NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Februwari 7, i-2022
Ngengeze incwadi ohlwini lwami olukhulayo lokufunda okubalulekile kokuqedwa kwempi, okungezansi kwalesi sihloko. Sengiyibekile incwadi Abafana Bazoba Abafana ekugcineni kohlu, hhayi ngoba luluncane kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi lungolokuqala, njengoba lushicilelwe eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kwanoma yiziphi ezinye. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi yincwadi leyo - mhlawumbe kanye namanye amathonya amaningi - ibe nomthelela omkhulu kuze kube manje, ku-ajenda esibone inqubekela phambili yayo kakhulu. Ezinye zezinguquko zamasiko eliziphakamisayo ziye ngokwezinga elithile zifinyelelwe - ezinye hhayi kangako.
Abafana Bayoba Abafana: Ukunqamula Isixhumanisi Phakathi Kobudoda Nobudlova nguMyriam Miedzian (1991) uqala ngokuqaphela ukuthi udlame lomuntu ngamunye alulingani kakhulu, kanye nokuqonda ukuthi ukulandisa kwezifundiswa nosomlando mayelana nesintu ngokuvamile kuphathe owesilisa nomuntu njengokushintshana. UMedzian wayekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenza kube lula ngabesifazane ukuba babuze "i-mystique yabesifazane" (uma abesifazane benamaphutha noma kunjalo, kungani ungangabazi ukuthi yini evamile futhi ucabange ukuyishintsha?) nahlulelwa?Ngempela hhayi kwabesifazane!). Futhi uma ungeke ukwazi ukugxeka njengento wesilisa ngokweqile, ungaba nobunzima bokubhekana nenkinga yodlame. (Ngowesilisa ngiqonde ukuthi abesilisa besiko elithile, kodwa ukugxeka isiko laseNtshonalanga ngokuqhathanisa namanye amasiko akukaze kudume kakhulu phakathi kwamasiko aseNtshonalanga futhi.)
Leli sethi lezinkolelo lisho okuthile okuhlukile eminyakeni kusukela ngo-1991. Kusho ukuthi singashintsha ekubukeni ukuhlanganyela kwezempi kwabesifazane njengento engavamile kodwa sikubuke njengento evamile, encomekayo, ngaphandle kokulungisa i-ota eyodwa noma iyiphi inganekwane. umqondo "wemvelo yomuntu." Eqinisweni, kuye kwahlala (okungenani kubafundi be-pro-war) "imvelo yomuntu" engenakugwemeka ukubamba iqhaza empini kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abesifazane bakwenzile noma cha (futhi ngandlela-thile akuyona inkinga amadoda amaningi angakwenzi nayo). Iqiniso lokuthi "imvelo yomuntu wesifazane" kungacatshangwa ukuthi ishintsha ekugwemeni impi iye ekuhlanganyeleni empini ayiphakamisi ithuba lokuthi "imvelo yomuntu wesilisa" ingase ishintshe ekubambeni iqhaza iye ekuzileni - ngoba ayikho into ebizwa ngokuthi "umuntu wesilisa". imvelo”—noma yini abantu abathile okwenzekayo manje “imvelo yomuntu” ehlanganisa konke.
Kodwa ake sithi siyavuma, njengoba kwenza abantu abaningi manje kunamashumi amathathu eminyaka edlule, ukuthi amazinga odlame ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi yabantu, abanye abaye baba nayo futhi baba nayo encane kakhulu kunomphakathi wethu, ukuthi abanye abadlwengulwanga noma babulala kakhulu. impi encane, ukuthi emphakathini wethu iningi lodlame olwenziwa ngamadoda, nokuthi isici esikhulu kulokhu cishe isikhuthazo samasiko sokubuka udlame njengobudoda ngendlela encomekayo, kuthiwani - uma kukhona - lokhu kusitshela ngempi, ngosopolitiki noma izikhali abazuzayo noma ochwepheshe bemithombo yezindaba abakhuthaza impi (abesifazane babonakala bethambekele kakhulu ezimpini njengamadoda ohlelweni olusekelwe empini), noma mayelana nabesifazane ababamba iqhaza empini ngokuqondile (labo abajoyinayo benza lokho abatshelwa khona noma kancane njengoba kwenza amadoda)?
Hhayi-ke, akusitsheli ukuthi ukuqasha nokukhetha abesifazane emphakathini lapho ukusekelwa kwempi kuye kwahlelwa kabusha kusuka ebudodeni okubabazekayo kuya kwabaseMelika ngendlela ebabazekayo kuzonciphisa impi. Bekungeke kusitshele lokho. Lisitshela ukuthi ukuze abesifazane bathathe izintambo eWashington, DC, kufanele bajabulise abanikazi bemithombo yezindaba abafanayo, badayisele abagwazeli bomkhankaso ofanayo, basebenze ngamathangi anukayo afanayo, futhi bahambisane nezinqubo ezimisiwe njengoba kwenza amadoda. UMiedzian ucaphune encwadini yakhe ucwaningo olwathola ukuthi omakadebona bempi yaseVietnam abaningi babone ukuphila ngephupho likaJohn Wayne njengesisusa esikhulu, kanye nocwaningo lwamadoda aphakeme ePentagon, Senate, naseWhite House abavuma ukuthi lapho bobabili i-US kanye I-USSR yayinama-nukes okubhubhisa iplanethi izikhathi eziningi ngaphezu kwalokho kwakungakhathaleki ngempela ukuthi yimuphi uhulumeni onokuningi kunomunye kodwa futhi owavuma ukuthi kubenze bazizwe bengcono kakhulu ukuba nokuningi noma kunjalo. Kungenzeka ukuthi lowo muzwa uqhamuke endleleni abafana abakhuliswa ngayo, abaklonyeliswa ngabaqeqeshi bebhola, abakubona belingiswa yiHollywood njll. Kodwa asikayeki kakhulu ukukhuthaza impi ebafaneni, sesiqalile ukuyiphatha njengento encomekayo. eyamantombazane futhi. Ukube bekungengenxa yezinkolelo zasendulo zokucwasa ngokobulili phakathi kwamaLungu e-Republican Congress, amaDemocrat ngabe abengezile abesifazane ekubhaliseni okuyimpoqo.
Ngakho-ke, yebo, inkolelo yakho esidingweni sokumelana noVladimir Putin ngokusongela impi ezweni elikude eligcwele amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane, ikweleta okukhulu emcabangweni onobuthi wobudoda abesifazane abawuthenga kakhulu njengezwe elisha. ubufazi ngokunjalo. Sidinga ukuqonda okungcono. Sidinga ikhono lokuchitha i-Rule Based Order njengomdlalo wabafana abancane futhi sifune uhulumeni othobela imithetho.
Kodwa senze inqubekelaphambili ethile kwezinye izinto. Izimpi zesibhakela ziphansi kakhulu. Udlame lomuntu ngamunye aluthandwa kakhulu, futhi alukhuthazwa ngokuvamile kwabesifazane noma kwabesilisa. Futhi ukugxekwa “kokubi” kosopolitiki abangadlali kahle okwakusemoyeni ngenkathi u-Miedzian ebhala, ngicabanga ukuthi le phansi. Njengommeli omelene nezimpi zase-US, angikaze ngibizwe nge-wimp noma owesifazane, njll., kuphela imbuka, isitha, noma isilima esingenalutho. Yebo futhi besikhulisa kakhulu iminyaka yamaSenenja kanye noMongameli, futhi ukugxekwa okungenzeka ukuthi babhekane nakho emashumini eminyaka adlule kungase kuhlale kubaluleke kakhulu kubo.
I-Miedzian inikeza izixazululo eziningi. Abanye senze inqubekelaphambili ecacile (hhayi impumelelo yokugcina ekhazimulayo, kodwa inqubekelaphambili) kokuthi, okungenani kwezinye izingxenye zemiphakathi ethile, okuhlanganisa obaba abanakekela izingane kakhulu, ukunqoba ukwesaba okukhulu ngobungqingili, ukuqeda ubuxhwanguxhwangu, ukugxeka ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlukunyezwa, nokufundisa abafana ukunakekela izingane ezincane nezinsana. Isikole izingane zami ezazifunda ngaso ngokuvamile sasinamakilasi amadala esiza abancane. (Ngeke ngiqambe igama lesikole ukuze ngisidumise ngoba ukuphikiswa kwempi akukafinyeleli ndawo njengokwamukelekayo njengezinye zalezi zakhi.)
Okuningi kwalokho uMiedzian akubhalayo ngempi kusafaneleka ngokuphelele futhi bekungabhalwa namuhla. Kungani, uyazibuza, KULUNGILE yini ukunikeza izingane izincwadi ezibizwa ngokuthi “Izimpi Ezidumile Zomlando Womhlaba” kuyilapho singeke senze okufanayo nge “Famous Witch Burnings of World History” noma “Famous Public Hangings”? Kungani ingekho neyodwa incwadi yomlando eke yasikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izinsizwa zazidukile kunokuba zibe amaqhawe ekuhambeni ziyofa zibulala abantu ezingakaze zihlangane nazo? “Iningi labantu,” kubhala uMedzian, “liyakwazi ukuzithiba okungaphezu kokuvamile mayelana nezenzo ezibhekwa njengehlazo nezilulazayo. Siyakwazi ukulawula imisebenzi yemizimba yethu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi icindezela kangakanani, ngoba sizolimala uma singakwenzi. Ukuze abantu baphile enkathini yenuzi, ukwenza izenzo zobudlova kungase kudingeke ekugcineni kube amahloni njengoba kunjalo ngokuchama noma ukuzikhulula emphakathini.”
Isahluko 8 sikaMiedzian esiyisihluthulelo, esigxile “Ekukhipheni Inkazimulo Empini Nokungafundi Ngokungafundi,” yikho okusadingeka kakhulu. Ufuna, kwezinye izahluko, ukukhipha udlame emafilimini nasemculweni nakumabonakude nakwezemidlalo namathoyizi, kanye nezinkampani ezinonya ezimpilweni zezingane. Angikwazanga ukuvuma okwengeziwe. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi esikufunda eminyakeni edlule kulo mzabalazo wukuthi uma sicacisa futhi siqondile singaba ngcono. Uma ufuna umphakathi obuka impi njengengamukelekile, ungagxili kuyo yonke into emalini ephindwe kathathu eqala ngokulungisa kabusha ubunikazi bethelevishini yomphakathi. Nakanjani yenza lokho. Kodwa gxila kakhulu ekufundiseni abantu nganoma iyiphi indlela ongayenza ukuthi impi ayamukeleki. Yilokho World BEYOND War iyasebenza.
Nginezingqinamba ezimbalwa ngale ncwadi kusukela ngo-1991 kunezincwadi eziningi ezilwa nempi ezishicilelwe kusukela ngo-2020, kodwa ngifisa sengathi into yokushweleza yaseMunich ibingekho lapho. Lokho isifundo esilahlekile usengasibulala sonke.
UMKHONO WOKWENZA KWEMHLABA:
Ukuqonda Umkhakha Wempi nguChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Impi engekho nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
Ukuvikelwa Komphakathi nguJørgen Johansen noBrian Martin, 2019.
Ukubulala Kuhlanganisiwe: Incwadi Yesibili: Ukuthandwa Kwesikhathi SaseMelika nguMumia Abu Jamal noStephen Vittoria, 2018.
Izindlela Zokuthula: Abasinda Abakwa-Hiroshima nabakwaNagasaki Bakhuluma ngu-Melinda Clarke, i-2018.
Ukuvimbela Impi Nokukhuthaza Ukuthula: Umhlahlandlela Wezobuchwepheshe bezeMpilo ihlelwe nguWilliam Wiist noShelley White, i-2017.
I-Business Plan Yokuthula: Ukwakha Umhlaba Ongenawo Impi ngu-Scilla Elworthy, i-2017.
Impi Akukaze Imane nguDavid Swanson, 2016.
I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Icala Elimelene NeMpi: Yikuphi I-America Elahlekile Ekilasini Lomlando We-US kanye Nalokho Thina (Konke) Ongakwenza Manje nguKathy Beckwith, i-2015.
Impi: Ubugebengu Ngomuntu nguRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Ukubukeka kwamaKatolika nokuqeda iMpi nguDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Impi Nokudakisa: Ukuhlolwa Okubalulekile nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: UkuQala KweMpi, Ukuphela Kwempi nguJudith Hand, 2013.
Impi engekho: I-Case for the Abolition nguDavid Swanson, 2013.
Ukuphela kweMpi nguJohn Horgan, 2012.
Ukuguquka Kuya Ekuthuleni nguRussell Faure-Brac, i-2012.
Ukusuka Empi Kuya Ekuthuleni: Umhlahlandlela Eminyakeni Eyinkulungwane Ezayo ngu-Kent Shifferd, i-2011.
Impi Ngamanga nguDavid Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ngaphandle kweMpi: I-Human Potenti for Peace nguDouglas Fry, 2009.
Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwempi nguWinslow Myers, i-2009.
Ukuchithwa Kwegazi Okulingene: Izixazululo eziyi-101 Zobudlova, Usongo, Nempi nguMary-Wynne Ashford noGuy Dauncey, 2006.
Iplanethi Yomhlaba: Isikhali Sempi Samuva nguRosalie Bertell, 2001.
Abafana Bayoba Abafana: Ukuphula Isixhumanisi Phakathi Kobudoda kanye Udlame lukaMyriam Miedzian, 1991.
