengu babekwa icala ngokushesha futhi kalula kubacwasi ababili abamhlophe. Bagwetshwe intambo, kodwa izinhlawulo zashintshwa zaba udilikajele ngemuva kokuba iNingizimu Afrika isiqede isigwebo sokufa.
Uphenyo lukaGroenink ngokufa kukaHani lubonakala luqinisekisa ukugcizelela komfelokazi wakhe uLimpho ukuthi umbulali uJanusz Walus wayengeyedwa. Kusolakala ukuthi abezobunhloli baseBrithani bebeqashwe endaweni yesigameko “njengabashanela,” kanti abaphenyi baphinde bayalwa ukuthi bashaye indiva ukuxhumana kukaWalus nomdayisi wezikhali waseRhodesia uJohn Bredenkamp.
AbaseBrithani banokuhlangenwe nakho kwamakhulu eminyaka ekusebenzeni kwamafulege angamanga, okuhlanganisa ukukhulula inkohlakalo ukuze kucekelwe phansi amazwe. ILondon isalokhu iyinhloko-dolobha yokushushumbisa imali emhlabeni, njengoba iphinde yaqinisekiswa yiPanama kanye namaphepha ePharadesi kamuva.
Osopolitiki base-Europe kanye nezinkampani zezikhali zathutheleka eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kuka-1994 ukuzohlonipha ngesandla esisodwa uguquko lwethu olunokuthula ukusuka kubandlululo kuya kuntando yeningi yomthethosisekelo, ngesikhathi sihweba ngesinye izikhali. Ngokuphula umthetho we-UN wokuvinjelwa kwezikhali iNingizimu Afrika yobandlululo, kwase kunesikhathi eside belungiselela ukudayisela uhulumeni we-ANC izikhali izwe elalingazidingi futhi elingeke lakwazi ukuzikhokhela.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuhweba ngezikhali kubangela cishe amaphesenti angu-40 enkohlakalo yamazwe ngamazwe, nokuthi ngaphansi kwesicabha “sokuvikeleka kwezwe” ohulumeni baseYurophu abanalo ukuphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwezifumbathiso ukuze bathole izinkontileka zezikhali emazweni abizwa ngokuthi “izwe lesithathu”. Ngempela, amakhasi ayi-160 ezincwadi ezifungelwe ezivela eHhovisi Lokukhwabanisa Okukhulu laseBrithani kanye ne-Scorpions imininingwane yokuthi kungani futhi kungani i-BAE yakhokha imali yokugwazela eyizigidi eziyi-115 zamarandi ukuze ithole izinkontileka zayo, okwakhokhwa kubo ukufumbathiswa nokuthi yimaphi ama-akhawunti asebhange eNingizimu Afrika naphesheya kwezilwandle afakwa isikweletu.
Lezo zincwadi ezifungelwe zokugwazisa ze-BAE zembula uBredenkamp njengomunye wabahlomuli abakhulu. Ubephinde abe yilungu le-MI6. Okuhlaba umxhwele nakakhulu iziphakamiso zokubandakanyeka kwe-ANC ngoba uHani kuthiwa wayesezodalula inkohlakalo [ongasekho] kaJoe Modise kanye nokuxhumana kwakhe namaNgisi. Ukuthi uModise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngo-1998 wangenelela egameni le-BAE ngalokho akubiza ngokuthi “inketho yakhe engakhokhisi kanye nendlela yombono” kubhalwe kahle.
Ngaqokwa ngo-1996 ngu-Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane ukuba ngimele I-Anglican Church ku-Defence Review yasephalamende lapho, ngokuhambisana ne-Defence White Paper, thina abamele izinhlangano zomphakathi sathi ukuqeda ububha yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwezokuphepha eNingizimu Afrika. Njengoba ngisho namasosha avuma, kwakungekho usongo lwezempi lwangaphandle olwalungacatshangwa olwalungathethelela izindleko ezinkulu zezikhali.
Isivumelwano sezikhali saqalwa phezu kobuwula bokuthi u-R30 billion osetshenziselwe ukwakha izikhali wawuzokhiqiza u-R110 billion ukuze uqedele futhi udale amathuba omsebenzi angaphezu kuka-65 000. Lapho amaPhalamende kanye noMcwaningi Mabhuku Jikelele befuna ukubona lezi zinkontileka, bavinjwa ngezaba ezingamanga zokuthi izinkontileka “zaziyimfihlo ngokwezentengiselwano.”
Ukwehliswa kwemali kwayaziwa futhi emhlabeni jikelele njengomkhonyovu wemboni yezikhali, ngokubambisana nosopolitiki abakhohlakele, ukuze baqole abakhokhi bentela kuwo womabili amazwe abahlinzeki kanye nabamukeli. Ngokubikezelwa, azizange zenzeke.
UWinnie Madikezela-Mandela ubeyilungu leKomidi lezokuVikela ePhalamende. Ezikhathini engahlangana ngazo naye, ngangingamtholi nje emuhle futhi emuhle. Okunye okubalulekile ukuthi waphinde waphumela obala ekukhathazekeni kwakhe ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezimali okunjalo kwakungamele lutho ngaphandle kokukhaphela umzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo ngokubuya kwe-ANC ekudingisweni. Ngemva kokudlula kwakhe emhlabeni, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu u-Desmond Tutu wathi lapho emhlonipha:
“Unqabile ukukhothama ngokuboshwa komyeni wakhe, ukuhlukunyezwa okungapheli komndeni wakhe ngamasosha, ukuboshwa, ukuvinjelwa nokudingiswa. Ukwedelela kwakhe ngesibindi kwangikhuthaza kakhulu, nasezizukulwaneni zezishoshovu.”
Ngatshelwa ngo-1998 ukuthi i-BAE yayigwazela amalungu e-ANC ephalamende ngaphambi kokhetho lwango-1999, futhi yayikwenza lokho ngezinyunyana ezimbili zaseSweden. Ngacela uhulumeni waseBrithani ukuba uphenye, futhi iScotland Yard yayalwa ukuba yenze kanjalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngafunda ukuthi [ngaleso sikhathi] kwakungekho emthethweni emthethweni wamaNgisi ukufumbathisa abantu bakwamanye amazwe, ngakho-ke abukho ubugebengu ukuba iScotland Yard iphenye. Futhi eJalimane ukufumbathisa okunjalo kwakudonswa ngisho nentela “njengezindleko zebhizinisi eziwusizo.”
Njengoba u-Andrew Feinstein abhala encwadini yakhe Ngemuva kweParty, UTrevor Manuel akagcinanga nje ngokumcindezela ukuba ayeke uphenyo lweSCOPA mayelana nesivumelwano sezikhali, kodwa wathi:
“Sonke siyamazi u-JM [njengoba uJoe Modise ayaziwa kanjalo]. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakukhona i-shit esivumelwaneni. Kodwa uma bekukhona, akekho oyoke ambule. Abazona iziphukuphuku. Vele uyiyeke iqambe amanga. Gxila ezintweni zobuchwepheshe, ezazizwakala.' Ngiphendule ngokuthi kukhona ngisho nezinkinga nge-technical aspects, ngase ngixwayisa ngokuthi uma singafinyeleli ekujuleni kwesivumelwano manje, izobuya isiphathe kabi – umbono engawuveza ngiphindelela ngaphakathi ku-ANC.
Elinye ilungu eliphezulu le-NEC ye-ANC langimemela emzini walo ngelinye iSonto. Ehlezi ngaphandle libalele, wangichazela ukuthi angisoze 'ngayinqoba le nto'.
'Kungani kungenjalo?' Ngabuza.
Ngoba sithole imali kwezinye zezinkampani eziwinile. Ucabanga ukuthi saluxhasa kanjani ukhetho luka-1999?”
Owayeyisishoshovu esasimelene nobandlululo (manje oseyiNkosi) u-Peter Hain wangiphika ngamazwi nangokubhala ukuthi kukhona ubufakazi benkohlakalo ye-BAE. Ngokusheshisa ku-2010 lapho i-Swedish TV 4 iveza ukuthi inyunyana yabasebenzi eyenze lula ukudluliswa kwalezo zifumbathiso yayikhethwe njengomholi we-Social Democratic Party. Manje usengundunankulu waseSweden, uStefan Lövren.
Ngaphambi kwalolo khetho lwango-1999, izisebenzi zezobunhloli ze-ANC ezazisebenza noMandela zangithinta. Umholi wabo wangitshela:
“Sizosho ukuthi ikuphi inkohlakalo yangempela mayelana nendaba yezikhali. UJoe Modise kanye nobuholi boMkhonto-we Sizwe babona isivumelwano sezikhali nezinye izinkontileka zikahulumeni njengethuba lokuvala i-Oppenheimers njengeqembu elisha lezezimali. Isivumelwano sezikhali simane nje sithinta izivumelwano zikawoyela, uhlelo lokuvuselelwa kabusha kwamatekisi, imigwaqo ekhokhelwayo, izincwadi zokushayela, uCell C, ukuthuthukiswa kwechweba laseCoega, ukushushumbiswa kwedayimane nezidakamizwa, ukushushumbiswa kwezikhali kanye nokushushumbiswa kwemali. Okufanayo kuwukukhahlela ku-ANC ukuze kuvikelwe ipolitiki.”
Ngokunjalo ngimchazele uMbhishobhi Ndungane ngengxoxo. Ucele ikhomishana ezophenya ngalezi zinsolo, wagunyaza iziphakamiso zokuthi kumiswe ukuthengwa kwezikhali. Ngesikhathi uMbeki, manje oseqokwe njengoMengameli, enqaba isiphakamiso sikaNdungane, ngabethula labo basebenzi bezobunhloli be-ANC kuPatricia de Lille, owayeyilungu lePhalamende lePan Africanist Congress.
Isivumelwano sezikhali kusolakala ukuthi siyimbuyiselo kaModise waseMbeki ngokususa uHani embangweni esikhundleni sikaNelson Mandela njengomengameli wezwe. UMbeki wonakaliswa futhi egcwele amandla, okwamenza wangqubuzana noWinnie Mandela owenqaba ukuthobela imiyalo yakhe. Naye, wamchaza “njengongakhuzwanga!”
Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMbeki, iPhalamende lashintsha ngokushesha laba isitembu senjoloba. Ngemva kokuthatha umqondo emazweni angondlovukayiphikiswa ihhovisi likahulumeni elinikeza “isikhathi sabo sokudla,” abadingisiwe be-ANC bachitha amasheke namabhalansi ayeklanywe ngokucophelela kuMthethosisekelo.
Isiphetho ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva kwaba ukukhululwa “kweMemorandamu eya kuPatricia de Lille eLungu lePhalamende 'kumalungu e-ANC ePhalamende akhathazekile' (abazibiza ngoDe Lille Dossier). Uhlelo lolimi oluhlanganiswe ngamabomu nesipelingi kufihle umsuka walo. Ukuxokozela okwalandela lokho kwakuveza ngempela, futhi kushaqisa. Okhomba uMbeki ezingxoxweni zokudayisa izikhali, uJayendra Naidoo wangiphonsela inselelo ukuthi ngibhalile yini. Njengoba ngangicabanga ukuthi ngizomphendula kanjani, waqhubeka: “Cha, kusobala ukuthi ibhalwe othile ojwayelene kakhulu ne-AK-47 kunepeni!”
I-ANC yaqala umkhankaso wokuthungatha “amalungu ePhalamende akhathazekile” e-ANC. UDe Lille wathola izinsongo zokubulawa, kwathi uMbhishobhi uNdungane nami saphoqeleka ukuba sidalule ukuthi bangobani. Senqaba. Mina noDe Lille ngoNovemba 1999 samemezela ukuthi sesidlulisele ubufakazi benkohlakalo kuJaji Willem Heath ukuze abucubungule. U-De Lille wayedume ngokugqoka isikibha ngesikhathi sokuvulwa okulandelayo kwePhalamende ememezela ukuthi "isivumelwano sezikhali siphumile ezandleni zami."
Isinqumo sethu sagunyazwa izinhlangano zomphakathi ezazibambe iqhaza ekuBuyekezweni Kwezokuvikela, kanye ne-SA Council of Churches kanye ne-SA Catholic Bishops Conference. Saphinde samemezela ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi amagama sizowadalula kuphela kukhomishana yophenyo eyakhiwe ngendlela efanele.
Ucwaningo lokutholakala kwezikhali ngo-August 1999 lwaluxwayise ongqongqoshe beKhabhinethi ukuthi isivumelwano sezikhali kwakuyisiphakamiso esibudedengu esingaholela uhulumeni “ebunzimeni bezezimali, bezezimali kanye nezomnotho.” Ucwaningo luqaphele ukushintshashintsha kwemali yangaphandle kanye nobunye ubungozi, okuhlanganisa nokungalethwa kwezibopho ze-offset, futhi lancoma ukuthi izivumelwano zendiza ye-BAE/Saab Gripen yezindiza kufanele zikhanselwe, noma okungenani zimiswe.
INingizimu Afrika ngaleso sikhathi yayisathatha kwa-Israel izindiza ze-Cheetah fighter ezingu-50, kamuva ezathengiswa ngamanani ezicishamlilo e-Ecuador nakwamanye amazwe aseLatin America. Ngokusobala kwakungekho ukuthethelelwa okunengqondo kwe-BAE/Saab nokunye ukuthenga. Bamane bathengelwa ukugwazelwa.
Inhlanganisela yenkontileka ye-BAE Hawk kanye ne-BAE/Saab Gripen ibalwe ngaphezu kwesigamu sesivumelwano sezikhali. Izivumelwano ezisasele zeminyaka engu-20 zokubolekwa kwebhange iBarclays Bank ezisayinwe nguManuel futhi zaqinisekiswa uhulumeni waseBrithani zingachazwa “njengesibonelo sencwadi yokungena ezikweletini zomhlaba wesithathu.” Uhulumeni waseBrithani uphethe “isabelo segolide” esilawulayo ku-BAE.
Ekuqinisekiseni lezo zivumelwano zokubolekwa imali enginazo futhi ezitholakala eLondon njengeziyiqiniso, ummeli kaManuel wezomthetho ngo-2003 wavuma ukuthi imibandela yabo yokukhokha imali “ingaba inhlekelele enkulu eNingizimu Afrika.” Uma kuqhathaniswa, inkontileka encane ye-Thomson CSF lapho uZuma noThales manje sebezobhekana namacala enkohlakalo yayiwuhlelo oluhlobene.
Angibange ngisakwazi ukuxhumana noMandela kwaze kwaba ngu-2011 lapho ngimmema ukuba azofakaza eNkantolo yaseRussell ePalestine eKapa mayelana nolwazi lwakhe lokuphila eNingizimu Afrika yobandlululo. Ngagxekwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwabezindaba, kodwa akekho eNingizimu Afrika owayefaneleka kangcono kunaye ukuchaza ubugebengu bobandlululo. Ngeshwa kwadingeka ukuthi ahoxe ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, ngase ngifaka uDkt Allan Boesak esikhundleni.
Kwakungaba “inziles” abathwala umzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo ngeminyaka yawo-1980 – uWinnie Mandela, uTutu, uBoesak ikakhulukazi – kuyilapho ababedingisiwe be-ANC eLusaka nakwezinye izindawo babesalele futhi bephupha ukuthi bazoyiphanga kanjani iNingizimu Afrika uma sebephethe.
Elinye lamaphutha amabi kakhulu enziwa ngemuva kuka-1990 ukuthi i-United Democratic Front (eyayikade iphansi futhi ibuswa ngentando yeningi) yavuma ukuhlakazeka ngesikhathi i-ANC eyayidingisiwe (eyayiphezulu phezulu futhi inobushiqela) ingavinjelwanga.
Ngokusatshiswa yiJaji uSeriti ngokuthi uzodelelwa, ngadalula ngokungabaza kuKhomishini kaSeriti ngo-2014 ukuthi uWinnie Mandela wayengumholi walawo “maLungu ePhalamende e-ANC ayekhathazekile.” Ngokubikezela ukuthi umkhulumeli we-ANC wangithuka “njengomqambi wamanga”. Eqinisweni, uMandela ngaleyontambama efanayo waqinisekisa ubuqiniso bokudalulwa kwami engxoxweni yocingo noDe Lille.
I-“De Lille Dossier” yaholela ekutheni iPhalamende livote ngazwilinye ngoNovemba 2000 ukuze kwenziwe uphenyo olubanzi mayelana nesivumelwano sezikhali, ihhovisi likamongameli wakwaMbeki labe selithatha ngokushesha ukulicekela phansi nokulicekela phansi. Umbiko weQembu Eliphenya Ngezikhali Elimhlophe “elimhlophe” (i-JIT) - ngesikhathi uqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inkontileka yesivumelwano sezikhali yayinephutha elibi ngokungahambi kahle kokunikezwa kwethenda - okumangalisayo futhi wayikhulula iKhabhinethi kunoma yisiphi isenzo esingalungile.
Emasontweni ayisithupha ngaphambi kokuba lowo mbiko wethulwe ePhalamende, ngaziswa yilabo basebenzi bezobunhloli be-ANC ukuthi uModise wayedliswa ushevu ngamabomu kodwa kancane kancane ukuze “abantu abafile bangaxoxeli inganekwane.” Ngamangala ukuthi uModise wabe esefa njengokungathi wayehlelile.
Umngcwabo kaModise, mhlawumbe, uqondane nokankosikazi kalowo owayenguMengameli uFW de Klerk, uMarike, naye owabulawa. Ngokubona ubugagu bakhe bokwenza isitatimende sepolitiki, uMandela wakhetha ukudelela uModise - ayemsola ngokufa kukaHani - futhi kunalokho ngayo leyo ntambama waya emngcwabeni kaMarike de Klerk.
Njengomuntu owalimala empini, uMandela ngokungangabazeki walinyazwa kakhulu yizinto ahlangabezana nazo ekuphikisaneni nobandlululo ngesibindi, kuhlanganise nokuhlukunyezwa akuthola. Ubuqaba nonya lwezimpi lunomthelela kubo bobabili abahlukumezi kanye nezisulu, futhi kungathatha izizukulwane ukuthi ziphole. Mukhulu umonakalo odalwe yisivumelwano sezikhali embusweni wentando yeningi yaseNingizimu Afrika eyatholwa kanzima ngokomthethosisekelo.
OwayenguNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair wachitha uphenyo lweHhovisi Lokukhwabanisa Okukhulu laseBrithani mayelana nokukhokhela i-BAE imali yokugwazela amakhosana ase-Saudi Arabia ngezaba ezingamanga "zokuphepha kwezwe," kodwa i-BAE yabe isihlawuliswa u-US$479 wezigidi yiziphathimandla zase-US. I-BAE njengamanje isebenzisana namaSaudis ekwenzeni ubugebengu bempi eYemen.
Uma isimo esisha sezepolitiki esigxile ekuqedeni inkohlakalo ekugcineni sizovela ngaphansi kukaMengameli uCyril Ramaphosa, ukuhoxiswa kwalezo zinkontileka ze-BAE ezinomgunyathi (nokubuyiselwa kwemali kanye nomonakalo omkhulu) kuzosho ukuthi uzimisele ngempela. Kulolu hlelo, isinqumo esifana nalesi sizophinde sihloniphe futhi sihloniphe igalelo elikhulu elenziwa uWinnie Madikezela-Mandela ekudaluleni ihlazo lokuthengiselana ngezikhali.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ayikho incwadi kadokotela yokukhwabanisa, kodwa isivumelwano sezikhali sifakazele isisho esingokomthetho sokuthi “ukukhwabanisa kuxazulule yonke into!”
