NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Ngo-September 30, i-2022
Ngincoma ngokujulile nangomdlandla incwadi yakamuva ka-Andrew Bacevich, Ekuchitheni Isikhathi Esidlule Esiphelelwe yisikhathi, cishe kuwo wonke umuntu. Nginemicabango yesibili kuphela ngokuncoma amakhasi we-350 wokugxeka ukufudumala kulabo asebevele bephambi kwayo futhi sebesiqonda isidingo sokuqeda izimpi kanye nezempi ngaphambi kokuba lezo zinto zisiqede.
I-Bacevich ayisho impi eyodwa ehambisana nosuku lwamanje alusekelayo noma aluthethelelayo. Usekela ngokungananazi ukuvumelana kwe-Blob yase-US nge-WWII kodwa ukuthole kungabalulekile ezweni elishintshe kakhulu - futhi kufanele. Incwadi yami, Ukushiya iMpi Yezwe II Ngemuva, kokubili kuchitha izinganekwane futhi kunquma ukuthi i-WWII ayibalulekile ekunakekelweni kwezempi namuhla. Kodwa nokho, u-Bacevich ugcizelela ukuthi ungayithethelela impi “lapho zonke ezinye izindlela zokufeza izinhloso ezibaluleke ngempela seziphelile noma zingatholakali ngenye indlela. Isizwe kufanele siye empini kuphela lapho kufanele - futhi noma kunjalo, ukuqeda ukungqubuzana ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka kufanele kube yinto ebalulekile. "
Emakhasini angama-350 ahlakaniphile, anolwazi ngokomlando agxeka impi ngamandla, i-Bacevich ayigxili egameni elilodwa ekutheni "inhloso ebaluleke ngempela" ingaba yini, nanoma iyiphi incazelo yokuthi ingase ibukeke kanjani ukuze iphelelwe amandla, noma noma iyiphi incazelo yokuthi igunya lokuqeda impi ngokushesha kufanele noma akufanele liholele ekubhujisweni kwezikhali zenuzi. Futhi u-Bacevich akakaze acabange ngokujulile noma agxeke noma azibandakanye nanoma yimuphi wababhali abaningi, okuhlanganisa nomholi wesonto lakhe, ofuna ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwempi. Asinikezwa isibonelo sempi efanelekile noma isimo esicatshangelwayo sokuthi umuntu angaba yini. Kodwa nokho, i-Bacevich ifuna amasosha akhohlakele ase-US aphinde agxile ezinsongweni zangempela nezisafufusa - njengoba, ukuqagele, kungekho ncazelo yokuthi ziyini lezo.
Uphinde afune ukuhlanzwa kwazo zonke izikhulu ezinezinkanyezi ezintathu nezine, “nombandela wangaphambili wokukhushulelwa kulawo mazinga avalelwe ekamu lokufunda kabusha eliqhutshwa yizimpumputhe zempi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, ngohlelo lwezifundo oluklanywe amaVeterans For Peace.” Ukuthi iningi labanqunyuliwe abakaze baye e-United States futhi bakhulume isiNgisi esilinganiselwe futhi bengafuni ngokuzithandela ukuqeqesha izikhulu zamasosha ase-US akubalulekile lapha, ngoba u-Bacevich - umuntu angaqiniseka ngokususelwe kwezinye izinkomba eziningana zabantu abalimele - kusho abanqunyelwe base-US kuphela. Kepha kunenkinga ngokuphakamisa ukuthi iVeterans For Peace izoqeqesha izikhulu zamasosha aseMelika. AmaVeterans For Peace asebenzela ukuqeda impi. Ngeke ize yamukele izimali zikahulumeni wase-US zezisulu ze-Agent Orange, ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokwethembeka kwenhlangano yayo njengomelene nezempi yase-US - konke ukulwa kwe-US (kanye nezempi yawo wonke umuntu).
Kuyiphutha eliqondakalayo. Sengike ngazama ukucela abaxhasi bokukhipha imali emaphoyiseni ukuthi baxhase ukuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa, ngatshelwa ukuthi lokho kufana nokuxhasa amaphoyisa ngakho-ke inkinga. Ngize ngacela ama-libertarian ukuthi asekele ukuhambisa uxhaso lwezempi kukho kokubili ukuncishiswa kwentela kanye nokuxhaswa ngezinto ezinhle futhi ngitshelwe ukuthi ukuxhasa ngezimali izidingo eziphuthumayo zabantu nezemvelo akukhona okungcono kunezimpi zokuxhasa ngemali. Kodwa kufanele sikwazi ukulindela ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kokuqedwa kwempi, ngisho nalapho singavumelani nakho futhi noma sincokola. Ukuphawula kuka-Bacevich kungase kube ihlaya lolimi-esihlathini. Kodwa u-Bacevich uthi: "lesi akusona isikhathi sokuthatha isigamu sezinyathelo" ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi kumuntu oqeda impi, ukuqeqesha amasosha ase-US kuyisilinganiso esihle kakhulu sesigamu.
Yebo, ngiyakuthola. I-Bacevich ibhalela umphakathi osuhlanyiswa yimpi, ongakaze ube nezwi lokuthula noma yikuphi kwabezindaba zebhizinisi. Umsebenzi wakhe uwukubhikishela lokho akubiza ngokufanelekile ukujwayela kwempi. Angase asole ngisho ngasese ukuthi ukuqeda kungaba umqondo omuhle. Kodwa bekuyozuzwani ukusho kanjalo? Kungcono ukugudluzela izinto kuleyo ndawo, futhi uvumele umjaho wezikhali ohlehlayo kanye nokuqonda okuthuthukayo kanye nomfutho wenqubekelaphambili wokwenza ukuqeda kubonakale kwamukeleka kancane kancane . . . bese uyalisekela.
Inkinga eyodwa ngaleyo ndlela, ngiyakholwa, abafundi abacabangayo. Ngisho ukuthi, kuzoba yini kumfundi ofuna ukwazi kahle ukuthi impi engavamile kufanele ibe kanjani? Sikuphi isibonelo somphakathi enkathini enenani elifanele nelifanele lempi njengento engavamile ngendlela efanele? Emuva kwemibuzo eyahlukene kaBacevich yosopolitiki abagcina izimpi ezahlukene ziqhubeka ngemuva kokuthi “sekubonakala ukuthi impi iyiphutha,” umuntu angenzani ngomfundi obuza ukuthi impi engelona iphutha ibukeka kanjani? Ngemva kokufunda ukugxeka okuphindaphindiwe kukaBacevich amasosha ase-US ngokuhluleka ukunqoba noma yiziphi izimpi, kuthiwani uma umfundi ebuza ukuthi impi enqotshiwe izobukeka kanjani futhi (uma incazelo enjalo yayingenzeka) kungaba yini okuhle kokunqoba impi?
Nansi indida enzima nakakhulu. NgokukaBacevich, lawo malungu ezempi ase-United States afele ezimpini zamashumi eminyaka amuva nje “afele enkonzweni yezwe lawo. Akukho ukungabaza ngalokho. Ukuthi bafa ukuze kuthuthukiswe injongo yenkululeko noma ngisho nokuphila kahle kwe-United States kungenye indaba ngokuphelele.” U-Bacevich uyaqhubeka nokusikisela ukuthi izimpi ziye zalwela "amafutha, ukubusa, ama-hubris," nezinye izinto ezingathandeki. Pho, kungani ngingavunyelwe ukungabaza ukuthi lokhu kube yinkonzo ezweni? Eqinisweni, ngingakugwema kanjani ukungabaza ukuthi ukuchitha izigidigidi zamaRandi obekungaguqula kahle izimpilo zezigidigidi, ukuzibandakanya ekubulaleni nasekulimazeni nokwenza izigidi zabantu zingabi namakhaya futhi zihlukumeze kakhulu, zenze umonakalo omkhulu endaweni yemvelo nokuzinza kwezepolitiki kanye nomthetho. yomthetho nenkululeko yomphakathi kanye ne-US kanye nesiko lomhlaba jikelele - ngingakugwema kanjani ukungabaza ukuthi lena yinoma iyiphi isevisi?
U-Bacevich, ngokombono wami, unenye inkinga engase ihlukaniswe ngandlela-thile ekusekeleni kwakhe ukugcina isikhungo sempi. Njengabalweli benkululeko okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla, ugwema noma yisiphi isiphakamiso sokuthi uhulumeni wase-US ahambise imali kunoma yini ewusizo noma azibandakanye ekwenzeni noma yini. Muhle kakhulu kulokho uhulumeni wase-US okufanele ayeke ukukwenza. Kodwa akukho ngxoxo yokususa impi esikhundleni sokubambisana noma umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. U-Bacevich ubeka "isikweletu" ohlwini lwakhe lwezinto ezikhathazayo ezinkulu, hhayi indlala, hhayi ubumpofu. Kodwa uma umuntu engase acabange ngempi efanelekayo eqalwa kusasa, ingabe ingenza okuhle kakhulu kunokulimaza ukuze kulungiswe iminyaka engu-80 edlule, hhayi nje izimpi ezimbi, hhayi nje ukugcinwa kwengozi ye-apocalypse yenuzi, kodwa futhi nokuphambukiswa kwezinsiza ezinjalo kude nezidingo zabantu eziphuthumayo okuye kwalahleka izimpilo eziningi kakhulu kulokho kubekwa phambili kunezimpi? Futhi noma singacabanga, ohlelweni lwamanje lwemithetho nohulumeni, impi elungile eqhamuka phakathi kwamakhulu abangalungile, asinawo yini umthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzela izinguquko zesakhiwo ezidala ezinye izindlela zokulwa nempi?
Inkinga enkulu ngomfundi ocabangayo, ngiyasola, wukucabanga kwezempi. Kukhona logic kukho. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi kufanele noma kufanele kube nezimpi, kusho ukuthi kunengqondo ukufuna ukuzilungiselela ukuzinqoba zonke, nokufuna ukuziqala kunokuba abanye baziqale ngokumelene nawe. Yebo asisoze safika ekuqedweni kwempi ngaphandle kokunciphisa impi ngezigaba. Kodwa ukuqonda ukuthi siqeda impi kwenza umqondo omkhulu kunomqondo wokwenza impi phakathi nendawo. Yebo siphila enkathini lapho izigidi zabantu zicabanga ukuthi uNkulunkulu neZulu kungokoqobo kodwa zinganikeli ngaso sonke isikhathi isikhathi sokuvuka (empeleni akuwona neze umcabango odlulayo) kubo, njengoba bengingenza ngempela uma ngingenza noma yimuphi umqondo wokukholelwa okunjalo. izinto. Umbhedo nokuphikisana akuzona njalo isithiyo emiphakathini yezepolitiki, kodwa - konke kuyalingana - akufanele yini sikugweme?
Ngemva kokubeka icala lokuqeda yonke impi nokudiliza zonke izikhali ngamanani amaningi izincwadi futhi izihloko futhi webinars, ngeke ngiphumelele lapha, kodwa ngizodlulisela noma ubani onentshisekelo ku- iwebhusayithi efuna ukudicilela phansi okuvamile izizathu ukusekela isikhungo sempi, kanye nokuhlinzeka a uchungechunge yezizathu zokuqeda impi. Impendulo mayelana nokuthi icala lifinyelelwa kuphi iyaziswa kakhulu. Senze umphakathi ohlukahlukene izingxabano ngesihloko futhi ngokuqinisekile angakwamukela ukubamba inkulumo-mpikiswano enobungane no-Bacevich. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, nazi izincwadi ezisekela ukuqeda yonke impi. Ngicabanga ukuthi bakhuthaza ukwehliswa ngendlela emangalisayo, kodwa ukugcina, umshini wempi kufanele okungenani uhlanganyele futhi ubonise amaphutha alezi zincwadi.
UMKHONO WOKWENZA KWEMHLABA:
Ukuqeda Udlame Lwezifundazwe: Umhlaba Ongaphezu Kwamabhomu, Imingcele, namakheji nguRay Acheson, 2022.
Ngokumelene Nempi: Ukwakha Isiko Lokuthula nguPapa Francis, 2022.
Izimiso Zokuziphatha, Ukuphepha, kanye Nomshini Wezempi: Izindleko Zangempela Zamasosha ngu-Ned Dobos, 2020.
Ukuqonda Umkhakha Wempi nguChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Impi engekho nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
Amandla Ngokuthula: Ukuthi Ukuxoshwa Kwezempi Kwaholela Kanjani Ekuthuleni Nenjabulweni E-Costa Rica, Futhi Lokho Wonke Umhlaba Ongakufunda Esizweni Esincane SaseTropiki, nguJudith Eve Lipton noDavid P. Barash, 2019.
Ukuvikelwa Komphakathi nguJørgen Johansen noBrian Martin, 2019.
Ukubulala Kuhlanganisiwe: Incwadi Yesibili: Ukuthandwa Kwesikhathi SaseMelika nguMumia Abu Jamal noStephen Vittoria, 2018.
Izindlela Zokuthula: Abasinda Abakwa-Hiroshima nabakwaNagasaki Bakhuluma ngu-Melinda Clarke, i-2018.
Ukuvimbela Impi Nokukhuthaza Ukuthula: Umhlahlandlela Wezobuchwepheshe bezeMpilo ihlelwe nguWilliam Wiist noShelley White, i-2017.
I-Business Plan Yokuthula: Ukwakha Umhlaba Ongenawo Impi ngu-Scilla Elworthy, i-2017.
Impi Akukaze Imane nguDavid Swanson, 2016.
I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Icala Elimelene NeMpi: Yikuphi I-America Elahlekile Ekilasini Lomlando We-US kanye Nalokho Thina (Konke) Ongakwenza Manje nguKathy Beckwith, i-2015.
Impi: Ubugebengu Ngomuntu nguRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Ukubukeka kwamaKatolika nokuqeda iMpi nguDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Impi Nokudakisa: Ukuhlolwa Okubalulekile nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: UkuQala KweMpi, Ukuphela Kwempi nguJudith Hand, 2013.
Impi engekho: I-Case for the Abolition nguDavid Swanson, 2013.
Ukuphela kweMpi nguJohn Horgan, 2012.
Ukuguquka Kuya Ekuthuleni nguRussell Faure-Brac, i-2012.
Ukusuka Empi Kuya Ekuthuleni: Umhlahlandlela Eminyakeni Eyinkulungwane Ezayo ngu-Kent Shifferd, i-2011.
Impi Ngamanga nguDavid Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ngaphandle kweMpi: I-Human Potenti for Peace nguDouglas Fry, 2009.
Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwempi nguWinslow Myers, i-2009.
Ukuchithwa Kwegazi Okulingene: Izixazululo eziyi-101 Zobudlova, Usongo, Nempi nguMary-Wynne Ashford noGuy Dauncey, 2006.
Iplanethi Yomhlaba: Isikhali Sempi Samuva nguRosalie Bertell, 2001.
Abafana Bayoba Abafana: Ukuphula Isixhumanisi Phakathi Kobudoda kanye Udlame lukaMyriam Miedzian, 1991.
