IZINDAWO ZINYE ZOMTHETHO

Iphuzu elilula, kodwa elibalulekile, nelinye elishaywa indiva. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi impi ethile iziphatha kahle futhi inhle (noma ngabe ngithemba ukuthi angeke ucabange ukuthi ngemva kokufunda izahluko ze-11 zangaphambili) iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi impi ayimthetho. Ukuvikela kwangempela izwe lapho kuhlaselwa kungokomthetho, kodwa lokho kwenzeka kuphela lapho izwe liye lahlaselwa, futhi akumele lisetshenziswe njengendlela yokuzithethelela impi ebanzi engaqashiwe ekuvikeleni kwangempela.

Akudingeki ukuthi, ingxabano ephakeme yokuziphatha ingenziwa ngokukhetha umthetho wokubusa komthetho wabathengi. Uma labo abasemandleni bangenza noma yini abayithandayo, iningi lethu ngeke lithande lokho abakwenzayo. Eminye imithetho ayilungile kangangokuthi uma inqunywe kubantu abavamile, kufanele iphulwe. Kodwa ukuvumela labo abaphethe uhulumeni ukuba bahlanganyele ubudlova obukhulu nokubulala ngokungahambisani nomthetho ukugweba zonke izihluku ezincane futhi, ngoba akukho ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu okungacabangela. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi abaxhasi bempi bangase banganaki noma "baphinde bahumushe" umthetho kunokuba bashintshe kahle umthetho ngokusebenzisa inqubo yomthetho, kodwa akusilo ukuzivikela ngokomthetho.

Ngomlando omkhulu we-US, kwakungengqondo ukuthi izakhamuzi zikholelwe, futhi zivame ukukholelwa ukuthi uMthethosisekelo wase-US uvimbela impi enobudlova. Njengoba sibonile esahlukweni sesibili, iCongress yamemezela ukuthi i-1846-1848 War eMexico "yayingekho ngokungadingekile futhi engahambisani nomthethosisekelo owaqala ngumongameli we-United States." I-Congress yayikhiphe isimemezelo sempi, kodwa kamuva ikholelwa ukuthi umengameli wayeqamba amanga kubo . (UMongameli uWoldrow Wilson uzodlulisela amabutho ukulwa neMexico ngaphandle kokumemezela.) Akubonakali ukuthi amanga ukuthi iCongress ibheka njengokungahambisani nomthetho kuma-1840s, kodwa kunalokho ukuqaliswa kwempi engadingekile noma enobudlova.

Njengoba uMmeli Jikelele weNkosi u-Lord Peter Goldsmith uxwayise uNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair ngoMashi 2003, "Ukuhlukunyezwa kuyisenzo ngaphansi komthetho wendabuko wamazwe omhlaba okwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuba yingxenye yomthetho wasekhaya," ngakho-ke, "ukuhlukunyezwa kwamanye amazwe kungubugebengu obuqashelwa ngumthetho ovamile kufanele bashushiswe enkantolo yase-UK. "Umthetho wase-US usuvela emthethweni ovamile waseNgilandi, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States iyaqaphela amasiko namasiko asekelwe kulo. Umthetho wase-US kuma-1840 wawusondelene nezimpande zawo emthethweni ovamile wesiNgisi kunamthetho wase-US namuhla, futhi umthetho wezomthetho wawungakaze uthuthuke ngokujwayelekile, ngakho-ke kwakungokwemvelo ukuba iCongress ithathe isikhundla sokuqala impi engadingekile yayingavumelani noMthethosisekelo ngaphandle kokudingeka ukuba okuqondile.

Eqinisweni, nje ngaphambi kokuba unikele iCongress amandla akhethekile okumemezela impi, uMthethosisekelo unikeza iCongress amandla "okuchaza futhi okujezisa ama-Piracies namaFelon azinikele emaLwandle aphezulu, kanye nokuCala okuPhambene noMthetho Wezizwe." Okungenani ngokufakazela, lokhu kubonakala sengathi kusho ukuthi i-United States yayilindeleke ukuba ilandelwe "uMthetho Wezizwe." Ku-1840s, akekho ilungu leCongress elizokwenzela ukubonisa ukuthi i-United States yayingeyona eyayiboshwe "uMthetho Wezizwe." Ngaleso sikhathi emlandweni, lokhu kwakusho umthetho wendabuko wamazwe omhlaba, lapho ukuqaliswa kwempi enobudlova bekukade kuthathwa njengecala elibi kakhulu.

Ngenhlanhla, njengoba manje sinezinkontileka eziningi ezibophezelayo ezivimbela ngokucacile impi enonya, asisadingeki ukuqagela ngalokho umthethosisekelo wase-United States othi ngempi. Isigaba VI soMthethosisekelo sithi ngokucacile lokhu:

"Lo Mthethosisekelo, nemithetho ye-United States ezokwenziwa ngokuziphendulela; futhi zonke izivumelwano ezenziwe, noma ezenziwe, ngaphansi kweGunyaziwe lase-United States, ziyoba uMthetho oPhezulu weZwe; futhi abaHluli kuzo zonke iziMbuso bazoboshwa ngaleyo ndlela, noma yiyiphi into eMthethwenisisekelo noma emithethweni yomthetho yanoma yimuphi uMbuso ophikisanayo ngaphandle kwalokho. "[italics added]

Ngakho-ke, uma i-United States ingenza isivumelwano esivimbela impi, impi yayiyoba ngokungemthetho ngaphansi komthetho ophakeme wezwe. I-United States empeleni yenza lokhu, okungenani kabili, ezinkonzweni ezihlala namuhla yingxenye yomthetho wethu ophakeme kakhulu: i-Kellogg-Briand Pact kanye ne-Charter United Nations Charter.

Isigaba: SIQHUBILE NONKE IMPILO E-1928

Ku-1928, iSenate Yase-United States, leso sikhungo esisodwa ngosuku manje singathola amaphesenti amathathu wamalungu ayo ukuvota ngokuphikisana nokuxhaswa kwempi noma ukuqhubeka, kuvotelwe i-85 ku-1 ukubopha i-United States kwisivumelwano esisekhona eboshiwe futhi lapho "silahla khona impi yokuxazulula izimpikiswano zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi siyilahle, njengensimbi yenqubomgomo kazwelonke [" ubuhlobo "bethu] nezinye" izizwe. Lena yi-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Iyala futhi ilahle yonke impi. UNobhala Wombuso wase-United States, uFrank Kellogg, wenqaba isiphakamiso sesiFulentshi sokunqabela ukuvinjelwa kwezimpi zobudlova. Wabhalela i-ambassador yaseFrance ukuthi uma isivumelwano,

". . . behambisana nezincazelo zegama elithi 'aggressor' nangamazwi neziqu ezibeka lapho izizwe zizobe zilungele ukuya empini, umphumela wayo wawuyoba buthakathaka kakhulu futhi ubuhle bawo bube njengesiqiniseko sokuthula okuqothulwa ngokuphelele. "

Lesi sivumelwano sasayinwe ngokuvinjelwa kwayo yonke impi ehlanganisiwe, futhi yavunyelwa yizizwe eziningi. UKellogg wanikezwa uMklomelo Wokuthula weNobel ku-1929, umklomelo owake waphenduka ngokungaqondakali yilokho owawubhekene nakho kokubili kuka-Theodore Roosevelt noWorrow Wilson.

Kodwa-ke, lapho iSenate yase-United States isayine isivumelwano, yanezela ukubhuka okubili. Okokuqala, i-United States ngeke ibophezele ukuphoqelela isivumelwano ngokuthatha isinyathelo kulabo abayiphule. Kuhle kakhulu. Kuze kube kuhle kangaka. Uma impi ivaliwe, akusobala ukuthi isizwe singadingeka ukuya empini ukuphoqelela ukuvinjelwa. Kodwa izindlela zakudala zokucabanga zifa kanzima, futhi ukuhlukunyezwa akubuhlungu kakhulu kunokuchitha igazi.

Nokho, ukubhuka kwesibili kwakuwukuthi lesi sivumelwano akufanele siphumele ilungelo lokuzivikela laseMelika. Ngakho-ke, impi yaqhubeka inyawo emnyango. Ilungelo lendabuko lokuzivikela lapho lihlaselwa ligcinwe, futhi kwakhiwe isici esingase sibe futhi singasakazwa ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Uma ngabe yisiphi isizwe sihlaselwa, sizozivikela, ngesihluku noma ngenye indlela. Umonakalo ekubekeni lowo mthetho emthethweni, njengoba uKellogg ebona ngaphambili, ukwehlisa umbono wokuthi impi ayilungelo. Ingxabano ingenziwa ukuba iqhaza kwe-US eMpini Yezwe II ngaphansi kwalesi sabelo, isibonelo, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaselweni kwaseJapan ePearl Harbour, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwakunjani futhi kuhlosiwe. Impi neJalimane ingalungiswa ukuhlaselwa kweJapane, futhi ngokusulwa okungaqondakali kwe-loophole. Noma kunjalo, izimpi zobudlova - yilokho esikubonile ezahlukweni ezandulele eziningi izimpi zase-US ukuba zibe - zingekho emthethweni e-United States kusukela ngo-1928.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-1945, i-United States yaba yingxenye yeSikhungo Sezizwe Ezihlangene, esasasebenza namuhla njengengxenye "yomthetho ophakeme womhlaba." I-United States yayilokhu ibangele ukudala indalo ka-UN Charter. Ihlanganisa le migqa:

"Wonke Amalungu azoxazulula izingxabano zawo ngamazwe ngezindlela zokuthula ngendlela yokuthi ukuthula nokuvikeleka emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nobulungisa, kungabikho engozini.

"Wonke Amalungu azogwema ebuhlotsheni bawo bamazwe omhlaba kusukela ekusongweni noma ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okulwa nobuqotho bendawo noma ukuzibusa kwezombusazwe kwanoma yimuphi umbuso, noma nganoma iyiphi enye indlela engavumelani neMigomo YeZizwe Ezihlangene."

Lokhu kuzobonakala sengathi yi-Kellogg-Briand Pact entsha okungenani umzamo wokuqala ekudalweni komzimba. Futhi kunjalo. Kodwa i-Charter ye-UN iqukethe okunye okuhlukile ekuvinjweni kwayo empini. Okokuqala ukuzivikela. Nansi ingxenye ye-Article 51:

"Akukho lutho kulesi Charter okuyokwenza kube nzima ilungelo lokuzivikela ngokuzimele noma ngokubambisana uma kwenzeka kuhlasela ilungu leZizwe Ezihlangene, kuze kube yilapho uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha uthathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuthula nokuphepha emhlabeni wonke."

Ngakho-ke, i-Charter ye-UN iqukethe okufanayo okusemthethweni kanye nokwehla okuncane ukuthi iSenate yase-US ifakwe kwi-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Ibuye ifane enye. I-Charter yenza kucace ukuthi uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha we-UN ungakhetha ukugunyaza ukusebenzisa amandla. Lokhu kubeka amandla ekuqondeni ukuthi impi ayimthetho, ngokwenza ezinye izimpi zomthetho. Ezinye izimpi ke, ngokubikezela, zilungiswa yizimangalo zomthetho. Abakhi be-2003 ukuhlasela e-Iraq bathi begunyazwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene, yize i-United Nations ingavumelani.

UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN wagunyaza iMpi eKorea, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi i-USSR yayingumkhandlu wezokuphepha ngaleso sikhathi kanti iChina yayisamelwe uhulumeni waseKuomintang eTaiwan. Amandla aseNtshonalanga ayevimbela inxusa likahulumeni omusha waseChina ukuba athathe isihlalo seChina njengelungu elihlala njalo loMkhandlu wezokuPhepha, kanti abaseRussia babecabanga uMkhandlu ngokubhikisha. Uma izihambeli zaseSoviet nezaseShayina sezikhona, ayikho indlela iNhlangano yeziZwe eyayiyoyenza ngayo impi empini eyabhubhisa iningi laseKorea.

Kubonakala sengathi kufanelekile ukwenza izinto ngaphandle kwempi yokuzivikela. Awukwazi ukutshela abantu abenqatshelwe ukuthi balwe uma behlaselwa. Futhi kuthiwani uma behlaselwa iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili futhi bebebenokulwa kwamanye amazwe noma kwamakholoni ngokumelene nentando yabo, kungakhathaliseki ubudlova bamuva? Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi izimpi zokukhululwa kwezizwe zizokhuliswa ngokomthetho ilungelo lokuzivikela. Abantu base-Iraq noma i-Afghanistan abalahlekelwa ilungelo labo lokulwa emuva uma sekudlule iminyaka eyanele, akunjalo? Kodwa isizwe esinokuthula asikwazi ngokusemthethweni ukuvusa umthetho emakhulwini eminyaka-noma izinkulungwane zeminyaka yobuhlanga njengezizathu zempi. Izinqwaba zezizwe lapho amabutho ase-US manje asekelwe khona azikwazi ukushaya ibhomu e-Washington ngokomthetho. U-apartheid noJim Crow babengesizathu sokulwa. Ukungathembeki akusebenzi nje kuphela ukulungisa ukungabi nabulungisa okuningi; kuyona kuphela okukhethwa ngokomthetho. Abantu abakwazi "ukuzivikela" ngempi noma nini lapho befisa khona.

Lokho abantu abangakwenza ukulwa uma behlaselwa noma behlala. Njengoba kunikezwa ukuthi kungenzeka, kungani ungenzi futhi okuhlukile - njengokungathi ku-Charter ye-UN - ukuvikela ezinye, amazwe amancane angakwazi ukuzivikela? Phela, i-United States yazikhulula eNgilandi esikhathini eside esidlule, futhi indlela kuphela yokusebenzisa lesi sizathu njengesizathu sempi uma "ikhulula" amanye amazwe ngokuchitha phansi ababusi babo nokubaphatha. Umqondo wokuvikela abanye ubonakala unengqondo kakhulu, kepha-njengoba nje uKellogg abikezele - izikhukhula ziholela ekudidekeni nasekudidekeni kuvumela ukukhululeka okukhulu nakakhulu kulokhu kubusa kuze kube khona iphuzu lapho khona umqondo wokuthi umbuso ukhona khona kubonakala sengathi uhlelekile.

Noma kunjalo likhona. Umthetho wukuthi impi yubugebengu. Kunemibandela emibili emincane e-Charter ye-UN, futhi kulula ukukhombisa ukuthi impi ethile ayihlangabezani noma yikuphi okwehlukile.

Ngo-Agasti 31, 2010, lapho uMongameli uBarack Obama ehlelwe ukunikeza inkulumo mayelana neMpi e-Iraq, umbhali we-blogger uJanco Cole wabhala inkulumo ayecabanga ukuthi umongameli angathanda ukuyithatha, kodwa nakanjani akazange anikeze:

"Amazwe aseMelika, nama-Iraqi abheka le nkulumo, ngize lapha kulobu busuku ngingakhulumi ukunqoba noma ukulila ukunqotshwa empini, kodwa ukuxolisa kusuka phansi kwenhliziyo yami ngokuchungechunge kwezenzo ezingekho emthethweni kanye nokungaqondakali okukhulu izinqubomgomo eziphishekela uhulumeni wase-United States of America, ngokungahambisani nomthetho wasekhaya wase-US, izibophezelo zomhlaba wonke, kanye nombono womphakathi waseMelika no-Iraq.

"IZizwe Ezihlangene zaqalwa ngo-1945 ngemuva kochungechunge lwezimpi ezinamandla zokunqoba nokuphendula kwabo, lapho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ze-60 babulawa khona. Inhloso yalo kwakukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa okunjalo okungenabulungisa, futhi umqulu wayo wachaza ukuthi izimpi ezizayo zingasungulwa kuphela ngezizathu ezimbili. Omunye ukuzivikela okucacile, lapho izwe lihlaselwe. Esinye sinokugunyazwa koMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WeZizwe Ezihlangene.

"Kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlaselwa kweFrance, eBrithani, nase-Israel eGibhithe ku-1956 kwaphula lezi zihlinzeko zeSikhungo Sezizwe Ezihlangene uMongameli uDwight D. Eisenhower enqabile leyo mpi futhi waphoqelela ukuba amabhonigerents ahoxise. Lapho u-Israyeli ebukeka sengathi angase azame ukugxila ezintweni ezithathwe kabi, iNhlonishwa yaseSinayi, uMongameli u-Eisenhower wabukela kuthelevishini ngoFebhuwari 21, 1957, futhi wakhuluma nesizwe. Lawa magama asekhunjulwe futhi ekhohliwe e-United States yanamuhla, kodwa kufanele ahambe phakathi namashumi eminyaka namakhulu:

"'Uma iZizwe Ezihlangene sezivuma ukuthi ukuphikisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kungalungiswa ngokusebenzisa amandla, khona-ke sizobe sesichitha isisekelo senhlangano, nethemba lethu elihle lokusungula i-oda langempela lomhlaba. Lokho kungaba inhlekelele kithi sonke. . . . [Ekhuluma ngemibandela yase-Israel ukuthi izimo ezithile zihlangatshezwe ngaphambi kokuba zilahlwe iSinayi, umongameli wathi "ngeke kube yiqiniso emazingeni ehhovisi eliphezulu oye wangikhetha ukuba ngizoboleka ithonya lama-United States kwisiphakamiso sokuthi isizwe esihlasela omunye kufanele sivunyelwe ukuthi sihoxise izimo zokuhoxiswa. . . . '

"'Uma [i-United Nations Security Council] ingenzi lutho, uma ivuma ukungayinaki izinqumo zayo eziphindaphindiwe ezibiza ukuhoxiswa kwamandla ahlaseleyo, khona-ke izobe zamukele ukuhluleka. Ukuhluleka lokho kuzothatha amandla negunya leZizwe Ezihlangene emhlabeni kanye nethemba elithathwe ngumuntu eNhlanganweni yeziZwe njengendlela yokuthola ukuthula nobulungiswa. "

U-Eisenhower ubekhuluma ngesigameko esaqala lapho iGibhithe lenza izwe iSuez Canal; U-Israyeli waphendula ngokuhlasela iGibithe. IBrithani neFrance benze sengathi bangenela njengamaqembu angaphandle abekhathazekile ngokuthi ingxabano yaseGibhithe neyakwa-Israyeli ingabeka engcupheni ukudlula mahhala kulo mfula. Empeleni, i-Israel, iFrance neBrithani babehlele ukuhlasela iGibhithe ndawonye, ​​bonke bevuma ukuthi u-Israyeli uzohlasela kuqala, nezinye izizwe ezimbili zihlanganyele kamuva zenze sengathi zazizama ukumisa impi. Lokhu kukhombisa isidingo senhlangano yomhlaba wonke engakhethi ngokweqiniso (into iZizwe Ezihlangene ezingakaze zibe khona kodwa ngolunye usuku kungenzeka) kanye nesidingo sokuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kwempi. Enkingeni kaSuez, umthetho wawuphoqelelwa ngoba ingane enkulu kunazo zonke ebhlokini yayithambekele ekuphoqeleleni. Uma kukhulunywa ngokuqumba phansi ohulumeni e-Iran naseGuatemala, besuka ezimpini ezinkulu baya emisebenzini eyimfihlo njengoba u-Obama bekazokwenza, uMongameli u-Eisenhower ubenombono ohlukile ngokubaluleka kokugcinwa komthetho. Uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq ngo-2003, u-Obama wayengeke avume ukuthi icala lokuhlukumeza kumele lijeze.

Isu likaZwelonke lokuPhepha esanyatheliswa yi-White House ngoMeyi 2010 sathi:

"Ngezinye izikhathi, amandla empi angase adingeke avikele izwe lethu nabalingani bethu noma alondoloze ukuthula nokuvikeleka okubanzi, kuhlanganise nokuvikela izakhamizi ezibhekene nenkinga enkulu yokusiza abantu. . . . Ama-United States kumele agcine ilungelo lokusebenza ngokubambisana uma kudingekile ukuvikela isizwe sethu kanye nezithakazelo zethu, kodwa sizozama nokunamathela ezindinganisweni ezilawula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. "

Zama ukutshela amaphoyisa wakho wendawo ukuthi ungase uhambe ngobugebengu obunobudlova, kodwa nokuthi uzozama ukunamathela ezindinganisweni ezilawula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Isigaba: SIKHULULELA IZIMPILO ZEMPILO ESIKHUMENI

Ezinye izincwadi ezimbili ezibalulekile, ezivela ku-1945 kanye nezinye kusukela ku-1946, izimpi eziphathwayo zobudlova njengamacala. Eyokuqala kwakuyi-Charter ye-International Military Tribunal e-Nuremberg, isikhungo esasizama abaholi bempi yamaNazi ngobugebengu babo. Phakathi kwezigebengu ezibalulwe kulo mqulu kwakukhona "amacala okulwa nokuthula," "ubugebengu bezempi" kanye "nobugebengu obubhekiswe kubantu." Izigebengu "ngokumelene nokuthula" zachazwe ngokuthi "ukuhlela, ukulungiselela, ukuqala noma ukulwa nempi yokuhlukunyezwa, noma impi ngokungahambisani nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, izivumelwano noma iziqinisekiso, noma ukubamba iqhaza ohlelweni olufanayo noma inhloso yokufeza noma yikuphi okushiwo ngaphambili. "Ngonyaka olandelayo, uMqulu we-International Military Tribunal yeMpumalanga Ekude (ukuhlolwa kweMpi YaseJapane izigebengu) basebenzisa incazelo efanayo. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlolwa zifanelwe ukugxekwa okukhulu, kodwa nokudumisa okuningi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, baqinisa ubulungiswa babanqobi. Bashiya ohlwini lwezinsolo zobugebengu ezitshutshiswa ngamacala athile, njengokubhomu kwamabutho, lapho abambisene nabo bebambe khona. Futhi bahluleka ukusola izindizakalo ngenxa yamanye amacala abakwaJalimane nabaseJapane abashushiswa ngawo futhi baxoshwa. I-US General Curtis LeMay, owayala ngokushisa izibhamu eTokyo, wathi "Ngicabanga ukuthi ngabe ngilahlekelwe yini impi, ngabe ngizozama ukulwa necala lobugebengu. Ngenhlanhla, sasihlangene. "

Izinkantolo zithi ziqale ukushushiswa phezulu, kepha zanika uMbusi waseJapan amasosha omzimba. Izwe laseMelika lavikela amasosayensi angaphezu kwe-1,000 XNUMX amaNazi, kufaka phakathi abanye ababenecala lobugebengu obusabekayo, futhi babaletha e-United States ukuzoqhubeka nocwaningo lwabo. UGeneral Douglas MacArthur unikeze isazi se-microbiologist sase-Japan kanye no-lieutenant general Shiro Ishii nawo wonke amalungu omkhakha wakhe wokucwaninga ngama-bacteriological ukuze anikele ngemininingwane yempi yamagciwane ethathwe ekuhlolweni kwabantu. AbaseBrithani bafunda ebulelesi baseJalimane ababebashushisa ukuthi bazokwakha kanjani amakamu okuhlushwa eKenya. AmaFulentshi aqasha izinkulungwane zama-SS namanye amasosha aseJalimane eMbuthweni Wawo Wangaphandle, kangangokuthi cishe ingxenye yamabutho empi eyayinonya empini yamakholoni yaseFrance e-Indochina ayengekho ngaphandle kwezinsalela ezilukhuni kakhulu zebutho laseJalimane kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, namasu okuhlukumeza yamaGestapo aseJalimane asetshenziswa kakhulu eziboshweni zaseFrance eMpini Yenkululeko yase-Algeria. I-United States, nayo esebenza nababengamaNazi, yasabalalisa amasu afanayo kulo lonke elaseLatin America. Ngemuva kokubulala amaNazi ngokuvula imigwaqo yezikhukhula zamapulazi aseDashi, i-United States yaqhubeka nokuqhuma amadamu eKorea naseVietnam ngenhloso efanayo.

Umloli wezilwane kanye nomlobi we-Atlantic Monthly u-Edgar L. Jones babuya eMpini Yezwe II, futhi bathuswa lapho bethola ukuthi izakhamuzi zasekhaya zazicabanga kakhulu ngempi. UJon Jones wabhala wathi: "Nganginxusa njengoba abaningi bethu bephesheya phesheya," uJohn wabhala wathi: "Ngingabazi ukuthi abaningi bethu babecabanga ukuthi abantu basekhaya bazoqala ukuhlela impi elandelayo ngaphambi kokuba sibuyele ekhaya sixoxe ngaphandle kwalokhu." uhlobo lobuzenzisi olwenza ukuba kuvivinywe ubugebengu bobugebengu:

"Akusiwo wonke amasosha aseMelika, noma ngisho nengxenye eyodwa yamabutho ethu, ayenze ngamabomu izinyathelo ezingavumelekile, futhi kungashiwo okufanayo kumaJalimane naseJapane. Izidingo zempi zadinga ukubizwa ngokuthi ubugebengu obuningi, futhi iningi lazo zonke lingase libekwe icala ekuphambukeni kwengqondo okuyinto evezwe yimpi. Kodwa samemezela isenzo ngasinye sabantu abaphikisana nabo futhi sicashunwe noma yikuphi ukuqaphela ukukhubazeka kwethu kokuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi.

"Ngibonile amadoda elwa nokulwa, ukuthi kungani - noma empeleni, kungani thina - abalahla amalangabi alawulwa ngendlela yokuthi amasosha ezitha ahlelwe umlilo, ahambe kancane kancane futhi abuhlungu, kunokuba abulale ngokuqondile ngokushisa okugcwele amafutha. Kwakungenxa yokuthi bazonda isitha kangaka ngokuphelele? Impendulo yayilokhu ithi, 'Cha, asizonde labo bastards abampofu ngokukhethekile; sizondayo yonke into engasetshenzisiwe futhi kufanele sithathe omunye umuntu. ' Mhlawumbe ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, senza izidumbu zababi zifile, zilahla izindlebe futhi zikhahlela amazinyo azo egolide ukuze zikhumbule, futhi zifakwe ngamathambo emilonyeni yazo, kodwa ukwephulwa okunjalo okukhulu kwemikhodi yokuziphatha kufinyelela kumuntu ongafundile izindawo zokulwa kwengqondo kwengqondo. "

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuningi okudumisa ekuvivinyweni kwezigebengu zempi zamaNazi nezamaJapane. Ubuzenzisi abukhambisani, ngokuqinisekile kungcono ukuthi ezinye izigebengu zempi zijeziswe kunanoma iyiphi. Abantu abaningi babehlose ukuthi lezi zivivinyo zenze isimiso esizobe sesizophoqelelwa ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izigebengu eziphikisana nokuthula nobugebengu bempi. UMshushisi Oyinhloko waseNuremberg, iNkantolo Ephakeme Yase-United States, uRobert H. Jackson, wathi esitatimendeni sakhe sokuqala:

“Umqondo ovamile wesintu ufuna ukuthi umthetho ungagcini ngokujeziswa kwamacala amancane abantu abancane. Kumele futhi ifinyelele kwabesilisa abanamandla amakhulu futhi bayisebenzise ngamabomu futhi ngamabomu ukuyisebenzisa ukwenza okubi okungashiyi ikhaya emhlabeni kungathintwanga. I-Charter yalesi Sigungu ifakazela ukukholwa ukuthi umthetho awugcini nje ngokulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu abancane, kodwa nokuthi nababusi bakhona, njengoba iNkosi Chief Justice Coke ikubeka kuKing James, 'ngaphansi komthetho.' Futhi mangikucacise ukuthi ngenkathi lo mthetho usetshenziswa okokuqala ngokumelene nabahlukumezi baseJalimane, umthetho ubandakanya, futhi uma uzosebenzela injongo ezuzisayo kufanele ulahle ukuhlukunyezwa kwanoma yiziphi ezinye izizwe, kubandakanya nalezo ezihleli lapha manje ukwahlulela. ”

Inkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi impi enonya "ayiyona nje ubugebengu bomhlaba wonke; yilobugebengu obuvelele emhlabeni wonke, obuhlukile kuphela kwezinye izigebengu zempi ngoba liqukethe ububi obuthile kulo lonke. "Le nkantolo yabe ishushisa ubugebengu obukhulu kakhulu nobugebengu obuningi obulandelayo.

Ilungelo lobulungiswa bomhlaba wonke lobugebengu bezempi alikakutholakali, okwamanje. Ikomidi lezobuLungiswa beNdlu yase-United States lalihlanganisa icala lokuhlukunyezwa noMongameli uRichard Nixon ngokuyalela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu nokuhlasela kweCambodia emibhalweni yayo yokuqothula. Esikhundleni sokufaka lezo zinkokhelo kule nguqulo yokugcina, iKomidi yanquma ukugxila kancane kancane ku-Watergate, ukudonsa ucingo, nokwedelela kweCongress.

E-1980s eNicaragua inxusa iNkantolo Yomhlaba Yezobulungisa (ICJ). Leyo nkantolo yanquma ukuthi i-United States yayilungiselele iqembu elihlubukayo, i-Contras, futhi limba amachibi aseNicaragua. Ithole lezo zenzo ukudala ukuhlukunyezwa ngamazwe ngamazwe. I-United States ivimbela ukuphoqelelwa kwesahlulelo seZizwe Ezihlangene ngakho-ke yavimbela iNicaragua ukuthi ingatholi noma yimuphi isinxephezelo. I-United States yabe isuka emandleni okubopha i-ICJ, enethemba lokuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo ze-US ngeke ziphinde zenzeke ngaphansi kwesigwebo somzimba ongakhethi ozolawula ngokusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni noma ebugebengu.

Muva nje, iZizwe Ezihlangene zakha izinkantolo zaseYugoslavia naseRwanda, kanye nezinkantolo ezikhethekile eSierra Leone, eLebhanon, eCambodia naseMpumalanga Timor. Kusukela ku-2002, i-International Criminal Court (ICC) ishushise izigebengu zempi ngabaholi bamazwe amancane. Kodwa ubugebengu bobudlova bubekwe icala njengecala eliphakeme kakhulu amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokujeziswa. Ngesikhathi i-Iraq ihlasela i-Kuwait, i-United States yaxosha i-Iraq futhi yajezisa kakhulu, kodwa lapho i-United States ihlasela i-Iraq, kwakungenamandla amakhulu okungena nokulungisa noma ukujezisa ubugebengu.

Ku-2010, naphezu kokuphikisa kwe-US, i-ICC yaqala ukulawula ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo. Yiziphi izinhlobo zamacala azokwenza kanjalo, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuthi uzoke yini uhambe emva kwezizwe ezinamandla ezingakajoyina i-ICC, izizwe ezibamba amandla e-veto e-United Nations, zizobonakala. Ubugebengu obuningi bempi, ngaphandle kobugebengu obuningi bokuhlukunyezwa, eminyakeni yamuva yenziwa yi-United States e-Iraq, e-Afghanistan nakwezinye izindawo, kodwa lezo zenzo zobugebengu azange zishushiswe yi-ICC.

Ku-2009, inkantolo yase-Italy inecala abantu base-23 baseMelika, abaningi babo abasebenzi beCIA, ngezindima zabo ekuthunjeni indoda e-Italy futhi bamthumelela eGibhithe ukuze bahlukunyezwe. Ngaphansi komthetho wendawo yonke yezobugebengu obubi kunazo zonke, ezamukelwa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke, inkantolo yaseSpain igxeke umbhikisho waseChilean u-Augusto Pinochet no-9-11 osolwa u-Osama bin Laden. Inkantolo efanayo yaseSpain yabe isifuna ukushushisa amalungu eGeorge W. Bush ukuphatha ubugebengu bezempi, kodwa iSpain yacindezelwa ngempumelelo nguhulumeni we-Obama ukuba alahle leli cala. Ku-2010, ijaji elibandakanyekile, uBaltasar Garzón, lisuswe esikhundleni sakhe ngokusolakala ukuthi lihlukumeza amandla akhe ngokuphenya ngokubulawa noma ukunyamalala kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-100,000 ezandleni zabaxhasi baka-Gen. Francisco Franco ngesikhathi se-1936-39 Spanish Civil War futhi eminyakeni yokuqala yokuqala yombuso wokucindezela uFranco.

Ku-2003, ummeli waseBelgium wabeka isikhalazo ku-Gen. Tommy R. Franks, oyinhloko ye-US Central Command, ekhuluma ngokulwa nobugebengu e-Iraq. I-United States isongela masinyane ukuhambisa indlunkulu yase-NATO ephuma eBelgium uma leso sizwe singagodlanga umthetho wakhe evumela ukuvivinywa kwamacala angaphandle. Izinkokhelo ezifakwe ezikhulwini zase-US kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ziye zahluleka futhi ukuya enkantolo. Izambatho zomphakathi ezilethwe e-United States ngezisulu zokuhlukunyezwa nezinye izigebengu zempi ziye zabhekana nezicelo ezivela eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa (ngaphansi koMongameli waseBush no-Obama) ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuhlolwa okunjalo kungabangela ukwesaba kuzwelonke. NgoSeptemba 2010, iNkantolo Yesikhombisa Yokudluliswa Kwezikhalazo, evumelana nalesi sicelo, yaxosha icala elalethwa yiJeppesen Dataplan Inc., eyisibonelelo sikaBoing, ngendima yaso "ekuhumusheni" iziboshwa emazweni lapho behlushwa khona.

Ku-2005 no-2006 ngenkathi amaRiphabhliki enamalungu amaningi eCongress, amalungu eDemocratic Congress aholwa nguJohn Conyers (Mich.), UBarbara Lee (Calif.), NoDennis Kucinich (Ohio) baphoqa kanzima ukuphenywa ngamanga ayeqalile ukuhlukunyezwa ngokumelene ne-Iraq. Kodwa kusukela ngesikhathi amaDemocrats athatha iningi ngoJanuwari 2007 kuze kufike emzuzwana wamanje, akuzange kube khona ukukhulunywa ngalolu daba, ngaphandle kokukhululwa kwekomidi leSenate ngombiko walo odelelekile.

EBrithani, ngokuphambene, kuye kwaba "nemibuzo engapheli" kusukela ekuqaleni lapho "izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu" zingatholakali, ziqhubeka kuze kube manje, futhi kungenzeka zifinyelele esikhathini esizayo esizayo. Lezi uphenyo zikhawulelwe futhi ezimweni eziningi zingabonakala ngokunembile njengezingcwecwe ezimhlophe. Abazange babambe iqhaza lobugebengu. Kodwa okungenani ziye zenzeka ngempela. Futhi labo abakhulume kancane baye badunyiswa futhi bakhuthazwa ukuba bakhulume kancane kancane. Lesi simo sezulu sikhiqize izincwadi zokutshela, zonke izincwadi, i-treasure treasure yezincwadi ezikhishwe futhi ezinqunywe phansi, futhi zifakaza ubufakazi bokukhuluma ngomlomo. Kuye kwabona iBrithani idonsa amasosha ayo e-Iraq. Ngokuphambene nalokho, yi-2010 eWashington, kwakuvame ukuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukudumisa i-2007 "ukukhuphuka" nokufunga ukuthi bezokwazi ukuthi i-Iraq izoba "impi enhle" njalo. Ngokufanayo, iBrithani namanye amazwe amaningana sebephenye imisebenzi yabo ekuthunjweni, ekuboshweni nasekuhlungweni kwe-US, kodwa i-United States ayikho - uMongameli Obama ubeke obala i-Attorney General ukuthi angashushisi labo abanomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi iCongress iyenze iphefumulelwe ukulingisa i-possum.

Isigaba: KUNGANI UKUBA IZIKHONO ZOMHLABA ZISEBENZA UMTHETHO?

UProfesa wesayensi yezombusazwe uMichael Haas wakhicilela incwadi e-2009 isihloko esichaza okuqukethwe kwayo: George W. Bush, War Criminal? Ukuphathwa Kwebhasi le-Bush for Criminal Crimes 269. (Incwadi ye-2010 yombhali ofanayo kuhlanganisa no-Obama emacala akhe.) Inombolo eyodwa ohlwini lukaHaas 2009 yibugebengu bokuhlukunyezwa ngokumelene ne-Afghanistan ne-Iraq. AmaHaa ahlanganisa nobugebengu obunhlanu obuhlobene nokungahambi kahle kwempi:

Ubugebengu Bezempi #2. Ukusiza izihlubuki empini yombango. (Ukusekela iNtshonalanga ye-Alliance e-Afghanistan).

Ubugebengu Bezempi #3. Ukusongela iMpi Ye-Aggressive.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #4. Ukuhlela Nokulungiselela Impi Yokuhlukunyezwa.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #5. Umlutha Wokulwa Impi.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #6. I-propaganda yeMpi.

Ukwethulwa kwempi kungabandakanya nokwephulwa okuningi kwemithetho yasekhaya. Amacala amaningi anjengalawa ahlobene ne-Iraq anemininingwane eminingi ku-The 35 Articles of Impeachment and the Case for Prosecuting George W. Bush, eyashicilelwa ngo-2008 futhi ifaka isingeniso engangisibhala kanye nama-athikili angama-35 okusolwa ukuthi uCongress Dennis Kucinich (D., Ohio yethulwe kwiCongress. UBush neCongress abawuthobelanga umthetho i-War Powers Act, odinga ukugunyazwa kwempi okuqhamuka kuCongress. UBush akazange ahambisane nemibandela yokugunyazwa okungacacile okwenziwe yiCongress. Esikhundleni salokho wahambisa umbiko ogcwele amanga ngezikhali nobudlelwano ku-9-11. UBush nabangaphansi kwakhe baqambe amanga kaningi kuCongress, okuyicala elingaphansi kwemithetho emibili ehlukene. Ngakho-ke, impi ayisiyo kuphela ubugebengu, kepha namanga empi ayicala.

Angisho ukuthatha uBush. Njengoba u-Noam Chomsky ekhuluma mayelana ne-1990, "Uma ngabe imithetho yaseNuremberg isetshenziselwa, wonke umongameli waseMelika wezempi uzobe esexotshiwe." UChomsky ukhombise ukuthi uGeneral Tomoyuki Yamashita wanikezwa ngokuba ngumqondisi ophezulu wamabutho aseJapan ayenze izinyathelo ezimbi ePhilippines ngasekupheleni kwempi lapho engathintana nabo. Ngalowo mgangatho, u-Chomsky uthe, kuzodingeka ubophe wonke umongameli wase-US.

Kodwa, uChomsky waphikisana, kuzodingeka wenze okufanayo ngisho noma izindinganiso ziphansi. UTruman waphonsa amabhomu atomic kubantu. ITruman "yahlela umkhankaso omkhulu wokulwa nokuhlukunyezwa eGrisi owabulala abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi ayisithupha, ababaleki abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha, abanye abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha noma abantu abahlukunyezwayo, uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwaqedwa, umbuso ophiko olufanele. Amabhizinisi aseMelika angena futhi ayidlulisa. "U-Eisenhower waphonsela ohulumeni base-Iran naseGuatemala futhi bahlasela iLebanon. UKennedy wahlasela eCuba naseVietnam. UJohnson wabulala abantu base-Indochina futhi bahlasela iRominican Republic. I-Nixon yahlasela iKambodia neLaos. U-Ford noCarter basekela ukuhlasela kwe-Indonesian e-East Timor. Amacala e-Reagan ahlomula ngempi e-Central America futhi asekela ukuhlasela kwe-Lebanon kwe-Israel. Lezi yizibonelo zikaChomsky ezinikeze phezulu kwekhanda lakhe. Kukhona okuningi, eziningi zazo okukhulunywe ngazo kule ncwadi.

Isigaba: ABANTU BE-PRESIDENTS ABAKHO ABAKHOLELELE UKUFUMA IMPILO

Yiqiniso, uChomsky usolwa ngamengameli ngenxa yezimpi zokuhlukumezeka ngoba baqala. Ngokomthethosisekelo, Nokho, ukuqaliswa kwempi kungumthwalo weCongress. Ukusebenzisa isimiso se-Nuremberg, noma se-Kellogg-Briand Pact - esivunywe ngokweqile yiSenate - kuya kwiCongress ngokwayo kuyodinga intambo eminingi noma, uma sikhipha isigwebo sokufa, eziningi zamangqamuzana asejele.

Ngaphambi kokuba uMengameli uWilliam McKinley edale unobhala wezokuqala wezomongameli, wabe esedlulisa lolu cwaningo, iCongress yayibheke njengesikhungo samandla eWashington. Ku-1900 McKinley wadala enye into: amandla omongameli ukuthumela amabutho empi ukulwa nohulumeni bezinye izizwe ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwebandla. UMcKinley wathumela amasosha e-5,000 ePhilippines aye eChina ukuze alwe neBosterer Rebellion. Futhi wahamba nalo, okusho ukuthi oongameli besikhathi esizayo kungenzeka benze okufanayo.

Kusukela iMpi Yezwe II, abaengameli baye bathola amandla amakhulu okusebenza ekusithekeni futhi ngaphandle kokuqondiswa kweCongress. U-Truman wanezela ebhokisini lamathuluzi kamongameli i-CIA, uMeluleki wezokuPhepha kaZwelonke, i-Strategic Air Command, ne-arsenal. U-Kennedy wasebenzisa izakhiwo ezintsha ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Special Group Counter-Insurgency, iKomidi le-303, neQembu Lezwe ukuze lihlanganise amandla eNdlu Ncoma, kanye ne-Green Berets ukuvumela umongameli ukuba aqondise ukusebenza kwezempi. AbaMengameli baqala ukucela iCongress ukuthi imemezele isimo esiphuthumayo sezwe njengoba kuphele ukuphela kwemigomo yezimemezelo zempi. UMengameli uClinton, njengoba sibonile esahlukweni sesibili, wasebenzisa i-NATO njengemoto yokulwa naphezu kokuphikisana.

Umkhuba owashukumisela amandla empi kusukela eNkongweni kuya eNdlukeni eNgcwele yafinyelela phezulu lapho uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ecela abameli eMnyangweni wezobuLungiswa ukuba babhale imemori eyimfihlo ezobanjwa njengokuphatha umthetho, i-memos ephinde yahumusha imithetho yangempela ukusho okuphambene nalokho abaye baqondakala njalo. Ngo-Okthoba 23, i-2002, ummeli we-Assistant Attorney General Jay Bybee usayine imemo ye-48 eselulekweni sikaMengameli u-Alberto Gonzales obizwa ngokuthi yiGunya loMongameli Ngaphansi Komthetho Wasekhaya Nomhlaba Wamazwe Wokusebenzisa I-Military Force e-Iraq. Lo mfihlo oyimfihlo (noma ushayele lokho oyifunayo, umemo owubeka njengomthetho) ugunyaze noma imuphi umongameli ukuba enze ngokusemthethweni lokho uNuremberg akubiza ngokuthi "ubugebengu obuphezulu emhlabeni wonke."

Imemo kaBybee ithi umengameli unamandla okuqala izimpi. I-Period. Noma yikuphi "ukugunyazwa kokusebenzisa amandla" okwedlule yiCongress kuthathwa njengokwedlulele. Ngokombiko ka-Bybee we-US Constitution, Congress ingakwazi "ukukhipha izimemezelo ezisemthethweni zempi." Ngokwemayini, iCongress inegunya "lokumemezela impi," kanye nawo onke amandla ahlobene okuhlobene. Eqinisweni, awekho amandla angokomthetho okungaqondakali noma yikuphi ekukhophi kwami ​​koMthethosisekelo.

U-Bybee uphonsela uMthetho weMpi Yamandla ngokucaphuna i-veto ka-Nixon esikhundleni sokubhekana nomthetho ngokwawo, owadlula i-veto ka-Nixon. U-Bybee ucaphuna izincwadi ezibhalwa nguBush. Uze ucacise isitatimende seShayina, isitatimende esibhaliwe sokushintsha umthetho omusha. I-Bybee incike emaphepheni angaphambilini akhiqizwa yihhovisi lakhe, iHhovisi loMmeli Wezomthetho eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa. Futhi uncike kakhulu ekuphikiseni ukuthi uMengameli uClinton wayesenze izinto ezifanayo. Ngokwesilinganiso esihle, ubiza uTruman, uKennedy, Reagan, noBush Sr., kanye nombono we-ambassador wakwa-Israyeli wesimemezelo se-UN esilahla ukuhlaselwa kuka-Israyeli okuhlukumezayo. Lezi zonke izibonelo ezithakazelisayo, kodwa akuzona imithetho.

U-Bybee uthi eminyakeni yezikhali zenuzi "ukulindela ukuzivikela" kungase kulungele ukuqala impi ngokumelene nanoma yisiphi isizwe esingase sibe nomuzwa wokuthi singathola ama-nukes, ngisho noma kungekho sizathu sokucabanga ukuthi isizwe sasizowasebenzisela ukuhlasela izakho:

"Ngakho-ke, siyaqaphela ukuthi ngisho noma kungenzeka ukuthi i-Iraq ngokwayo yayiyohlasela i-United States nge-WMD, noma ingadlulisela isikhali esinjalo kumaphekula ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo ngokumelene ne-United States, yayingaphansi, izinga eliphakeme kakhulu elilimazayo umphumela, kuhlangene nethuba elilinganiselwe lamathuba kanye nethuba lokuba uma singasebenzisi amandla, usongo luyokhula, kungabangela uMongameli ukuba aphethe ukuthi kudingekile ukuthi isinyathelo sempi silwe ukuvikela i-United States. "

Ungalokothi ukhohlwe izinga eliphakeme lokulimaza "isenzo sezempi" esikhiqizayo, noma ukucaciswa kwayo ngokungemthetho. Le memo yayilungile impi yokuhlukunyezwa nayo yonke ubugebengu kanye nokuxhashazwa kwamandla kwamanye amazwe kanye nasekhaya abafanelekile yimpi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho oongameli sebeqalile ukuhlukumeza imithetho yempi, bakhulume obala ngokusekela. U-Harold Lasswell ubhekisele ku-1927 ukuthi impi ingase idayiswe kangcono "kubantu abanobukhulu nabangaphakathi" uma behlanganiswa njengokuqinisekiswa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba. AmaBrithani ayeka ukuphikisana ngeMpi Yezwe I ngenxa yesithakazelo sesizwe lapho bekwazi ukuphikisana nokuhlasela kweJalimane eBelgium. AmaFulentshi ahleleka ngokushesha iKomidi lezokuVikela koMthetho wamazwe omhlaba.

"AmaJalimane ayeshukunyiswa yilokhu kudabuka komthetho womhlaba wonke emhlabeni, kodwa kungekudala wathola ukufaka isikhalazo kummangalelwa. . . . AmaJalimane. . . bathola ukuthi bekulwela ngempela inkululeko yolwandle kanye namalungelo ezinkampani ezincane ukuba zithengise, njengoba zibona kufanelekile, zingekho ngaphansi kwamasu okuxhashaza emikhumbi yaseBrithani. "

Ababhikishi bathi bazama ukukhululwa eBelgium, Alsace naseLorraine. AmaJalimane athi ayilwela ukukhululwa kwe-Ireland, i-Egypt ne-India.

Naphezu kokuhlasela i-Iraq ngokungabikho kwegunya le-UN ku-2003, uBush uthi uhlaselwa ukuze enze ukulungiswa kwe-UN. Naphezu kokulwa impi cishe yonke impi yase-US, uBush wayeqaphele ukuba azenzele ukusebenza ngaphakathi kokubambisana okukhulu emhlabeni wonke. Laba babusi bazimisele ukugqugquzela umqondo wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngenkathi bephulwa, ngaleyo ndlela bangengozini yokuzibeka engozini, bangase basikisele ukubaluleka ababekayo ekuphumeleleni ukuvunywa okuvame kakhulu kwempi entsha ngayinye, futhi ukuqiniseka kwabo ukuthi uma impi isiqalile kungabuyela emuva ukuhlolisisa ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani.

Isigaba: UKUPHILA KWE-WHO

Imihlangano YeHague neGeniva kanye nezinye izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke lapho i-United States iphathi zivimbela khona ubugebengu obuhlala buyingxenye yanoma imuphi impi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusemthethweni impi yonke. Eziningi zalezi zithibelo ziye zafakwa eMthethweni Wezomthetho wase-US, kuhlanganise nobugebengu obutholakala emihlanganweni yaseGeneva, eMhlanganweni Wokulwa Nokuhlukunyezwa kanye Nezinye Izihlukumeza, Ukungahlonipheki noma Ukulahla Ukuhlukunyezwa noma Ukujeziswa, nasezikhungweni ezibhekiswe kokubili izikhali zamakhemikhali nezibalo. Eqinisweni, iningi lalezi zinhlangano zidinga amazwe asayina ukuba adlulisele umthetho wasekhaya ukuze enze izinhlinzeko zomthetho ziyingxenye yesistimu yezomthetho yezwe ngalinye. Kuthatha kuze kufike i-1996 e-United States ukuthi idlulise uMthetho Wezobugebengu Wezempi ukunikeza imihlangano ye-1948 Geneva amandla e-US Federal Law. Kodwa, ngisho nalapho imisebenzi engavunyelwe khona izivumelwano azange zenziwe ubugebengu obusemthethweni, izivumelwano ngokwazo ziyingxenye "yoMthetho oPhezulu wezwe" ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo wase-United States.

UMichael Haas uveza futhi asebenzise imibono ye-263 yempi yezobugebengu ngaphezu kokuhlukunyezwa, okwenzekile nje empini ekhona manje e-Iraq, futhi ebahlukanisa ngezigaba "zokuziphatha kwempi," "ukwelashwa kweziboshwa," nokuziphatha umsebenzi wokuthunjwa kwempi. "Isampula esingahleliwe sezobugebengu:

Ubugebengu Bezempi #7. Ukwehluleka Ukugcina Ukungathathi hlangothi Kwebhedlela.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #12. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwamazwe angathathi hlangothi.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #16. Ukukhetha Ukuhlaselwa Kwabezizwe.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #21. Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ze-Uranium eziphelile.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #31. Ukubulawa okungekho emthethweni.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #55. Ukuhlukunyezwa.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #120. Ukwenqaba Ilungelo Lokuthola Iseluleko.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #183. Ukuboshwa kwezingane ezingxenyeni ezifanayo njengabantu abadala.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #223. Ukuhluleka Ukuvikela Abalobi.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #229. Ukujeziswa Okuhlangene.

Ubugebengu Bezempi #240. Ukuthunjwa kweMpahla yangasese.

Uhlu lokuhlukunyezwa oluhambisana nezimpi lude, kodwa kunzima ukucabanga izimpi ngaphandle kwazo. I-United States ibonakala ihamba ngokuqondisa izimpi ezingenakuqalwa ezenziwa yi-drones elawulwa kude, kanye nokubulawa okuncane okubhekiswe ekubanjweni kwamandla akhethekile ngaphansi komyalo wangasese womongameli. Izimpi ezinjalo zingase zigweme ubugebengu obuningi bempi, kodwa zona ngokwazo zingekho emthethweni. Umbiko weZizwe Ezihlangene ngoJune 2010 waphetha ngokuthi ukuhlasela kweDonone yase-United States kwakungemthetho. Ukuhlasela kwe-drone kwaqhubeka.

Icala elibekwe ku-2010 yiSikhungo soMthethosisekelo (CCR) kanye ne-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) inselele umkhuba wokubulawa kwabantu baseMelika. Ukuphikisana kwabaphikisi kwenziwa kugxile ekuneneni kwenkambiso efanele. I-White House yayifake ilungelo lokubulala amaMelika ngaphandle kwe-United States, kodwa nakanjani yayizokwenza ngaphandle kokushaja labo baseMelika nganoma yibuphi ubugebengu, ukuwafaka icala, noma ukuwanikeza noma yiliphi ithuba lokuzivikela ngokumelene namacala. I-CCR ne-ACLU bagcinwe nguNasser al-Aulaqi ukuletha icala mayelana nesinqumo sikahulumeni sokugunyaza ukubulawa kwengane yakhe, isakhamuzi sase-US u-Anwar al-Aulaqi. Kodwa uNobhala weMgcinimafa wamemezela u-Anwar al-Aulaqi ngokuthi "ugandaganda owenziwe ngokukhethekile emhlabeni jikelele," okwenza kube yinto yobugebengu ukuba omeli banikeze ukumela ngenzuzo yakhe ngaphandle kokuthola ilayisensi yokuqala, okwenziwa nguhulumeni ngaleso sikhathi unikezwe.

Futhi ku-2010, u-Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D., Ohio) wethula umthethosivivinywa wokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa okuhlosiwe kwezakhamizi zase-US. Njengoba, ngolwazi lwami, iCongress yayingekho kuze kube yilapho idlulisele ibhilidi elilodwa elingathandwa nguMongameli Obama kusukela wangena eNdlubezini Elingcwele, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi lo muntu uzophula leyo streak. Kwakungekho nje ukucindezelwa komphakathi okwanele ukuphoqelela lezo zinguquko.

Esinye isizathu, ngiyasola, ngoba ukungabi nokucindezelwa kwakuyikholo eliphikisanayo eMelika. Uma umengameli enza lokho, ukucaphuna uRichard Nixon, "lokho kusho ukuthi akuyona emthethweni." Uma isizwe sethu senza lokho, kufanele sibe semthethweni. Njengoba izitha ezimpini zethu zingabantu ababi, kufanele sisekele umthetho, noma okungenani sisekele ubulungiswa obulungiselelayo obungenza kahle.

Singabona kalula ukuthi i-conundrum idalwe uma abantu bobabili empini bempi becabanga ukuthi uhlangothi lwabo alukwazi ukwenza lutho olubi. Singaba ngcono ekuqapheliseni ukuthi isizwe sethu, njengezinye izizwe, singenza izinto ezingalungile, empeleni singenza izinto kakhulu, zingalungile - ngisho nobugebengu. Singaba ngcono ekuhleleni ukuphoqa iCongress ukuyeka izimali zempi. Singaba ngcono ekuvimbeleni abenzi bezimpi ngokubamba abaphathi bezempi abadlulile nalabakhona manje.