NguDavid Swanson
Ifilimu entsha enamandla yokuthi yini engalungile ngabezindaba yase-US manje isikhonjiswa ezweni lonke. Kubizwa Izithunzi Zenkululeko futhi ungasetha ukuhlungwa kwayo njengengxenye yeviki elizayo lamazwe ngamazwe lezenzo zalabo ababizwe ngokuthi Limele Iqiniso. Noma ungathenga iDVD noma uyibambe ku-Link TV. (Lapha eCharlottesville ngizobe ngikhuluma emcimbini, May 19, 7pm eThe Bridge.)
U-Judith Miller usohambweni lwezincwadi zokuvuselela; i Washington Post muva nje kubika ukuthi isisulu sokubulawa kwamaphoyisa aseBaltimore saphuka umgogodla; nama-imeyili asanda kuputshuka avela eMnyangweni Wezwe acele u-Sony ukuthi asijabulise ngokuseseka ngendlela efanele kwempi. Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlongozwayo kwe-Comcast kanye ne-Time Warner kusanda kuvinjwa, okwamanje, kodwa ukuba khona kwalawo ma-mega-monopolies ngendlela yawo yamanje kuwumsuka wenkinga, ngokusho kuka- Izithunzi Zenkululeko.
Ukuvumela izinkampani ezenza inzuzo ukuthi zinqume ukuthi yini esiyifundayo ngomhlaba kanye nohulumeni wethu, okuvumela lezo zinkampani ukuthi zihlangane zibe yinqola encane elawula amaza omoya omphakathi ngaphambilini, okuzivumela ukuthi zibe ngabanikazi bezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu ezithembele kuhulumeni ukuthola izinkontileka zezikhali, nokubavumela ukuthi banqume ukufinyelela kosopolitiki emphakathini kanye nokufumbathisa osopolitiki “ngeminikelo yomkhankaso” — lokhu, ekuhlaziyeni Izithunzi Zenkululeko, lokhu kusetshenziswa phansi kwendawo yomphakathi ukuze kuzuze ezizimele yikho okudala izindaba ezingaqondile, ezingenandaba nabampofu, ezisakaza izimpi, futhi ezivalela ngaphandle noma iyiphi intatheli ephuma emgqeni.
Ifilimu ayihlaziywa ngokuyinhloko, kodwa isibonelo. Isibonelo sokuqala sisemibiko kaRoberta Baskin ye-CBS mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa kwabasebenzi bakwaNike e-Asia. I-CBS yabulala indaba yakhe enkulu ukuze i-Nike ikhokhele i-CBS imali eningi kangangokuthi i-CBS yavuma ukuthi zonke “izintatheli” zayo zifake amalogo akwa-Nike ngesikhathi “zokusakaza” kuma-olympics.
Esinye isibonelo esivela ku-CBS kule filimu ukudutshulwa kwe-TWA flight 800 yi-US Navy, icala lobugwala bemidiya kanye nokwesatshiswa kukahulumeni, engibhale ngakho lapha. Njengoba Izithunzi Zenkululeko uveza, i-CBS ngaleso sikhathi yayiphethwe yi-Westinghouse eyayinezinkontileka ezinkulu zempi. Njengebhizinisi elenza inzuzo, bekungekho mbuzo lapho lizohlangana khona phakathi kwentatheli eyodwa enhle nePentagon. (Yingakho kanye umnikazi we Washington Post akufanele kube njalo othile onemali enkulu kakhulu engena evela ku-CIA.)
The New York Timeskubonakale kuhlatshwe umxhwele ifilimu yangaphambili enikelwe ngokuphelele ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi kwe-TWA flight 800. I Times ithande uphenyo olusha kodwa yakhala ngokushoda kwanoma iyiphi inhlangano engenza uphenyo ngendlela ekholekayo. Uhulumeni wase-US uvela njengomuntu ongathembekile kule filimu kangangokuthi ngeke kuthenjwa ukuthi aphinde aziphenye. Ngakho-ke iphephandaba elihamba phambili, okufanele umsebenzi walo kube ukuphenya uhulumeni, lizizwa lididekile ukuthi lingenzani ngaphandle kukahulumeni ongakwazi ukuzenzela umsebenzi wabezindaba ngokukholakala nangokuzithandela futhi liziphendulele. Iyadabukisa. Ukube nje u-Nike ubethembisa ukukhokha New York Times ukuphenya uhulumeni!
Esinye isibonelo kumidiya embi sigqamisa i-reel in Izithunzi Zenkululeko indaba yokubika kuka-Gary Webb nge-CIA kanye ne-crack cocaine, okuphinde kube isihloko sefilimu yakamuva. Enye, ngokungagwemeki, inkulumo-ze eyaqala ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-2003. Ngisanda kufunda ukuhlaziya indima kaJudith Miller eyayimsola ngokuyinhloko ngokungawalungisi “amaphutha” akhe lapho amanga edalulwa. Angivumi. Ngimsola ngokuyinhloko ngokushicilela izimangalo ezaziyihlaya ngaleso sikhathi futhi ayengeke aze azishicilele uma zenziwe yinoma iyiphi inhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni noma yimuphi kohulumeni kazwelonke abangu-199 kwabangu-200 emhlabeni. Uhulumeni wase-US kuphela othola lokho kwelashwa kubalingani bakhe bemidiya base-US ebugebengwini - futhi empeleni izingxenye ezithile kuphela kuhulumeni wase-US. Ngenkathi u-Colin Powell eqamba amanga emhlabeni futhi umhlaba wonke uhleka, kodwa abezindaba baseMelika bakhothama, indodana yakhe iqhubekisela phambili ukuhlanganisa abezindaba okwengeziwe. Ngiyavumelana nezincomo ze Izithunzi Zenkululeko ukusola abanikazi bemithombo yezindaba, kodwa lokho akususi icala kubasebenzi.
Kukhredithi ye Izithunzi Zenkululeko ihlanganisa phakathi kwezindaba ezitshela ezinye izibonelo zokuthula okuphelele kwemidiya. Indaba ka Sibel Edmonds, ngokwesibonelo, yachithwa ngokuphelele yi-US mega-media, nakuba ingekho kwamanye amazwe. Esinye isibonelo kungaba Operation Merlin (ukunikeza kwe-CIA kwezinhlelo zenuzi e-Iran), ingasaphathwa eyokunwetshwa kwe-Operation Merlin ukuze Iraq. UDan Ellsberg uthi kule filimu isikhulu sikahulumeni sizotshela amaphephandaba amakhulu ukuthi ashiye indaba, kanti ezinye izitolo "zizolandela ukuholwa kokuthula."
Imisakazo yomphakathi yase-US yanikezwa izinkampani ezizimele ngo-1934 ezinemingcele emikhulu kuma-monopoli kamuva eyahluthwa uReagan noClinton kanye neCongresses eyayisebenza nabo. Umthetho weTelecom wango-1996 osayinwe nguClinton udale ama-mega-monopolies acekele phansi izindaba zasendaweni futhi osevele waqinisekisa unkosikazi wakhe ukuthi uzoqokwa njengomongameli ngo-2016 ngesisekelo semali azoyisebenzisa ezikhangisweni ze-TV.
Amahithi amakhulu wemidiya embi athola i-echo-chamber eqhubekayo kodwa empeleni akuzona izimo ezingazodwa. Kunalokho ziyizibonelo ezeqisayo ezifundise izifundo kwezinye “izintatheli” ezingenakubalwa eziye zazama ukugcina imisebenzi yazo ngokungalokothi ziphume emgqeni kwasekuqaleni.
Inkinga ngemithombo yezindaba yezinkampani akuzona izehlakalo ezithile, kodwa ukuthi zihlale zibika kanjani ngakho konke okuhlanganisa nohulumeni (okusho ukuthi kuhle ngaso sonke isikhathi) nezimpi (kumele kuhlale kuningi) nomnotho (kumele kukhule futhi kucebise abatshalizimali) kanye nabantu ( abanamandla futhi abanamandla). Imigqa yezindaba ethile eyenza umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu ayihlali imibi kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Kunalokho, yilawo angena ku-echo-chamber yezinkampani ezijwayelekile.
The Washington Post ngezinye izikhathi ivuma kahle ukuthi yenzani kabi kodwa ithembele kubantu abaningi ukuba bangalokothi baqaphele, ngoba izihloko ezinjalo ngeke ziphindwe futhi kuxoxwe ngazo kuwo wonke amaphepha nakuyo yonke imibukiso.
Ngokuvumelana ne Izithunzi Zenkululeko, u-40-70% "wezindaba" usekelwe emibonweni evela eminyangweni yebhizinisi ye-PR. Enye ingxenye enhle, ngiyasola, ivela eminyangweni kahulumeni ye-PR. Ubuningi e-US okhethweni lokugcina engilubonile lukholelwa ukuthi i-Iraq yayihlomule empini yase-Iraq futhi yayibonga. Inhlolovo ye-Gallup yamazwe angama-65 ekupheleni kuka-2013 ithole ukuthi i-US ikholelwa kabanzi ukuthi iyisongo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuthula emhlabeni, kodwa ngaphakathi kwe-US, njengomphumela ocacile we-propaganda ehlekisayo, i-Iran yathathwa njengeyifanele leyo nhlonipho.
The Tonight Show uvame ukubuza abantu ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukusho igama lesigele bese bekwazi ukusho umlingiswa wekhathuni, njll., okubonisa ukuthi abantu bayazazi izinto eziwubulima. Ha ha. Kodwa yindlela abezindaba ababumba ngayo abantu, futhi ngokusobala uhulumeni wase-US akaphikisi ngokwanele ukwenza lutho ngakho. Uma kungekho muntu owazi igama lakho, ngeke akubhikishele maduzane. Futhi asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka mayelana nokuqokwa kabusha.
Izithunzi Zenkululeko iyinde enkingeni futhi ishoda ngesixazululo, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo kusekuvezeni abantu ekuqondeni inkinga. Futhi isixazululo esinikezwayo silungile, njengoba siqhubeka. Isixazululo esinikezwayo ukugcina i-inthanethi ivuliwe futhi uyisebenzise. Ngiyavuma. Futhi enye yezindlela okufanele sikusebenzise ngayo ukwazisa imibiko yangaphandle e-United States edlula imibiko yasekhaya. Uma abezindaba bevamise ukubika kahle kuphela ezizweni lapho bengasekelwe khona, nokho konke kufinyeleleka ngokulinganayo ku-inthanethi, sidinga ukuqala ukuthola nokufunda abezindaba ngezwe lethu elikhiqizwe kwamanye. Kule nqubo, mhlawumbe singathuthukisa umuzwa othile wokunakekela lokho ama-95% esintu acabanga ngakho ngale 5%. Futhi kuleyo nqubo mhlawumbe singanciphisa ubuzwe kancane nje.
Imithombo yezindaba ezimele iyisixazululo esihlongozwayo, hhayi imidiya yomphakathi, futhi hhayi ukubuyiselwa kwemidiya yebhizinisi esimweni sayo sangaphambili esingesibi kangako. Yebo, ukuncipha kwezindlu zezindaba kufanele kukhalwe ngakho, kodwa mhlawumbe ukuqashwa kwamagumbi ezindaba angaphandle kanye nama-blogger azimele kunganciphisa lokho kulahlekelwa ngendlela okungeke kufezeke ngayo ukunxenxa labo bodwa ukuba benze kangcono. Ngicabanga ukuthi ingxenye yesixazululo idala imidiya ezimele engcono, kodwa ingxenye yayo ukuthola, ukufunda, ukwazisa, nokusebenzisa imidiya ezimele nezangaphandle. Futhi ingxenye yalokho kushintsha kwesimo sengqondo kufanele kube ukulahla umqondo ongenangqondo “wenjongo,” oqondwa njengokungabi nambono. Enye ingxenye kufanele kube ukuchaza kabusha iqiniso lethu ukuthi likhona ngaphandle kwesibusiso semithombo yezindaba yezinkampani, ukuze sigqugquzeleke ukwakha izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu noma ngabe bakumabonakude ezinkampani. Lokhu kuhlanganisa, vele, ukunxenxa abezindaba abazimele ukuthi batshale izimali ezindabeni ezinganakwa yizinkampani, hhayi nje ukugxila ekulandiseni kabusha ngendlela engcono izindaba ezikhulunywa yizinkampani okungezona.
Sekuyisikhathi eside imithombo yezindaba ezimele iwukuduma okukhulu esingakuthola ngemali enikelwe ngenjongo ewusizo. Unyaka olandelayo nengxenye uyithuba langempela, ngoba uhlelo lokhetho lwase-US oluphukile ngokuphelele lulindele amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi kubantu abanezisusa ezinhle ukuthi banikezwe abakhethiwe ukuze banikeze amanethiwekhi we-TV esiwanikeze amagagasi ethu. Kuthiwani uma sigodla enye yaleyo mali bese sizakhela ezethu abezindaba kanye nezinhlaka zobushoshovu? Futhi kungani ucabanga ngalokhu okubili (abezindaba nobushoshovu) njengokuhlukene? Ngicabanga ukuthi ijaji lisaphumile I-Intercept njengabezindaba ezintsha ezimele, kodwa isivele iphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo Washington Post.
Abekho abezindaba abazimele abayolunga. Ngiyafisa Izithunzi Zenkululeko ayizange idumise inguquko yaseMelika kumisindo yokudubula kwenganono. Kamuva sizwa uMongameli uReagan ebiza i-Contras ngokuthi “ukulingana kokuziphatha kobaba bethu abasungula” kuyilapho ifilimu ikhombisa izidumbu - njengokungathi uguquko lwaseMelika alukhiqizanga neyodwa yalezo. Kodwa iphuzu lokuthi ukucindezela kwamahhala, njengoba kunikezwe ngokwethiyori isichibiyelo sokuqala, kubalulekile ekuzibuseni lisesekhona. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokudala inkululeko yabezindaba ukukhomba esidlangalaleni ukungabikho kwayo kanye nezimbangela.
