Sidinga usuku olusha lwe-Armistice

By UDavid Swanson, Okthoba 13, 2018.

Amazwi at Isikhungo Sezinsiza Zokungabi Nabulungisa eSanta Cruz, Calif., Ngo-Okthoba 12, 2018.

Ngokuqondile ngehora le-11th lusuku lwe-11th lwenyanga ye-11th, ku-1918, eminyakeni engu-100 edlule le-Novemba ka-11th ezayo, abantu baseYurophu bavele beyeke ukudubula izibhamu. Kuze kube yilowo mzuzu, babulala futhi bathatha izinhlamvu, bewela futhi bekhala, bekhala futhi befa, kusukela ezinhlamvu kanye negesi yobuthi.

UWilfred Owen wakubeka kanje:

Uma kwamanye amaphupho ahlabayo nawe ungahamba
Ngaphambi kwenqola ukuthi samphonsa kuyo,
Futhi qaphela amehlo amhlophe ewa ngobuso ebusweni bakhe,
Ubuso bakhe bokulenga, njengokwelashwa kwesono sikademoni;
Uma ungase uzwe, kuzo zonke i-jolt, igazi
Woza ukugudla amaphaphu aphelile,
Okungahle kunjengomdlavuza, okubabayo njengobuthi
Ngokubi, izilonda ezingelapheki ezilimini ezingenacala,
Mngane wami, awukwazi ukutshela ngezinga eliphakeme kangaka
Kubantwana abanamandla ngenkazimulo ethile engathandeki,
Lie elidala; Dulce et Decorum kuyinto
Pro patria mori.

Okumnandi futhi kufanelekile ukufela isizwe. Ngakho baye bathi amakhulu eminyaka. Kungase kube kuhle, ungalokothi ubumnandi. Futhi akazuzizuzisa. Futhi akufanele sithokozwe noma sibonge noma sicatshangelwe ukuthi siyihlobo oluthile lwenkonzo noma sihloniphekile, silila futhi sizisole. Inombolo enkulu kunazo zonke kulabo abakwenzayo namuhla e-United States bafela isizwe sabo ngokuzibulala. I-Veterans Administration iye yasho amashumi eminyaka ukuthi ukulungela ukuzibulala kuwukuphela kokulwa necala. Ngeke ubone ukuthi kukhangiswe kumaPredades amaningi we-Veterans Day. Iqiniso elibi alilokothi lihle njengamanga amnandi. Kunezinkimbinkimbi ezimbalwa ngosuku lweNqabayokulinda Yokwenkolo, kodwa emphakathini ohlakaniphile oqondiswe ngendlela efanele kuyoba khona.

Bese bayeka, ku-11: 00 ekuseni, ikhulu leminyaka edlule. Bayekile, ngesikhathi esimisiwe. Kwakungewona ukuthi babethole bekhathele noma befika ezinhliziyweni zabo. Kokubili nangemva kwe-11 ngehora babevele belandela imiyalo. Isivumelwano se-Armistice esiphelile iMpi Yezwe I sabeka i-11 ngehora njengokuyeka isikhathi.

UHenry Nicholas John Gunther wayezelwe eBaltimore, Maryland, kubazali ababefuduka eJalimane. NgoSeptemba 1917 wayebhalwa ukusiza ukubulala amaJalimane. Ngesikhathi ebhala ekhaya evela eYurophu ukuchaza ukuthi impi eyayiyingozi futhi ukugqugquzela abanye ukuba bagweme ukubhalwa phansi, wayenqatshelwe (futhi incwadi yakhe yahlungwa).

Ngemuva kwalokho, wayetshele abangane bakhe ukuthi uzozibonakalisa. Njengomhla wokugcina we-11: I-00 isondelene ngalolo suku lokugcina ngoNovemba, uHenry wasukuma, ngokumelene nemiyalo, futhi ngesibindi wagxekwa isigqoko sakhe emabhange amabili aseJalimane. AmaJalimane ayeyazi nge-Armistice futhi azama ukumvusa. Wayelokhu esondela futhi edubula. Lapho esondela, umshini wokushisa umshini owawuqeda ukudubula waphela impilo yakhe ku-10: 59 am

UHenry waba ngowokugcina wamadoda e-11,000 okumele abulawe noma akalimele phakathi kokusayina kwe-Armistice amahora ayisithupha ngaphambili futhi ukusebenza kwalo. UHenry Gunther wanikezwa isikhundla sakhe, kodwa hhayi impilo yakhe.

Abalimele ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, kanye nabampofu, bazoqhubeka befa isikhathi esithile. Ukhuhlane olusakazeka yimpi lungathatha izisulu eziningi, futhi indlela eyingozi yokugcina ukuxoxisana ngokuthula yayiyobikezela - ngokusiza umkhankaso olandelayo, iMisa Insanity Part II, i-Return of the Sociopaths - ukuthatha izimpilo ezingaphezulu kunezimpi nomkhuhlane uhlangene . Impi enkulu (engiyithathayo ukuthi ngiyilungele cishe i-Make America Great Again Again) ingaba yimpi yokugcina lapho ezinye izindlela abantu abakhuluma ngazo futhi bacabange ngempi kuyoba yiqiniso. Abafile babeningi labalimele. Izisulu zempi zazingaphezu kwezakhamuzi. Lokhu kubulawa kwenzeke kakhulu empini. Lezi zinhlangothi ezimbili azikho, ikakhulukazi, zihlomile yizinkampani ezifanayo zezikhali. Impi yayingokomthetho. Futhi iningi labantu abahlakaniphile ngempela bakholelwa ukuthi impi ikhona ngobuqotho bese ishintsha izingqondo zabo. Konke lokho kuhambisane nomoya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sinendaba ukuyivuma noma cha.

Kodwa ngifuna ukuvuselela izinyanga ezimbalwa kuya ku-Septhemba 28, i-1918. Lokho kwakungumhla wesigqoko esiwubuwula engake ngakuzwa. Futhi, masibe necala, leli zwe liye laphela ngobuwula. UDonald Trump wayefuna ukubamba izikhali eWashington ngoNovemba. Lokho kwakungeyona impela umbono wezingqondo. Kwakungeyona into ekhohlisayo njengokuqamba kabusha iholidi yama-veteran kodwa ivinjelwe izahluko ze-Veterans For Peace kusukela ekuhlanganyeleni emidlalweni, njengoba amanye amadolobha enza njalo ngoNovemba. Isiphakamiso sikaTrump sasinamahloni futhi senza amahloni. I-Vulgar ngoba yayizokhangisa imishini yokubulala eyinhloko yomsebenzi umphakathi wase-US okufanele ucabange njengesihe. I-Vulgar ngoba ingabe ikhuthaze ezinye zezikhwama ezinkulu zomkhankaso, xolela mina - abanikeli, abasebenza ngaphakathi ohlelweni olukhetho olukhetho lwase-US olusengcupheni kusukela ekungabonakali uma izikhangiso ze-Facebook ezithengiswa ngamakhompiki adlala, ngisho amaRussia. Futhi kuyamahloni ngoba ngezikhathi ngezikhali izikhali ziye zasetshenziswa lapho kwakukhona inkolelo yokunqoba, njengaseNkathini YeGulf. Umfana wenza lokho kunqoba kuphumelela wonke umuntu, na? Ukubamba izikhali kukhishwa nje ngoba sekuyiminyaka eminingi kangaka kusukela noma ubani engase azenzele ukunqoba isikhathi eside kunokuba kuthatha ukuma kumuntu othwala izindiza eSan Diego kungenzeka, njengoba umuntu angase abhale nge-tweet, buhlungu.

Kungani le shindig ikhanseliwe? Ukuthi kuzodla izigidi zamaRandi kubonakala sengathi kunesizathu esizwakalayo ngaphandle kokuthi lokho kuyiphutha lokubambisana ekusebenzisaneni ngokungahambisani nakho konke okusemandleni okuthola ukuhlukunyezwa ngokuphelele yi-akhawuntiant gurus ePentagon. Ingxenye yesizathu, nakuba kuyinto yokugcina abasitshela yona, mhlawumbe ukuthi umphakathi, abezindaba, kanye nezempi babonisa isithakazelo esincane kakhulu kule nto, futhi abaningi bayiphikisa ngokuqinile, kuhlanganise abaningi bethu esithembisa obala susa wonke umuntu esingakwenza ukuze asivimbele, asilahle, futhi esikhundleni sakhe agubhe usuku lwe-Armistice. Sizibophelele ekuqhubekeni kulowo mkhosi, nokunye okunye, uma i-parade ikhanseliwe. Kodwa lapho ikhanseliwe, amaqembu amaningana alahlekelwa umdlandla wawo wokuqhubekela phambili. Ukuthi ngibheka ihlazo kanye nephutha lamasu. Kodwa ezinye izenzakalo ezenzelwe emuva zihlelwe i-DC, kanti ezinye zitholakalayo zitholakalayo ekukhuthazeni usuku lwe-Armistice yonke indawo emhlabeni. Okuningi ngaleyo maduze.

Kodwa-ke, masingayinaki iphuzu, kodwa ukuthi lo mqondo womphakathi unomthelela ekukhanheni i-Trumparade. Uma i-Trump iqala impi enkulu entsha izoba yingxenye ngoba ikholelwa ukuthi umphakathi uzoyithokozisa. Yingakho kubaluleke kangaka ukuthi sikwazi ukucacisa manje ukuthi sizoyilahla - futhi kubi kakhulu, ngeke sikubuke. It uzothola izilinganiso ezimbi. Uma singakwazi ukuxhumana lokho kuDonald Trump singase sibe nokuthula njalo.

Ngifuna ukubuyela emuva embukisweni okwakungumdanso. Khumbula ukuthi uWoldrow Wilson uphinde wakhululwa ngesiqubulo esithi "wasisindisa empini," nakuba wayelokhu ezama isikhathi eside ukuze athole i-US empini. Wayefisa ukuthola amaBrithani namaFrance ukuthi avumelane nemigomo yakhe yezwe lokuthuma ngemuva kokulwa nokuthula ngaphandle komnqobi, futhi amaphuzu akhe e-14 abhalwe nguWalter Lippmann nabanye futhi afaka i-League of Nations okuhloswe ukugcina ukuthula, kanye nokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhweba mahhala nokuphela kobukoloniyali. Naphezu kokwenqaba kwabo, uWilson waqhubeka futhi waxosha i-US empini esebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zamanga mayelana nemikhumbi ye-US eyehlisiwe kanye nomkhankaso onobudlova wenkulumo-ze evumela ukuthi wonke umuntu azi ukuthi kufanele acabangani futhi avaliwe labo abangacabangi kahle.

Khumbula ukuthi iMpi Enkulu yayiyibudlova obubi kunabo bonke abantu abamhlophe ababezibophezele bona, nokuthi babengajwayele. Ngaphezulu kokufa okuphawulekayo, ama-United States athumele amasosha nabasemkhunjini benomkhuhlane emanzini aseYurophu lapho isifo esibulalayo sisakaze emhlabeni jikelele, ngokubulala mhlawumbe i-2 noma izikhathi ezingu-3 inani labantu ababulawa ngqo empini. Ukungazi mayelana nomkhuhlane kwakhuthazwa izinqubomgomo ezivimbela amaphephandaba ukuba abike okungaphansi kokuthokoza phakathi nempi. ISpain ayinayo leyo mingcele. Ngakho-ke izindaba zengculazi zabikwa okokuqala eSpain, futhi abantu baqala ukubiza lesi sifo iSibhamu saseSpain.

Manje, uhulumeni wase-United States wayefuna ukubamba iqhaza ePhiladelphia ngezikhali ezingaphezu kwalokho ngisho neTrump kungenzeka ukuthi idinga izixuku eziningi zamagciwane asetshenziselwa uketshezi zibuyele ezigodini. Ochwepheshe abaningi bezempilo bakhombise ukuthi lokhu kwakungokufana nokushayela umshini ohlakaniphile nokukhwabanisa inhlamba yezigidi zezinsizwa egameni lokuphela kwempi - noma njengeposi elidumile emibhikishweni yakamuva iye yafaka: ukukwenyusa ubulili. Kodwa umqondisi wezeMpilo kaWilly Wilmer Krusen wayenhlonipho eningi emphakathini njengomdlali weFiladelphia Eagles onomdlali ophikisayo. U-Krusen umemezele ukuthi lo mkhuhlane wawuyizindaba ezikhohlisayo. Uhlongoze ukuthi abantu bavele bayeke ukukhwehlela, ukuphambanisa nokuthunga. Ngokujulile. AbaSosayensi abangamaKhristu noma bathandaza abantu base-gay abakuphethe. Yeka ukukhipha. Lokho kuzolungisa konke.

Enye injongo yalesi sigameko kwakuwukuthengisa izibopho zokukhokha empini, futhi idolobha ngalinye lalifuna ukuthengisa kakhulu, kuhlanganise neFiladelphia. Esikhundleni salokho, yiyiphi iFiladelphia eyathatha irekhodi ngoba yayisakazeka kakhulu umkhuhlane. Ukuqhuma okukhulu kwabikezelwa futhi kwenzeka.

Indoda eyodwa okungenzeka yehle nomkhuhlane ngenxa yengozi eyayikhuliswe kakhulu yi-Woodrow Wilson. Ngesikhathi uWilson ehamba eVersailles ukuyoxoxisana neparadesi elinokuthula ayekuthembise umhlaba, wathola, njengoba kulindeleke, ukuthi abaseBrithani nabaseFrance babengafuni ukuhlanganyela kulo. Esikhundleni salokho bafuna ukujezisa amaJalimane ngendlela engavamile ngangokunokwenzeka. Esinye isizathu sokuba uWilson azibekezelele noma yikuphi ukulwa lokho ayefunge ukuthi uzokulwela cishe cishe isikhathi esasichitha abagulayo embhedeni eFrance. Futhi isizathu esisodwa sokuthi wayegula embhedeni kungenzeka ukuthi bekuyiyona nto eyayibukeka ngayo emlandweni - umdwebo owasiza ekubulaleni emkhakheni wempi futhi mhlawumbe isikhulu esikhulu.

Ababukeli be-Smartbike babikezela iMpi Yezwe II ngesikhathi bebona imigomo embi yesivumelwano sokuthula ukuthi uWilson ubone umbhede phezu kombhede wakhe ogulayo. Leyo ndlela yesibili yokudla kwenyanga, njengoba ngishilo, ingabulala ngaphezu kokuqala kanye nomkhuhlane wayo kuhlangene. Futhi ifa leMpi Yezwe II kungaba ukubulawa okuqhubekayo okungapheli kwezigidi zabantu abahlala emphakathini ojwayelekile ophelile konke ukuthula. Futhi lokho kufaka phakathi inkulumo engapheli ye-WWII eyenza ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukubuza umbuzo we-WWII ngakho-ke kulula kakhulu ukuba ungacabangi nge-WWI. Ngakho-ke, ukuziphatha kwendzaba yilezi: hlela izinyathelo zakho ngokucophelela.

Eqinisweni, kunezinye izici zokuziphatha endabeni. Uma ufunda isichazamazwi sikaSigmund Freud sikaWoldrow Wilson, utshela ukuthi ukulandela inhlekelele eVersailles, uWilson angaziphikisa ngokusobala ezinsukwini zezinsuku njengobufakazi bokuthi uWilson ulahlekelwe ingqondo yakhe. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi manje sesithuthukile kakhulu ngaphezu kwemfundiso yamaFreudy njengoba kuqaphela ukuthi umongameli wase-US ngempela kufanele aphikisana ngokuqondile ngendaba emaminithi.

Indaba yokuziphatha engathí sina yilapho uFrud kanye nabo bonke abanye abantu bengakuhloniphi, okuwukuthi - njengokuvamile - kwakunabantu abathile abenze izinto kahle kakhulu futhi abazange balalele: izishoshovu zokuthula. Akufanele sithethelele iMpi Yezwe I ngezizathu zokuthi akekho owaziyo. Akukona sengathi izimpi kufanele zilwe ukuze zifunde isikhathi ngasinye lapho impi isihogo. Akukona sengathi uhlobo olusha olusha lwezikhali luvele lwenze impi kabi. Akunjengokuthi impi yayingeyona into eyimbi kunazo zonke eyake yadalwa. Akunjengokuthi abantu abazange basho kanjalo, abazange bamelane, abazange baphakamise ezinye izindlela, abazange baye ejele ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo.

Ngo-1915, uJane Addams wahlangana noMongameli Wilson futhi wamncenga ukuba anikele nge-Europe. UWilson udumisa amazwi okuthula abhalwe ngqungquthela yabesifazane ngokuthula okwenziwe eHague. Wathola ucingo lwe-10,000 kubantu besifazane abamcela ukuba enze okuthile. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ngabe wayesebenza ku-1915 noma ngasekuqaleni kwe-1916 kungenzeka ukuthi uye wasiza kakhulu ukuletha iMpi Enkulu ngaphansi kwezimo eziyokwenza kube nokuthula okuhlala isikhathi eside kunalokho okwenziwe ekugcineni eVersailles. UWilson wenza iseluleko sika-Addams, noNobhala wakhe kaHulumeni uWilliam Jennings Bryan, kodwa hhayi kuze kube sekupheleni. Ngesikhathi esenza, amaJalimane awazange athembele umlamuleli owayesebenzela impi yaseBrithani. UWilson wasala ukukhankasela ukusetha kabusha endaweni yesikhulumi sokuthula bese eshesha ngokushesha futhi adonsele e-United States empini yaseYurophu. Futhi inani lezinqubekela phambili uWilson uletha, okungenani kancane, ohlangothini lwempi yothando kwenza iBarack Obama ibonakale njengomuntu ongenamuntu.

Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi izishoshovu zokuthula zazi ukuthi kungani futhi uzama kanjani ukuqeda iMpi Yezwe I, kodwa ezinye zazo zabikezela ngokushesha iMpi Yezwe II ngemuva kweVersailles. Abanye babo bahamba futhi babhikisha ngokumelene nokwakha empini neJapane iminyaka eminingi eholela ePearl Harbor, okwakumangalisa kakhulu njengoba Lindsey Graham evotile uBrett Kavanaugh. Futhi abanye babo benza yonke imizamo yokuthola amaJuda nabanye abantu abaxoshiwe bevela eJalimane iminyaka eminingi, kanti uhulumeni kuphela onesithakazelo ekusizeni ukuba abe nguAdolf Hitler.

Impi Yezwe II yayingesizo ezokusiza futhi ayizange idayiswe kanjalo kuze kube sekupheleni. I-United States iholele izingqungquthela zomhlaba wonke lapho isinqumo senziwa ukuba singamukeli ababaleki bamaJuda, kanye nezizathu ezicacile zokucwasana, futhi naphezu kokumangalelwa kukaHitler ukuthi uzobahambisa noma kuphi emikhumbi yokunethezeka. Kwakungekho poster ekucela ukuba usize Uncle Sam londoloza amaJuda. Umkhumbi wababaleki bamaJuda abavela eJalimane waxoshwa eMiami yi-Guard Guard. I-US kanye nezinye izizwe zenqaba ukwamukela ababaleki abangamaJuda, futhi iningi labantu base-US basekela leso sikhundla. Amaqembu okuthula aphikisana noNdunankulu uWinston Churchill kanye nobhala wakhe wangaphandle mayelana nokuthumela amaJuda avela eJalimane ukuze abasindise batshelwa ukuthi, ngenkathi uHitler engase avumelane kakhulu necebo, kungaba yinkathazo enkulu futhi kudinga imikhumbi eminingi kakhulu. I-US ayizange ibe nomzamo wokubambisana noma wezempi ukusindisa izisulu emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi. U-Anne Frank wenqatshelwe i-visa yase-US. Nakuba leli phuzu lingahambisani nesimo esingokomlando se-WWII njenge-War Just, kuyinhloko emlandweni we-US ukuthi ngizocaphuna lapha inkulumo ebalulekile evela kuNicholson Baker:

"U-Anthony Eden, unobhala waseBrithani wangaphandle, owayesebenziwe yiChurchill ngokuphatha imibuzo mayelana nababaleki, wabhekana nomuntu oyedwa wezithunywa ezibalulekile, wathi noma yikuphi ukuzamazama kokuthola amaJuda avela eHitler kwakungenakwenzeka. Lapho ehamba eya e-United States, i-Edene yabika ngokuqondile uCordell Hull, unobhala wezwe, ukuthi ubunzima obunzima ngokubuza uHitler kumaJuda ukuthi "uHitler angase asithathele noma yimuphi umnikelo onjalo, futhi akukhona nje imikhumbi eyanele kanye nezindlela zokuhamba emhlabeni ukuzobhekana nazo. ' UChurchill wavuma. Ephendula impendulo eyodwa, wathi: 'Ngisho noma singayithola imvume yokuhoxisa wonke amaJuda,' ukuthutha yedwa kuveza inkinga ezoba nzima ukuxazululwa. ' Ukuthunyelwa nokuthutha okwanele? Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, abaseBrithani babebalekele cishe amadoda angama-340,000 emabhishi aseDunkirk ngezinsuku ezingu-9 kuphela. I-US Air Force inezinkulungwane eziningi zezindiza ezintsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngisho ne-armistice emfushane, ama-Allies angabaleka ngendiza futhi athumele ababaleki ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu emkhakheni waseJalimane. "

Esinye sezizathu zokuthi abameli bokuthula babengazange balalele futhi namanje abalalelwanga uhlelo lwesiphrophand kuqala olwenzelwe iMpi Yezwe I. Imishini yokutshala inkulumo eyakhiwe nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson kanye neKomidi Yolwazi LwaseMphakathini yayishukumise abantu baseMelika empini ngezindaba eziqanjiwe neziqanjiwe ukuhlukumezeka kweJalimane eBelgium, amaphosta aveza uJesu Kristu ekhakheni ebona umgqomo wezibhamu, futhi izithembiso zokuzinikela kokuzidela ukukwenza umhlaba uphephe intando yeningi. Ubukhulu babo babulawa emphakathini ngangokunokwenzeka phakathi nenkathi yempi, kepha ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwabaningi befunde okuthile okwenzeka empini. Futhi abaningi babezonda ukukhwabanisa kwemizwelo emihle eyayidonsa isizwe esizimele ukuba sibe yizinhlupho ezingaphandle kwamanye amazwe.

Kodwa-ke, inkulumo-mlando eyashukumisela ukulwa akuzange isuswe ngokushesha ezinhliziyweni zabantu. Impi yokuqeda izimpi nokwenza umhlaba uphephe intando yeningi ayikwazi ukuphela ngaphandle kwesidingo esiqhubekayo sokuthula nobulungisa, noma okungenani into ebaluleke kakhulu kunomkhuhlane kanye nokuvinjelwa. Ngisho nalabo abenqaba umbono wokuthi impi ingasiza nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuthuthukisa imbangela yokuthula ehambisana nabo bonke abafuna ukugwema zonke izimpi ezizayo - iqembu cishe elihlanganisa iningi labantu base-US. Njengoba uWilson ayekhulume ngokuthula njengesizathu esizwakalayo sokuya empini, imiphefumulo eminingi yayimthathe ngokungathí sina kakhulu. "Akusikho okwedlulele ukusho ukuthi lapho kwakukhona izinhlelo ezimbalwa zokuthula ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe," kubhala uRobert Ferrell, "manje kwakukhona amakhulu namakhulu" eYurophu nase-United States. Iminyaka eyishumi elandelayo impi yayishumi leminyaka yokufuna ukuthula: "Ukuthula kwavela ezintshumayelweni eziningi, izinkulumo, kanye namaphepha ombuso ukuthi azikhandla ekuqapheliseni wonke umuntu. Akukaze kwenzeke emlandweni wezwe kwakukhona ukuthula okuhle kakhulu, ukukhuluma okuningi, ukubuka, nokuhlelwa, njengale minyaka eyishumi emva kwe-1918 Armistice. "

Lokho kuqhubeka kuyiqiniso nanamuhla. Ukunyakaza kokuthula kwama-1960 kwakunkulu. Lokho kwe-1920 kwakunjalo-okuhlanganisa.

I-Congress yadlulisa isinqumo seSonto le-Armistice ebiza ukuthi "izivivinyo zenzelwe ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuthula ngentando enhle nokuqonda ngokuvumelana ... ukumema abantu base-United States ukuba bagcine usuku ezikoleni nasemasontweni ngemikhosi efanele yobudlelwane obuseduze nabo bonke abanye abantu." Kamuva, I-Congress yanezela ukuthi u-November 11th kwakuzoba "usuku olunikezelwe imbangela yokuthula emhlabeni."

Lokho yisiko esidinga ukubuyisela. Ihlala e-United States phezulu nge-1950s nangaphezulu nakwamanye amazwe ngaphansi kwegama Lusuku Lokukhunjulwa. Kungemva nje kokuba i-United States idlule iJapan, ibhubhise iKorea, iqalile iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, yakha i-CIA, futhi yasungula isakhiwo sezombusazwe esihlala unomphela ngezisekelo ezinomphela emhlabeni wonke, ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US uqambe kabusha i-Armistice Day njengoSuku lweVeterans ngoJuni 1, 1954.

Usuku lwe-Veterans alusekho, kubantu abaningi, usuku lokujabula ukuphela kwempi noma ngisho nokufisa ukuqedwa kwalo. Usuku lwe-Veterans alukho usuku lokulila noma lokubuza ukuthi kungani ukuzibulala kungumbulali ophezulu webutho lase-US noma ukuthi kungani ama-veteran amaningi bengenazo izindlu.

Eminyakeni eyalandela iMpi Yezwe I, impi yayiyinto yokulila, njengokungathi ayifiseki. Impi Yezwe I yayinezindleko, njengoba umbhali oyedwa ebalwa ngaleso sikhathi, imali eyanele yokunikeza ikhaya le-$ 2,500 ngefenisha eyi-$ 1,000 enamaparele kanye namahektha amahlanu ezwe kuwo wonke umndeni waseRussia, iningi lamazwe aseYurophu, eCanada, I-United States ne-Australia, okunye okwanele ukunikeza wonke umuzi we-20,000 umtapo wezincwadi wezigidi ezingu-$ 2, isibhedlela se-$ 3 million, ekolishi le-$ 20 million, futhi kusele okwanele ukuthenga yonke impahla eJalimane naseBelgium. Futhi kwakungokomthetho. Izindlebe eziyinqaba, kodwa ngokuphelele ngokomthetho. Ukuhlukumezeka okwehlukile kwaphula imithetho, kodwa impi yayingeyona yobugebengu. Kwakungakaze kube khona, kodwa maduze kuzoba.

I-Outlawry Movement ye-1920-ukunyakaza kwempi-efuna ukubuyisela impi ngokubambisana, ngokuvimbela impi okokuqala bese kuthuthukiswa ikhodi yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba kanye nenkantolo enegunya lokuxazulula izingxabano. Isinyathelo sokuqala sithathwe ku-1928 ne-Kellogg-Briand Pact, evimbela yonke impi. Namuhla amazwe e-81 ayingxenye yalesi sivumelwano, kubandakanya i-United States, futhi abaningi babo bayayithobela. Ngingathanda ukubona izizwe ezengeziwe, izizwe ezihluphekile ezishiywe esivumelwaneni, zijoyine (ukuthi zingenza kanjani ngokusho ukuthi inhloso yoMnyango WezeMelika wase-US) bese ikhuthaza abathumeli abaningi bezobudlova emhlabeni ukuba bahambisane .

Ngibhalile incwadi mayelana nenhlangano eyadala leso sivumelwano, hhayi nje ngoba sidinga ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo, kodwa futhi ngoba singafunda ezenzweni zayo. Lapha kwakuyizinhlangano ezihlanganisa abantu kulo lonke uhlobo lwezombusazwe, lezo zokulwa nokuphuza utshwala, lezo eziphikisana neLigancial Nations, kanye nesiphakamiso sokuphikisa impi. Kwakuyimbumbano enkulu kakhulu. Kwakukhona izingxoxo kanye nokuthula kwamaphathina phakathi kwamaqembu ephikisanayo wokunyakaza kokuthula. Kwakukhona icala lokuziphatha okwakulindelwe abantu abakhulu kakhulu. Impi ayiphikiswanga nje ngezizathu zezomnotho noma ngoba ingase ibulale abantu bezwe lakini. Kwakuphikisana nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi, njengoba kungenangqondo kakhulu kunokuba kudingeke kube yindlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zabantu. Nansi ukunyakaza okunombono wesikhathi eside osekelwe ekufundiseni nasekuhleleni. Kwakukhona isivunguvungu esingapheli sokubamba iqhaza, kodwa akukho ukuvumela abazombusazwe, akukho ukuhambisana nokuhamba ngemuva kweqembu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, zonke ezine - yebo, amaqembu amakhulu amane ayephoqelelwe ukuba afinyelele emuva ngemuva kokuhamba. Esikhundleni sikaClint Eastwood ekhuluma nesihlalo noma isilulumagama se-4th-Donald Trump sikaRonald Trump, iRiphabliki National Convention ye-1924 yabona uMongameli Coolidge ethembise ukuthi angekho emthethweni uma echazwe.

Futhi ngo-Agasti 27, 1928, eParis, eFrance, leso senzakalo senzeke ukuthi senza ingoma yomculo ye-1950s njengegumbi elinamandla eligcwala amadoda, futhi amaphepha abesayina athi ngeke aphinde alwe. Futhi kwakungamadoda, abesifazane babengaphandle kokuphikisana. Futhi kwakuyisivumelwano phakathi kwezizwe ezicebile ukuthi noma kunjalo kwakuzoqhubeka nokulwa nokulungisa abampofu. Kodwa kwakungumthetho wokuthula olwaqeda izimpi futhi waqeda ukwamukelwa kwemvelo eyenziwa ngezimpi, ngaphandle kwePalestina, iSahara, Diego Garcia, nezinye izinto. Kwakuyisivumelwano esasifuna isidingo somthetho nenkantolo yamazwe omhlaba esasenayo. Kodwa kwakuyisivumelwano ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-90 lezo zizwe ezicebile zaziyobe zihlukana kanye kuphela. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact yasetshenziselwa ukushushisa ubulungiswa be-victor. Futhi izizwe ezinkulu ezihlomile azizange zenze impi futhi, kodwa. Futhi-ke, isivumelwano sivame ukubhekwa njengehlulekile.

Okuhlulekile yimbono ye-United States njengelakhamuzi eligcina umthetho. I-US National Security Advisory, ebeka isongo ekuvikelekeni kwangempela, hhayi kuphela ithatha i-United States ibe ngaphezu komthetho, kodwa isongela esidlangalaleni noma yisiphi isizwe esisekela umthetho, ngisho nalapho iphula i-Charter ye-UN ngokusongela abanye ngaphansi ukuphoqwa komthetho. Futhi ngenkathi abantu abaningi e-United States bengenalo ukulangazelela izimpi ezingaphezulu, futhi ngeke kube nokuhlubuka uma sinikezwe ukuthula, kunokuvumelana okukhulu kulo lonke i-political spectrum e-United States ukuthi i-United States iyigugu, ekhethekile kakhulu kufanelana nezindinganiso kanye namalungelo awo anqatshelwe kahle nakwezinye izizwe.

Nginganezela lapha ukuthi kukhona okubi futhi okuhle kubantu abagwema i-Saudi Arabia ngokubulawa komlobi webhizinisi oyedwa wase-US kepha hhayi ngaphezu kokubulawa kwezinkulungwane zabangewona amaMelika. Kukhona into ephazamisayo kakhulu embonweni owamukelekile wokuthi umuntu kufanele athengise amabhomu kuphela ohulumeni abangasebenzisi kabi amalungelo abantu, okusho ukubulala noma ubani ngaphandle kwamabhomu. Kukhona okunye okubi nokungaziqondi eTrump ekuphikisana ngokuthi uthengise izikhali noma kunjalo ukuze udale imisebenzi, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwempi empeleni kukhishwa emisebenzini kanti umncintiswano wezandla eziphambene ne-United States ongase uholele kalula kungenziwa ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu .

Encwadini yami yakamuva, Ukuphulukisa i-Exceptionalism, Ngibheka ukuthi i-United States ikufanani namanye amazwe, ukuthi abantu bacabanga kanjani ngalokho, yini engalimaza lokhu kucabanga, nokuthi ucabangani ngendlela ehlukile. Ekuqaleni kwalezi zigaba ezine, ngizama ukuthola isilinganiso esithile sokuthi i-United States empeleni inkulu kunani, inamba eyodwa, isizwe kuphela esingenakwenzeka, futhi ngiphumelela.

Ngazama ukukhululeka, kodwa zonke izikhungo zazo zonke izikhungo noma i-academy, phesheya, e-United States, ezixhaswe ngemali ngasese, ezixhaswe ngezimali yi-CIA, njll, zahluleka ukubeka i-United States phezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkululeko yesikhulukazi isetshenziswa, ishiya inkululeko yokuhola impilo egculisayo, inkululeko emiphakathini yabantu, inkululeko yokushintsha isikhundla somnotho, inkululeko nganoma iyiphi incazelo ngaphansi kwelanga. I-United States lapho "okungenani ngiyazi ukuthi ngikhululekile" ngamazwi ngengoma yezwe ihluke namanye amazwe lapho okungenani ngiyazi ukuthi ngikhululekile.

Ngakho ngabheka kanzima. Ngibheke imfundo kuwo wonke amazinga, futhi ngathola ukuthi iUnited States iqale kuqala kuphela esikweletini somfundi. Ngabheka ingcebo futhi ngathola ukuthi i-United States ibeka kuqala kuqala ukungalingani kokusabalalisa ingcebo phakathi kwezizwe ezicebile. Eqinisweni, iUnited States ibamba phansi emazweni acebile ohlwini olude kakhulu lwezinyathelo zokuphila. Uhlala isikhathi eside, enempilo, futhi ujabule kwenye indawo. I-United States iqala kuqala phakathi kwazo zonke izizwe ngezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene umuntu akufanele aziqhenye ngawo: ukuboshwa, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubhujiswa kwemvelo, nezinyathelo eziningi zempi, kanye nezigaba ezithile ezingathandabuzeki, njenge-ungangitshele - abameli I-per capita. Futhi iqala kuqala ezintweni eziningi engizicabangela labo abamemeza esithi "Siyi-Number 1!" Ukuthulisa noma ubani osebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinto ezingenayo engqondweni: ukubuka okuningi kwethelevishini, i-asphalt ehamba phambili, eduze noma ngaphezulu ekukhulupheni ngokweqile, ekudleni okunengi okudliwayo, ekuhlinzekeni kwezithokozi, ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile, kokusetshenziswa ushizi, njll.

Ezweni elinengqondo, izizwe ezazitholile izinqubomgomo ezinhle kakhulu zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ubudlova bebhamu, imfundo, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuthula, ukuchuma, nenjabulo kuzothuthukiswa kakhulu njengamamodeli afanele ukucatshangelwa. Kuleli zwe, ukusabalala kolimi lwesiNgisi, ukubusa kweHollywood, nezinye izici kwenza empeleni i-United States ihole into eyodwa: ekugqugquzelweni kwayo yonke imigomo yayo enhlekeleleni.

Okudingayo akuyona inhlamba esikhundleni sokuziqhenya, noma olunye uhlobo olusha lokuthanda izwe. Lokho esikudingayo ukuyeka ukuziveza ngokweqile uhulumeni kazwelonke kanye nempi. Kudingeka sibone kabanzi ngemiphakathi yethu emincane, futhi nangomphakathi obanzi nomuntu walesi siplanethi esincane. Sidinga usuku olusha lwe-Armistice olwamukelwe ngabantu ababuka umhlaba kanye nomunye kulawo magama.

Kuwebhusayithi ye-WorldBEYONDWar.org/ArmisticeDay uzothola uhlu lwezehlakalo emhlabeni jikelele nethuba lokungeza umcimbi ongakabhalwanga. Uzothola izinsiza ezibandakanya izipikha, amavidiyo, imisebenzi, izihloko, ulwazi, amaphosta namafolda ukusiza ngomcimbi wakho. Omunye umsebenzi okhuthazwa yi-Veterans For Peace ukukhala kwezinsimbi kule mzuzu ka-11 ngehora ngosuku lwe-11th lwenyanga ye-11th. Amaqembu angathintana nathi World BEYOND War usizo lokuhlela noma yimiphi imisebenzi. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi bangase bafune ukuxhumana nomphakathi wezokuthula waseSanta Cruz ngoba ngempela uholele ekubuyiseleni leli holide lokuthula ngokumaka kanye nosuku lenyanga ngaphambi kwalo kanye nezinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kwalo, njalo. kwenziwe. Okumangalisayo futhi iSikhumbuzo Sokulimala eSigodini eSanta Cruz - isibonelo somkhuba wokuthula.

Ngifuna futhi ukutshala omunye umqondo womsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo emakhanda enu engikufundile ngaleli sonto. Kubonakala sengathi u-Ephreli ozayo i-4th akuyona nje iminyaka engu-51 kusukela ekubulaweni kukaDkt. Martin Luther King Jr kanye neminyaka engu-52 kusukela enkulumweni yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu ngokumelene nempi, kodwa futhi yisikhathi sokuzalwa kwe-70th kwalesi sikhungo esimnandi esibizwa ngokuthi i-NATO. Ngakho-ke, kuyoba nenkulumo enkulu ye-NATO eWashington, DC, ngo-Ephreli 4, i-2019, futhi nathi World BEYOND War bakholelwa ukuthi kufanele kube khona inkulumo yokuthula lapho. Siqala ukwakha ubumbano, ukuhlela izenzakalo zokukhuluma kanye nemicimbi eminingi yokubonisa umphakathi emidlalweni emikhulu ngaleso sikhathi nangempelasonto edlule.

Manje, ngiyazi ukuthi i-Trump ithi i-NATO kufanele isuswe, ngaphambi nje kokuba isekele ekuqhubekeni nokwandisa i-NATO namalungu e-NATO angasebenzi ukuze afake imali engaphezulu ku-NATO nezikhali. Ngakho-ke, ngakho-ke, i-NATO iphikisana ne-Trump. Ngakho-ke i-NATO inhle futhi ihloniphekile. Futhi-ke anginaso ibhizinisi ethi Cha ku-NATO / Yebo kuya ku-Ukuthula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-NATO iye yaxosha izikhali kanye nobuthakathaka kanye nemidlalo emikhulu ebizwa ngokuthi impi kuze kube semngceleni waseRussia. I-NATO iye yahlasela izimpi ezihlukumezayo kude neNorth Atlantic. I-NATO ingeze iKolombia, ishiya yonke inkohliso yokukhonza okuthile eNorth Atlantic. I-NATO isetshenziselwa ukukhulula i-US Congress emithwalweni kanye nelungelo lokuphatha ubuhlungu bezimpi zase-US. I-NATO isetshenziswe njengesibopho ohulumeni basebenzi be-NATO ukuba bajoyine izimpi zase-US ngaphansi kokuqamba ukuthi ngandlela-thile bangaphezulu komthetho noma kuyamukeleka. I-NATO isetshenziswe njengesembozo ngokuhlanganyela ngokungemthetho futhi ngokungabonakali ngezikhali zenuzi ezibhekwa njengezizwe zenuzi. I-NATO isetshenzisiwe, njengoba nje nemibano eyadala iMpi Yezwe I, ukunikeza amazwe umthwalo wemfanelo wokuya empini uma ezinye izizwe ziya empini, ngakho-ke zilungele impi. I-NATO kufanele ingcwatshwe eMathuneni ase-Arlington futhi sonke siphume ekuhluphekeni kwethu. Iphikisana ne-NATO eChicago eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambi kwalesi sihloko esizayo sikhuthaza. Ngihlela ukuphuma emgwaqweni futhi manje ngithi Cha kuNATO, Yebo ukuthula, Yebo ukuchuma, Yebo esimweni esimeme, Yebo ekubuseni komphakathi, Yebo emfundweni, Yebo kumasiko wokungabi naluvivinyo nomusa nokuhlonipha , Yebo ukukhumbula ngo-Ephreli 4th njengosuku oluhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi wokuthula kaMartin Luther King Jr. Ngithemba ukuthi uzosijoyina emathunjini entwasahlobo.

Siyabonga ngakho konke okwenzayo ngokuthula! Masenze okwengeziwe!