Okwenziwa I-Global Peace Index futhi Ayikukalisi

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Julayi 19, i-2022

Sekuyiminyaka ngikwazisa I-Global Peace Index (GPI), kanye yaxoxa abantu abakwenzayo, kodwa quibbled nge ncamashi yini enza. Ngisanda kufunda Ukuthula Enkathini Yezinxushunxushu nguSteve Killelea, umsunguli we-Institute for Economics and Peace, eyakha i-GPI. Ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi siqonde ukuthi i-GPI yenzani nengayenzi, ukuze sikwazi ukuyisebenzisa, futhi singayisebenzisi, ngezindlela ezifanele. Kuningi engakwenza, uma singalindele ukuthi yenze into ebingahlosile ukuyenza. Ekuqondeni lokhu, incwadi kaKillelea iwusizo.

Lapho i-European Union iwina uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel wokuba indawo enokuthula yokuhlala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingumthengisi omkhulu wezikhali, ukubamba iqhaza okukhulu ezimpini kwezinye izindawo, kanye nembangela enkulu yokwehluleka kwesistimu okuholela ekuntulekeni kokuthula kwenye indawo, Amazwe aseYurophu nawo akleliswe phezulu ku-GPI. Esahlukweni soku-1 sencwadi yakhe, u-Killelea uqhathanisa ukuthula kweNorway neDemocratic Republic of the Congo, ngokusekelwe emazingeni okubulala kulawo mazwe, ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngokuthunyelwa kwezikhali noma ukusekelwa kwezimpi zaphesheya.

U-Killelea usho ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi izizwe kufanele zibe nezempi futhi kufanele zenze izimpi, ikakhulukazi izimpi ezingenakugwema (noma ngabe yiziphi lezo): "Ngikholelwa ukuthi ezinye izimpi kufanele zilwe. IMpi YaseGulf, Impi YaseKorea kanye nomsebenzi wokugcina ukuthula waseTimor-Leste kuyizibonelo ezinhle, kodwa uma izimpi zingagwenywa kufanele kube njalo.” (Ungangibuzi ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani kukholweke ukuthi lezo Izimpi kwakungeke kugwenywe. Qaphela ukuthi uxhaso lukazwelonke lokugcinwa kokuthula kwe-UN lungenye yezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukudala i-GPI [bona ngezansi], kucatshangwa ukuthi [lokhu akwenziwa kucace] into enhle, kunokuba ibe yisici esibi. Qaphela futhi ukuthi ezinye zezinto ezakha i-GPI zinikeza izwe amaphuzu angcono lapho kunciphisa kakhulu amalungiselelo empi, nakuba uKillelea ecabanga ukuthi kufanele sibe nezimpi ezithile - okungaba isizathu esisodwa sokuthi lezi zici zinesisindo esincane futhi zihlanganiswe nezinye eziningi. izici uKillelea angenayo imibono exubene ngayo.)

The I-GPI ilinganisa izinto ezingama-23. Ukulondoloza lezo ezihlobene ngqo nempi, ikakhulukazi impi yangaphandle, okokugcina, uhlu luhamba kanje:

1. Izinga lobugebengu obubonakalayo emphakathini. (Why perceived?)
2. Inani lababaleki kanye nabantu abafudukezwe ngaphakathi njengephesenti labantu. (Kuhlobene?)
3. Ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki.
4. I-Political Terror Scale. (Lokhu kubonakala Isilinganiso ukubulala okugunyazwe nguhulumeni, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukunyamalala kanye nokuboshwa kwezombusazwe, kungabalwa noma yiziphi lezo zinto ezenziwa phesheya noma ngama-drones noma ezindaweni eziyimfihlo ezingasogwini.)
5. Umthelela wobuphekula.
6. Inani lokubulawa kwabantu abayi-100,000.
7. Izinga lobugebengu obunodlame.
8. Imibukiso enodlame.
9. Inani labantu ababoshiwe kubantu abayi-100,000.
10. Inombolo yezikhulu zezokuphepha zangaphakathi namaphoyisa kubantu abayizi-100,000.
11. Ukufinyelela kalula ezingalweni ezincane nezikhali ezilula.
12. Igalelo lezezimali emisebenzini yokugcina ukuthula ye-UN.
13. Inombolo nobude besikhathi sokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi.
14. Inani labashonile ngenxa yengxabano ehleliwe yangaphakathi.
15. Ukushuba kodweshu lwangaphakathi oluhleliwe.
16. Ubudlelwano namazwe angomakhelwane.
17. Izindleko zezempi njengephesenti le-GDP. (Ukwehluleka ukukala lokhu ngamagama aphelele kukhulisa kakhulu amaphuzu “wokuthula” emazweni acebile. Ukwehluleka ukukukala ngomuntu ngamunye kuphazamisa ukuhlobana kwabantu.)
18. Inani labasebenzi bezinkonzo ezihlomile ngabantu abayi-100,000. (Ukwehluleka ukulinganisa lokhu ngamagama aphelele kukhulisa kakhulu amaphuzu “wokuthula” emazweni anabantu abaningi.)
19. Amakhono ezikhali zenuzi nezisindayo.
20. Ivolumu yokudluliselwa kwezikhali ezinkulu ezijwayelekile njengomamukeli (okungenisa) ngabantu abayi-100,000. (Ukwehluleka ukulinganisa lokhu ngamagama aphelele kukhulisa kakhulu amaphuzu “wokuthula” emazweni anabantu abaningi.)
21. Ivolumu yokudluliselwa kwezikhali ezinkulu ezijwayelekile njengomhlinzeki (okuthunyelwa ngaphandle) ngabantu abayi-100,000. (Ukwehluleka ukulinganisa lokhu ngamagama aphelele kukhulisa kakhulu amaphuzu “wokuthula” emazweni anabantu abaningi.)
22. Inombolo, ubude besikhathi kanye nendima ekungqubuzaneni kwangaphandle.
23. Inani lokufa ngenxa yengxabano ehleliwe yangaphandle. (Kubukeka sengathi kusho inani lokufa kwabantu abavela ekhaya, ukuze umkhankaso omkhulu wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu uhlanganise nokufa kweqanda.)

The I-GPI ithi isebenzisa lezi zici ukubala izinto ezimbili:

“1. Isilinganiso sokuthi izwe linokuthula kwangaphakathi kangakanani; 2. Isilinganiso sokuthi izwe linokuthula kangakanani ngaphandle (isimo salo sokuthula ngale kwemingcele yalo). Isilinganiso esiphelele esiyinhlanganisela kanye nenkomba kwabe sekwakhiwa ngokusebenzisa isisindo esingamaphesenti angu-60 esilinganisweni sokuthula kwangaphakathi kanye namaphesenti angu-40 ekuthuleni kwangaphandle. Isisindo esinzima esisetshenziswa ekuthuleni kwangaphakathi kwavunyelwana ngaso yiphaneli yabeluleki, ngemva kwenkulumo-mpikiswano eqinile. Isinqumo sasisekelwe embonweni wokuthi izinga elikhulu lokuthula kwangaphakathi lingase liholele, noma okungenani lihlobane, nokwehla kwezingxabano zangaphandle. Izisindo zibuyekezwe yiphaneli yabeluleki ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kohlelo ngalunye lwe-GPI.”

Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela lapha indlela engaqondakali yokubeka isithupha esikalini se-factor A ngokuqondile ngezizathu zokuthi isici A sihlobene nesici B. Yebo, kuyiqiniso futhi kubalulekile ukuthi ukuthula kwangaphakathi kungase kukhulise ukuthula kwamanye amazwe, kodwa futhi kuyiqiniso. futhi kubalulekile ukuthi ukuthula kwamanye amazwe kungase kukhulise ukuthula ekhaya. Lawa maqiniso awachazi ngempela isisindo esengeziwe esinikezwe izici zasekhaya. Incazelo engcono kungenzeka ukuthi emazweni amaningi iningi lalokho akwenzayo nasebenzisa imali kukho kusekhaya. Kodwa ezweni elinjenge-United States, leyo ncazelo iyawa. Incazelo engafaneleki kangako bekungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kukalwa kwezinto kuzuzisa izikhali ezicebile ezisebenzelana namazwe alwa izimpi zawo kude nasekhaya. Noma, futhi, incazelo ingase ilele esifisweni sika-Killelea senani elifanele kanye nohlobo lwempi elwa nalo esikhundleni sokuqedwa kwayo.

I-GPI inikeza lezi zisindo ezintweni ezithile:

UKUTHULA KWAPHAKATHI (60%):
Imibono ngobugebengu 3
Izikhulu zezokuphepha namaphoyisa zilinganiselwa ku-3
Izinga lokubulala 4
Izinga lokuboshwa 3
Ukufinyelela izingalo ezincane 3
Ukushuba kodweshu lwangaphakathi 5
Imibhikisho enodlame 3
Ubugebengu obunodlame 4
Ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki 4
Ukwesaba kwezepolitiki 4
Izikhali ezithengwa kwamanye amazwe 2
Umthelela wobuphekula 2
Ukufa ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi 5
Izingxabano zangaphakathi ezilwiwe 2.56

UKUTHULA KWAPHANDLE (40%):
Izindleko zezempi (% GDP) 2
Izinga labasebenzi bezinkonzo ezihlomile 2
Uxhaso lwe-UN lokugcina ukuthula 2
Amandla ezikhali zenuzi nezisindayo 3
Izikhali ezithunyelwa ngaphandle 3
Ababaleki kanye nama-IDPs 4
Ubudlelwano bamazwe angomakhelwane 5
Izingxabano zangaphandle ezilwiwe 2.28
Ukufa ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwangaphandle 5

Kunjalo, isizwe esinjenge-United States sithola umfutho kokuningi kwalokhu. Izimpi zayo ngokuvamile azilwelwa komakhelwane bayo. Ukufa kulezo zimpi akukona ukufa kwabantu base-US. Kuyadabukisa kakhulu ekusizeni ababaleki, kodwa kuyawaxhasa amasosha e-UN. njll.

Ezinye izinyathelo ezibalulekile azifakiwe nhlobo:

• Izisekelo ezigcinwe emazweni angaphandle.
• Amasosha agcinwe emazweni angaphandle.
• Izisekelo zangaphandle zamukelwe ezweni.
• Ukubulawa kwamanye amazwe.
• Ukuketula umbuso kwamanye amazwe.
• Izikhali ezisemoyeni, emkhathini, nasolwandle.
• Ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi nokugcinwa kwezikhali zempi kunikezwa emazweni angaphandle.
• Ubulungu emifelandawonye yempi.
• Ubulungu ezigungwini zamazwe ngamazwe, ezinkantolo, kanye nezivumelwano zokuhoxiswa kwezikhali, ukuthula, namalungelo abantu.
• Ukutshala imali ezinhlelweni zokuvikela abantu abangahlomile.
• Ukutshala imali emfundweni yokuthula.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali emfundweni yempi, ukubungaza, kanye nokuqhakambisa impi.
• Ukufaka ubunzima bezomnotho kwamanye amazwe.

Ngakho-ke, kunenkinga ngezilinganiso ze-GPI jikelele, uma silindele ukuthi zigxile empini nokudala impi. I-United States ingama-129, hhayi i-163. I-Palestine ne-Israel zihlangene ku-133 no-134. I-Costa Rica ayiphumi kwabangu-30. Amazwe amahlanu kwayi-10 “anokuthula” kakhulu Emhlabeni angamalungu e-NATO. Ukuze ugxile empini, hamba uye Ukubala Ngezempi.

Kodwa uma sibeka eceleni i-GPI yonyaka umbiko, bese uya ku-GPI enhle amamephu, kulula kakhulu ukubuka amazinga omhlaba ezintweni ezithile noma amasethi wezinto. Kulapho inani lilele khona. Umuntu angaphikisana nokukhethwa kwedatha noma ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ezilinganisweni noma ukuthi ingasitshela ngokwanele kunoma yisiphi isimo, kodwa kuyo yonke i-GPI, ihlukaniswe izici ezihlukene, iyindawo esabekayo ukuqala. Hlunga umhlaba nganoma yiziphi izici ezingazodwana ezicatshangwa yi-GPI, noma ngezinhlanganisela ezithile. Lapha sibona ukuthi yimaphi amazwe anemiphumela emibi kwezinye izici kodwa kahle kwamanye, futhi iziphi ezimaphakathi kuwonke wonke. Lapha futhi singazingela ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinto ezihlukene, futhi singacubungula ukuxhumana - kwamasiko, ngisho noma kungezona izibalo, - phakathi kwezinto ezihlukene.

The I-GPI kuwusizo futhi ekuqoqeni izindleko zezomnotho zezinhlobo ezahlukene zodlame ezicatshangelwayo, futhi zengezwe ndawonye: “Ngo-2021, umthelela wobudlova emhlabeni wonke wawufinyelela ku-$16.5 trillion, ngokwemibandela yamadola aseMelika ka-2021 ekuthengeni amandla okulingana (PPP) . Lokhu kulingana namaphesenti angu-10.9 e-GDP yomhlaba wonke, noma u-$2,117 umuntu ngamunye. Lokhu bekungukukhuphuka ngamaphesenti ayi-12.4, noma ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-1.82, kusukela onyakeni odlule.”

Okumele kubhekwe yizincomo ezikhiqizwa yi-GPI ngaphansi kwesihloko salokho ekubiza ngokuthi ukuthula okuhle. Iziphakamiso zayo zihlanganisa ukwenza ngcono lezi zindawo: “uhulumeni osebenza kahle, indawo yebhizinisi ekahle, ukwamukelwa kwamalungelo abanye, ubudlelwano obuhle nomakhelwane, ukugeleza kolwazi ngokukhululekile, izinga eliphezulu labantu, izinga eliphansi lenkohlakalo, nokusabalalisa ngokulinganayo. yezinsiza.” Ngokusobala, i-100% yalezi yizinto ezinhle, kodwa i-0% (hhayi i-40%) ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngezimpi ezikude zaphesheya kwezilwandle.