Umthombo wesithombe: Zarateman - CC0
Ibhalwe nguDaniel Falcone noStephen Zunes, I-Counterpunch, Ngo-September 1, i-2022
UStephen Zunes uyisazi sobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, isishoshovu, kanye noprofesa wezepolitiki eNyuvesi yaseSan Francisco. UZunes, umbhali wezincwadi nezindatshana eziningi, kubandakanya nezakamuva, I-Western Sahara: Impi, Ubuzwe, kanye Nokungaxazululwa Kwezingxabano (I-Syracuse University Press, ebuyekeziwe futhi yanwetshwa uhlelo lwesibili, 2021) isazi esifundwa kakhulu futhi sigxeka inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika.
Kule ngxoxo ebanzi, uZunes ubhidliza umlando (1973-2022) wokuntengantenga kwezombusazwe esifundeni. UZunes uphinde alandelele oMongameli uGeorge W. Bush (2000-2008) kuya kuJoseph Biden (2020-Okwamanje) njengoba egqamisa umlando wobunxusa base-US, igeography, nabantu balo mngcele oyingqopha-mlando. Usho ukuthi abezindaba "abekho kakhulu" ngalolu daba.
UZunes ukhuluma ngokuthi le nqubomgomo yezangaphandle kanye nodaba lwamalungelo abantu luzodlalwa kanjani selokhu kwakhethwa iBiden njengoba eqhubeka edalula ubudlelwano baseWestern Sahara-Morocco-US ngokuya ngesivumelwano sezinhlangothi ezimbili. Uyadilika I-MINURSO (I-United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara) futhi inikeza kumfundi isizinda, izinjongo ezihlongozwayo, nesimo sesimo sezombusazwe, noma inkhulumomphendvulwano, ezingeni lesikhungo.
I-Zunes ne-Falcone banentshisekelo ekufananeni komlando. Baphinde bahlaziye ukuthi kanjani futhi kungani izinhlelo zokuzimela zibe nazo uwile ye-Western Sahara kanye nalokho okuhlanganisa ibhalansi phakathi kwalokho okutholwa yizifundiswa nalokho umphakathi okunikezayo, mayelana nocwaningo lwamathemba okuthula esifundeni. Imithelela yokwenqaba okuqhubekayo kweMorocco ngokuthula nenqubekela phambili, kanye nokwehluleka kwabezindaba ukubika ngakho ngokuqondile, kuvela kunqubomgomo yase-United States.
UDaniel Falcone: Ngo-2018 waphawula isifundiswa uDamien Kingsbury, ohleliwe I-Western Sahara: Umthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe, Ubulungisa, kanye Nezemvelo. Ungakwazi ukungihlinzekela ngomlando omfushane we-Western Sahara ofakwe kule akhawunti?
UStephen Zunes: IWestern Sahara iyindawo enabantu abambalwa elingana neColorado, esogwini lwe-Atlantic enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, eningizimu nje ye-Morocco. Ngokomlando, ulimi lwesigodi, uhlelo lokuzalana, namasiko, bayisizwe esihlukile. Ngokwesiko kuhlalwa izizwe zama-Arab eziyimizulane, zihlangene ezaziwa ngokuthi Isi-Sahara futhi edume ngomlando wabo omude wokumelana nokubuswa ngaphandle, le ndawo yayihlalwa iSpain kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800 kuya maphakathi nawo-1970. Njengoba iSpain ibambelele kule ndawo eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi ngemva kokuba amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika eseyitholile inkululeko yawo kubukoloniyali baseYurophu, umshisekeli wobuzwe. I-Polisario Front wethula umzabalazo wenkululeko wezikhali ngokumelene neSpain ngo-1973.
Lokhu—kanye nokucindezela kweZizwe Ezihlangene—ekugcineni kwaphoqa iMadrid ukuba ithembise abantu balokho ngaleso sikhathi okwakwaziwa ngokuthi iSahara yaseSpain inhlolovo mayelana nesiphetho sendawo ekupheleni kuka-1975. INkantolo Yobulungisa Yomhlaba Wonke (ICJ) yalalela. Izimangalo ze-irredentist ezenziwe yi-Morocco ne-Mauritania futhi zabusa ngo-Okthoba we-1975 ukuthi-naphezu kwezithembiso zokuthembeka ku-sultan waseMoroccan emuva ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ngabaholi bezizwe emngceleni wendawo, nobudlelwane obuseduze phakathi kwezizwe ezithile phakathi kwabanye. Izizwe zaseSahrawi naseMauritanian-ilungelo lokuzibusa lalibaluleke kakhulu. Ithimba elikhethekile lokuvakashela leNhlangano Yezizwe lahlanganyela ophenyweni lwesimo endaweni ngalowo nyaka futhi labika ukuthi iningi lamaSahrawi lisekela ukuzimela ngaphansi kobuholi bePolisario, hhayi ukuhlanganiswa neMorocco noma iMauritania.
Njengoba iMorocco isongela impi neSpain, iphazanyiswe ukushona kukamashiqela osenesikhathi eside uFrancisco Franco, baqala ukuthola ingcindezi eyandayo evela e-United States, eyayifuna ukusekela umbimbi wayo waseMorocco, Inkosi uHassan II, futhi engafuni ukubona i-Polisario yesokunxele iqala ukubusa. Ngenxa yalokho, iSpain yasihoxisa isithembiso sayo sokuzibusa futhi esikhundleni salokho yavuma ngoNovemba 1975 ukuvumela ukuphathwa kweMoroccan enyakatho yezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeWestern Sahara kanye nokuphathwa kweMauritanian kwengxenye yesithathu eseningizimu.
Njengoba amabutho aseMorocco ayengena eNtshonalanga Sahara, cishe ingxenye yabantu yabalekela e-Algeria engumakhelwane, lapho yona nenzalo yabo isahlala emakamu ababaleki kuze kube namuhla. I-Morocco ne-Mauritania banqabe uchungechunge lokuvumelana ngazwi-linye Izinqumo zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha weNhlangano Yezizwe icela ukuthi kuhoxiswe amabutho angaphandle kanye nokuqashelwa kwelungelo lamaSahrawis lokuzibusa. IMelika kanye neFrance, yize bevotele lezi zinqumo, bavimbe iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ekuziqiniseni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Polisario—eyayixoshwa ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu enyakatho nasentshonalanga yezwe—yamemezela ukuzimela ngokuthi ISahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
Sibonga ngokwengxenye kubantu base-Algeria abanikeza amanani abalulekile ezikhali zempi kanye nokwesekwa kwezomnotho, abashokobezi basePolisario balwa kahle nawo womabili amabutho ayephethe futhi banqoba iMauritania 1979, okubenza bavume ukuguqula ingxenye yabo yesithathu ye-Western Sahara ibe yi-Polisario. Nokho, abaseMoroccan babe sebethatha ingxenye eseningizimu yezwe eyayisele.
I-Polisario yabe isigxile emzabalazweni wayo wezikhali ngokumelene neMorocco kwathi ngo-1982 yakhulula cishe amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu ezwe lawo. Nokho, eminyakeni emine eyalandela, igagasi lempi laphendukela eMorocco ngenxa yokuthi i-United States ne-France yandisa kakhulu ukwesekwa kwayo emzamweni wempi yaseMoroccan, lapho amasosha ase-US enikeza ukuqeqeshwa okubalulekile kwebutho laseMorocco ekulweni nokuvukela umbuso. amaqhinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaMelika namaFulentshi asiza iMorocco ukwakha i- “udonga” olungamakhilomitha angu-1200, ikakhulukazi ehlanganisa ama-santi ahambisanayo amabili aqine kakhulu, agcina evale ingxenye engaphezu kwezintathu kwezine ze-Western Sahara—okuhlanganisa cishe nawo wonke amadolobha amakhulu wendawo kanye nemithombo yemvelo—kusuka e-Polisario.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uhulumeni waseMorocco, ngosizo lwezindlu ezivulekile nezinye izinzuzo, wakhuthaza ngokuphumelelayo amashumi ezinkulungwane ezifiki zaseMorocco—abanye babo ababevela eningizimu yeMorocco nabesizinda sohlanga lwaseSahrawi—ukuba bathuthele eNtshonalanga Sahara. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, lezi zifiki zaseMoroccan zase zingaphezu kwamaSahrawi omdabu asele ngenani elingaphezu kwamabili koyedwa.
Nakuba yayingavamile ukungena endaweni elawulwa yiMoroccan, iPolisario yaqhubeka nokuhlasela njalo amabutho aseMoroccan ayemiswe odongeni kwaze kwaba ngu-1991, lapho iZizwe Ezihlangene ziyala ukuba kumiswe ukudubulana ukuze kuqashwe ibutho leZizwe Ezihlangene eligcina ukuthula elaziwa ngokuthi. I-MINURSO (I-United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara). Lesi sivumelwano sasihlanganisa izinhlinzeko zokubuyiselwa kwababaleki baseSahrawi eNtshonalanga yeSahara okulandelwa yinhlolovo egadwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene mayelana nesiphetho sendawo, ezovumela abantu baseSahrawi abadabuka eNtshonalanga yeSahara ukuthi bavotele inkululeko noma ukuhlanganiswa neMorocco. Nokho, ukubuyiselwa ekhaya noma inhlolovo akuzange kwenzeke ngenxa yokuphikelela kweMoroccan ekuqoqeni uhlu lwabavoti kanye nezifiki zaseMoroccan nezinye izakhamizi zaseMoroccan abathi zihlobene nezizwe zaseWestern Sahara.
Unobhala Jikelele u-Kofi Annan bhalisiwe ngaphambili UNobhala Wezwe waseMelika uJames Baker njengommeleli wakhe okhethekile ukusiza ukuxazulula inkinga. I-Morocco, nokho, iqhubekile nokungazinaki izimfuno eziphindaphindwayo zeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene zokuthi ibambisane nenqubo yenhlolovo, futhi izinsongo zaseFrance neMelika zokuthi izovala i-veto zivimbele uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ukuthi ufeze umsebenzi wawo.
UDaniel Falcone: Ubhale ku Ijenali Yenqubomgomo Yangaphandle ngoZibandlela wezi-2020 mayelana nokushoda kwaleli phuzu lapho kuxoxwa ngakho kwabezindaba zasentshonalanga lapho kuchazwa ukuthi:
“Akuvamisile ukuthi iWestern Sahara ibe sematheni emazweni omhlaba, kodwa maphakathi no-November yenzeka: Novemba 14 kwaphawula ukuhlukana okudabukisayo—uma kungamangazi—kweminyaka engu-29 yokuqeda ukudubulana eNtshonalanga Sahara phakathi kukahulumeni waseMoroccan ophethe kanye nochwepheshe. -abalweli benkululeko. Ukuqubuka kodlame akuthinti nje kuphela ngoba lundiza phakathi namashumi amathathu eminyaka obunzima obuhlobene, kodwa futhi ngoba impendulo yohulumeni baseNtshonalanga engxabanweni evukayo ingase ibe ukukhuphula-futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise futhi kugunyazwe unaphakade—ngaphezu kuka-75 iminyaka yezimiso zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe ezisunguliwe. Kubalulekile ukuthi umphakathi womhlaba uqaphele ukuthi, eNtshonalanga Sahara naseMorocco, indlela eya phambili isekubambeleleni emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe, hhayi ukweqa.”
Ungakuchaza kanjani ukusabalala kwabezindaba ngomsebenzi owenziwa ngabezindaba base-United States?
UStephen Zunes: Kakhulu akekho. Futhi, uma kukhona ukusabalala, iPolisario Front kanye nomnyakazo ongaphakathi kwendawo ehlalwa abantu bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi “abahlukanisiwe” noma “abahlukanisile,” igama elivame ukusetshenziselwa ukunyakaza kobuzwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke, engeyona iWestern Sahara. Ngokufanayo, iWestern Sahara ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-a indawo “ebangwayo”, njengokungathi yindaba yomngcele lapho zombili izinhlangothi zinezimangalo ezisemthethweni. Lokhu kuza naphezu kokuthi iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene isaqaphela ngokusemthethweni iNtshonalanga yeSahara njengendawo engazibusanga yona (okuyenza ibe ikoloni lokugcina lase-Afrika) futhi i-UN General Assembly ibhekisela kuyo njengendawo edliwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SADR iye yaqashelwa njengezwe elizimele ngohulumeni abangaphezu kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili kanti iNtshonalanga yeSahara ibe yizwe eliphelele leNhlangano Yamazwe Ase-Afrika (eyayiyiNhlangano Yobumbano Lwama-Afrika) kusukela ngowe-1984.
Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i Polisario ibibizwa ngokungafanele ngokuthi “i-Marxist” futhi, muva nje, kube nezihloko eziphindaphinda izimangalo zaseMoroccan ezingenangqondo nezivame ukuphikisana zokuthi iPolisario ixhumanisa ne-Al-Qaeda, Iran, ISIS, Hezbollah, nabanye abashisekeli. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kokuthi amaSahrawi, nakuba amaSulumane azinikele, enza incazelo ekhululekile yokholo, abesifazane basezikhundleni ezivelele zobuholi, futhi abakaze bahlanganyele ebuphekula. Imithombo yezindaba evamile ibilokhu inobunzima bokwamukela umbono wokuthi inhlangano yobuzwe ephikiswa yi-United States-ikakhulukazi umzabalazo wamaSulumane nama-Arab-ingaba kakhulu intando yeningi, yezwe, futhi ikakhulukazi engenalo udlame.
UDaniel Falcone: U-Obama ubonakale ekushaya indiva ukusebenza kweMorocco ngokungemthetho. UTrump uqinise kangakanani inkinga yabantu esifundeni?
UStephen Zunes: Ngokubonga kuka-Obama, uhlehlile ngandlela thize emigomeni ye-pro-Moroccan yokuphatha i-Reagan, Clinton, kanye noBush esikhundleni sokungathathi hlangothi, walwa nemizamo ye-bipartisan kuKhongolose yokwenza kube semthethweni ukusebenza kweMoroccan, futhi waphusha iMorocco. ukuthuthukisa isimo samalungelo abantu. Ukungenela kwakhe cishe kwasindisa ukuphila kuka Aminatou Haidar, owesifazane waseSahrawi oye wahola umzabalazo wokuzibusa ongenalo ubudlova endaweni ethathiwe lapho ebhekene nokuboshwa okuphindaphindiwe, ukuboshwa nokuhlukunyezwa. Kodwa-ke, akazange enze okuncane ukucindezela umbuso waseMorocco ukuba uqede umsebenzi futhi uvumele ukuzikhethela.
Izinqubomgomo zikaTrump bezingakacaci. UMnyango wakhe Wezwe ukhiphe izitatimende ezibonakala zihlonipha ubukhosi baseMoroccan, kodwa uMeluleki wakhe Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke UJohn Bolton-naphezu kwemibono yakhe eyeqisayo ezindabeni eziningi-wasebenza isikhathi esithile eqenjini leZizwe Ezihlangene eligxile eNtshonalanga Sahara futhi wayenenzondo enkulu ngabantu baseMoroccan nezinqubomgomo zabo, ngakho-ke isikhathi esithile kungenzeka ukuthi wathonya uTrump ukuba athathe isimo esilinganiselwe.
Kodwa-ke, phakathi namasonto akhe okugcina ehhovisi ngoDisemba 2020, uTrump washaqisa umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ngokuqaphela ngokusemthethweni ukuthathwa kweMorocan yaseWestern Sahara — izwe lokuqala ukwenza lokho. Lokhu ngokusobala bekuyimbuyiselo yokuthi iMorocco ibone u-Israyeli. Njengoba iWestern Sahara iyizwe eliphelele le-African Union, uTrump wagunyaza ukunqotshwa kwezwe lase-Afrika elaziwayo elinye. Kwakuwukwenqatshelwa kokunqotshwa kwezindawo okunjalo okubekwe kuSomqulu we-UN lapho i-United States yaphikelela ngokuthi kufanele kusekelwe ngokwethula I-Gulf War ngo-1991, ehlehlisa ukunqoba kwe-Iraq i-Kuwait. Manje, i-United States empeleni ithi izwe lama-Arab elihlasela futhi lihlanganisa umakhelwane walo omncane oseningizimu lilungile phela.
UTrump ucaphune “uhlelo lokuzimela” lwaseMorocco lwendawo ngokuthi “lubucayi, luthembekile, futhi lungokoqobo” kanye “KUPHELA kwesisekelo sesixazululo esinobulungiswa nesihlala njalo” nakuba lusilela kakhulu encazelweni yomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe “yokuzimela” futhi empeleni bekungaba. vele uqhubeke nomsebenzi. I-Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International kanye namanye amaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu abhale phansi ukucindezelwa okwandile kombutho wamasosha aseMoroccan kwabamele ukuzimela ngokuthula, ephakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana nokuthi “ukuzimela” ngaphansi kombuso kuzoba njani ngempela. I-Freedom House ikleliswe endaweni yaseWestern Sahara inenkululeko yezepolitiki encane kunanoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kweSyria. Uhlelo lokuzimela ngokwencazelo lukhipha inketho yokuzimela, ngokomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, izakhamuzi zendawo engazibusa njengeWestern Sahara kumele zibe nelungelo lokukhetha.
UDaniel Falcone: Ungakhuluma ngokuthi uhlelo lwamaqembu amabili e-US luqinisa kanjani ubukhosi baseMoroccan kanye/noma i-neoliberal ajenda?
UStephen Zunes: Womabili amaDemocrats namaRepublicans kuCongress baye basekela iMorocco, evame ukuvezwa njengezwe lama-Arab “elilingene”—njengokusekela imigomo yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US kanye nokwamukela imodeli yentuthuko ye-neoliberal. Futhi umbuso waseMoroccan uklonyeliswe ngosizo olukhulu lwangaphandle, isivumelwano sohwebo lwamahhala, kanye nesimo esikhulu esingeyona i-NATO. Kokubili George W. Bush njengomongameli kanye Hillary Clinton njengoNobhala Wezwe wancoma ngokuphindaphindiwe inkosi yaseMoroccan engumashiqela uMohammed VI, engagcini nje ngokuziba umsebenzi, kodwa echitha kakhulu ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu, inkohlakalo, nokungalingani okukhulu nokuntuleka kwezinsiza eziningi eziyisisekelo izinqubomgomo zawo eziye zabangela abantu baseMorocco.
I-Clinton Foundation yamukele lesi sipho ngo Ihhovisi Cherifien des Phosphates (I-OCP), inkampani yezimayini ephethwe wuhulumeni exhaphaza ngokungemthetho iziqiwi ze-phosphate eNtshonalanga yeSahara edlayo, ukuba ibe umnikeli oyinhloko engqungqutheleni ye-Clinton Global Initiative ka-2015 e-Marrakech. Uchungechunge lwezinqumo kanye nezincwadi Zozakwethu Othandekayo ezisekelwa iningi elibanzi lezinhlangothi ezimbili zeCongress lisigunyazile isiphakamiso sase-Morocco sokuqashelwa kokuthathwa kweWestern Sahara ukuze kushintshwe uhlelo “lokuzimela” olungacacile nolulinganiselwe.
Kunedlanzana lamalungu oKhongolose aphonsele inselelo ukwesekwa kwe-US kulo msebenzi futhi acela ukuzimisela kwangempela kweWestern Sahara. Okuxakayo ukuthi, abafaki nje kuphela ama-liberals avelele njengo-Rep. Betty McCollum (D-MN) kanye noSen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT), kodwa abagcini bemithetho abafana noRep. Joe Pitts (R-PA) kanye noSeni. Jim Inhoffe (R- KULUNGILE.)[1]
UDaniel Falcone: Ingabe ubona noma yiziphi izixazululo zezombusazwe noma izinyathelo zesikhungo ezingathathwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe isimo?
Stephen Zunes: Njengoba kwenzeka ngesikhathi 1980s eNingizimu Afrika kanye nasezindaweni zasePalestine ezaziphethwe yi-Israel, indawo yomzabalazo wenkululeko yaseNtshonalanga yeSahara isishintshile kusukela kwezempi kanye nezinhlelo zezobunxusa zenhlangano ehlomile eyadingiswa yaya ekuphikisaneni okudumile okungahlomile okuvela ngaphakathi. Izishoshovu ezisencane endaweni ehlaselwe abantu ngisho nasezindaweni ezihlala abantu baseSahrawi eningizimu yeMorocco ziye zabhekana namasosha aseMoroccan emibhikishweni yasemgwaqweni nezinye izinhlobo zesenzo esingenalo udlame, naphezu kwengozi yokudutshulwa, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokuhlukunyezwa.
AmaSahrawi avela emikhakheni eyahlukene yomphakathi angenele imibhikisho, iziteleka, imigubho yamasiko, nezinye izinhlobo zokuphikisa umphakathi okugxile ezindabeni ezifana nenqubomgomo yezemfundo, amalungelo abantu, ukukhululwa kweziboshwa zezombangazwe, kanye nelungelo lokuzikhethela. Baphinde bakhulisa izindleko zokusebenza kuhulumeni waseMorocco futhi bakhulisa ukubonakala kwesizathu saseSahrawi. Ngempela, mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, ukumelana nomphakathi kwasiza ukwakha ukusekelwa kwenhlangano yaseSahrawi phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe NGOs, amaqembu obumbano, ngisho nabaseMorocco abanozwela.
I-Morocco ikwazile ukuphikelela ephula izibopho zayo zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe mayelana ne-Western Sahara ikakhulukazi ngoba France futhi i-United States iqhubekile nokuhlomisa amabutho aseMoroccan futhi ivimbe ukuphoqelelwa kwezinqumo eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN efuna ukuthi iMorocco ivumele ukuzimela noma ivumele ukugadwa kwamalungelo abantu ezweni elidlayo. Kuyadabukisa-ke ukuthi kube nokuncane ukunakwa okunikezwe ukusekelwa kwe-US ekuthatheni indawo yaseMoroccan, ngisho nangezishoshovu zokuthula namalungelo abantu. E-Europe, kunomkhankaso omncane kodwa okhulayo wokuduba/wokwehlukana/wokujeziswa (BDS) egxile eNtshonalanga Sahara, kodwa hhayi umsebenzi omningi kulolu hlangothi lwe-Atlantic, naphezu kwendima ebalulekile edlalwe yi-United States phakathi namashumi eminyaka.
Eziningi zezindaba ezifanayo—njengokuzibusa, amalungelo abantu, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukungabi semthethweni kokuthatha indawo ehlaselwe ikoloni, ubulungisa bababaleki, njll—okusengcupheni maqondana nokuhlala kwa-Israel kuyasebenza nasekuhlaselweni kweMoroccan, futhi amaSahrawi afanelwe ukwesekwa kwethu njengasePalestine. Impela, okuhlanganisa neMorocco kuzingcingo ze-BDS okwamanje eziqondiswe ku-Israyeli nje kuzoqinisa imizamo yobumbano nePalestine, ngoba izobekela inselele umbono wokuthi u-Israyeli ukhonjwa ngokungafanele.
Okungenani okubaluleke njengokuphikiswa okuqhubekayo okungenabudlova kweSahrawis, amandla esenzo esingenalo udlame sezakhamizi zaseFrance, e-United States, nakwamanye amazwe avumela iMorocco ukuthi igcine yokuvinjezelwa. Imikhankaso enjalo yaba neqhaza elikhulu ekuphoqeni i-Australia, iGreat Britain, ne-United States ukuba ayeke ukusekela ukuthatha kwe-Indonesia i-East Timor, ekugcineni yenze izwe elaliyikoloni lamaPutukezi lakhululeka. Okuwukuphela kwethemba elingokoqobo lokuqeda ukusebenza kweWestern Sahara, ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana, nokusindisa imigomo ebalulekile yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II equkethwe ku-United Nations Charter evimbela noma yiliphi izwe ekwandiseni indawo yalo ngombutho wezempi, kungase kube umkhankaso ofanayo. ngomphakathi womhlaba wonke.
UDaniel Falcone: Kusukela okhethweni luka I-Biden (2020), ungasinikeza isibuyekezo ngale ndawo yediplomatic ekhathazayo?
UStephen Zunes: Bekunethemba lokuthi, uma esengene esikhundleni, uMongameli Biden uzohoxisa ukuqashelwa kwakhe Ukuthathwa kwe-Morocco ngokungemthetho, njengoba enezinye izinhlelo zikaTrump zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle engalindelekile, kodwa wenqabile ukwenza lokho. Amamephu kahulumeni wase-US, ngokungafani cishe nanoma yimaphi amanye amamephu omhlaba, abonisa iWestern Sahara njengengxenye ye-Morocco engenawo umngcele phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. I UMnyango Wezwe yonyaka Umbiko Wamalungelo Abantu kanye neminye imibhalo i-Western Sahara ibalwe njengengxenye ye-Morocco esikhundleni sokungena ngokuhlukile njengoba benzile ngaphambilini.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphikelela kukaBiden mayelana Ukraine ukuthi iRussia ayinalo ilungelo lokushintsha imingcele yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuzimele noma ukwandisa indawo yayo ngenkani—yize ngokuqinisekile kuyiqiniso—ayinangqondo ngokuphelele, njengoba iWashington iqhubeka nokuqaphela ukuthi i-Morocco ingaziwa ngokungemthetho. Abaphathi babonakala bethatha isikhundla sokuthi yize kungalungile ukuthi amazwe aphikisanayo njengeRussia ephule i-UN Charter kanye neminye imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe evimbela amazwe ukuthi ahlasele futhi athathe zonke noma izingxenye zezinye izizwe, awaphikisani namadlelandawonye ase-US njengeMorocco. yenza njalo. Ngempela, uma kukhulunywa nge-Ukraine, ukwesekwa kwe-US ekuthatheni kweMorocco iWestern Sahara kuyisibonelo sokuqala sobuzenzisi bezinga le-US. Ngisho noprofesa waseStanford UMichael McFaul, owasebenza njengenxusa lika-Obama eRussia futhi ongomunye wabaningi abameli abangagunci yokwesekwa okuqinile kwe-US e-Ukraine, ivumile ukuthi inqubomgomo ye-US maqondana ne-Western Sahara ilimaze kanjani ukwethembeka kwe-US ekuqoqeni ukwesekwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokumelene nobudlova baseRussia.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abaphathi beBiden abakakusekeli ngokusemthethweni ukuqashelwa kukaTrump ukuthatha iMorocco. Abaphathi basekela iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ekuqokeni isithunywa esisha esiyisipesheli ngemva kweminyaka emibili singekho futhi siqhubekele phambili nezingxoxo phakathi koMbuso waseMorocco kanye nePolisario Front. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakayivuli i-consulate ehlongozwayo I-Dakhla endaweni okuhlalwa kuyo, okukhombisa ukuthi abasiboni isidingo enza accompli. Ngamafuphi, babonakala bezama ukuba nazo zombili izindlela.
Ezicini ezithile, lokhu akumangazi, ngoba kokubili UMongameli Biden kanye noNobhala Wezwe uBlinken, nakuba ingahambi ngokwedlulele ekuphathweni kukaTrump, ayizange isekele ikakhulukazi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Bobabili basekela ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq. Naphezu kwezinkulumo zabo ezisekela intando yeningi, baqhubekile nokweseka abasekeli bobushiqela. Naphezu kwengcindezi yabo ephelelwe yisikhathi yokuthi kuqedwe impi ka-Israel eGaza kanye nempumuzo ekuhambeni kukaNetanyahu, bakhiphe isinqumo sokuthi bangabeki ingcindezi kuhulumeni wakwa-Israel ukuthi enze isivumelwano esidingekayo ukuze kube nokuthula. Impela, akukho okukhombisa ukuthi abaphathi bazohlehlisa ukuqaphela kukaTrump ukuthathwa kuka-Israyeli ngokungemthetho kweGolan Heights yaseSyria.
Kubukeka sengathi inqwaba yezikhulu zoMnyango Wezwe ezijwayelene nalesi sifunda zisiphikisa kakhulu isinqumo sikaTrump. Iqembu elincane kodwa elihlangene lamalungu omthetho akhathazekile ngalolu daba seliyisukumele phezulu. I I-United States cishe iyodwa emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe ekuboneni ngokusemthethweni ukuthatha kwe-Morocco ngokungemthetho futhi kungase kube khona ingcindezi ethule evela kwamanye amadlelandawonye ase-US. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokho, kukhona abasekela iMoroccan ePentagon kanye nakuKhongolose, kanye namaqembu asekela u-Israyeli asaba ukuthi i-US ihoxisa ukuqaphela kwayo ukuthathwa kweMorocco kuzoholela ekutheni iMorocco ihoxise ukuqashelwa kwayo i-Israel, okubonakala sengathi. kube yisisekelo sesivumelwano sangoDisemba odlule.
UDaniel Falcone: Ungakwazi yini ukuqhubeka nokuhlongozwayo izixazululo zezombusazwe kulokhu kungqubuzana futhi uhlole amathuba okuba ngcono futhi wabelane ngemicabango yakho mayelana nendlela yokuqhubekisela phambili ukuzimisela kulesi simo? Ingabe kukhona ukufana kwamazwe ngamazwe (ngokwenhlalo, kwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe) kulo mlando emngceleni?
Stephen Zunes: Njengendawo engazibusa, njengoba kuqashelwa yiNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, abantu baseWestern Sahara banelungelo lokuzikhethela, okuhlanganisa ukukhetha ukuzimela. Izingqapheli eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi yilokho ngempela iningi labantu bomdabu—izakhamuzi zendawo (okungabandakanyi izifiki zaseMoroccan), kanye nababaleki—bezingakhetha. Kungenzeka ukuthi yingakho iMorocco sekungamashumi eminyaka yenqaba ukuvumela ukuthi kube nenhlolovo njengoba kuyalelwe yi-UN. Yize kunedlanzana lezizwe ezithathwa njengengxenye yamanye amazwe abaningi bethu abakholelwa ukuthi ngokwesimilo banelungelo lawo ukuzikhethela (njengeKurdistan, iTibet, kanye West Papua) kanye nezingxenye zamanye amazwe angaphansi kwamazwe angaphandle (okuhlanganisa i-Ukraine neCyprus), kuphela iWestern Sahara kanye neWest Bank ephethwe yi-Israel futhi wavimbezela iGaza Strip bakha amazwe wonke angaphansi kokuqashwa kwamanye amazwe anqatshelwe ilungelo lokuzibusa.
Mhlawumbe isifaniso esiseduze kakhulu kungaba esokuqala Umsebenzi wase-Indonesia wase-East Timor, okwathi—njengeWestern Sahara—kwakuyindaba yokuqedwa kobukoloni kwaphazanyiswa ukuhlasela kukamakhelwane omkhulu kakhulu. NjengeWestern Sahara, umzabalazo wezikhali wawungenathemba, umzabalazo ongenalo ubudlova wacindezelwa ngonya, futhi umzila wezobuchwephesha wavinjwa amandla amakhulu afana ne-United States esekela umhlali futhi ivimbela iNhlangano Yezizwe ukuthi isebenzise izinqumo zayo. Bekuwumkhankaso wenhlangano yomphakathi yomhlaba wonke owaphoxa abasekeli base-Indonesia baseNtshonalanga babacindezela ukuthi bavumele inhlolovo yokuzimela eyaholela enkululekweni yase-East Timor. Lokhu kungase kube ithemba elingcono kakhulu laseNtshonalanga Sahara futhi.
UDaniel Falcone: Yini engashiwo njengamanje I-MINURSO (Uphiko LweNhlangano Yezizwe Lwenhlolovo ENtshonalanga Sahara)? Ungakwazi ukwabelana ngesizinda, imigomo ehlongozwayo, kanye nesimo sepolitiki noma inkhulumomphendvulwano ezingeni lesikhungo?
UStephen Zunes: I-MINURSO ayikwazanga ukufeza umsebenzi wayo wokwengamela inhlolovo ngenxa yokuthi iMorocco yenqaba ukuvumela ukuthi kube nenhlolovo futhi i-United States neFrance ivimba uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ekusebenziseni igunya lawo. Bavimbe futhi I-MINURSO kusukela ngisho nasekuqapheni isimo samalungelo abantu njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlaka ze-UN zokugcina ukuthula emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ezenziwe. IMorocco iphinde yaxosha abantu abaningi ngokungemthetho I-MINURSO abasebenzi ngo-2016, futhi neFrance ne-United States ivimbela i-UN ekusebenzeni. Ngisho neqhaza labo lokuqapha ukumiswa kokudubula akusabalulekile njengoba, ekuphenduleni uchungechunge lokwephulwa kweMoroccan, iPolisario yaqala kabusha umzabalazo wezikhali ngoNovemba 2020. Okungenani ukuvuselelwa konyaka kwegunya le-MINURSO kuthumela umyalezo wokuthi, naphezu kokuqashelwa kwe-US Ukufakwa kwe-Morocco ngokungemthetho, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe usabambe iqhaza embuzweni we-Western Sahara.
lwezincwadi
Falcone, Daniel. "Yini Esingayilindela KuTrump Ngokuhlala kweMorocco eNtshonalanga Sahara?" Ngaphandle. Julayi 7, 2018.
Feffer, uJohn noZunes Stephen. Iphrofayili Yengxabano Yokuzinqumela: Western Sahara. Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle Igxile Ku-FPIF. United States, 2007. Web Archive. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0011279/.
Kingsbury, Damien. I-Western Sahara: Umthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe, Ubulungisa Nezemvelo. Ihlelwe ngu-Kingsbury, Damien, Routledge, London, England, 2016.
UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, Umbiko kaNobhala-Jikelele mayelana nesimo esiphathelene ne-Western Sahara, 19 April 2002, S/2002/467, utholakala ku: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3cc91bd8a.html [kufinyelelwe zingama-20 Agasti 2021]
Umnyango Wezwe wase-United States, Imibiko Yezwe Yango-2016 Ngemikhuba Yamalungelo Abantu - Western Sahara, 3 March 2017, itholakala kokuthi: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58ec89a2c.html [kufinyelelwe ngomhlaka-1 Julayi 2021]
Zunes, Stephen. “Imodeli YaseMpumalanga Timor Inikeza Indlela Yokuphuma ENtshonalanga Sahara naseMorocco:
Isiphetho SeWestern Sahara Sisezandleni ZoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN.” Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle (2020).
Zunes, uStephen "Isivumelwano sikaTrump mayelana nokuthathwa kweMorocco eWestern Sahara sibeka engcupheni izingxabano zomhlaba," Washington Post, Disemba 15, 2020 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/12/15/trump-morocco-israel-western-sahara-annexation/
