Osopolitiki base-US kanye nezazi bayathanda ukusho ukuthi izimpi zaseMelika ziyivikele inkululeko yaseMelika. Kodwa umlando ogciniwe awukuvezi lokhu kuphikisana. Eqinisweni, phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izimpi zase-US zibangele ukungena okukhulu kwenkululeko yomphakathi.
Ngemva nje kokuba i-United States ingene eMpini Yezwe I, amazwe ayisikhombisa ashaya imithetho enqamula inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yokunyathelisa. NgoJuni 1917, bajoyinwa yiCongress, eyaphasisa uMthetho Wobunhloli. Lo mthetho unikeze uhulumeni wobumbano amandla okuhlola okushicilelwe futhi akuvimbele eposini, futhi wenza ukuvimbela okusalungiswa noma ukubhaliswa embuthweni wamasosha kujeziswe ngenhlawulo enkulu kanye nokuboshwa iminyaka engu-20. Ngemva kwalokho, uhulumeni wase-US wahlola amaphephandaba nomagazini ngenkathi eshushisa abagxeki bempi, wathumela abangaphezu kuka-1,500 ejele nezigwebo ezinde. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa umholi wezabasebenzi ovelele kanye nekhandidethi likamongameli we-Socialist Party, u-Eugene V. Debs. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, othisha baxoshwa ezikoleni zikahulumeni nasemanyuvesi, izishayamthetho ezikhethiwe zezifundazwe nezifundazwe ezigxeka impi zavinjelwa ukuba zithathe izintambo, futhi abashisekeli benkolo ababengafuni ukuthwala izikhali ngemva kokubuthelwa ebuthweni lezempi bagqokiswa ngenkani iyunifomu, bashaywa. , bagwazwe ngezinsimbi, bahudulwa ngezintambo entanyeni, bahlushwa, futhi babulawa. Kwakuwukugqashuka okubi kakhulu kwengcindezelo kukahulumeni emlandweni wase-US, futhi kwabangela ukusungulwa kwe-American Civil Liberties Union.
Nakuba irekhodi lenkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika lalingcono kakhulu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ukubamba iqhaza kwesizwe kuleyo mpi kwaholela ekwephuleni okukhulu kwenkululeko yaseMelika. Cishe okwakwaziwa kakhulu ukuboshwa kukahulumeni wobumbano abantu abayizi-110,000 bomdabu waseJapan emakamu okuboshwa. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zaziyizakhamuzi zase-US, iningi lazo elalizalelwe (futhi iningi labazali bazo ababezalelwe) e-United States. Ngo-1988, ibona ukungqubuzana okusobala nomthetho-sisekelo kwabasebenzi ababevalelwe ngesikhathi sempi, iCongress yaphasisa uMthetho Wenkululeko Yomphakathi, owaxolisa ngalesi senzo futhi wakhokhela abasindile nemindeni yabo izinxephezelo. Kodwa impi yaholela ekuphulweni kwamalungelo okunye, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa kwabantu ababalelwa ku-6,000 abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza nokuvalelwa kwabanye abangaba ngu-12,000 emakamu Enkonzo Yomphakathi. ICongress iphinde yaphasisa uMthetho wakwaSmith, owenza ukukhulumela ukuketulwa kukahulumeni kube yicala elizojeziswa iminyaka engu-20 ejele. Njengoba lo mthetho wawusetshenziswa ukuze kushushiswe futhi kuboshwe amalungu amaqembu ayekhuluma nje ngokungaguquki, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US yagcina inciphise ububanzi bayo.
Isimo senkululeko yabantu saba sibi kakhulu lapho kuqala iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. KuCongress, i-House Un-American Activities Committee iqoqe amafayela kubantu baseMelika abangaphezu kwesigidi ababuza ukwethembeka kwabo futhi yabamba ukulalelwa kwezingxabano eziklanyelwe ukudalula izinsolo zokuvukela umbuso. Egxumela kulesi senzo, uSenator uJoseph McCarthy waqala ukumangalela ngobuKhomanisi nokuvukela umbuso, esebenzisa amandla akhe ezombusazwe, kamuva, ikomidi elincane lophenyo lweSigele, ukuhlambalaza nokwethusa. Umongameli, yena, wasungula Uhlu Lommeli-Jikelele lwezinhlangano “ezivukela umbuso,” kanye nohlelo lukahulumeni Lobuqotho, olwaxosha izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zikahulumeni zase-US emisebenzini yazo. Ukusayinwa okuyimpoqo kwezifungo zokwethembeka kwaba umkhuba ojwayelekile ezingeni likahulumeni, lesifunda, nelendawo. Ngo-1952, izifunda ezingu-30 zazidinga uhlobo oluthile lwesifungo sokwethembeka kothisha. Nakuba lo mzamo wokuqothula “abangewona amaMelika” ungazange uphumele ekutholweni kwenhloli eyodwa noma umcekeli, uye wadlala kabi ezimpilweni zabantu futhi wabangela ukwesaba esizweni.
Lapho ubushoshovu bezakhamizi buqubuka ngendlela yokubhikisha ngokumelene neMpi YaseVietnam, uhulumeni wobumbano waphendula ngohlelo olunwetshiwe lwengcindezelo. J. Edgar Hoover, umqondisi we-FBI, ubelokhu andisa amandla esikhungo sakhe kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe I, futhi waqala ukusebenza ngohlelo lwakhe lwe-COINTELPRO. Idizayinelwe ukudalula, ukuphazamisa, kanye nokuqeda igagasi elisha lobushoshovu nganoma iyiphi indlela edingekayo, i-COINTELPRO isakaza ulwazi olungamanga, oludelelayo ngabaholi nezinhlangano eziphikisayo, yadala izingxabano phakathi kwabaholi namalungu abo, futhi yaqala ukugqekeza nobudlova. Iqondise cishe yonke izinhlangano ezishintsha umphakathi, okuhlanganisa inhlangano yokuthula, inhlangano yamalungelo abantu, inhlangano yabesifazane, kanye nenhlangano yezemvelo. Amafayela e-FBI ayegcwele ulwazi ngezigidi zabantu baseMelika eyayibabheka njengezitha zezwe noma abangase babe izitha, futhi yabeka abaningi babo ngaphansi kweso elibukhali, okuhlanganisa ababhali, othisha, izishoshovu kanye nezigele zaseMelika Beqiniseka ukuthi uMartin Luther King, Jr. , uHoover wenza imizamo eminingi yokumcekela phansi, kuhlanganise nokumkhuthaza ukuba azibulale.
Nakuba izambulo mayelana nezenzo ezimbi zezinhlangano zezobunhloli zase-US zaholela ekunqandeni kuzo ngeminyaka yawo-1970, izimpi ezalandela zakhuthaza ukwanda okusha kwezinyathelo zombuso wamaphoyisa. Ngo-1981, i-FBI yavula uphenyo lwabantu ngabanye namaqembu aphikisana nokungenelela kukaMongameli uReagan eMelika Ephakathi. Yasebenzisa izimpimpi emihlanganweni yezombangazwe, ukugqekezwa emasontweni, ezindlini zamalungu, nasemahhovisi enhlangano, kanye nokugadwa kwezinkulungwane zemibhikisho yokuthula. Phakathi kwamaqembu ayehlosiwe kwakunoMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wamasonto, i-United Auto Workers, kanye ne-Maryknoll Sisters yeSonto LamaRoma Katolika. Ngemuva kokuqala kweMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobushokobezi, amasheke asele ezikhungweni zezobunhloli zase-US ashanelwa eceleni. I-Patriot Act inikeze uhulumeni amandla amakhulu okuhlola abantu ngabanye, kwezinye izimo ngaphandle kokusola okuthile, kuyilapho i-National Security Agency iqoqa zonke izingcingo zabantu baseMelika kanye ne-inthanethi.
Inkinga lapha ayikho emaphutheni athile ayingqayizivele e-United States, kodwa, kunalokho, eqinisweni lokuthi impi ayihambisani nenkululeko. Phakathi kokwesaba okukhulayo kanye nokushisekela ubuzwe okuhambisana nempi, ohulumeni neningi lezakhamuzi zabo babheka ukungezwani njengokufana nokuvukela umbuso. Kulezi zimo, “ukuphepha kwezwe” kuvame ukuhalalisela inkululeko. Njengoba intatheli uRandolph Bourne asho phakathi neMpi Yezwe I: “Impi iyimpilo yombuso.” Abantu baseMelika abathanda inkululeko kufanele bakukhumbule lokhu.
UDkt. Lawrence Wittner (http://lawrenceswittner.com) unguSolwazi Womlando ophumayo e-SUNY/Albany. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva iyinoveli ehlekisayo emayelana nokuhlangana kwenyuvesi kanye nokuvukela umbuso, Yini eqhubekayo ku-UAardvark?
