IZINDAZI ZIYAZIWAZI

Izimpi zinikezwa izizathu eziningi ezinokukhazimulayo nezokulunga, kubandakanya ukusabalalisa impucuko kanye nentando yeningi emhlabeni jikelele, ukuthi ngeke ucabange ukuthi kuyodingeka ukuthi futhi uthi impi ngayinye ayinakugwenywa. Ubani ongathanda ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo ezinhle zigweme? Futhi nokho kungenzeka ukuthi akukaze kube khona impi engakaze ichazwe njengento edingekayo, engenakugwemeka, futhi engenakwenzeka. Ukuthi le mpikiswano kufanele isetshenziswe njalo isilinganiso sendlela izimpi ezimbi ezingokoqobo zikhona. Njengokunye okuningi okuhlobene nempi, ukungavinjelwa kwayo kungamanga, njalo njalo. Impi ayisoze yodwa okukhethwayo futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi isona esibi kakhulu.

Isigaba: KANYE KWE-GENERAL zethu

Uma impi igwema, khona-ke singakwazi futhi kufanele siqede impi. Futhi uma singakwazi ukuqeda impi, kungani kungabi khona imiphakathi eyenziwe kanjalo? Impendulo emfushane yilokho abanakho. Kodwa ake sibonakale. Ngisho noma yonke imiphakathi yabantu neyengaphambi komuntu yayilokhu impi, lokho bekungeyona isizathu sokuba nathi sibe nayo. Okhokho bakho kungenzeka ukuthi badle inyama njalo, kepha uma imifino iyadingeka ukuze usindiswe kule planethi encane ngeke ukhethe ukusinda kunokuba ugcizelele ukuthi kufanele wenze lokho okhokho bakho abakwenzayo? Yiqiniso ungenza lokho okhokho bakho abakwenzile, futhi ezimweni eziningi kungase kube yinto engcono kakhulu yokwenza, kodwa akudingeki. Ingabe bonke babe nenkolo? Abanye abantu abasenzi. Ingabe umhlatshelo wezilwane wawuyisisekelo senkolo? Akusekho.

Impi, futhi, ishintshile ngokuphawulekayo nje emashumini eminyaka edlule namakhulu eminyaka edlule. Ingabe inkinobho yangesikhathi esidlule elwa nehhashi iyazibona noma yikuphi ukuhlobana nomshayeli we-drone esebenzisa injabulo edeskini eNevada ukubulala umuntu osolwa ngokubi nabantu abayisishiyagalolunye abangenacala ePakistan? Ingabe lo knight wawuzocabangela ukuthi i-drone piloting, ngisho nangesikhathi esichazwe kuye, kwakuyisenzo sokulwa? Ingabe umshayeli we-drone wayecabanga ukuthi imisebenzi ye-knight yayiyizenzo zempi? Uma impi ingashintsha ibe into engaqondakali, kungani ingeke iguquke ibe yize? Njengoba sisazi, izimpi zazibandakanya amadoda kuphela iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Manje abesifazane bahlanganyela. Uma abesifazane beqala ukuhlanganyela empini, kungani amadoda engakwazi ukuyeka ukwenza kanjalo? Yebo, bayakwazi. Kodwa kulabo ababuthakathaka nalabo abashintsha inkolo ngesayensi embi, kubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba abantu benze okuthile ukufakazela ukuthi sebevele bakwenzile.

KULUNGILE, uma uphikelela. I-Anthropologists, empeleni, ithole inqwaba yemiphakathi yabantu kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba engayazi, noma eyekile, impi. Encwadini yakhe enhle kakhulu ethi Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace, uDouglas Fry ubala imiphakathi engama-70 engalwi evela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Izifundo zithole iningi lemiphakathi yabantu ukuthi ayinazo izimpi noma ifomu elincane kakhulu. (Impela zonke izimpi ezandulela ikhulu leminyaka elidlule zingahle zibhekwe njengezinobucayi kakhulu.) I-Australia yayingazazi izimpi kwaze kwafika abaseYurophu. Futhi iningi labantu base-Arctic, iGreat Basin, noma iNortheast Mexico.

Imikhakha eminingi engewona impi iyinhlangano elula, ehlaselayo, egalitarian hunter-collector. Abanye bangabodwa bezitha, okungamangalisi kunikezwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iqembu elilodwa lizobhekana nokulwa nelinye elisongelayo. Abanye bangabodwa kakhulu kodwa bavela kwamanye amaqembu enza impi kunokuzibandakanya. Lezi zindawo azihlali ezindaweni eziningi ezingenayo izilwane ezinkulu. Bangamaqembu abantu abangase bafanele bavikele ngokumelene nokuhlasela kwezilwane futhi abavame ukuzingela ukudla. Bangase futhi babone izenzo ezithile zobudlova, ukuhlambalaza, noma ukubulawa, kuyize noma kunjalo begwema impi. Amanye amasiko akhuthaza imizwelo evuthayo nokuhlukunyezwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Bavame ukubamba zonke izinhlobo zezinkolelo zamanga ezidambisa ubudlova, njengalokho ukushaya ingane kuyoyibulala. Kodwa lezi zinkolelo azibonakali ziveza impilo engaphezu kwalokho, ngokwesibonelo, inkolelo yamanga yokuthi ukuphamba kuyasiza izingane.

Izazi ze-anthropologists zithambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi impi yinto ebikhona ngandlela thile kuzo zonke izigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwabantu. Kepha elithi “imagine” igama eliyisihluthulelo. Amathambo e-Australopithecine alimele okucatshangwa ukuthi akhombisa ukulimala empini empeleni akhombisa izimpawu zamazinyo ezingwe. Izindonga zaseJeriko ngokusobala zazakhelwe ukuvikela izikhukhula, hhayi izimpi. Empeleni abukho ubufakazi bempi endala kune-10,000 yeminyaka, futhi obuzoba khona, ngoba impi ishiya uphawu lwayo emanxebeni nasezikhali. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi eminyakeni engama-50,000 40,000 amaHomo sapiens anamuhla abekhona, ama-99.87 awabonanga zimpi, nokuthi izigidi zeminyaka yozalo lwangaphambili nazo zazingenayo impi. Noma, njengoba isazi semvelaphi yabantu sikubeka, "Abantu baye bahlala emaqenjini abazingeli-abaqoqi ngamaphesenti angama-12,500 okuphila komuntu." Impi ivela kweminye, kepha hhayi yonke, imiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi, yokuhlala phansi, futhi ivame ukukhula kanye nobunzima bayo. Leli qiniso lenza ukuthi kungalindeleki ukuthi impi ingatholakala eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-XNUMX XNUMX edlule.

Omunye angase athi ukubulawa kwabantu ngabanye ngenxa yokufutheka komhawu kwakufana nempi yamaqembu amancane. Kodwa zihluke kakhulu empini ehleliwe lapho ubudlova buqondiswa khona ngokungaziwa emalungwini omunye iqembu. Ezweni lamaqembu amancane angewona ezolimo, izibopho zomndeni kumama womuntu noma ubaba noma oshade naye zixhumeke kwelinye kwamanye amaqembu. Ezweni elisha lezinhlanga zakwa-patrilineal, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuntu uthola isandulela esizweni: ukuhlaselwa kunoma yiluphi ilunga lomunye umndeni olimaze noma yiliphi ilungu lakho.

Umfundi ofanelekile kakhulu owenza umkhankaso wokulwa nempi kunokuhlukunyezwa komuntu ngamunye kungase kube iqembu lobudlova olubhekiswe ezilwaneni ezinkulu. Kodwa lokho, futhi, kuhluke kakhulu empini njengoba siyazi. Ngisho nasesimweni sethu esilwa yimpi, abantu abaningi banqabile kakhulu ukubulala abantu kodwa hhayi ukubulala ezinye izilwane. Ukuzingelwa kwezilwane ezidangayo akuhambi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu noma. Njengoba uBarbara Ehrenreich ephikisana, isikhathi esiningi sokhokho bethu ababesichitha saguquka abazange baqhubekele njengezilwane ezidla inyama, kodwa njengezidla.

Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-chimpanzees enobudlova ingaba kanjani, noma ukuthi i-bonobos enokuthula, ecabangela kanjani okhokho abavamile bendabuko abomile impi akuyona nje into yokucabanga. Ukusesha ezinye izindlela kule ndaba kungaba ukukhonjwa okuningiliziwe, kunikezwe ukukhona namuhla nasemlandweni oqoshiwe wemiphakathi yokuzingela. Ezinye zalezi ziko zithole izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokugwema nokuxazulula izingxabano ezingahlanganisi impi. Ukuthi abantu kuyo yonke indawo banamakhono ngokubambisana futhi bathole ukubambisana okujabulisayo kunokuba impi ingenzi izindaba ngokuqondile ngoba sonke siyazi kakade. Kodwa nokho sizwa okuningi "ngomuntu olwaqhawe" futhi abambalwa ukubona ukubambisana kubonakala njengento ebalulekile noma ebalulekile yezinhlobo zethu.

Impi njengoba sazi ngayo ezinkulungwaneni zaminyaka yamuva iye yahambisana nezinye izinguquko zomphakathi. Kodwa ingabe abantu abasha kakhulu abasanda kuvela emiphakathini eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezinzile bahlanganyela into efana nempi noma cha? Eminye imiphakathi yasendulo ayizange iboniswe ukuthi ihlanganyele empini, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi yayihlala ngaphandle kwayo. Futhi-ke, iningi lethu, ngisho nasezifundeni ezinamandla kakhulu, lihlala ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngqo kwempi, okubonakala kubonisa ukuthi umphakathi wonke ungenza okufanayo. Imishini yokucindezela ngokomzwelo yokusekela impi, ukujabula okuhlanganyelwe kokunqoba nokunye okunjalo, kungase kufundwe ngokwemvelo, kungenakugwemeka, njengoba amasiko athile avela kude kakhulu ekubambeni ukuwaqonda nakancane. U-Kirk Endicott ulandisa:

"Ngake ngabuza indoda yaseBatek ukuthi kungani okhokho babo bengadedeli izigqila ezingamaMalay. . . enezintambo ezinobuthi ezisetshenziselwa ukuzingela izilwane]. Impendulo yakhe emangele yayiwukuthi: 'Ngoba yayizobabulala!' "

Isigaba: KUNYE NONYAKA YINI

Izazi ze-anthropologists zivame ukugxila emasikweni angakhulumi ngezimboni, kodwa ingabe izizwe ezithuthukisiwe kwezobuchwepheshe zingaphila ngaphandle kwempi? Ake sicabange ukuthi iSwitzerland iwuhlelo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kunezinye izizwe eziningi okufanele zicatshangelwe. Eqinisweni, izizwe eziningi zomhlaba, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, kuhlanganise nalabo abalwa nezimpi ezinzima lapho behlaselwa, musa ukuqala impi. I-Iran, lokho kusongelwa kwamademoni emithonjeni yase-US "izindaba", ayizange ihlasele elinye izwe emakhulwini eminyaka. Isikhathi sokugcina saseSweden saqala noma sahlanganyela empini kwakuyi-skirmish ne-Norway ku-1814. Ngesikweletu sakhe, uDouglas Fry ubhala ukuthula kwezizwe ezithile zanamuhla, kuhlanganise ne-Iceland eye yaba nokuthula iminyaka eyi-700 neCosta Rica eyasusa impi yayo emva kweMpi Yezwe II.

I-Global Peace Index minyaka yonke ibeka amazwe anokuthula emhlabeni, kufaka phakathi izinto zasekhaya ekubaleni kanye nasekwenzeni izimpi zangaphandle. Nawa amazwe aphezulu angama-20 kusukela ngo-2010:

I-1 New Zealand

I-2 Iceland

I-3 Japan

4 Austria

5 Norway

6 Ireland

I-7 Denmark

I-7 Luxembourg

I-9 i-Finland

I-10 Sweden

11 Slovenia

I-12 Republic yaseCzech

I-13 Portugal

14 Canada

15 Qatar

I-16 eJalimane

17 Belgium

18 Switzerland

I-19 Australia

20 Hungary

Enye incazelo yokuthi ezinye izizwe zehluleka ukwenza impi ukuthi zingathanda kodwa azizange zithole ithuba lokuqalisa noma yiziphi izimpi ezingayithola. Lokhu okungenani kuphakamisa i-degree of rationality ezinqumweni zempi. Uma zonke izizwe zazi ukuthi ngeke zithole izimpi, ingabe ngeke kube khona izimpi?

Enye incazelo ukuthi amazwe awaqalisi izimpi ngoba akudingeki ukuba, ngoba amakhophi omhlaba awakhangele futhi agcine i-Pax Americana. Ngokwesibonelo, iKosta Rica, yamukele isosha lase-United States. Lokhu kungaba incazelo ekhuthazayo nakakhulu, ephakamisa ukuthi izizwe azifuni ukuqala izimpi uma zingadingeki.

Eqinisweni, akekho umuntu ongacabanga ukuthi impi iphuma phakathi kwezizwe e-European Union (ukuzalwa kwezimpi ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni wezwe) noma phakathi kwamazwe ase-United States. Ukushintsha kweYurophu kuyinto engavamile. Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka ukulwa, sekutholile ukuthula. Futhi ukuthula ngaphakathi kwe-United States kuphephile kakhulu kubonakala kungenangqondo ngisho nokuyiqaphela. Kodwa kufanele ihlonishwe futhi iqondwe. Ingabe i-Ohio igwema ekuhlaseleni i-Indiana ngoba imifino izojezisa e-Ohio, noma ngenxa yokuthi i-Ohio iqinisekile ukuthi i-Indiana ngeke ihlasele, noma ngenxa yokuthi i-Ohioan 'yokunqoba impi' inamandla kunelisekile yimpi enezindawo ezifana ne-Iraq ne-Afghanistan, noma ngenxa yokuthi iBuckeyes empeleni iba ngcono izinto okumele zenziwe ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi? Impendulo engcono kunazo zonke, ngicabanga ukuthi iyona yokugcina, kodwa amandla kahulumeni wesifundazwe kuyisidingo nento okumele siyenze ukuze siyenze ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba ngaphambi kokuba sibe nokuthula okuvikelekile emhlabeni jikelele nokungaqiniseki.

Isivivinyo esibucayi, kubonakala kimi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izizwe ziyaqhamuka ngethuba lokujoyina "ama-coalitions" alawulwa yimpi "elawulwa yi-United States. Uma amazwe engavumi empini ngenxa yokuthi angakwazi ukunqoba, akufanele yini agibele ithuba lokubamba iqhaza njengabalingani abancane empi elwa nezizwe ezibuthakathaka ezibuthakathaka ezinezinsiza eziwusizo zokuphanga? Noma kunjalo.

Endabeni yokuhlaselwa kwe-2003 e-Iraq, iqembu lamaBush-Cheney lashona futhi lasongela kwaze kwaze kwaba yilapho amazwe ase-49 avuma ukuvuma ukubeka amagama abo phansi ngokuthi "Umbumbano Wokuzikhethela." Amanye amazwe amaningi, amakhulu nezincane, enqaba. Ku-49 ohlwini, omunye wenqatshelwe noma yikuphi ulwazi lokuba khona, omunye usususwe igama lakhe, futhi omunye wenqaba ukusiza empini nganoma iyiphi indlela. Amazwe amane kuphela ahlanganyele ekuhlaselweni, i-33 emsebenzini. Amazwe ayisithupha kulo mhlanganiso wezempi empeleni ayengenazo izimpi. Amazwe amaningi avele ahlanganyela ekushintsheni usizo olukhulu lwangaphandle, olusitshela okunye mayelana nokupha kwesizwe sethu uma kuziwa ekusizeni kwamanye amazwe. Abahlanganyeli be-33 ithokheni emisebenzini baqala ukudonsa ngaphandle ngokungakhathali njengoba beqaphele ukungena, kuze kube yi-2009 kuphela ama-United States ahlala.

Siphinde sibonakale sikwazi ngokuphelele ukunciphisa impi, siphakamise umbuzo wokuthi kungani singeke sikwazi ukuwukhawulela kancane kancane kancane kuze kube sekupheleni. AmaGreki asendulo akhetha ukungathathi umnsalo nomcibisholo weminyaka ye-400 ngemuva kokuba amaPheresiya abakhombise - empeleni, enza bazizwe - ukuthi yini leso sikhali esingazenza. Lapho amaPutukezi ehambisa izibhamu eJapane kuma-1500s, amaJapane awavimbela, njengoba nje nabasosha abakhulu benza eGibhithe nase-Italy futhi. AmaShayina, ayesungule okuthiwa yi-gunpowder kuqala, ayekhethe ukungayisebenzisi impi. INkosi Wu yaseChou, umbusi wokuqala weZhou Dynasty, ngemuva kokunqoba impi, ikhulule amahhashi, yahlakaza izinkabi, futhi yayinezinqola nezingubo zeposi ezenziwe ngegazi lezinkomo kodwa zigcinwe esitokisini ukuze zibonise ukuthi ngeke besetshenziswe futhi. Izihlangu kanye nezinkemba zaziphendukele phansi futhi zigqoke izikhumba ze-tiger. INkosi yahlakaza ibutho, yajika izikhulu zayo zaba yizikhulu, futhi yayala ukuba zibophe imicibisholo nemicibisholo emiphongolweni yabo.

Ngemuva kwegesi enobuthi yaba izikhali phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, izwe lalivaliwe kakhulu. Amabhomu enuzikali aboniswe njengamathuluzi amahle ngokubheka kwempi okwenza iminyaka engu-65 edlule, kodwa azange asetshenziswe kusukela, ngaphandle kwe-uranium esebenzile. Iningi lezizwe zomhlaba livinjelwe amabhomu omhlaba namabhomu eqoqo, nakuba i-United States yenqabe ukujoyina.

Ingabe ukushayela okujulile kusishukumisela ukuba silwe nempi? Kwamanye amasiko abantu abenza ngokuqinisekile, kodwa akukho sizathu ukuthi lezo ziko azikwazi ukuguqulwa. Izinguquko zingase zidingeke ukuba zijule kakhulu futhi zibanzi kunokuchibiyela kuMthethosisekelo.

Isigaba: UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUVIKELA NEMITHUMO NGOKUKHETHA. . .

Esinye isizathu sokungabaza ukuthi impi ethile ayinakugwenywa ngumlando wezingozi, amaphutha okuphutha, ukuphikisana okuncane, izikweletu ezihlelekile, kanye neziphambeko ezimbi-zehla esizihlukumeza empini ngayinye, kanti kwezinye izikhathi zikhubeka kuze kube sekugcineni ngaphandle kokuya ngaphezulu. Kunzima ukuthola ukuncintisana okunengqondo phakathi kwezizwe zobukhosi - noma, ngenxa yalolu daba, amandla angakwazi ukukhukhumeza nokuhlukumezeka okungenangqondo - lapho ebheka indlela izimpi empeleni ziba khona. Njengoba sizobona esahlukweni sesithupha, abenzi bezimpi babhekana nezithakazelo zezezimali, ukucindezelwa kwemboni, ukubalwa kokhetho, nokungazi lutho, zonke izici ezibonakala zikwazi ukushintsha noma ukuqedwa.

Impi ingabusa umlando wabantu, futhi ngokuqinisekile izincwadi zethu zomlando zizenza sengathi akukho lutho ngaphandle kwempi, kodwa impi ayizange ibe njalo. Kuphelile futhi kugeleza. IJalimane neJapane, abenzi bezimpi abafuna ukulwa nempi ye-75 eminyakeni edlule, manje banesithakazelo esikhulu sokuthula kunase-United States. Izizwe zaseViking zaseScandinavia azibonakali zithanda ukulwa nanoma ubani. Amaqembu afana nama-Amish e-United States agweme ukuhlanganyela empini, futhi amalungu awo akwenzile ngokubiza okukhulu uma ephoqeleka ukuba amelane nemikhakha emisebenzini engeyona yokulwa, njengaseMpi Yezwe II. Ama-Adventist ayi-Seventh Day anqabile ukuhlanganyela empini, futhi asetshenziselwa ukuvivinya imisebe yenyukliya kunalokho. Uma singakwazi ukugwema izimpi ngezinye izikhathi, futhi uma abanye bethu bengagwema izimpi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kungani singakwazi ukwenza ndawonye kangcono?

Imiphakathi enokuthula isebenzisa izindlela ezihlakaniphile zokuxazulula izingxabano ezilungisa, ukubuyisela, nokuhlonipha, kunokuba nje zijezise. Ama-diploma, usizo, kanye nobungane bakholelwa izindlela zokulwa empini yanamuhla. NgoDisemba 1916 noJanuwari 1917, uMongameli Woodrow Wilson wenza into efaneleka kakhulu. Wabuza amaJalimane nama-Allies ukuthi ahlanze umoya ngokusho ngezinhloso nezintshisekelo zabo. Uhlongoze ukuba abe ngumlamuleli, isiphakamiso sabaseBrithani nabase-Austro-Hungarian bayamukelwa. AmaJalimane awazange amamukele uWilson njengomlamuleli othembekile, ngenxa yesizathu esizwakalayo sokuthi wayekade esekela umzamo wempi yaseBrithani. Ake ucabange ngomzuzu owodwa uma izinto zihamba kancane kancane, uma ukukhulumisana bekusetshenziswe ngempumelelo eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili ngaphambili, futhi impi yayigwenywe, ingalazi ezinye izimpilo ze-16. Ukufakelwa kwethu kwezakhi zofuzo kwakungeke kushintshwe. Sisazoba yizidalwa ezifanayo esiyizo, ezikwazi ukulwa noma ukuthula, noma yikuphi esikukhethile.

Impi kungenzeka ukuthi ayiyena yokuqala okukhethwa nguMongameli Wilson okubheka ku-1916, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi wayilondolozile okokugcina. Ezimweni eziningi ohulumeni bathi impi iyoba yinto yokugcina, ngisho nalapho ihlela ngokuyimfihlo ukuqala impi. UMengameli uGeorge W. Bush uhlele ukuhlasela i-Iraq ezinyangeni eziningi ngenkathi ezenza sengathi impi yayizoba yinto yokugcina futhi kwakuyinto ayesebenza kanzima ukugwema. UBush waqhubeka nokukhohlisa enkulumweni yabezindaba ngoJanuwari 31, 2003, ngalolo suku ayesanda kuphakamisa uNdunankulu uTony Blair ukuthi enye indlela abangayenza ngayo isizathu sokulwa nempi kungase kube ukudweba amaplanethi ngemibala ye-UN bese uzama ukuze badutshulwe. Kwaphela iminyaka, njengoba iMpi e-Iraq iqhubekela phambili, i-pundits yakhuthaza ukuthi kudingeke ukuthi kuqalwe impi ngokumelene ne-Iran. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana, impi enjalo yayingakaqaliswa, kodwa nokho akukho miphumela emibi ebonakala sengathi ilandelwa kulokhu kuvinjelwa.

Isibonelo sokuqala sokuvimbela i-Iraq futhi sasigweme, kunokuba sidale, inhlekelele. NgoNovemba 1998, uMengameli Clinton uhlele ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngokumelene ne-Iraq, kodwa Saddam Hussein wathembisa ukubambisana okuphelele nezihloli zezikhali ze-UN. UC Clinton ucele ukuhlaselwa. Ama-media pundits, njengoba uNorman Solomon elandisa, adumazeka kakhulu, ephikisa ukuvuma kukaClinton ukuya empini ngoba nje ukulungiswa kwempi kwakususwe - iphutha lomlandeli kaClinton ngeke akwenze. Ukube uClinton wayeye empini izenzo zakhe zazingeke zikhunjulwe; bebengaba ubugebengu.

Isigaba: INHLANGANO EYINHLE

Noma yikuphi ukuphikisana ngokumelene nempi emashumini ambalwa ambalwa adlule kuye kwahlanganiswa nalokhu okulandelayo: Uma uphikisana nale mpi, kufanele uphikise zonke izimpi; uma uphikisana nazo zonke izimpi kumele uphikisane neMpi Yezwe II; Impi Yezwe II kwakuyimpi enhle; ngakho-ke uyiphutha; futhi uma ungalungile le mpi yamanje kufanele ilungile. (Le nkulumo ethi "impi enhle" yatholwa njengencazelo yeMpi Yezwe II phakathi neMpi YeVietnam, hhayi ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II ngokwayo.) Le mpikiswano yenziwe hhayi kuphela e-United States kodwa naseBrithani naseRussia. Ubukhohlakali obubuhlungu bubuciko obunjalo bokuthi abuyiselwe ekusebenziseni kwawo. Ukubonisa ukuthi iMpi Yezwe II yayingewona impi enhle. Ukubaluleka kobuhle beMpi Yezwe II bekulokhu kuhlanganisa isidingo sawo. Impi Yezwe II, sonke sitshelwe, kwakungenakugwema.

Kodwa iMpi Yezwe II yayingewona impi enhle, hhayi ngisho nangombono weziNxusa noma ze-United States. Njengoba sibonile esahlukweni esisodwa, kwakungavunyelwe ukusindisa amaJuda, futhi awazange abasindise. Ababaleki baphenduka futhi bashiywa. Amalungiselelo okuthumela amaJuda avela eJalimane ayekhungathekile ukuvinjelwa kweBrithani. Njengoba sibonile esahlukweni sesibili, le mpi ayilwanga ngokuzivikela. Kwakungakalwa nanoma yikuphi ukuvimbela noma ukukhathazeka ngokuphila komphakathi. Kwakungavinjelwa ukucwaswa nguhlanga oluboshiwe abaseJapane baseMelika futhi behlukanisa amasosha aseMelika aseMelika. Akulwanga ngokumelene ne-imperialism yi-imperialists ehola phambili futhi ephezulu futhi ezayo. IBrithani yalwa ngoba iJalimane yahlasela iPoland. I-United States yalwa eYurophu ngoba iBrithani yayilwa neJalimane, nakuba i-United States ingazange impi impi kuze kube yilapho imoto yayo ihlaselwa yiJapane ePacific. Leyo hlaselo yaseJapane, njengoba sibonile, iyakwazi ukugwema ngokuphelele futhi icindezeleke ngokufutheka. Impi neJalimane eyafika ngokushesha ngemuva kokusho ukuzibophezela ngokugcwele empi lapho i-United States yayiyisikhathi eside isiza eNgilandi naseChina.

Izinyanga ezengeziwe kanye neminyaka namashumi eminyaka sicabanga ukuthi sizobuyela emuva ngesikhathi sokulungisa inkinga, kulula futhi kulula ukuthi singacabanga ukuthi bekuyobe kuvinjelwe iJalimane ekuhlaseleni iPoland. Ngisho nabasekeli abaningi beMpi Yezwe II "impi enhle" bayavuma ukuthi izenzo ze-Allies emva kweMpi Yezwe I zasiza ukuletha empini yesibili. NgoSeptemba 22, 1933, uDavid Lloyd George, owayengunqununu weNgilandi ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I, wanikeza iseluleko sokukhulumisana ngokuqothulwa kukaNazism eJalimane, ngoba umphumela ungase ube yinto engcono kakhulu: "ubukhomanisi obukhulu kakhulu."

Ku-1939, lapho i-Italy izama ukuvula izingxoxo neBrithani egameni laseJalimane, uChurchill wayivimbela ubanda: "Uma uCiano eqaphela injongo yethu engapheliyo, angeke athambekele ekutheni adlale ngombono wokunciphisa isiNtaliyane." I-Churchill's inflexible Inhloso yayizoya empini. Lapho uHitler, ehlasela iPoland, wacela ukuthula neBrithani neFrance futhi wacela usizo lwabo ekuxosheni amaJalimane, uNdunankulu uNeville Chamberlain wagcizelela impi.

Yiqiniso, uHitler wayengathembeki ngokukhethekile. Kodwa kuthiwani uma amaJuda esesindisiwe, iPoland yayiphethwe, futhi ukuthula kwagcinwa phakathi kwama Allies neJalimane imizuzu ethile, amahora, izinsuku, amasonto, izinyanga noma iminyaka? Impi yayingase iqale noma nini lapho iqala, kungabi nengozi futhi isikhathi esithile sokuthula sizuziwe. Futhi yonke imizuzu yokuthula etholakale kungenzeka isetshenziselwe ukuxoxisana nokuthula okungapheli, kanye nokuzimela kwePoland. NgoMeyi 1940, Chamberlain noNkosi Halifax bobabili bajabulela izingxoxo zokuthula neJalimane, kodwa uNdunankulu uChurchill wenqaba. NgoJulayi 1940, uHitler wanikeza enye inkulumo ehlongoza ukuthula neNgilandi. UChurchill wayengenasithakazelo.

Ngisho noma senza sengathi ukuhlaselwa kwamaNazi ePoland kwakungenakugwenywa futhi sicabanga ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwamaNazi eNgilandi kwakungenakulungiswa, kungani impi esheshayo impendulo? Futhi uma ezinye izizwe seziqalile, kungani i-United States kufanele ijoyine? UNapoleon uye wahlasela amazwe amaningi aseYurophu ngaphandle kokuba umengameli wethu aqalise umkhankaso omkhulu we-PR ukuze afune ukuthi sijoyine ukulwa futhi senze umhlaba uphephe ngentando yeningi, njengoba uWilson enza ngeMpi Yezwe I, futhi njengoba uRovelvelt ephindaphinda iMpi Yezwe II.

Impi Yezwe II yabulala abantu abayizigidi ezingu-70, futhi leyo miphumela ingase ibonakale noma ingabonakali. Yini esacabanga ukuthi yayibi kakhulu kunalokho? Yini esingayikuvimbela? I-United States yayingenandaba nesibalo sokushiswa futhi ayizange iyivimbele. Futhi ukushiswa kwabulala kuphela izigidi eziyisithupha. Kube nezinhlayiya eJalimane. U-Hitler, uma ehlala emandleni, wayengeke aphile phakade noma azibulale ngokubulawa kwempi uma ebona ezinye izinketho. Ukusiza abantu emasimini eJalimane ababehlala kuyo bekuyoba lula ngokwanele. Inqubomgomo yethu yayikuvimbela futhi ilambile, okwenza umzamo omkhulu futhi waba nemiphumela emibi.

Ukuthi uHitler noma izindlalifa zakhe zokuqinisa amandla, ukubambelela kulo, nokuhlasela i-United States kubonakala kude kakhulu. I-United States kwadingeka ihambe ubude obukhulu ukuze iqhube iJapan ukuba ihlasele. U-Hitler wayezoba nenhlanhla ukubambelela ekungcoleni kwakhe, okungenani umbuso womhlaba wonke. Kodwa ake sithi ekugcineni iJalimane yayilethe impi ogwini lwethu. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi noma yikuphi amaMelika ayengeke alwe izikhathi ezingu-20 kanzima futhi anqobe impi evikela impela ngokushesha? Noma mhlawumbe iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yayiyobe iphikisana neJalimane esikhundleni seSoviet Union. Umbuso waseSoviet waphela ngaphandle kwempi; kungani umbuso waseJalimane ungazange wenze okufanayo? Kwazi bani? Lokho esikwaziyo kuyinkimbinkimbi engenakulinganiswa yalokho okwenzekile.

Thina kanye nabahlanganyeli bethu bahlanganyela ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi baseJalimane, isiFulentshi kanye namaJapane emoyeni, bahlakulela izikhali ezibulalayo kunabo bonke abantu ababengakaze babone, babhubhisa umqondo wempi elinganiselwe, futhi bashintsha impi ibe yinto ehlaselela abantu abaningi amasosha. E-United States sakha umqondo wempi engunaphakade, sanikeza amandla omphakathi oseduze-konke okwenza impi, senze ama-ejenti eyimfihlo ngamandla okubandakanya empini ngaphandle kokuqondisa, futhi wakha umnotho wezempi owawuzodinga izimpi okufanele zizuze kuzo.

Impi Yesibili Yomhlaba kanye nomkhuba omusha wempi ephelele wabuyisa ukuhlukunyezwa kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi; kuthuthukiswe izikhali zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji nezenuzi zokusetshenziswa kwamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, kufaka phakathi i-napalm ne-Agent Orange; futhi wethula izinhlelo zokuhlolwa kwabantu e-United States. UWinston Churchill, obeshayela uhlelo lwama-Allies njenganoma ngubani omunye umuntu, phambilini wayebhale wathi, “Ngikusekela kakhulu ukusebenzisa igesi enobuthi ezizweni ezingaphucukile.” Nomaphi lapho ubhekisisa khona izinhloso nokuziphatha "kwempi enhle" yilokho othambekele ukukubona: Ukulangazelela kukaChurchillian ukuqothula izitha ngobuningi.

Uma iMpi Yezwe II yayiyimpi enhle, ngingazonda ngempela ukubona okubi. Uma iMpi Yezwe II yayiyimpi enhle, kungani uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt kwadingeka asilale kulo? NgoSeptemba 4, 1941, Roosevelt unikeze ikheli lomsakazo "okhuluma ngomlilo" lapho athi khona umkhumbi wamanzi waseJalimane, ongavunyelwe ngokuphelele, uhlasele i-United States engumonakalisi wamaGreki, okwathi - naphezu kokuba kuthiwa ungumbhubhisi - wayedlulisa ngeposi ngokungenangqondo.

Ngempela? IKomiti Yezindaba ZaseNegean yabuza ummangalelwa uHarold Stark, oyiNhloko yeMikhumbi yeNdiya, owathi uGerer ubelokhu elandela umkhumbi wamanzi waseJalimane futhi wathumela indawo yayo endizeni yaseBrithani, elaliye yalahla amacala okujula endaweni yangasemanzini ngaphandle kwempumelelo. I-Greer yayilokhu ilandelela lo mkhumbi wamanzi amahora ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi wamanzi uguquke futhi ususe ama-torpedoes.

Ngemva kwenyanga nesigamu, u-Roosevelt utshele indaba efana ne-USS Kearny. Futhi wabe esehamba ngempela. U-Roosevelt uthi ubephethe ibalazwe eliyimfihlo elikhiqizwa uhulumeni kaHitler obonisa izinhlelo zokunqotshwa kwamaNazi eNingizimu Melika. Uhulumeni wamaNazi wagxeka lokhu njengamanga, ngokusola icala lobuJuda. Ibalazwe, okuyinto uRovelvelt enqabe ukubonisa umphakathi, eqinisweni empeleni yabonisa imizila eNingizimu Melika egeleza izindiza zaseMelika, ngokuphawula ngesiJalimane echaza ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto zokuhamba kwezindiza. Kwakungumsebenzi waseBrithani, futhi ngokusobala mayelana nekhwalithi efanayo njengoba uMengameli uGeorge W. W. Bush ayesebenzisa kamuva ukukhombisa ukuthi i-Iraq yayilinga ukuthenga i-uranium.

U-Roosevelt wathi futhi ukhona uhlelo oluyimfihlo olwenziwe amaNazi ukuze kutholakale zonke izinkolo ngeNazism:

"Abefundisi kumele bahlale benqunywe ngaphansi kwezijeziso zokuhlushwa, lapho ngisho namanje abantu abaningi besaba behlukunyezwa ngoba bebeke uNkulunkulu ngaphezu kukaHitler."

Loluhlelo oluzwakala sengathi into uHitler wayezoyiveza ngempela ngabe uHitler wayengelona iqiniso lobuKristu, kodwa uRovelvelt wayenalo mqulu onjalo.

Kungani lamanga ayadingeka? Ingabe izimpi ezinhle zibonakala kuphela ngemva kweqiniso? Ingabe abantu abalungile ngaleso sikhathi kufanele bakhohliswe kuwo? Futhi uma uRoosevelt ekwazi ukuthi kwenzekani emakamu okuhlushwa, kungani iqiniso lingenakwanele?

Uma iMpi Yezwe II yayiyimpi enhle, kungani i-United States imelwe ukulinda kuze kube yilapho ihlaselwa khona iphoyisa layo eliphakathi kwePacific? Uma impi yayihlose ukuphikisana nobudlova, bekukhona abaningi ababikiwe, babuyela ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu eGuernica. Abantu abangenacala bahlaselwa eYurophu. Uma impi ibhekene nalokho, kungani ukubamba iqhaza okuvulekile kwe-United States kufanele kulinde kuze kube yiJapane ehlasela futhi iJalimane imemezele impi?

Uma iMpi Yezwe II yayiyimpi enhle, kungani amaMelika ayebhalwa ukuba alwe kuwo? Uhlaka lwafika ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour, futhi amasosha amaningi ashiya, ikakhulukazi lapho ubude bawo "inkonzo" bendluliselwa ngaphezu kwe-12 izinyanga. Izinkulungwane zazinikela ngokuzithandela emva kwePearl Harbour, kodwa lo mklamo wawuyiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza ifolda yefaynon. Phakathi nempi, amasosha e-21,049 agwetshwe ukulahlwa futhi i-49 yanikezwa isigwebo sokufa. Omunye i-12,000 babhekwa njengenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza.

Uma iMpi Yezwe II yayiyimpi enhle, kungani amaphesenti angu-80 wabaseMelika abagcina ekulwa nawo akhetha ukungafihli izikhali zabo ezitheni? UDave Grossman uyabhala:

"Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II bekulokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi isosha elivamile lingabulala empini ngoba nje izwe lakhe nabaholi bakhe babemtshele ukuthi enze kanjalo nokuthi kubalulekile ukuvikela impilo yakhe kanye nempilo yabangane bakhe. . . . I-US Army Brigadier General uSLA Marshall ubuze la masosha ajwayelekile ukuthi yilokho ayekwenza empini. Ukutholakala kwakhe okungalindelekile kwakuwukuthi, kubo bonke abantu abangamakhulu amahlanu eceleni komlilo ngesikhathi sokuhlangana, isilinganiso se-15 kuphela ku-20 'singathatha noma iyiphi ingxenye ngezikhali zabo.' "

Kunobufakazi obuhle bokuthi lokhu kwakungokwemvelo emaGermini, eBrithani, eFulentshi, njalonjalo, futhi bekulokhu kujwayelekile empi yangaphambili. Inkinga - kulabo abakubona lokhu okukhuthazayo nokulondoloza impilo njengenkinga - yilokho mayelana namaphesenti angu-XNUM abantu abaphikisana kakhulu nokubulala abanye abantu. Ungabakhombisa indlela yokusebenzisa isibhamu bese ubatshela ukuthi bahambe badutshule, kodwa ngesikhathi sokulwa abaningi babo bazohlose isibhakabhaka, behlele phansi, basize u-Buddy ngesiphathi sakhe, noma ngokuzumayo bathole ukuthi kubalulekile umlayezo udinga ukudluliselwa emgqeni. Abesabi ukudubula. Okungenani akuwona amandla amakhulu kunayo yonke ukudlala. Bethuka ukubulala.

Ukuphuma kweMpi Yezwe II ngokuqonda okusha kwezempi yase-US okwenzekayo ekushiseni kwempi, amasu okuqeqesha ashintshiwe. Amasosha angeke afundiswe ukushisa. Babezoba nesimo sokubulala ngaphandle kokucabanga. Izinhloso ze-Bull zishintshwa yizinhloso ezifana nabantu. Amasosha ayezophoqeka kuze kube yilapho, ngaphansi kwengcindezi, bezokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokubulala. Nansi ingoma esetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo ngenkathi yeMpi e-Iraq okungenzeka ukuthi yasize ukuthi amasosha ase-US abe nesimo esihle sengqondo sokubulala:

Saya emakethe lapho yonke i-hadji esitolo,

saxosha amaphetheni ethu futhi saqala ukusika,

Saya endaweni yokudlala lapho yonke i-hadji idlala khona,

sakhipha izibhamu zethu zomshini futhi saqala ukuphambanisa,

Saya emasikisini lapho wonke u-hadji ethandaza khona,

waphonsa esandleni se-grenade futhi wabashiya bonke.

Lezi zindlela ezintsha ziye zaphumelela kangangokuthi empini yeVietnam nezinye izimpi kusukela cishe, cishe wonke amasosha ase-US adubule ukubulala, futhi izinombolo eziningi zazo ziye zabhekana nokulimala kwengqondo okubangelwa ukwenza kanjalo.

Ukuqeqeshwa izingane zethu ezitholayo njengoba zizama isitha isikhathi esizayo emidlalweni yevidiyo kungase kube ukuqeqeshwa kangcono kwempi kunalokho u-Uncle Sam abanikeze "isizukulwane esikhulu kunazo zonke." Izingane ezidlala imidlalo yevidiyo ezilingisa ukubulala zingase ziqeqeshwe empeleni ukuze sibe yizilwane zethu zangasese ezingenamakhaya ezizohlala ezinsukwini zabo zenkazimulo emabhentshini epaki.

Okubuyisa kimi kulo mbuzo: Uma iMpi Yezwe II yayiyimpi enhle, kungani amasosha ayengazange abekwe ngaphambili njengama rats labop sociopathic angahlanganyeli? Kungani bavele bathathe isikhala, bagqoke imifomu, badle i-grub, baphuthe imindeni yabo, futhi balahlekelwe imilenze yabo, kodwa hhayi empeleni benze lokho ababekhona lapho, hhayi empeleni kubangele imbangela ngisho nabantu abaningi abahlala ekhaya futhi wakhula utamatisi? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi, kubantu abalungile kahle, ngisho nezimpi ezinhle akuzona okuhle?

Uma iMpi Yezwe II yayiyimpi enhle, kungani siyifihla? Akufanele yini sifune ukuyibuka, uma kulungile? I-Admiral Gene Larocque ikhumbula ngo-1985:

"Impi Yezwe II iye yahlukumeza indlela esibukeka ngayo namuhla. Sibona izinto ngokwempi yale mpi, okuyinto ngomqondo othile kwakuyimpi enhle. Kodwa inkumbulo esontekile ikhuthaza amadoda esizukulwane sami ukuba azimisele, cishe acabange, ukusebenzisa ibutho lempi noma kuphi emhlabeni.

"Mayelana neminyaka engu-20 ngemva kwempi, angikwazi ukubheka noma iyiphi ifilimu eMpini Yezwe II. Yabuyisa izinkumbulo ukuthi angifuni ukuqhubeka ngizungezile. Ngangizonda ukubona ukuthi badumisa kanjani impi. Kuwo wonke amafilimu, abantu badutshulwa izingubo zabo bese bewa phansi emhlabathini. Awuboni noma ubani oshaywa umoya. "

UBetty Basye Hutchinson, owayekhathalela iMpi Yezwe Yezwe II ePasadena, Calif., Njengomhlengikazi, ukhumbula i-1946:

"Bonke abangane bami base bekhona, behlinzwa. Ngokuyinhloko uBill. Ngangihamba naye edolobheni lasePasadena - ngeke ngikhohlwe lokhu. Ingxenye ebusweni bakhe yaphela ngokuphelele, akunjalo? Downtown City Pasadena emva kwempi kwakuwumphakathi omkhulu kakhulu. Abesifazane abagqoke kahle, bebheke ngokuphelele, bevele bemi lapho bekhanga. Wayebona lokhu okubuhlungu kakhulu. Abantu babheka nje kuwe futhi bazibuza: Kuyini lokhu? Ngangizoxoxa naye ngaphandle, kodwa ngamthuthela. Kufana nempi engakafiki ePasadena kuze kube yilapho sifika khona. Oba nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini. Emaphepheni asePasadena kwafika izincwadi eziya kumhleli: Kungani zingenakugcinwa ngezizathu zazo futhi zihamba emigwaqweni. "

Isigaba: NATIVE NAZISM

Ezinye izinto ezimbalwa zaseMelika ziyakuthanda ukukhumbula ukuthi yikuphi ukukhuthazwa izwe lethu elinikezwa uHitler, ukusekelwa kwezezimali izinkampani zethu zamnika zona, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-fascist eyenziwe ngabaholi bethu bebhizinisi abahlonishwayo. Uma iMpi Yezwe II yayikuphikisana okungenakugwenywa phakathi kokuhle nokubi, yini okufanele sicabange ngeminikelo yaseMelika kanye nozwela ohlangothini olubi?

U-Adolf Hitler wakhula edlala "ama-cowboys namaNdiya." Wakhulela ekudumiseni ukubulawa kwabantu base-United States, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphoqelela ukubhuka. Amakamu okuhlushwa kaHitler ayecatshangwa okokuqala ngokulandelana kwamaNdiya aseMelika, nakuba amanye amamodeli kubo angase ahlanganise amakamu aseBrithani eNingizimu Afrika phakathi neMpi Ye-1899-1902 Boer, noma amakamu asetshenziswa iSpain ne-United States ePhilippines .

Ulimi olungamanga-nesayensi lapho uHitler ayekhohlisa khona ubuhlanga bakhe, kanye nezinhlelo ze-eugenic zokuhlanza uhlanga olungamaNordic, kuze kube yindlela yokudlulisela abantu abangenasidingo emagumbini egesi, nazo zaphefumulelwe e-US. U-Edwin Black wabhala ku-2003:

"I-Eugenics yayiyi-pseudoscience yezinhlanga ezizimisele ukubulala bonke abantu ababhekwa 'abangafaneleki,' begcina kuphela labo abavumelana nomdlalo weNordic. Izinto zefilosofi zafakwa njengenqubomgomo kazwelonke ngokugandelelwa ngenkani kanye nemithetho yokwehlukanisa, kanye nemingcele yomshado, eshiwo emazweni angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa. . . . Ekugcineni, abahlengikazi be-eugenics baqinisa ngenkani abanye abantu baseMelika base-60,000, bavimbela umshado wezinkulungwane, bahlukanisa izinkulungwane emakoloni, futhi bashushisa izinombolo ezingenakubalwa ngezindlela esizifunda nje. . . .

"Ama-Eugenics bekungaba yinto enhle kakhulu yokukhulumisana ngezingxoxo uma kwakungeyona yenkampani enkulu yokuxhasa ngemali yizinhlangano zezinkampani, ikakhulukazi iCarnegie Institution, iRockefeller Foundation kanye neHarriman railway fortune. . . . I-Harriman railroad fortune ikhokhela izinsiza zomphakathi zendawo, njengeNew York Bureau of Industries and Immigration, ukufuna abafuduki abangamaJuda, baseNtaliyane nabanye eNew York nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu futhi baxoshe ekuthunjweni, bagxiliwe ekuboshiwe, noma bagwetshwe inzalo. I-Rockefeller Foundation yasiza ukuthola uhlelo lwe-eugenics yaseJalimane futhi lwaxhasa ngemali uhlelo uJosef Mengele asebenza ngalo ngaphambi kokuba ahambe e-Auschwitz. . . .

"Indlela ejwayelekile yokuphakanyiswa kwe-eugenicide eMelika kwakuyikamelo elibulalayo" noma amagumbi kagesi asebenza endaweni yakini. . . . Abakhiqizi be-Eugenic bakholelwa ukuthi umphakathi waseMelika awukakulungeli ukusebenzisa isisombululo esibulalayo. Kodwa izikhungo eziningi zengqondo nodokotela basebenzise ukulimala okungokwempilo nokwelashwa ngokweqile ngokwabo. "

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ivume i-eugenics esinqumweni se-1927 lapho ubulungisa u-Oliver Wendell Holmes wabhala khona, "Kungcono kuwo wonke umhlaba, uma kunokuba ulindele ukukhipha inzalo ehlukumezayo yobugebengu, noma ukubenza balambile ngenxa yokungazi lutho, umphakathi ungavimbela labo abonakala bengakufanelekeli ukuqhubeka nomusa wabo .... Izizukulwane ezintathu zinezinto ezanele. "AmaNazi angacaphuna uHolmes ngokuzivikela ekuvivinyweni kobugebengu. UHitler, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngaphambili, encwadini yakhe ethi Mein Kampf udumisa ama-eugenics aseMelika. U-Hitler wabhala ngisho nohlamvu lwamafilimu etshela i-American eugenicist Madison Grant ukuthi wayeyibheka incwadi yakhe ethi "iBhayibheli." URockefeller wanikeza i-$ 410,000, cishe i-$ 4 million emali yanamuhla, kuma-eugenics aseJalimane "abacwaningi."

IBrithani ingase ifune ukufaka isikweletu lapha, futhi. Ku-1910, uNobhala Wasekhaya uWinston Churchill uhlongoze ukuhlunga izifo ze-100,000 "ezingenangqondo" futhi uvale izinkulungwane ezingamashumi ezinkampanini zomsebenzi. Lolu hlelo, olungafeziwe, luyobe luyilondoloze iBritish kusukela ekunciphiseni ngokohlanga.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, uHitler kanye nabadlali bakhe, kuhlanganise noNgqongqoshe wezingcaphephe uJoseph Goebbels, bahlonipha futhi bafunda iKomidi likaGeorge Creel (Public Information Information) (CPI), kanye nenkulumo yamanga yaseBrithani. Bafunde ekusebenziseni kwe-CPI yamaphosta, ifilimu, kanye nabezindaba. Enye yezincwadi eziyizintandokazi zeGoebbels enkulumweni ye-propaganda kwakungu-Edward Bernays 'Crystallizing Public Opinion, okungenzeka ukuthi yasiza ukugqugquzela ukubizwa kobusuku bokuhlukumeza amaJuda "Kristallnacht."

Imizamo yokuqala yebhizinisi likaPrecott Sheldon Bush, njengalabo umzukulu wakhe uGeorge W. Bush, behluleka ukuhluleka. Washada nendodakazi yomuntu ocebile kakhulu ogama lakhe linguGeorge Herbert Walker owafaka uPedcott Bush njengesikhulu esiphezulu eTyssen naseFlick. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imisebenzi yebhizinisi likaPrescott yahamba kangcono, futhi wangena ezombusazwe. I-Thyssen egameni laleli qembu kwakunguJalimane ogama lakhe linguFritz Thyssen, umsizi omkhulu wezezimali kaHitler okubhekiswe eNew York Herald-Tribune ngokuthi "Ingelosi kaHitler."

Izinhlangano zeWall Street zazibheka amaNazi, njengoLloyd George, njengezitha zobukhomanisi. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwaseMelika eJalimane kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-48.5 phakathi kuka-1929 kanye no-1940 njengoba kwehla kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo ezwenikazi i-Europe. Abatshalizimali abakhulu babandakanya iFord, General Motors, General Electric, Standard Oil, Texaco, International Harvester, ITT, kanye ne-IBM. AmaBond athengiswa eNew York ngawo-1930 axhasa ngezimali i-Aryanization yezinkampani zaseGerman nempahla eyebiwe kumaJuda. Izinkampani eziningi zaqhubeka nokwenza ibhizinisi neJalimane phakathi nempi, noma ngabe lokho kwakusho ukuzuza emsebenzini wasekamu lokuhlushwa. I-IBM ize yanikeza nemishini iHollerith esetshenziselwa ukugcina ithrekhi yamaJuda nabanye ukuthi babulawe, ngenkathi i-ITT idala uhlelo lwezokuxhumana lwamaNazi kanye nezingxenye zamabhomu bese iqoqa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-27 kuhulumeni wase-US ngomonakalo wempi ezimbonini zayo zaseJalimane.

Abashayeli bezindiza base-US bafundiswa ukuba bangabhomu amabhizinisi eJalimane ayephethe izinkampani zase-US. Lapho iCologne ishaywa, isitshalo sayo seF Ford, esanikeza amaNazi imishini yempi, yasinda futhi yasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlaselwa yomoya. UHenry Ford wayekade esekela ama-anti-Semitic propaganda amaNazi kusukela ku-1920s. Izitshalo zakhe zaseJalimane zaxosha bonke abasebenzi abakhokho bamaJuda ku-1935, ngaphambi kokuba amaNazi adinge. Ngo-1938, uHitler wanikezwa i-Ford the Great Cross of the Supreme Order ye-Eagle yaseJalimane, inhlonipho kuphela abantu abathathu ababeyitholile, omunye wabo nguBenito Mussolini. Umlingani othembekile kaHitler nomholi weNazi Party eVienna, uBaldur von Schirach, wayenomama waseMelika wathi indodana yakhe yayitholile ama-anti-Semitism ngokufunda uHenry Ford ongumJuda Ongunaphakade.

Izinkampani Prescott Bush zathola inzuzo ngokubandakanya omunye osebenza emayini ePoland esebenzisa abasebenzi bezisebenzi ezivela e-Auschwitz. Abasebenzi ababili ababengabasebenzi bezisebenzi babesolwa ngezindleko zikahulumeni waseBrithani noBush ngo-$ 40 billion, kodwa leli qembu laxoshwa yinkantolo yase-United States ngezizathu zombuso wezwe.

Kuze kube yi-United States ingene iMpi Yezwe II kwakungokomthetho kubantu baseMelika ukuba benze ibhizinisi neJalimane, kodwa ngasekupheleni kwezebhizinisi le-1942 Prescott Bush babanjwe ngaphansi kokuhwebelana noMthetho Wezitha. Phakathi kwalawo mabhizinisi ahilelekile kwakuyi-Hamburg America Lines, okuyinto iPrecott Bush eyayikhonza njengomphathi. Ikomidi le-Congressional lithole ukuthi iHammita America Lines isinikeze iJalimane mahhala izintatheli ezizimisele ukubhala amaNazi kahle, futhi zilethe abazweli bamaNazi e-United States.

Ikomidi leMcCormack-Dickstein lasungulwa ukuze liphenye isakhiwo se-fascist saseMelika esasisendlini esenziwe ngo-1933. Lolu hlelo lwaluwukubandakanya izigameko zezilwane zeMpi Yezwe Yezigidi eziyisihlanu, zithukuthele ngenxa yokungakhokhiswa amabhonasi abo athembisiwe, ukuxosha uMongameli Roosevelt nokufaka uhulumeni oholwa uHitler no-Mussolini. Abaqambi babehlanganisa nabanikazi bakaHeinz, i-Birds Eye, i-Goodtea, noMaxwell House, kanye nomngane wethu uPedcott Bush. Benza iphutha lokucela uSomedley Butler ukuba ahole ukuqhuma, into ethile umfundi weli bhuku uzobona ukuthi uButler wayengenakuhamba naye. Eqinisweni, uButler wawaxosha e-Congress. I-akhawunti yakhe yaqinisekiswa ngokuyingxenye yocingo lofakazi, futhi ikomidi laphetha ngokuthi lesi sakhiwo sasingokoqobo. Kodwa amagama abashicileli abacebile besigcawu abanjwe ngamarekhodi ekomidi, futhi akekho owashushiswa. UMengameli Roosevelt usho kanje ukuthi usika isivumelwano. Uzogwema ukushushisa abanye abantu abacebile kakhulu eMelika ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa. Bayovuma ukuvala ukuphikiswa kweWall Street ezinhlelweni zakhe ezintsha.

I-Wall Street eqinile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, eyayinomali omkhulu eJalimane, yayinguSullivan noCromwell, emzini kaJohn Foster Dulles no-Allen Dulles, abazalwane ababili ababetha umshado wabo udadewabo ngoba wayeshada nomJuda. UJohn Foster wayezoba uNobhala Wombuso kuMongameli u-Eisenhower, aqinise i-Cold War, futhi athole i-Washington, DC, isikhumulo sezindiza okuthiwa ngemuva kwakhe. U-Allen, esihlangane naye esahlukweni sesibili, uzoba yinhloko yeHhovisi le-Strategic Services ngesikhathi sempi futhi kamuva uMqondisi wokuqala weCentral Intelligence kusuka ku-1953 kuya ku-1961. UJF Dulles phakathi nenkathi yangaphambi kwempi wayezoqala izincwadi zakhe kumaklayenti aseJalimane ngamazwi athi "Heil Hitler." Ku-1939, watshela i-Economic Club yaseNew York, "Kufanele samukele futhi sikhulise isifiso seJalimane elisha ukuthola ngenxa yamandla akhe indawo entsha. "

A. Dulles wayengumsunguli womqondo wokuzivikela kobugebengu ezinkampanini zamazwe omhlaba, okwakudingeka ngosizo lwezinkampani zase-US eJalimane lamaNazi. Ngo-Septhemba 1942, u-A Dulles wabiza ukuqothulwa kwamaNazi ngokuthi “amahemuhemu asendle, akhuthazwa ukwesaba kwamaJuda.” A. Dulles usayine ohlwini lwabaphathi bezinkampani zaseJalimane abazosinda ekushushisweni ngokubambisana kwabo emacaleni ezempi, ngesizathu sokuthi bazosiza ekwakheni kabusha iJalimane. UMickey Z. encwadini yakhe enhle kakhulu ethi There Is No Good War: The Myths of World War II ubiza lolu “Dulles 'List” futhi aluqhathanise no “Schindler's List,” uhlu lwamaJuda esinye sezikhulu zaseJalimane esasifuna ukusindisa ekubulaweni kwabantu, okwakungu ukugxila kwencwadi yango-1982 nefilimu yaseHollywood ka-1993.

Ayikho yalezi zixhumanisi phakathi kweNazism ne-United States eyenza iNazism noma yikuphi okubi, noma ukuphikisana kwe-US kuyo yonke inhlonipho encane. Naphezu kwemizamo yabanye abacebile kakhulu ezweni lakithi, ukukhuthazwa kwamabutho omsakazo njengoBaba Coughlin kanye nabadumile njengoCharles Lindberg, ukuhlela amaqembu afana neKu Klux Klan, i-National Gentile League, Abagqugquzeli abangamaKristu, i-German-American Bund , i-Shirts Silver, ne-American Liberty League, i-Nazism ayizange ibambe e-United States, kuyilapho inhloso yokuyichitha ngempi yenze. Kodwa "impi enhle" engenakugwema ngempela, akufanele yini siyeke ngokuphelele ukusiza ekugcineni?

Isigaba: WELL, UNGENZA KANJANI?

Iqiniso liwukuthi ezinye izenzo zezwe lakithi kanye nabanamandla nabacebile ngaphakathi kulo, kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I kuze kuqale iMpi Yezwe II ingashintsha inkambo yezenzakalo. Ukuzibandakanya, usizo, ubungane, nokuxoxisana okuqotho kungavimbela impi. Ukuqaphela ingozi yempi njengengozi enkulu kunokuba uhulumeni axhomeke ekubhekaneni nobukhomanisi bekuyosiza. Yiqiniso, ukumelana okukhulu neNazism ngabantu baseJalimane nakho kwakungenza umehluko, isifundo eJalimane kubonakala sengathi sesifundile. Ku-2010 umengameli wabo waphoqelelwa ngaphandle kokumemezela ukuthi le mpi e-Afghanistan ingaba nenzuzo yezomnotho eJalimane. E-United States, amazwana anjalo anganqoba amavoti.

Ingabe abantu baseJalimane, amaJalimane amaJalimane, amaPoles, amaFulentshi kanye namaBrits angasebenzisa ukumelana nokungapheli? UGandhi wanxusa ukuba benze kanjalo, echaza ngokucacile ukuthi izinkulungwane zingase zife futhi ukuthi impumelelo izofika kancane kakhulu. Ngabe isiphi isigaba okungenzeka ukuthi isiphi isenzo sezenzo ezinamandla kangaka nesibindi sokuphumelela? Labo abahlanganyela kulo bebengasoze bazi, futhi ngeke sazi. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi iNdiya yathola ukuzibusa kwayo, njengoba iPoland yayiyoyithola ngokuphumelelayo eSoviet Union, njengoba iNingizimu Afrika izoqeda ubandlululo futhi i-United States iphelile uJim Jim Crow, njengoba iPhilippines izobuyisela intando yeningi futhi isuse amadokodo ase-US, njengo-El Salvador ukususa umbusi wendlovu, futhi njengoba abantu beyokwazi ukuzuza ukunqoba okukhulu nokuhlala emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kwempi futhi ngaphandle kwemiphumela emihle yalokho iMpi Yezwe II eyashiywe emuva, okungeke sifike kuyo-futhi ingeke siphumelele.

Siphinde sazi ukuthi abantu baseDenmark basindisa amaJuda amaningi aseDenmark avela kumaNazi, imizamo yokulwa nempi yamaNazi, aqhubeka isiteleka, aphikisana nomphakathi, futhi wenqaba ukuzithoba emsebenzini wamaJalimane. Ngokufanayo, abaningi abaseNetherlands abaphikile. Siphinde sazi ukuthi ku-1943 umbhikisho ongenamthetho eBerlin oholwa abesifazane abangewona amaJuda amadoda abo angamaJuda ayeboshiwe, abafuna ngempumelelo ukukhululwa kwabo, baphoqeleka ukuguqula inqubomgomo yamaNazi, futhi basindisa izimpilo zabayeni babo. Ngemva kwenyanga, amaNazi akhulula namaJuda angashadile eFrance.

Kuthiwani uma lo mbhikisho enhliziyweni yaseBerlin, owawuhlanganiswa amaJalimane azo zonke izizinda, wawukhulile kakhulu? Kuthiwani uma abantu baseMelika abacebile emashumini eminyaka asedlule bexhaswe izikole zaseJalimane zesenzo esingenzi lutho kodwa kunezikole zase-eugenics zaseJalimane? Ayikho indlela yokwazi ukuthi kwenzekani. Omunye kwadingeka nje azame. Lapho isosha laseJalimane lizama ukutshela inkosi yaseDenmark ukuthi i-swastika yayiyophakanyiswa phezu kwe-Amalienborg Castle, inkosi yathi: "Uma lokhu kwenzeka, isosha laseDenmark lizohamba liyehlise phansi." "Leli sosha laseDenmark lizodutshulwa," waphendula isiJalimane. "Leli sosha laseDenmark liyoba mina," kusho inkosi. I-swastika ayizange ihambe.

Uma siqala ukungabaza ubuhle nokulunga kweMpi Yezwe II, sizivulela ekungabaza okufanayo ngazo zonke ezinye izimpi. Ingabe kwakuzodingeka iMpi yaseKorea uma singayicucanga leli zwe libe yingxenye? Ingabe iVietnam yaseVietnam kwakudingekile ukuvimbela ukubusa okungakaze kwenzeke lapho i-United States inqotshwa khona? Njalo njalo.

"Impi nje" i-theorists igcina ukuthi ezinye izimpi zidingwa ngokuziphatha - hhayi nje izimpi ezizivikela, kodwa izimpi zokusiza ezenzelwe izisusa ezinhle kanye namaqhinga okuvimbela. Ngakho-ke, ngesonto ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwe-2003 eBaghdad, umholi wezempi nje uMichael Walzer ukhulume eNew York Times ngokubambisana okukhulu kwe-Iraq ngokuthi "impi encane," okungenzeka yayihlanganisa nokwandisa izindawo ezingenayo ukushayela ukumboza isizwe sonke, ukubeka izigwegwe ezinzima, ukugwema ezinye izizwe ezingazange zisebenzisane, ukuthumela abahloli abaningi, izindiza ezindizayo ezingabonakali, nokucindezela amaFrance ukuba athumele amasosha. Ngempela lolu hlelo luyoba ngcono kunalokho okwenzekile. Kodwa ubhala ukuthi ama-Iraq ayaphumi ngokuphelele esithombeni, azilaleli izimangalo zabo zokungaziphethe izikhali, azilaleli izimangalo zaseFrance zokungakholelwa amanga kaBush ngezikhali, azinaki umlando we-United States ukuthumela ngezinhloli kanye nabahloli bezikhali, futhi kubonakala sengathi awuboni ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imikhawulo emikhulu nokuhlupheka, ngokubambisana nokutholakala kwamasosha amakhulu, kungaholela empini enkulu. Inkambo yesenzo esifanele ayikwazi, empeleni, itholakale ngokuceba uhlobo oluvinjelwe kakhulu lwempi enobudlova. Inkambo yokuziphatha yile nqubo noma yiyiphi inqubo evame ukugwema impi.

Ukwenza impi kuhlale kukukhetha, njengoba nje ukugcina izinqubomgomo ezenza impi cishe kunokuzikhethela futhi kungashintshwa. Sitshelwa ukuthi akukho okukhethwa kukho, ukuthi kunengcindezi yokwenza ngokushesha. Sizizwa sifisa ukubandakanyeka futhi ukwenza okuthile. Izinketho zethu zibonakala zilinganiselwe ekwenzeni okuthile ukusekela impi noma ukungenzi lutho nhlobo. Kukhona ukuthakazelisa okukhulu kwenjabulo, ukuthandana kwenkinga, kanye nethuba lokusebenzisana ngendlela esitsheliwe ngayo isibindi nesibindi, ngisho noma into ebaluleke kunazo zonke esikwenzayo iphakamisa ifulege emgumbini omatasa. Abanye abantu baqonda kuphela ubudlova, sitshelwa. Ezinye izinkinga, mhlawumbe ngokudabukisayo, zidlulile iphuzu lapho kunoma yini enye ngaphandle kwamazinga amakhulu obudlova angenza noma yikuphi okuhle; Awekho amanye amathuluzi akhona.

Lokhu akunjalo, futhi le nkolelo inomonakalo omkhulu. Impi iyi-meme, umqondo ophefumulayo, osebenzela izinhloso zawo. Injabulo yempi igcina impi iphila. Akusizi ngalutho abantu.

Omunye angase athi impi yenziwe ingenakuvinjelwa yimnotho wezempi exhomeke kuyo, uhlelo lokuxhumana oluthandayo, kanye nohlelo olukhohlakele lukahulumeni,, kanye nabahlomuli bempi. Kodwa lokho kungenakuvinjelwa kwezinga eliphansi. Lokho kudinga ukuguqula uhulumeni wethu ngendlela echazwe encwadini yami yangaphambili i-Daybreak, lapho lapho impi ilahlekelwa khona isimo sayo sokungavinjelwa futhi igwemeke.

Omunye angase athi impi ayinakugwenywa ngoba ayikho ngaphansi kwengxoxo enengqondo. Impi ibilokhu ihlala njalo futhi izohlala njalo. Njengesithasiselo sakho, ama-earlobes akho, noma amazinyo emadodeni, angeke akhonze noma iyiphi injongo, kodwa yingxenye yethu engakwazi ukufisa. Kodwa ubudala bento abukwenzi kube njalo; kuvele kudala.

"Impi ayinakugwemeka" akuyona impikiswano yempi, njengokudabuka kokuphelelwa ithemba. Uma ngabe ukhona futhi uphakamise ukukhathazeka okunjalo, ngizokugubha ngamagxa, ngiphonsa amanzi abandayo ebusweni bakho, futhi umemeza "Uyini iphuzu lokuphila uma ungazami ukwenza impilo ibe ngcono?" Kusukela wena 'hhayi lapha, kuncane engingakusho.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu: Ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi impi, ngomqondo ovamile, kufanele iqhubeke nje, awusenaso isisekelo sokungahlanganyeli ekuphikisweni kwanoma yimiphi impi ethile. Ngisho noma ukholwa ukuthi impi edlule yayilungile, awusenaso isisekelo sokungahambisani nempi ehleliwe lapha namhlanje. Futhi ngolunye usuku, ngemva kokuphikisana nayo yonke impi ekhona, impi izophela. Kungakhathaliseki noma lokho kwakungenzeka.