Ukubhikisha eWestwood, eCalifornia 2002. Isithombe: Carolyn Cole / Los Angeles Times ngeGetty Images
nguMedea Benjamin noNicolas JS Davies, CODEPINK, Agasti 21, 2021
Imithombo yezindaba yaseMelika ikhala ngokukhishwa inyumbazana ngokwehliswa ngokweqile kwamasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan. Kepha kuncane kakhulu ukugxekwa okuya empandeni yenkinga, okwakuyisinqumo sokuqala sokuhlasela kwezempi futhi sihlale e-Afghanistan kwasekuqaleni.
Leso sinqumo siqale umjikelezo wobudlova nezinxushunxushu okungekho nqubomgomo elandelayo yase-US noma isu lempi elingaxazululwa kule minyaka engama-20 ezayo, e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq noma kwamanye amazwe aqothulwe ezimpini zangemva kuka-9/11 zaseMelika.
Ngenkathi abantu baseMelika besashaqekile ngenxa yezithombe zezindiza ezazishayisa izakhiwo ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, uNobhala Wezokuvikela uRumsfeld wabamba umhlangano engxenyeni eyiPentagon. Ngaphansi konobhala Amanothi weCambone kusukela kulowo mhlangano kuchaza ukuthi izikhulu zase-US zisheshe futhi zazilungiselela kanjani ukufaka izwe lethu emathuneni ombuso e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq nangale kwawo.
UCambone ubhale ukuthi uRumsfeld uyafuna, ”… info best fast. Umahluleli ukuthi ushaye kahle yini u-SH (Saddam Hussein) ngasikhathi sinye - hhayi i-UBL kuphela (Usama Bin Laden)… Iya ngobukhulu. Shanela konke. Izinto ezihlobene hhayi. ”
Ngakho-ke emahoreni ambalwa alawa macala asabekayo e-United States, umbuzo ophakathi kwabaphathi base-US ababewubuza kwakungekhona ukuthi ungabaphenya kanjani futhi ubenze abenzi bobubi baphendule, kepha ukuthi ungasisebenzisa kanjani lesi sikhathi se- "Pearl Harbor" ukuthethelela izimpi, izinguquko zombuso kanye nempi emhlabeni wonke.
Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, iCongress yadlulisa umthethosivivinywa ogunyaza umongameli ukuthi sebenzisa ibutho lezempi "… Ngokumelene nalezo zizwe, izinhlangano, noma abantu anquma ukuthi kuhlelwe, kwagunyazwa, kwenziwa noma kwasizwa ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okwenzeka ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, noma kufukamele lezo zinhlangano noma abantu ..."
Ngo-2016, i-Congressional Research Service kubika ukuthi lokhu kugunyazwa kokusetshenziswa kweMpi Yezempi (i-AUMF) bekucashunwe ukuthi kuvunyelwe ukusebenza kwamasosha okuhlukanisiwe okungu-37 emazweni ahlukene awu-14 nasolwandle. Iningi labantu ababulewe, abakhubazekile noma abashiya amakhaya kule misebenzi lalingahlobene nobugebengu bangoSepthemba 11. Abaphathi abalandelanayo bakushaye indiva kaningi amagama okugunyazwa, agunyaza kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kulabo ababandakanyeka ngandlela thile. ekuhlaselweni kuka-9/11.
Ilungu elilodwa leCongress ebelinobuhlakani nesibindi sokuvota ngokumelene ne-2001 AUMF kwakunguBarbara Lee wase-Oakland. U-Lee usiqhathanise nesisombululo se-Gulf of Tonkin sango-1964 futhi waxwayisa ozakwabo ukuthi nakanjani sizosetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo ebanzi futhi engekho emthethweni. Amagama okugcina akhe inkulumo phansi zinanela ngesikhathi sobudlova obudonse iminyaka engu-20, izinxushunxushu kanye namacala ezempi akuvezile, "Njengoba senza lokhu, masingabi ngobubi esibusolayo."
Emhlanganweni obuseCamp David kuleyo mpelasonto, iPhini likaNobhala uWolfowitz waphikisana ngokuqinile ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq, ngisho nangaphambi kwe-Afghanistan. UBush ugcizelele ukuthi i-Afghanistan kumele ize kuqala, kodwa ngasese ethembisiwe Usihlalo weBhodi Yezinqubomgomo Zezokuvikela uRichard Perle ukuthi i-Iraq izobabhekisa kakhulu.
Ezinsukwini ezingemuva kukaSepthemba 11, abezindaba bezamabhizinisi baseMelika balandela ukuhola kukaBush, futhi umphakathi wezwa amazwi angavamile, angawodwa ebuza ukuthi impi iyimpendulo efanele yini ebulelesi obenziwe.
Kodwa owayengumshushisi wamacala ezempi aseNuremberg uBen Ferencz ukhulume neNPR (I-National Public Radio) ngesonto elingemuva kuka-9/11, futhi wachaza ukuthi ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan kwakungekhona nje ukuthi kwakungekhona ukuhlakanipha futhi kuyingozi, kodwa kwakungeyona impendulo esemthethweni kulawa macala. U-Katy Clark we-NPR we-NPR uzabalaze ukuqonda ukuthi uthini:
"UClark:
… Ucabanga ukuthi inkulumo yokuziphindiselela akuyona impendulo esemthethweni ekufeni kwabantu abangama-5,000 XNUMX?
UFerencz:
Akukaze kube yimpendulo esemthethweni yokujezisa abantu abangabhekene nobubi obenziwe.
UClark:
Akekho othi sizojezisa labo abangenacala.
UFerencz:
Kumele senze umehluko phakathi kokujezisa abanecala nokujezisa abanye. Uma umane nje uziphindiselela ngobuningi ngokuqhuma amabhomu e-Afghanistan, ake sithi, noma amaTaliban, uzobulala abantu abaningi abangakholelwa ngokwenzekile, abangakuvumeli okwenzekile.
UClark:
Ngakho-ke usho ukuthi awuboni ndima efanele amasosha kulokhu.
UFerencz:
Bengingasho ukuthi ayikho indima efanelekile, kepha indima kufanele ihambisane nemibono yethu. Akufanele sibayeke babulale izimiso zethu ngasikhathi sinye bebulala abantu bakithi. Futhi izimiso zethu ukuhlonipha umthetho. Ukungabizi ngokungacabangi nokubulala abantu ngoba siphuphuthekiswe izinyembezi nolaka lwethu. ”
Isigubhu sempi sasingena emsakazweni, saphambukisa u-9/11 saba umlando onamandla we-propaganda ukuze kukhuliswe ukwesaba ubuphekula futhi kuthethelele imashi yempi. Kepha abantu abaningi baseMelika babelane ngokubhuka kukaMmeli uBarbara Lee noBen Ferencz, beqonda ngokwanele ngomlando wezwe labo ukuthi babone ukuthi le nhlekelele ye-9/11 ibidunwa yinkambiso efanayo yezimboni yezimboni ekhiqize isiphithiphithi eVietnam futhi iqhubeka nokuzivuselela isizukulwane emva kwesizukulwane ukuxhasa futhi inzuzo kusuka Izimpi zaseMelika, ukukhishwa kwamasosha kanye nempi.
NgoSepthemba 28, 2001, the Usonhlalonhle iwebhusayithi ishicilelwe izitatimende ngababhali nezishoshovu eziyi-15 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi, "Kungani sithi cha impi nenzondo." Babandakanya uNoam Chomsky, i-Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan kanye nami (iMedea). Izitatimende zethu zaziqonde ngqo ekuhlaselweni ngabaphathi bakaBush ngenkululeko yomphakathi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kanye nezinhlelo zawo zokulwa ne-Afghanistan.
UChalmers Johnson ongasekho esifundweni nongumbhali wabhala ukuthi i-9/11 kwakungekhona ukuhlaselwa kwe-United States kodwa "kwakuwukuhlaselwa kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US." U-Edward Herman wabikezela “izisulu ezinkulu zomphakathi.” Matt Rothschild, umhleli we I-Progressive wabhala, "Kuwo wonke umuntu ongenacala uBush ubulala kule mpi, kuzovela amaphekula amahlanu noma ayishumi." Mina (iMedea) ngabhala ukuthi "impendulo yamasosha izodala inzondo enkulu ngokumelene ne-US eyadala lobu buphekula kwasekuqaleni."
Ukuhlaziywa kwethu kwakulungile futhi ukubikezela kwethu kwakukhona ngaphambili. Ngokuzithoba sithumela ukuthi abezindaba kanye nosopolitiki kufanele baqale ukulalela amazwi okuthula nokuhlanzeka kwengqondo kunokuba baqambe amanga, abantu abakhohlisayo.
Okuholela ezinhlekeleleni ezifana nempi yase-US e-Afghanistan akukhona ukungabikho kwamazwi akholisayo alwa nempi kepha ukuthi izinhlelo zethu zepolitiki nezabezindaba zihlala zibeka eceleni futhi zinganaki amazwi afana nalawo kaBarbara Lee, uBen Ferencz nathi uqobo.
Lokho akudalwa ukuthi asilungile futhi namazwi okulwa abalalelayo aqinisile. Basikhipha inyumbazana ngenxa yokuthi sineqiniso futhi banephutha, futhi ngoba izimpikiswano ezibucayi, ezinengqondo ngempi, ukuthula nokusetshenziswa kwempi kungabeka engozini ezinye zezinamandla nezikhohlakele izintshisekelo ezikhona ezilawula futhi zilawule ezombusazwe zase-US ngokuhlanganyela.
Kuzo zonke izinkinga zenqubomgomo yamazwe angaphandle, ukuba khona kwamandla amakhulu okubhubhisa ezempi kanye nezinsumansumane abaholi bethu abazikhuthazayo ukukuthethelela kuguquke emkhakheni wezinhloso zokuzenzela kanye nengcindezi yezepolitiki ukunqanda ukwesaba kwethu nokwenza sengathi kukhona "izixazululo" zamasosha kubo.
Ukulahlekelwa yimpi yaseVietnam kwakuyisheke elibucayi emikhawulweni yamandla ezempi ase-US. Ngenkathi abaphathi abancane abalwa eVietnam bekhuphuka beba ngabaholi bezempi baseMelika, basebenza ngokuqapha nangokweqiniso eminyakeni engama-20 eyalandela. Kepha ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwavula umnyango wesizukulwane esisha sabantu abafudumele ababezimisele ukuzuza ngempi yaseMelika yangemva kokubanda “Isabelo samandla.”
UMadeleine Albright wakhulumela lolu hlobo olusha olusha lwempi lapho ebhekana noGeneral Colin Powell ngo-1992 umbuzo wakhe, "Kusizani ukuthi ube naleli butho elihle kakhulu okhuluma ngalo uma singeke silisebenzise?"
NjengoNobhala Wezwe kwikota yesibili kaClinton, u-Albright unjiniyela we okokuqala ochungechungeni Ukuhlasela okungekho emthethweni kwe-US ukuqopha iKosovo ezimele ezinsaleleni ezihlukanisiwe zaseYugoslavia. Ngenkathi uNobhala Wezangaphandle wase-UK uRobin Cook emtshela ukuthi uhulumeni wakhe "unenkinga nabameli bethu" ngokungabi semthethweni kohlelo lwempi lweNATO, u-Albright uthe kufanele nje "thola abameli abasha. "
Ngama-1990s, ama-neocons kanye nabangeneleli abanenkululeko bawuchitha futhi bawubekela eceleni umbono wokuthi izindlela ezingezona ezempi, ezingezona eziphoqayo zingaxazulula ngempumelelo izinkinga zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ngaphandle kokwesaba kwempi noma okubulalayo izigwebo. Le ndawo yokwamukela izimpi ezihlukanisile yabe isisebenzisa ukuhlaselwa kuka-9/11 ukuhlanganisa nokwandisa ukulawula kwabo inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US.
Kepha ngemuva kokuchitha izigidigidi zamaRandi nokubulala izigidi zabantu, irekhodi elibuhlungu lokwenza izimpi e-US kusukela ngeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba lihlala liyilambu elibuhlungu lokwehluleka nokwehlulwa, ngisho nangendlela yalo. Izimpi okuwukuphela kwazo ezanqotshwa yi-United States kusukela ngo-1945 kube yizimpi ezinqunyelwe ukubuyisa izindawo ezincane zamakhosi amasha e-Grenada, Panama nase Kuwait.
Njalo lapho i-United States yandisa izifiso zayo zempi zokuhlasela noma ukuhlasela amazwe amakhulu noma azimele, imiphumela iye yaba yinhlekelele emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngakho-ke izwe lethu lingenangqondo ukutshalwa kwezimali kwe-66% yemali ehlukanisiwe esetshenziswa nguhulumeni ngezikhali ezibhubhisayo, nokuqasha nokuqeqesha intsha yaseMelika ukuthi izisebenzise, akusenzi siphephe kepha kukhuthaza abaholi bethu kuphela ukuthi badalule udlame olungenasisekelo nezinxushunxushu komakhelwane bethu emhlabeni jikelele.
Iningi lomakhelwane bethu selibambile manje ukuthi la mabutho kanye nohlelo lwezepolitiki olungasebenzi kahle lwase-US olubagcina benalo lusongela kakhulu ukuthula nasezifisweni zabo intando yeningi. Bambalwa abantu kwamanye amazwe abafuna noma iyiphi ingxenye ye- Izimpi zaseMelika, noma iMpi Yomshoshaphansi evuselelwe ngokumelene neChina neRussia, futhi lezi zindlela zivezwa kakhulu phakathi kwababambisene neMelika besikhathi eside eYurophu futhi "egcekeni" layo lendabuko eCanada naseLatin America.
Ngo-Okthoba 19, 2001, uDonald URumsfeld ubhekisiwe Abasebenza ngamabhomu e-B-2 eWhiteman AFB eMissouri njengoba bezilungiselela ukuthatha uhambo lomhlaba wonke ukuyokwenza impindiselo engaqondisiwe kubantu ababhekakade be-Afghanistan. Ubatshele wathi, “Sinezinketho ezimbili. Kuphakathi kokuthi sishintsha indlela esiphila ngayo, noma kufanele siguqule indlela abaphila ngayo. Sikhetha okwakamuva. Futhi nguwe ozosiza ukufeza leyo nhloso. ”
Manje lokho kwehla phezu 80,000 amabhomu nemicibisholo kubantu base-Afghanistan iminyaka engama-20 yehlulekile ukuguqula indlela abaphila ngayo, ngaphandle kokubulala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabo nokucekela phansi amakhaya abo, kufanele, njengoba kusho uRumsfeld, siguqule indlela esiphila ngayo.
Kufanele siqale ngokugcina ngokulalela uBarbara Lee. Okokuqala, kufanele sidlulise umthethosivivinywa wakhe wokuchitha ama-AUMFs amabili e-post-9/11 aqala ifasco yethu yeminyaka engama-20 e-Afghanistan nezinye izimpi e-Iraq, eSyria, eLibya, eSomalia naseYemen.
Ngemuva kwalokho kufanele sidlulise isikweletu sakhe ukuze siqondise kabusha $ 350 billion ngonyaka kusuka kwisabelomali samasosha aseMelika (cishe ukusikwa okungu-50%) “ukukhuphula amandla ethu okuxhumana kanye nezinhlelo zasekhaya ezizogcina iSizwe nabantu bethu bephephile.”
Ekugcineni ukuphinda sisebenze empini yaseMelika engalawuleki kungaba yimpendulo ehlakaniphile nefanelekile ekunqotshweni kwayo okuyinqaba e-Afghanistan, ngaphambi kokuba izintshisekelo ezifanayo ezikhohlakele zisidonsele ezimpini eziyingozi kakhulu ezilwa nezitha ezinamandla ukwedlula amaTaliban.
UMedea uBenjamin uhlanganisa CODEPINK for Ukuthula, nombhali wezincwadi eziningana, kufaka phakathi Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Umlando Weqiniso Nezombangazwe YeRiphabhulikhi Yase-Islamic yase-Iran.
UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimele, umcwaningi we-CODEPINK kanye nomlobi we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukuhlasela KweMelika nokubhujiswa kwe-Iraq.
