Yini Indaba Nesayensi?

NguDavid Swanson, April 15, 2020

Yini inkinga ngesayensi? Ngalokho, ngiqonde ukuthi, kungani singaphenduki kwezombusazwe ezonakele nasenkolweni bese silandela indlela yesayensi? Noma ngiqonde ukuthi, kungani sivumele isayensi ukuthi yonakalise ezepolitiki namasiko ethu? Ngiqonde-ke, nobabili.

Asidingi i-jackass engafundile etshela abantu ukuthi bangalawula kanjani ubhubhane lwegciwane ngoba ungumongameli. Ngasikhathi sinye, asidingi izitolo zemidiya ezihlanganayo, ezenzelwa inzuzo nezingenangqondo zisebenzisa isayensi yokuziqhenya yamamodeli ekhompyutha ukubikezela inkambo yobhubhane ngendlela engahambisani nalokhu okwenzekile emhlabeni wangempela lo bhubhane, ingasaphathwa eyedlule.

Asidingi osopolitiki abathengiwe nabakhokhelwa yizinkampani zika-oyela abasitshela ukuthi isimo sezulu somhlaba sihamba kahle. Kodwa-ke, izinkampani zika-oyela zazithenga futhi zikhokhele ososayensi (kanye neminyango yasenyuvesi) ngaphambi kokuba zithenge futhi zikhokhele osopolitiki. Ososayensi batshela umphakathi ukuthi amandla enuzi iyimpendulo, ukuthi impi ilungele bona, ukuthi ukufudukela kwenye iplanethi kungenzeka, nokuthi isisombululo sesayensi ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu sizofika lapha maduze, singasho ukuthi lokho kubhubhisa umhlaba ngenhlokomo nabo bonke Izinhlobo zemishini eyenziwe ngososayensi akumelwe ingabazwe.

UMbusi waseNew York akanazo izimfanelo zokunquma ukuthi abantu kufanele baziphathe kanjani ukusindisa izimpilo ngesikhathi senhlupho. Kepha izazi zezibalo eRAND azinayo nhlobo ibhizinisi elitshela osopolitiki ukuthi basekele inqubomgomo yabo yaphesheya ekuvinjelweni kwenukliya, ekusithekeni, kanye nasekuthembekeni.

Ngakho-ke, ingabe isayensi impendulo noma cha isayensi? Awukwazi nje ukuyifaka ku-titter, ukuthola izithixo?

Impendulo iwukuthi izinqumo zomphakathi zidinga ukwenziwa ngesisekelo sokuziphatha, ukuzimela enkohlakalweni, imininingwane ephezulu kanye nemfundo, kanye nokulawulwa komphakathi wentando yeningi, nokuthi ithuluzi elilodwa ekutholeni ulwazi kumele libe yisayensi - okusho ukuthi ayikho nje into enezinombolo noma isayensi ulwazimagama noma umthombo wesayensi, kepha ngocwaningo oluzimele oluqinisekisayo ezindaweni ezikhethiwe ngesisekelo sokuziphatha, ukuzimela enkohlakalweni, ulwazi oluphelele kanye nemfundo, kanye nolawulo oluphezulu lwentando yeningi.

Incwadi entsha kaClifford Conner, Usizi Lwesayensi yaseMelika: Ukusuka kuTruman kuya kuTrump, kusithatha kuhambo lokuthi yini inkinga ngesayensi. Ubeka okubi okubili okuyinhloko: ukubumbana ngamabutho kanye nokwenza impi. Ubakhuluma ngaleyo ndlela, edala ukuthi okungenani abantu abambalwa abangakulungeli ukungabaza impi kuzofika lapho befika phakathi nencwadi - incwadi egcwele izibonelo ezinhle nokuqonda kuzo zombili izihloko ezintsha nezijwayelekile.

UConner usithatha ngama-akhawunti amaningi enkohliso yesayensi. UCoca-Cola nabanye ababethuthukisa ushukela babexhasa isayensi eholele uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi axoshe abantu emafutheni, kepha hhayi kude noshukela, futhi aqonde ngqo kuma-carbohydrate - okwenze ukuthi i-US yomphakathi idle umhlanganiso. Isayensi yayingamane iqambe amanga, kepha bekuyinto elula ukuthi ibe yisisekelo sokuholwa esihlokweni esiseduze.

Ososayensi bakha izinhlobo ezintsha zikakolweni, ilayisi kanye nommbila. Futhi akukhona ukuthi azisebenzi. Kepha badinga inani elikhulu lomanyolo ne-pesticide, abantu abampofu ababengeke bakwazi. Lokhu kufake ubuthi emhlabeni ngenkathi kugxilwe kwezolimo ezinkulu. Ngisho nabalimi abaningi bahlupheka ngenkathi kukhiqizwa ukudla okuningi, okuchithe amanani. Futhi abantu baqhubeka nokulamba ngoba inkinga enkulu bekuhlala ubuphofu, hhayi uhlobo kakolweni okutsaliwe.

Ososayensi bathuthukisa izitshalo ze-GMO ukuthi zidinga umanyolo omncane kanye nomuthi wokubulala izinambuzane, nokubekezelela ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwe-herbicides esetshenziselwa ukhula, ngaleyo ndlela bedala izinkinga ezintsha ngenkathi bexazulula izinkinga zokudala kwabo, futhi bengakaze babhekane nezinkinga eziphambili ezidinga isixazululo. Ososayensi bakhokhelwe ngasikhathi sinye abathi izilimo ze-GMO ziphephile ukusetshenziswa ngabantu futhi zikhiqiza ukudla okuningi, ngaphandle kokunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi yikuphi okufunwayo. Okwamanje ohulumeni bezinkampani abathumbi bavimba umphakathi ukuthi ungazi ukuthi ngabe ukudla ezitolo kuqukethe ama-GMO noma cha - umnyakazo ongadonsa uphethiloli kuphela.

Ngoba isayensi ingumkhakha wobuchwepheshe ofinyelela umphakathi owazi ukuthi ososayensi baqambe amanga ngebhadi ngogwayi, ukudla, ukungcoliswa komhlaba, isimo sezulu, ubuhlanga, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokunye, futhi ngoba isifinyelela ngama-ejensi kahulumeni athembekile kakhulu nezindawo zemithombo yezindaba zezinkampani. , futhi ngoba kuhlale kube nemakethe enkulu yezimangalo ezingenasisekelo, imilingo, eyimfihlakalo, nethemba, kodwa ukungathembani kwesayensi kuvamile. Lokho kungathembi kuvame ukungalungile futhi kuvame ukulunga, kepha ngaso sonke isikhathi ukusola okulahla abantu kudoti kufakwa nakho njengesayensi.

Ugwayi yindaba esicabanga ukuthi sonke siyayazi vele. Kepha bangaki abayazi imvelaphi yamanga amakhulu kagwayi ku-Manhattan Project? Futhi bangaki abaziyo ukuthi ukufa kwama-480,000 ngonyaka e-United States kusabangelwa ukubhema, noma ukuthi emhlabeni jikelele isibalo siyizigidi eziyi-8 futhi siyakhuphuka, noma ukuthi imboni kagwayi isabakhokhela abacwaningi bayo besayensi amahlandla angama-20 lokho i-American Cancer Society neAmerican Lung. Inhlangano ehlanganisiwe ichitha eyabo? Lokhu kujwayelekile kunezizathu eziningi zokufunda Usizi Lwesayensi YaseMelika.

Umbono wami, yiqiniso, ukuthi uma usenza isayensi yaseMelika isuswe. Kudingeka kube ngumuntu ukuze athole ithuba. Ukuhlukahluka kwaseMelika akuyona nje ingxenye yokuqagela ubhubhane ngokusekelwe kumamodeli wamakhompiyutha kunakwamanye ama-96% esintu. Kuyingxenye futhi yokuphika ukuthi kungenzeka impumelelo yokwemboza impilo yonke noma amalungelo omsebenzi noma ikhefu lokugula elidingekayo noma ukusatshalaliswa kwengcebo okufanele. Uma nje into ingakaze isebenze eMelika, iSayensi yaseMelika ingakuphika ukuba semthethweni kwayo, noma ngabe umhlaba wonke uyithola iphumelele.

UConner ubuye athole inzuzo yabasebenza ekhemisi izinhlungu basola le nkinga ye-opioid, ingasaphathwa eyokwehluleka ukwenza umhlaba wokuhle obekungenziwa ukube ucwaningo beluqondiswe kwenye indawo. Inketho eyodwa kwisayensi ukuthi yini okufanele icwaningwe. IMelanoma ne-cystic fibrosis nomdlavuza we-ovary kuthola uxhaso, kuyilapho i-sickle-cell anemia ingasebenzi. Ezokuqala zithinta abamhlophe, laba abamnyama ekugcineni. Ngokunjalo, amagciwane abulalayo athinta kuphela amanye amazwe awawona aphezulu - aze asongele abantu ababalulekile.

Ngaphandle kwemali enkulu enquma izinto eziza kuqala emithini enkulu, uConner ulandisa ngezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza isayensi ayifunayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izivivinyo zokuhlwanyelwa (izivivinyo zama-phony okuhloswe ngazo ukwethula umuthi kodokotela), ukubhala ngezokwelapha ngezokwelapha, amaphephabhuku okudla, kanye nokwenziwa kwezifo. Ukukhangisa ngezidakamizwa kwehlukile e-United States naseNew Zealand, futhi kuyingxenye yokwakhiwa kwezifo ukuze zilingane nezidakamizwa, kungahambisani nokwakhiwa kwezidakamizwa ukuze zilingane nezifo.

Zonke izindaba ezinjalo zinengxenye kuphela yendaba. Enye ingxenye iyimpi. UConner ulandelela amasosha esayensi kusuka kuma-Atoms for Peace aqagela kuze kube namuhla. Ngaphezu kwesigamu sezimali zikahulumeni wase-US ocwaningweni lwesayensi eminyakeni engama-50 eyedlule besilwa, kufaka phakathi ucwaningo ngezikhali zenuzi, izikhali zamakhemikhali, izikhali zebhayoloji, izikhali "ezivamile", amadroni, amasu okuhlukumeza, kanye nezikhali ezingakaze zibonwe zasebenza ngokwesayensi (njengokuthi "ukuvikela imicibisholo" noma "ukugeza ubuchopho").

Ngenkathi iNew York City ihlupheka nge-coronavirus, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi egameni lesayensi ngo-1966, uhulumeni wase-US wakhipha amagciwane emigwaqweni engaphansi kweNew York. Amagciwane akhishwe iyimbangela ejwayelekile yobuthi bokudla futhi angabulala.

Yini esiyidingayo esikhundleni sesimo sezinto esikhona njengamanje?

UConner uhlongoza uxhasomali lukahulumeni oluyi-100% nokulawulwa kwalo lonke ucwaningo lwesayensi, enezinhlangano ezinjenge-EPA, FDA, ne-CDC engenayo inkohliso yenhlangano. Ubuye abonakale sengathi uthanda ukuhlanganyela ekucwaningeni okuvulelekile emhlabeni jikelele, okuzoba yithemba lethu elihle ngokumelene ne-coronavirus nokunye okuningi.

Ubuye abeke isipikili ekuhlanya kukaGorg Norquist ngalokhu:

“Angifuni ukuqeda isakhiwo sezimboni zamasosha. Ngifuna ukuyinciphisa ngibe ngosayizi lapho ngingayihudulela khona egumbini lokugezela ngiyilahla kubhavu wokugeza. ”

Angazi noma u-100% uxhaso lukahulumeni kungenzeka. Angihambisani nokumangalelwa kukaConner kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali yiSyria ngaphandle kobufakazi. Angiqiniseki ukuthi unembile ukuthi ukumisa nokubuyisa ukushisa komhlaba kungaba yisinyathelo esilula uma singathola isayensi ezandleni zezempi. Futhi ngine-sina umbuzo mayelana nokusebenzisa kwakhe imali esetshenziswa kwezempi.

Kepha ngincoma kakhulu le ncwadi nokucatshangelwa engikuthatha njengomyalezo wayo oyinhloko: isayensi ngabe isebenze izimangaliso uma isetshenziswe kahle (futhi uma isabelomali sezempi sisetshenziselwe okuthile okuwusizo) futhi mhlawumbe sisengasebenza.