NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Ngo-September 16, i-2020
“Ngizokwenza umlingo ngokufunda ingqondo yakho,” ngitshela ikilasi labafundi noma ihholo noma ikholi yevidiyo egcwele abantu. Ngibhala okuthile phansi. “Yisho impi eyayifaneleka,” ngisho. Omunye uthi "iMpi Yezwe Yesibili." Ngibakhombisa engikubhalile: “WWII.” Umlingo![i]
Uma ngigcizelela izimpendulo ezengeziwe, cishe zihlala ziyizimpi esikhathini esidlule kuneWWII.[Ii] Uma ngibuza ukuthi kungani i-WWII iyimpendulo, impendulo ihlale ithi "Hitler" noma "UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe" noma amagama alokho.
Lokhu kushintshana okubikezelwayo, lapho ngithola khona ukuzenza sengathi nginamandla omlingo, kuyingxenye yesifundo noma ishabhu engivame ukuyiqala ngokucela ukuboniswa kwezandla ngiphendula imibuzo embalwa:
"Ubani ocabanga ukuthi impi ayilungile?"
futhi
"Ubani ocabanga ukuthi ezinye izinhlangothi zezimpi ngezinye izikhathi zifanelekile, ukuthi ukuhlanganyela empini ngezinye izikhathi kuyinto efanele ukuyenza?"
Ngokuvamile, lowo mbuzo wesibili uthola iningi lezandla.
Bese sixoxa isikhathi esingangehora.
Bese ngibuza imibuzo efanayo futhi ekugcineni. Ngaleso sikhathi, umbuzo wokuqala ("Ubani ocabanga ukuthi impi ayikaze ilunge?") Ithola izandla eziningi.[Iii]
Ukuthi noma lokho kushintsha esikhundleni kwabahlanganyeli abathile kuthatha usuku olulandelayo noma unyaka noma impilo yonke angazi.
Kufanele ngenze iqhinga lami lemilingo le-WWII ekuqaleni kwenkulumo, ngoba uma ngingenzi, uma ngikhuluma isikhathi eside mayelana nokuhoxiswa kwezempi kanye nokutshala imali ngokuthula, khona-ke abantu abaningi kakhulu bazobe sebevele bangiphazamise ngemibuzo efana nokuthi "Kuthiwani ngoHitler? ?” noma “Kuthiwani nge-WWII?” Ayisoze yehluleka. Ngikhuluma ngokungabi nabulungiswa kwempi, noma isifiso sokuqeda izimpi nezabelomali zempi, futhi othile uveza iWWII njengengxabano.
I-WWII ihlangene ngani nokusetshenziswa kwezempi? Emiqondweni yabaningi kukhombisa isidingo esedlule nesingenzeka sokusebenzisa imali kwezempi ukukhokhela izimpi ezifanelekile futhi ezidingekayo njenge-WWII.
Ngizoxoxa ngalo mbuzo encwadini entsha, kodwa ake ngikudwebele kafushane lapha. Ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye yesabelomali se-US federal discretionary - imali iCongress enquma ukuthi yenzeni unyaka ngamunye, okungabandakanyi izimali ezinkulu ezinikelwe zokuthatha umhlalaphansi nokunakekelwa kwezempilo - iya empini namalungiselelo empi.[Iv] Ukuvota kubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi abakwazi lokhu.[V]
Uhulumeni wase-US uchitha imali eningi ukwedlula noma yiliphi elinye izwe kwezempi, njengoba iningi lamasosha amakhulu ehlangene.[vi] - futhi iningi lalabo licindezelwa uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi bathenge izikhali zase-U.S[vii]. Nakuba abantu abaningi bengakwazi lokhu, iningi licabanga ukuthi okungenani imali ethile kufanele isuswe ekubeni impi iye ezintweni ezifana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfundo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
NgoJulayi 2020, inhlolovo yemibono yomphakathi yathola iningi eliqinile labavoti baseMelika livumelana nokuhambisa u-10% wesabelomali sePentagon ezidingweni eziphuthumayo zabantu.[viii] Khona-ke zombili izindlu zeCongress yase-US ivotele leso siphakamiso ngamaningi anamandla.[ix]
Lokhu kwehluleka kokumelela akufanele kusimangaze. Uhulumeni wase-US akalokothi enze izinto ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezinamandla, ezicebile ngoba nje iningi lithanda okuthile emiphumeleni yokuvota.[X] Sekujwayeleke kakhulu ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zizishaye isifuba ngokunganaki ukuvota ukuze zilandele imigomo yazo.
Ukugqugquzela uKhongolose ukuthi uguqule izinto eziza kuqala kubhajethi, noma ukugqugquzela izinkampani ezinkulu zezindaba ukuthi zitshele abantu ngazo, kungadinga okungaphezu kokunikeza impendulo efanele kumhloli. Ukususa i-10% ngaphandle kwePentagon kuzodinga inani elikhulu labantu abafuna ngenkani futhi babhikishele ushintsho olukhulu kunalokho. I-10% kufanele ibe ukuyekethisa, ithambo eliphonswe ekunyakazeni okukhulu ligcizelela ku-30% noma 60% noma ngaphezulu.
Kodwa kunesithiyo esikhulu endleleni yokwakha ukunyakaza okunjalo. Uma uqala ukukhuluma ngokuguqukela okukhulu kumabhizinisi anokuthula, noma ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi, noma ukuqedwa kwezempi ekugcineni, ugijimela esihlokweni esimangazayo esingahlangene kangako nomhlaba ohlala kuwo njengamanje: WWII.
Akusona isithiyo esingenakunqotshwa. Kuhlala kukhona, kepha izingqondo eziningi, kokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, zingasuswa ziye ezingeni elithile ngaphansi kwehora. Ngingathanda ukuhambisa izingqondo ezengeziwe futhi ngiqinisekise ukuthi ukuqonda okusha kunamathela. Kulapho incwadi yami ingena, kanye no-a inkambo entsha ye-inthanethi ngokusekelwe encwadini.
Incwadi entsha ibeka icala lokuthi kungani imibono eyiphutha mayelana neMpi Yezwe II kanye nokufaneleka kwayo namuhla akufanele kube ukwakha isabelomali somphakathi. Lapho imali engaphansi kuka-3% yezempi yase-US ingaqeda indlala emhlabeni[xi], lapho ukukhethwa kwendawo yokubeka izinsiza kudala izimpilo eziningi nokufa ngaphezu kwazo zonke izimpi[xii], kubalulekile ukuthi sikuthole kahle lokhu.
Kufanele kwenzeke ukuphakamisa ukubuyisela ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezempi ezingeni leminyaka engama-20 edlule[xiii], ngaphandle kwempi kusukela eminyakeni engu-75 eyedlule iba ingqikithi yengxoxo. Kukhona ukuphikisa okungcono kakhulu nokukhathazeka umuntu angase akuphakamise kunokuthi “Kuthiwani ngeWWII?”
Ingabe uHitler omusha uyeza? Ingabe ukuphinda okumangazayo kwento efana ne-WWII kungenzeka noma kungenzeka? Impendulo yombuzo ngamunye waleyo mibuzo ingucha. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani, kungase kusize ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi yayiyini iMpi Yezwe II, kanye nokuhlola ukuthi umhlaba usushintshe kangakanani kusukela kuWWII.
Intshisekelo yami ngeMpi Yezwe II ayiqhutshwa ukuthakaselwa impi noma izikhali noma umlando. Kuqhutshwa isifiso sami sokuxoxa ngokususwa kwezempi ngaphandle kokuzwa ngoHitler ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukube uHitler wayengeyena umuntu omubi kangaka ngabe ngisagula futhi ngikhathele ukuzwa ngaye.
Incwadi yami entsha impikiswano yokuziphatha, hhayi umsebenzi wocwaningo lomlando. Angizange ngilandele ngempumelelo noma yiziphi izicelo ze-Freedom of Information Act, ngithole noma iyiphi idayari, noma ngiphule noma yimaphi amakhodi. Ngixoxa ngomlando omkhulu. Okunye kwakho kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo. Okunye kwakho kuphambene nokungaqondi kahle okudume kakhulu - kangangoba bengivele ngithola ama-imeyili angajabulisi avela kubantu abangakayifundi le ncwadi.
Kodwa cishe akukho nokukodwa kwakho okuphikiswana kakhulu noma okuyimpikiswano phakathi kwezazi-mlando. Ngizame ukungafaki lutho ngaphandle kwemibhalo ebucayi, futhi lapho ngazi noma iyiphi impikiswano nganoma yimiphi imininingwane, ngiye ngaqikelela ukuthi ngiyakuphawula. Angicabangi ukuthi icala elibhekene ne-WWII njengesisusa sokuthola imali eyengeziwe yempi lidinga okungaphezu kwamaqiniso esingavumelana ngawo sonke. Ngicabanga nje ukuthi lawo maqiniso aholela ngokucace kakhulu kwezinye iziphetho ezimangazayo neziphazamisayo.
[i] Nansi i-PowerPoint engiyisebenzisele lesi sethulo: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/endwar.pptx
[Ii] E-United States, ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, izimbangi ezihamba phambili yiWWII, futhi endaweni yesibili neyesithathu, iMpi Yombango yase-U.S kanye ne-American Revolution. Howard Zinn waxoxa ngalokhu enkulumweni yakhe ethi “Izimpi Ezingcwele Ezintathu,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i39UdpR1F8 Okuhlangenwe nakho kwami kucishe kufane nokuvota okwenziwa ngo-2019 ngu-YouGov, okuthole ama-66% abantu baseMelika abavotwa bethi iWWII yayifaneleka ngokuphelele noma yayifaneleka ngandlela thile (noma ngabe lokho kusho ukuthini), uma kuqhathaniswa nama-62% eNguquko YaseMelika, ama-54% eMpi Yombango yase-US, I-52% ye-WWI, i-37% yeMpi yaseKorea, i-36% yeMpi Yokuqala yaseGulf, i-35% yempi eqhubekayo e-Afghanistan, kanye nama-22% eMpini yaseVietnam. Bheka: U-Linley Sanders, u-YouGov, “iMelika nabalingani bayo bawine i-D-Day. Bangakwenza futhi?” Juni 3, 2019 https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/06/03/american-wars-dday
[Iii] Ngenze futhi izinkulumo-mpikiswano noprofesa waseWest Point mayelana nokuthi impi ingavunyelwa yini, ngokuvotelwa kwezilaleli kushintsha kakhulu umqondo wokuthi impi ingathethelelwa kusukela ngaphambi kwenkulumo-mpikiswano kuya ngemuva. Bheka https://youtu.be/o88ZnGSRRw0 Emicimbini ephethwe yinhlangano World BEYOND War, sisebenzisa lawa mafomu ukuhlola abantu ngokushintsha kwemibono yabo: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/PeacePledge_101118_EventVersion1.pdf
[Iv] Iphrojekthi Kazwelonke Ebaluleke Kakhulu, "Isabelomali Sezempi sango-2020," https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2020/militarized-budget-2020 Ukuze uthole incazelo yesabelomali sokuzikhethela nokuthi yini engekho kuyo, bheka https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending
[V] Ukuvota ngezikhathi ezithile kuye kwabuza ukuthi abantu bacabanga ukuthi isabelomali samasosha sasiyini, futhi impendulo emaphakathi ibivaliwe. Inhlolovo yangoFebhuwari 2017 yathola iningi elikholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kwakungaphansi kunalokho okwakuyikho ngempela. Bheka I-Charles Koch Institute, "I-Poll entsha: Ama-American Crystal Clear: Isimo Senqubomgomo Yangaphandle Asisebenzi," February 7, 2017, https://www.charleskochinstitute.org/news/americans-clear-foreign-policy-status-quo-not-working Kungenzeka futhi ukuqhathanisa ucwaningo lapho abantu beboniswa khona isabelomali sombuso futhi babuze ukuthi bazosishintsha kanjani (iningi lifuna amashifu amakhulu emali ephuma empini) ngamavoti avele abuze ukuthi isabelomali sezempi kufanele sehliswe noma sinyuswe (ukusekelwa ukusika kuphansi kakhulu). Ukuze uthole isibonelo sangaphambili, bheka i-Ruy Texeira, i-Center for American Progress, November 7, 2007, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2007/11/07/3634/what-the-public-really-wants-on-budget-priorities Ukuze uthole isibonelo salokhu kwakamuva, bheka uFrank Newport, iGallup Polling, “AmaMelika Ahlala Ahlukene Ngokusebenzisa Imali Yokuvikela,” February 15, 2011, https://news.gallup.com/poll/146114/americans-remain-divided-defense-spending.aspx
[vi] Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali kwezempi kwezizwe kuboniswa kumephu yomhlaba ku- https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Imininingwane iphuma eStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), https://sipri.org Ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kwase-US kusukela ngo-2018 bekungama- $ 718,689, okungabandakanyi imali enkulu yezempi yase-US, esabalale eminyangweni eminingi nama-ejensi. Ukuze uthole isamba esiphelele sika-$1.25 trillion ekusetshenzisweni kwemali konyaka, bheka uWilliam Hartung noMandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, “I-Tomgram: Hartung and Smithberger, A Dollar-by-Dollar Tour of the National Security State,” May 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561
[vii] Izizwe ezingenisa izikhali zase-U.S. ziboniswa kumephu yomhlaba ku https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Imininingwane iphuma eStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php
[viii] Idatha Yentuthuko, "Abantu BaseMelika Bayavuma: Sika Isabelomali SePentagon," Julayi 20, 2020, https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/7/20/cut-the-pentagons-budget Ngo-56% kuya ku-27% abavoti base-US bathanda ukuhambisa i-10% yesabelomali sezempi ezidingweni zabantu. Uma kuthiwa enye imali izoya kwaCenters for Disease Control, ukwesekwa komphakathi bekungama-57% kuye kwangama-25%.
[ix] Endlini, ivoti ku-Pocan of Wisconsin Amendment Number 9, Roll Call 148 ngoJulayi 21, 2020, lalingama-93 Yebo, 324 Nays, 13 Lingavoti, http://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=2020&rollnumber=148 ESenate, ivoti likaSanders Amendment 1788 ngoJulayi 22, 2020, lalingama-23 Yebo, 77 Nays, https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=2&vote=00135
[X] UMartin Gillens noBenjamin I. Ikhasi, "Imibono Yokuhlola Yezepolitiki YaseMelika: Ama-Elites, Amaqembu Anentshisekelo, kanye Nezakhamizi Ezimaphakathi," ngoSepthemba 2014, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/testing-theories-of-american-politics-elites-interest-groups-and-average-citizens/62327F513959D0A304D4893B382B992B Icashunwe ku-BBC, "Isifundo: I-US I-Oligarchy, Akuyona Intando Yeningi," Ephreli 17, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746
[xi] Ngo-2008, iZizwe Ezihlangene zathi amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 ngonyaka angaqeda indlala emhlabeni. Bheka iNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, “Umhlaba udinga kuphela amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 ngonyaka ukuqeda indlala yendlala,” Juni 3, 2008, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/ 2008/1000853/index.html Lokhu kubikwe ku New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/news/04iht-04food.13446176.html and Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/opinion/ed-food23 nezinye izitolo eziningi. I-Food and Agriculture Organization yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ingitshele ukuthi lesi sibalo sisahambisana nesikhathi. Kusukela ngo-2019, isabelomali sesisekelo sonyaka sePentagon, kanye nesabelomali sempi, kanye nezikhali zenuzi eMnyangweni Wezamandla, kanye noMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya, kanye nezinye izindleko zezempi zaba ngaphezu kwe- $ 1 trillion, empeleni $ 1.25 trillion. Bheka uWilliam D. Hartung noMandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, “Boondoggle, Inc.,” Meyi 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561 Amaphesenti amathathu ethriliyoni angamabhiliyoni angama-30. Okuningi ngalokhu ku https://worldbeyondwar.org/explained
[xii] Ngokusho kwe-UNICEF, izingane eziyizigidi ezingama-291 ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-15 zashona ngenxa yezizathu ezingagwemeka phakathi kuka-1990 no-2018. https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/starts-with-u/health-for-children
[xiii] Ngokusho kwe-Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), ukusetshenziswa kwezempi yase-U.S., ngamadola ka-2018 njalo, bekungama- $718,690 ngo-2019 kanye nama- $449,369 ngo-1999. https://sipri.org/databases/milex
