Ngu-Sean McElwee, Brian Schaffner no-Jesse Rhodes, The Nation.
Njengoba ithonya labanikeli bemali ephezulu likhula, kanjalo ne-bellicosity yethu izokhula.
Snjengoba uDonald Trump enyukela ehhovisi likamongameli, iWashington izabalaze ukuthola indlela yokuphatha yakhe ezindabeni zempi nokuthula. Emasontweni adlule, bekugxilwe kakhulu ku- ithonya elibonakalayo womsizi omkhulu kamongameli uSteve Bannon, obonwa njengo hawkish kakhulu on izindaba zokuphepha kwezwe, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekulweni Ubuphekula bamaSulumane nokubhekana I-China ithonya elikhulayo. Ukuhlakanipha okukhona kubonakala sengathi ukuvelela kukaBannon ngaphakathi kwabaphathi - kuqokonyiswe nguye ukuqokwa eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke - ikhombisa ukuphenduka okungaphezulu kwenqubomgomo yezokuphepha kazwelonke yaseMelika.
Futhi naphezu kokungabaza kwakhe okuthiwa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezokuvikela kanye nokwenyanya ukwehliswa kwezindleko, isabelomali esisha sikaTrump sisekela ukusetshenziswa kokuzivikela ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-54 ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenye indawo.
Kunezizathu ezingenakuphikwa zalokho ukukhathazeka – uma kungenjalo ukwesaba okuqondile - mayelana nokuqokwa kukaBannon, ikakhulukazi okuhambisana nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezempi okukhulayo. Kodwa lezi zinkathazo zifihla izinto ezihlelekile - uma futhi zicashe kakhulu - izizathu zokuphikelela kwe-United States ngobudlova emhlabeni. (Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukungenelela kwamasosha aseMelika isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwe-Trump Administration futhi waqhubeka ngesikhathi sobumongameli bukaBarack Obama). Ucwaningo lwethu luphakamisa ukuthi isisekelo esikhulu, uma singabongiwe kangako, sokusekela ukusetshenziswa njalo kwebutho lezempi laseMelika phesheya, umdlandla wabantu abacebile - futhi ikakhulukazi abaxhasi bezombusazwe abakhulu.
Emibuzweni eminingana ebalulekile, abantu abacebile - futhi, ikakhulukazi, "abanikeli abaphezulu" (labo abanikela ngama- $ 5,000 noma ngaphezulu, noma amaphesenti aphezulu a-1 wabo bonke abanikeli) - banomdlandla kakhulu mayelana nokuqagela kwamandla aseMelika kunabantu abadala baseMelika. Intshiseko yabalingisi abacebe kakhulu nabanethonya abazimele kwezombusazwe zaseMelika inikeza indawo ehlala njalo yokwesekwa kokugomela kwamandla aseMelika phesheya. Uma kubhekwa ithonya elijulile, futhi okungenzeka liyakhula, labaxhasi bezombusazwe kwezombusazwe zaseMelika, esikutholile kusikisela ukuthi ukwesekwa okuqinile kwezombusazwe ekungeneleleni kwamanye amazwe kwaseMelika kuzohlala isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuthi u-Bannon, kanye noTrump, beshiye igatsha eliphezulu.
Lezi ziphetho zivela kuphrojekthi yethu yocwaningo eqhubekayo mayelana nezintandokazi nezindlela zokunikela zabaxhasi abakhulu. Njengengxenye yalo msebenzi, siphenye ukuthi kuthandwa kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kwaseMelika kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nabanikeli abakhethekile, abantu abacebile (labo abanemiholo yomndeni engaphezu kuka-$150,000), bonke abanikelayo, nabo bonke abantu abadala baseMelika.
Ukuhlaziya kwethu kuthathelwe efayeleni ledatha eliqongelelwe kusukela ngo-2008, 2010, 2012, kanye no-2014. Izifundo Zokhetho Zokubambisana ZeCongress izinhlolovo. Ngokuhlanganisa ndawonye izinhlolovo eziningi, sikwazile ukuthola isampula elikhulu ngokungavamile lalaba banikeli abakhethekile, kanye namasampula amakhulu kakhulu amanye amaqembu amaningana: bonke abanikeli bezombusazwe, abantu abanemiholo yomndeni engaphezu kuka-$150,000, nabo bonke abantu abadala baseMelika. (Kuzo zonke izinhlolovo, kube nabaphenduli abangu-196,000.) Ukuze senze isampula elikhethekile lomnikeli limele izwe lonke, silinganise kabusha isampula sisebenzisa ulwazi oluvela ku-Catalist, inkampani yedatha yezombusazwe enolwazi olungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-260 zabantu abadala, kanye ne-Federal Election Commission.
Senza nemizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi sibahlonza kahle abaxhasi abakhulu. Yize kungenzeki ukuthi abantu abaningi baqambe amanga ngokunikela ngemali eningi emikhankasweni - ukuba ngumnikeli osezingeni eliphezulu akusona ncamashi isimo abantu abaningi abasifisayo - sizame ukukuphendulela lokhu okungenzeka ngokushiya ekuhlaziyeni kwethu noma yibaphi abanikeli abakhethekile abazikhomba bona. ababhalisiwe futhi abavoti ababhalisiwe. Sekukonke, indlela yethu yokwenza kwethu isivumele ukuthi sihlole izintandokazi zabanikeli abaphezulu, namanye amaqembu, ngokunemba okukhulu.
Njengombono wokuqala, "abanikeli abaphezulu" kanye nabaseMelika abacebile basekela kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kwaseMelika kunabantu baseMelika abajwayelekile. Lapho becelwa ukuthi babonise ukuthi bakhetha ukulinganisela isabelomali sombuso ngokuyinhloko ngokuncishiswa kwemali yokuvikela, ukunciphisa izindleko zasekhaya, noma ukwenyuswa kwentela, amaphesenti angu-42 abantu abadala baseMelika babonise ukuthi bancamela ukuncishiswa kwezokuvikela. Kepha ngamaphesenti angama-25 kuphela abanikeli abaphezulu, kanye namaphesenti angama-36 abantu baseMelika abacebile, abakhetha leyo ndlela.
Sithole ukuthi ukunciphisa izindleko zokuvikela kwaba bridge inketho ethandwayo yokulinganisa isabelomali phakathi kwabantu baseMelika abavamile, kodwa okungenani inketho ethandwayo phakathi kwabanikeli be-elite. Futhi lokhu akuyona nje indaba yokuchema - "abanikeli abaphezulu" kanye nabantu baseMelika abacebile kusampula yethu bahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo emigqeni yeqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emaqenjini, abaxhasi be-elite bangenelela kakhulu (okungukuthi, abaxhasi beDemocratic elite bangenelela kakhulu kunabangabanikeli futhi abanikeli be-Republican elite bangenelela kakhulu kunabangabanikeli beRiphabhulikhi).
Abanikeli be-Elite kanye nabantu baseMelika abacebile nabo babonakala bejabule kakhulu ngokungenelela kwe-United States e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Phakathi kwabo bonke abantu abadala, amaphesenti angu-60 abheka ukubandakanyeka kwe-United States e-Iraq njengephutha. Kodwa amaphesenti angama-52 kuphela abaxhasi be-elite abakwenzayo. Igebe lemibono phakathi kwabantu abadala kanye nabaxhasi be-elite ekungeneni kwe-United States e-Afghanistan libanzi nakakhulu. Ngenkathi amaphesenti angama-43 omphakathi jikelele abheka ukungenelela kwe-Afghanistan njengephutha, ngamaphesenti angama-27 kuphela abanikeli abakhethekile abakwenzayo.
Lokhu okutholakele kukhomba ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abanikeli abaphezulu kanye nabacebile baseMelika bangahle bathambekele ekusetshenzisweni kwebutho lezempi laseMelika kunabaseMelika abajwayelekile. Futhi, empeleni, uma kuziwa ezimweni zengqondo mayelana nokungenelela okucatshangelwayo kwezempi, sithola imiphumela efanayo esekelwe emalini engenayo kanye neminikelo. Isibonelo, ngenkathi wonke amaqembu ekuhlaziyeni kwethu esekela ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi laseMelika ukuvikela abalingani abahlaselwayo, abanikeli abakhethekile nabacebile baseMelika banomdlandla kakhulu kunabo bonke abantu abadala baseMelika. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu abanikeli abakhethekile kanye namaphesenti angama-80 abantu baseMelika abacebile bazwakalisa ukweseka ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kulezi zimo, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angama-71 abantu abadala.
“Abanikeli be-Elite” kanye nabacebile babonakala bengase basekele ukungenelela kwezempi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubulawa kwabantu (amaphesenti angu-50 namaphesenti angu-51 ngokulandelana) uma kuqhathaniswa nomphakathi jikelele (amaphesenti angu-40). Futhi abanikeli be-elite nabacebile baseMelika nabo banamathuba amaningi okuveza ukweseka ukungenelela kwezempi ukucekela phansi amakamu okuqeqesha amaphekula. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupha nane abantu abadala baseMelika asekela lokhu kucatshangelwa; kodwa amaphesenti angu-80 “abanikeli abakhethekile” namaphesenti angama-76 abantu baseMelika abacebile benza kanjalo.
Ngokumangazayo, sithole ukuthi abanikeli abakhethekile kanye nabantu baseMelika abacebile kungenzeka bazwakalise ukweseka ukungenelela kwezempi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kukawoyela waseMelika. Ngenkathi amaphesenti angama-25 kuphela abantu abadala baseMelika azwakalise ukweseka ukungenelela okunjalo, amaphesenti angama-35 abanikeli abakhethekile bakwenza, futhi cishe ingxenye (amaphesenti angama-48) yabanikeli be-Republican elite bakwenzile.
Lokhu kwehluka kwezimo zengqondo kunendaba. Umfundaze wakamuva wokumeleleka kwezepolitiki uphakamisa ukuthi abaxhasi abakhulu nabacebile baseMelika banethonya elibi kosopolitiki, nokuthi lokhu kuchema kuphawuleka kakhulu ezindabeni zokuphepha kwezwe kanye nenqubomgomo yangaphandle. Esinye isizathu esenza lokhu kwenzeke ukuthi abantu baseMelika bazizwa benokuzethemba okuncane ekwahluleleni izinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe futhi bavame ukulalela abantu abakhethekile ezindabeni ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana.
Benjamin Page noJason Barabas kuqhathaniswa ne okuncanyelwayo kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle kwabakhethiwe benqubomgomo yezangaphandle abasebenzisa izinhlolovo ze-Chicago Council on Foreign Relations futhi bathola “umehluko omningi wamaphuzu angama-30, 40, ngisho namaphesenti angama-50 uma kuqhathaniswa nomphakathi wonkana.” UBenjamin Page noMarshall Bouton thola, encwadini yabo Ukunqamula Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle, ukuthi “ngokuphambene nalokho okushiwo yizazi eziningi, osolwazi kanye nezicukuthwane zezombangazwe,” “umbono ohlangene womphakathi mayelana nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle awuhambisani, awunangqondo, uyashintshashintsha noma awunangqondo.”
Kunalokho, baphikisa ngokuthi, umphakathi ovamile “ukhetha ukusebenzisa ngokuvamile ukubambisana kanye nezindlela ezihlangene zokuphishekela izinhloso zenqubomgomo yangaphandle.” Kull kanye noDestler thola futhi ukuthi abantu abakhethekile bavame ukufunda kabi umbono womphakathi, nokuthi abantu baseMelika ababona abantu ababodwa, kodwa kunalokho bathanda ukungenelela kwezizwe eziningi.
Ososayensi bezombangazwe uMat Grossmann noWilliam Isaac nabo bathola ukuthi abacebile bangase bathande “ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe, izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe, usizo lwangaphandle, nezivumelwano zokuhwebelana.” Bathole ukuthi abacebile banomthelela ongemuhle kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle: "ukwesekwa okucebile kweziphakamiso zenqubomgomo yangaphandle ngaphandle kokusekelwa okuphakathi kuholela ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lokutholwa (amaphesenti angu-69) uma kuqhathaniswa neziphakamiso zenqubomgomo yangaphandle ezinokusekelwa kwesakhamuzi esimaphakathi (38%)."
Lokhu akusebenzi nje kuphela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okunolaka kwamanye amazwe, kodwa nenqubomgomo yezohwebo futhi, njengoba abanikeli kungenzeka kakhulu basekele izivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala. Ngo-2014 CCES, amaphesenti angu-68 abanikeli abanikela nge-$1,000 noma ngaphezulu basekela isivumelwano sohwebo lwamahhala lwe-US-Korea, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-57 esampula eliphelele.
Iningi lezinkulumo mpikiswano ngemali kwezombusazwe ligxile kunqubomgomo yasekhaya: Umkhankaso kaBernie Sanders ugxile endleleni osozigidi nosozigidi abavimba ngayo i-ajenda eqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwethu luphakamisa ukuthi abaxhasi be-elite banemibono ehlukene ngomnotho womhlaba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla phesheya kwezilwandle kunomphakathi jikelele. Abaxhasi bavame ukunikeza imali ukuze kumiswe lowo mbono, njengezigidi uSheldon Adelson noHaim Saban abazinikeze ukuze balolonge inqubomgomo ku-Israel. Osopolitiki abathanda ukusungulwa kwezohwebo namandla ezempi phesheya kwezilwandle kaningi bazithole ngokushesha ekuzivikeleni. Abaxhasi kungenzeka baphikisane nanoma yimuphi umzamo kaTrump wokuvala iMelika emphakathini wamazwe omhlaba, kodwa futhi mancane amathuba okuthi babambe amabhuleki uma eyisa izwe empini.
