IZIMPI AZITHULWA NGENXA YOKUZIVIKELA

Ukudala inkulumo-ze yempi kuwumsebenzi wesibili omdala kunayo yonke emhlabeni, futhi umugqa wawo omdala uthi “bawuqalile.” Izimpi ziye zalwelwa iminyaka eyinkulungwane ukuze kuvikelwe abahlaseli nokuvikela indlela yokuphila yezifunda ezihlukahlukene. Irekhodi lesazi-mlando sase-Athene u-Thucydides wenkulumo kaJenene wase-Athene uPericles emngcwabeni omkhulu wabantu abashonile empini lisanconywa kakhulu abasekeli bempi. U-Pericles utshela abalilayo ababuthene ukuthi i-Athene inabalwi abakhulu kakhulu ngoba bagqugquzelekile ukuvikela indlela yabo yokuphila ephakeme neyentando yeningi, nokuthi ukufa ekuzivikeleni kuyisimo esihle kunazo zonke esingathembela kuso. U-Pericles uchaza abase-Athene abalwa kwezinye izifundazwe ukuze bazuze umbuso, kodwa nokho uveza ukuthi ukulwa njengokuvikela okuthile okubaluleke kakhulu kunabantu balezo ezinye izifundazwe ababengakuqonda nokuyiqonda - into efanayo naleyo uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ayezoyisho kamuva kakhulu waxosha amaphekula ukuba ahlasele i-United States: inkululeko.

"Bayazonda inkululeko yethu, inkululeko yethu yenkolo, inkululeko yethu yokukhuluma, inkululeko yethu yokuvota nokuhlangana nokungavumelani sodwa," kusho uBush ngoSepthemba 20, 2001, eshaya indikimba ayezobuyela kuyo kaningi.

Ukaputeni uPaul K. Chappell encwadini yakhe ethi The End of War ubhala ukuthi abantu abanenkululeko nokuchuma bangaba lula ukuncenga ukuba basekele izimpi, ngoba kuningi okusamele balahlekelwe. Angazi noma lokho kuyiqiniso noma kungavivinywa kanjani, kodwa ikakhulukazi yilabo abalahlekelwa okuncane kakhulu emphakathini wethu abathunyelwe ukulwa nezimpi zethu. Kunoma ikuphi, inkulumo yokulwa izimpi “ngokuzivikela” ngokuvamile ibhekisela ekuvikeleni izinga lethu lokuphila nendlela yokuphila, iphuzu elisiza ngokukhuluma ukufiphaza umbuzo wokuthi silwa noma silwa noma sihlaseli.

Ekuphenduleni impikiswano ye-pro-war yokuthi kufanele sivikele izinga lethu lokuphila ngokuvikela ukunikezwa kukawoyela, isitatimende esivamile kumaphosta kumamashi alwa nempi ngo-2002 nango-2003 sasithi “Uwoyela wethu wangena kanjani ngaphansi kwesihlabathi sabo?” Kwabanye abantu baseMelika “ukuvikela” izinqolobane zikawoyela kwakuyisenzo “sokuzivikela”. Abanye babekholelwa ukuthi impi yayingahlangene namafutha.

Izimpi zokuzivikela zingabonakala zivikela ukuthula. Izimpi ziyaqalwa futhi zilwe egameni lokuthula, kuyilapho kungekho muntu osakhuthaze ukuthula ngenxa yempi. Impi egameni lokuthula ingajabulisa abasekeli bempi nokuthula, futhi ingathethelela impi emehlweni alabo abacabanga ukuthi idinga ukulungisiswa. UHarold Lasswell wabhala: “Ebantwini abaningi ababencipha kunoma yimuphi umphakathi, ibhizinisi lokushaya isitha egameni lokulondeka nokuthula lanele. Lona umgomo omkhulu wempi, futhi ekuzinikeleni kwenhliziyo eyodwa ekufezeni kwayo bathola lokho 'ukuthula kokuba sempini.'“

Nakuba zonke izimpi zichazwa njengokuzivikela ngandlela-thile yizo zonke izinhlangothi ezihilelekile, kuphela ngokulwa nempi ekuzivikeleni kwangempela ukuthi impi ingenziwa ibe semthethweni. Ngaphansi koMqulu we-UN, ngaphandle uma uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha uvumile ukugunyazwa okukhethekile, yilabo kuphela abalwa nokuhlasela abalwa impi ngokusemthethweni. E-United States uMnyango Wezempi waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela ngo-1948, ngokufanelekile ngawo lowo nyaka uGeorge Orwell abhala ngawo i-Nineteen Eighty-Four. Kusukela lapho, abantu baseMelika baye babiza ngokufanelekile kunoma yini amasosha abo noma amanye amasosha amaningi ngokuthi "ukuzivikela." Abagqugquzeli bokuthula abafuna ukunciphisa ingxenye yesithathu yesabelomali samasosha, abakholelwa ukuthi ulaka lokuziphatha okubi noma imfucuza emsulwa, bashicilela amaphepha abiza ukuthi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwemali “kokuvikela.” Balahlekelwe yilowo mshikashika ngaphambi kokuvula imilomo yabo. Into yokugcina abantu abazohlukana nayo “ukuzivikela.”

Kepha uma okwenziwa yiPentagon kuvikela ngokuyinhloko, abantu baseMelika badinga uhlobo lokuzivikela ngokungafani nanoma yikuphi okuke kwabonwa noma okufunwa yinoma yibaphi abanye abantu njengamanje. Akekho omunye umuntu ohlukanise umhlaba, kanye nendawo yangaphandle kanye ne-cyberspace, waba izindawo futhi wadala umyalo wezempi wokulawula ngayinye. Akekho omunye onamakhulu amaningana, mhlawumbe angaphezu kwenkulungwane, izisekelo zempi ezisakazeke emhlabeni wonke emazweni abanye abantu. Cishe akekho omunye umuntu onezisekelo emazweni abanye abantu. Amazwe amaningi awanazo izikhali zenuzi, zebhayoloji, noma zamakhemikhali. Amasosha ase-US enza kanjalo. Abantu baseMelika bachitha imali eningi kwezempi yethu kunanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe, efinyelela cishe kumaphesenti angama-45 wezindleko zempi zomhlaba wonke. Amazwe angu-15 aphezulu asebenzisa amaphesenti angu-83 emali echithwa kwezempi emhlabeni wonke, kanti i-United States isebenzisa ngaphezu kwezinombolo 2 kuya ku-15 zihlangene. Sichitha izikhathi ezingama-72 kulokho i-Iran neNyakatho Korea ezisebenzisayo zihlangene.

“UMnyango Wezokuvikela” wethu, ngaphansi kwamagama awo amadala namasha, uthathe izinyathelo zempi phesheya, ezinkulu nezincane, izikhathi ezingaba ngu-250, ngaphandle kokubala izenzo ezicashile noma ukufakwa kwezisekelo ezihlala njalo. Iminyaka engu-31 kuphela, noma amaphesenti angu-14, omlando wase-US abengekho amasosha ase-US abambe iqhaza kunoma yiziphi izenzo ezibalulekile phesheya. Isebenza ngokuzivikela, ngokuqinisekile, i-United States ihlasele, yahlasela, yashaya amaphoyisa, yagumbuqela, noma yathatha ezinye izizwe ezingama-62. Incwadi kaJohn Quigley ka-1992 enhle kakhulu ethi The Ruses for War ihlaziya izenzo zezempi ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingama-25 zase-United States kulandela iMpi Yezwe II, iphetha ngokuthi ngayinye yakhuthazwa ngamanga.

Amasosha ase-US ahlaselwe ngenkathi emile phesheya, kodwa akukaze kube nokuhlaselwa kwe-United States, okungenani kusukela ngo-1815. Lapho amaJapane ehlasela imikhumbi yase-US ePearl Harbor, iHawaii yayingesona isimo sase-US, kodwa kunalokho insimu yombuso, kwenziwe kanjalo ngokuketula kwethu indlovukazi egameni labanikazi bamasimu kashukela. Lapho amaphekula ehlasela i-World Trade Center ngo-2001, ayenza ubugebengu obukhulu kakhulu, kodwa ayengaqali ukulwa. Ngaphambi kweMpi ka-1812, abaseBrithani nabaseMelika bashintshana ngokuhlaselwa ngasemngceleni waseCanada nasezilwandle ezivulekile. Abomdabu baseMelika baphinde bashintshana ngokuhlaselwa nezifiki zase-US, nakuba ubani owayehlasela okuwumbuzo esingakaze sifune ukubhekana nawo.

Esikubonile e-United States nakuwo wonke amanye amazwe enza impi kuyizimpi egameni lezokuvikela ezisebenzisa ulaka olukhulu ukuphendula ekulimaleni okuncane noma ukuthukwa, ezisebenzisa ulaka olukhulu ngenxa yokuziphindiselela, ezilandela ukucasulwa okuphumelelayo kolaka. yisitha, esilandela nje ukuzenzisa ukuthi kube khona udlame olusuka kolunye uhlangothi, nokuthi ngokusobala luvikela abalingani noma izinto zombuso noma ezinye izizwe eziphathwa njengeziqephu zendida kugeyimu yomhlaba wonke lapho ukwethembeka kucatshangwa ukuthi iwe njengama-dominoes. Sekuke kwaba nezimpi zokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu. Ekugcineni, eziningi zalezi zimpi ziyizimpi zobudlova - ezicacile nezilula.

Isigaba: KODWA BASIBHEKE NGOKUHLEKILE

Isibonelo sokuguqula izingxabano, amacala olwandle, nokungaboni ngaso linye kwezohwebo kube impi egcwele, engenamsebenzi futhi ecekela phansi iMpi Yangonyaka ka-1812 esekhohliwe, okufezwayo okuyinhloko, ngaphandle kokufa nosizi, kubonakala sengathi ibithola iWashington. , DC, washa. Amacala aqotho angase abekwe amaNgisi. Futhi, ngokungafani nezimpi eziningi zase-US, lena yayigunyazwe, futhi empeleni yakhuthazwa ngokuyinhloko, iCongress, ngokuphambene nomongameli. Kodwa kwakuyi-United States, hhayi iBrithani, leyo mpi eyamenyezelwa, futhi umgomo owodwa wabasekeli bempi abaningi wawungavikelekile ngokukhethekile - ukunqotshwa kweCanada! UCongressman Samuel Taggart (F., Mass.), ephikisana nenkulumo-mpikiswano eyayivaliwe, washicilela inkulumo ku-Alexandria Gazette ngoJuni 24, 1812, lapho aphawula khona:

“Ukunqotshwa kweCanada kubonakale kulula kakhulu ukuba kube iphathi yobumnandi. Kuthiwa akukho esingakwenza ngaphandle kokumasha ibutho lingene ezweni futhi sibonise izinga lase-United States, futhi abaseCanada bazothutheleka kulo ngokushesha bazibeke ngaphansi kwesivikelo sethu. Baye bachazwa njengabalungele ukuvukela, abalangazelela ukukhululwa kuHulumeni ononya, futhi balangazelela ukujabulela amaswidi enkululeko ngaphansi kwesandla esikhuthazayo se-United States.”

UTaggart waqhubeka wethula izizathu zokuthi kungani umphumela onjalo wawungalindelekile nangayiphi indlela, futhi yebo wayeqinisile. Kodwa ukuba neqiniso akusizi ngalutho lapho i-war fever ibamba. IPhini likaMongameli u-Dick Cheney, ngoMashi 16, 2003, wenza isimangalo esifanayo mayelana nama-Iraqis, naphezu kokuthi yena alivezile iphutha lalo kumabonakude eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambili lapho ayechazile ukuthi kungani i-United States ingahlaselanga iBaghdad phakathi neMpi YaseGulf. (UCheney, ngaleso sikhathi, kungenzeka wayeshiye ezinye izici zingashiwongo, njengokwesaba kwangempela emuva ngalesosikhathi kwezikhali zamakhemikhali noma zezinto eziphilayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuzenzisa kwalokho kwesaba ngo-2003.) UCheney wathi ngokuhlasela kwakhe kwesibili okuzayo e-Iraq:

"Manje, ngicabanga ukuthi izinto sezimbi kakhulu ngaphakathi kwe-Iraq, ngokombono wabantu base-Iraqi, inkolelo yami ukuthi, empeleni, sizobingelelwa njengabakhululi."

Ngonyaka owedlule, u-Ken Adelman, owayengumqondisi wokulawula izikhali kuMongameli uRonald Reagan wathi “ukukhulula i-Iraq kungaba uhambo lokuhamba ngezinyawo.” Lokhu okulindelekile, noma ngabe kuwukuzenzisa noma okuqotho futhi kuwubulima ngempela, akuzange kusebenze e-Iraq noma emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule eCanada. AmaSoviet angena e-Afghanistan ngo-1979 enokulindela okufanayo kokwamukelwa njengabangane, futhi i-United States yaphinda iphutha elifanayo lapho kusukela ngo-2001. kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu abasihlaselayo batuseka kangakanani noma bangasithola bedabukisa kangakanani.

Kuthiwani ukube iCanada ne-Iraq zamukele ngempela imisebenzi yase-US? Ingabe lokho bekuyoveza okuthile ukwedlula ukwesabeka kwezimpi? UNorman Thomas, umbhali we War: No Glory, No Profit, No Need, ucatshangelwe kanje:

“[S] cabanga ukuthi i-United States eMpini ka-1812 yayiphumelele emzamweni wayo oyiphutha wokunqoba yonke noma ingxenye yeCanada. Ngokungangabazeki kufanele sibe nemilando yesikole ukuze isifundise ukuthi waba nenhlanhla kangakanani umphumela waleyo mpi kubantu base-Ontario nokuthi yagcina isifundise isifundo esibaluleke kangakanani amaBrithani ngesidingo sokubusa okukhanyiselwe! Nokho, namuhla abantu baseCanada abasasele ngaphakathi koMbuso WaseBrithani bangasho ukuthi banenkululeko yangempela ukwedlula omakhelwane babo abaseningizimu yomngcele!”

Izimpi eziningi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nezimpi eziningi zase-US ngokumelene nabomdabu baseNyakatho Melika, kwakuyizimpi ezikhulayo. Njengoba nje ama-Iraqi - noma, noma kunjalo, abanye abantu abavela eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngamagama ahlekisayo - babulale abantu abangu-3,000 e-United States, okwenza ukubulawa kwabantu base-Iraqi abayisigidi kwaba yindlela yokuzivikela, amaNdiya aseMelika ayehlale ebulala inani elithile labahlali. , okuyizenzo impi engaqondwa ngazo njengokuziphindiselela. Kodwa izimpi ezinjalo ziyizimpi zokuzikhethela, ngoba izehlakalo eziningi ezincane ezifana nalezo ezisusa izimpi zivunyelwe ukudlula ngaphandle kwezimpi.

Emashumini eminyaka eMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-United States neSoviet Union bavumela izehlakalo ezincane, njengokudutshulwa kwezindiza ezinhloli, ukuba zisingathwe ngamathuluzi ngaphandle kwempi enzima. Lapho iSoviet Union idubula indiza yezinhloli i-U-2 ngo-1960, ubudlelwano ne-United States balimala kakhulu, kodwa akuzange kuqalwe impi. ISoviet Union yahweba ngomshayeli wendiza eyayimdubule ukuze ithole enye yezinhloli zayo ngokushintshana okwakungejwayelekile neze. Futhi osebenza ngerada wase-US we-U-2 eyimfihlo, owesilisa owahlubuka eSoviet Union ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule futhi okubikwa ukuthi utshele amaRussia konke akwaziyo, wemukelwa wuhulumeni wase-United States futhi akazange ashushiswe. Kunalokho, uhulumeni wamboleka imali futhi kamuva wamnikeza ipasipoti entsha ngobusuku obubodwa. Igama lakhe kwakungu-Lee Harvey Oswald.

Izigameko ezifanayo beziyoba izaba zempi kwezinye izimo, okungukuthi noma yiziphi izimo lapho abaholi bakahulumeni befuna impi. Eqinisweni, ngoJanuwari 31, 2003, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wenza isiphakamiso kuNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair ukuthi ukudweba izindiza ze-U-2 ngemibala yeZizwe Ezihlangene, zindizele phansi phezu kwe-Iraq, futhi zidutshulwe, kunganikeza izaba zempi. . Ngaleso sikhathi, ngenkathi isongela impi e-Iraq esidlangalaleni ngenxa “yezikhali zokucekela phansi okukhulu” eziqanjiwe, i-United States ayizange indiva intuthuko ethokozisayo: ukutholwa kwangempela kwezikhali zenuzi yiNorth Korea. Izimpi aziyi lapho okunecala khona; amacala atholakala noma aqanjwa ukuze afanele izimpi ezifunwayo. Uma i-United States neSoviet Union zingagwema impi ngoba zingafuni ukubhubhisa umhlaba, khona-ke zonke izizwe zingagwema zonke izimpi ngokukhetha ukungabhubhisi izingcezu zomhlaba.

Isigaba: AMADODOMZI ASENKOSINI

Imvamisa esinye sezaba zokuqala zempi ukuvikela abantu baseMelika kwelinye izwe okuthiwa babekwe engcupheni izehlakalo zakamuva. Lesi sizaba sasetshenziswa, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezivamile zezinye izaba, yi-United States lapho ihlasela iDominican Republic ngo-1965, iGrenada ngo-1983, nePanama ngo-1989, ezibonelweni ezilotshwe uJohn Quigley kanye noNorman Solomon incwadi yakhe ethi War Made Easy. Endabeni yaseDominican Republic, izakhamuzi zase-US ezazifuna ukuhamba (ezingu-1,856 XNUMX kuzo) zazikhishiwe ngaphambi kokungenela impi. Omakhelwane baseSanto Domingo lapho kwakuhlala khona abantu baseMelika babengenalo udlame futhi amasosha ayengadingeki ukuze kuthuthwe noma ngubani. Wonke amaqembu amakhulu aseDominican ayevumile ukusiza ukususa noma yibaphi abantu bakwamanye amazwe ababefuna ukuhamba.

Endabeni yaseGrenada (ukuhlasela i-United States eyavimbela abezindaba base-US ukuthi bakhulume) kwakukhona abafundi bezokwelapha base-US ababezohlenga. Kodwa isikhulu soMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika uJames Budeit, ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokuhlasela, sathola ukuthi abafundi babengekho engozini. Lapho abafundi abangaba ngu-100 kuya ku-150 benquma ukuthi bafuna ukuhamba, isizathu sabo kwakuwukwesaba ukuhlasela kwe-US. Abazali babafundi abangu-500 bathumelela uMongameli uReagan ucingo bemcela ukuthi angahlaseli, bemazisa ukuthi izingane zabo ziphephile futhi zikhululekile ukuba zihambe eGrenada uma zikhetha ukwenza kanjalo.

Endabeni yasePanama, kungase kukhonjwe isigameko sangempela, esinye sohlobo oluye lwatholakala noma kuphi lapho amabutho akwamanye amazwe ake athatha khona izwe lomunye umuntu. Amanye amasosha asePanama ayedakiwe ayeshaye isikhulu samasosha asemanzini aseMelika futhi asabisa nomkakhe. Ngenkathi uGeorge HW Bush ethi lokhu kanye nezinye izenzakalo ezintsha zabangela impi, izinhlelo zempi zase ziqale izinyanga ngaphambi kwesigameko.

Isigaba: UBUSO UBUYA

Umehluko othakazelisayo ekuthetheleleni kokuzivikela kuyisizathu sokuziphindiselela. Kungaba nencazelo ekukhaleni kokuthi “baqale basihlasela” ukuthi bazophinde bakwenze lokho uma singabahlaseli. Kodwa ngokuvamile i-punch engokomzwelo isekhaleni lokuziphindiselela, kuyilapho amathuba okuhlaselwa kwesikhathi esizayo akude kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ukuqala impi kuqinisekisa ukuhlasela, ngokumelene namasosha uma kungeyona indawo, futhi ukuqala impi ngokumelene nesizwe ukuphendula izenzo zamaphekula kungasebenza njengokukhangisa kokuqashwa kwamaphekula amaningi. Ukuqala impi enjalo kuphinde kwakha ubugebengu obukhulu kakhulu bobudlova, izisusa zokuziphindiselela noma kunjalo. Ukuziphindiselela kuwumuzwa wakudala, akusona isivikelo esisemthethweni sempi.

Ababulali abandizisa izindiza ezakhiweni ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, bashonela kulolu hlelo. Yayingekho indlela yokuqalisa impi ngokumelene nabo, futhi babengamele isizwe esinendawo yaso (njengoba bekuvame ukukholelwa ngamanga kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II) eyayingaqhunyiswa ngokukhululeka nangokusemthethweni phakathi nempi. Abangahle babe nozungu emacaleni kaSepthemba 11 ababephakathi kwabaphilayo kufanele ngabe bafunwa kuzo zonke iziteshi zikazwelonke, zakwamanye amazwe, nezamazwe ngamazwe, futhi bashushiswe ezinkantolo ezivulekile nezisemthethweni - njengoba u-bin Laden nabanye bebekwe amacala bengekho eSpain. Kusafanele babe njalo. Izimangalo zokuthi abashokobezi "beziphindiselela" ngokuzivikela ezenzweni zase-US nazo bekufanele ziphenywe. Uma ukumiswa kwamasosha ase-US e-Saudi Arabia kanye nosizo lwezempi lwase-US ku-Israel kwakudicilela phansi iMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi kubeka engcupheni abantu abangenacala, lezo zinqubomgomo nezinye ezifanayo bekufanele zibuyekezwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini okuhle okungaphezu komonakalo owenziwayo. Amasosha amaningi ase-US akhishwa eSaudi Arabia eminyakeni emibili kamuva, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi amaningi ayesethunyelwe e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq.

Umongameli owahoxisa lawo masosha ngo-2005, uGeorge W. Bush, wayeyindodana kamongameli owawathumela ngo-1990 ngenxa yamanga okuthi i-Iraq izohlasela iSaudi Arabia. Iphini likamongameli ngo-2003, u-Dick Cheney, wayekade enguNobhala we "Defense" ku-1990, lapho enikezwe umsebenzi wokuncenga amaSaudis ukuba avumele ukuba khona kwamasosha ase-US naphezu kokungawakholelwa amanga.

Sasincane isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukuqala impi e-Afghanistan kwakuzoholela ekubanjweni kwalowo owayesolwa njengomholi wamaphekula u-Osama bin Laden, futhi, njengoba sesibonile, lokho kwakungeyona into ehamba phambili kuhulumeni wase-US, owenqaba isicelo sokubeka. naye ecaleni. Kunalokho, impi ngokwayo yayihamba phambili. Futhi impi yayizoba nemiphumela ephikisayo mayelana nokuvimbela ubuphekula. UDavid Wildman noPhyllis Bennis banikeza isizinda:

“Izinqumo zangaphambilini zase-US zokusabela kwezempi ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula zonke zehlulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo. Okokuqala, baye babulala, balimala, noma banikeza abangenacala asebempofu kakhulu. Okwesibili, abakaze basebenze ukumisa ubuphekula. Ngo-1986 uRonald Reagan wayala ukuthi kuqhunyiswe ibhomu eTripoli naseBenghazi ukuze kujeziswe umholi waseLibya u-Muammar Ghadafi ngokuqhuma kwe-discotheque eJalimane okwabulala ama-GI amabili. UGhadafi wasinda, kodwa inqwaba yabantu baseLibya, kuhlanganise nendodakazi kaGhadafi eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, babulawa.

“Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva kwavela inhlekelele yaseLockerbie, iLibya eyayizobhekana nayo. Ngo-1999, ekuphenduleni ukuhlaselwa kwamanxusa aseMelika eKenya naseTanzania, amabhomu ase-US ahlasela amakamu okuqeqeshwa ka-Osama bin Laden e-Afghanistan kanye nefekthri yemithi okusolwa ukuthi ixhumene no-bin Laden eSudan. Kwavela ukuthi imboni yaseSudan yayingenalo uxhumano no-bin Laden, kodwa ukuhlasela kwe-US kwacekela phansi umkhiqizi wemithi ebalulekile yezingane ezikhulela entuleni enkulu emaphakathi ne-Afrika. Futhi ukuhlaselwa kwamakamu ezintabeni zase-Afghan ngokusobala akuzange kuvimbele ukuhlasela kwangoSepthemba 11, 2001. "

I-“Global War on Terror” eyasungulwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2001 ngeMpi yase-Afghanistan futhi yaqhubeka neMpi yase-Iraq yalandela iphethini efanayo. Ngo-2007, singabhala ukwanda okushaqisayo okuphindwe kasikhombisa kokuhlaselwa kwe-jihadist okubulalayo emhlabeni jikelele, okusho ukuthi amakhulukhulu okuhlasela kwamaphekula kanye nezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi ezengeziwe ezifile ngokubikezelwa uma impendulo yobugebengu ezimpini zakamuva "zokuzivikela" ze-United States, izimpi eziye zaba khona. akhiqizanga lutho olunenani lokulinganisa lokho kulimaza. UMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika wasabela ekwandeni okuyingozi kobuphekula emhlabeni wonke ngokuyeka umbiko wawo waminyaka yonke ngobuphekula.

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, uMongameli Barack Obama wabhebhethekisa impi e-Afghanistan, ngokuqonda ukuthi i-al Qaeda yayingekho e-Afghanistan; ukuthi iqembu elizondwa kakhulu okungenzeka lifuna noma yiliphi isabelo samandla e-Afghanistan, iTaliban, lalingahambisani kakhulu ne-al Qaeda; nokuthi i-al Qaeda yayimatasa iqala ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwamanye amazwe. Impi kwakudingeka iqhubekele phambili, noma kunjalo, ngoba . . . kahle, ngoba. . . Um, empeleni akekho owayeqinisekile ngempela ukuthi kungani. NgoJulayi 14, 2010, omele umongameli e-Afghanistan, uRichard Holbrooke, wethula ubufakazi phambi kweKomidi leSigele Lezangaphandle Lezobudlelwano. U-Holbrooke ubonakale emusha ngenxa yezizathu. USenator uBob Corker (R., Tenn.) utshele iLos Angeles Times ngesikhathi sokulalelwa kwecala,

“Abantu abaningi ezinhlangothini zombili zomgwaqo bacabanga ukuthi lo mzamo awusebenzi. Abantu abaningi ongacabanga ukuthi oklebe abanamandla ezweni banwaya amakhanda ngenxa yokukhathazeka.”

UCorker ukhale ngokuthi ngemuva kokulalela imizuzu engama-90 uHolbrooke wayenakho, “akekho umqondo wasemhlabeni ukuthi ziyini izinjongo zethu emphakathini. Kuze kube manje, lokhu kube ukumosha isikhathi ngendlela emangalisayo.” Ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-United States ihlaselwe futhi ilwa nale mpi engenanjongo ekude yokuzivikela yayingacabangeki njengencazelo ezwakalayo, ngakho-ke lesi sihloko asikaze sixoxwe ngomunye umuntu ngaphandle komsakazi ngezikhathi ezithile ephonsa isimangalo esingenangqondo sokuthi " Kufanele silwe nabo lapho ukuze singalwi nabo lapha." I-Holbrooke noma i-White House eseduze yafika ekuthetheleleni ukugcina impi iqhubeka noma ibhebhetheka kwakuhlala ukuthi uma amabutho amaTaliban enqoba azoletha i-al Qaeda, futhi uma i-al Qaeda ise-Afghanistan lokho kwakuzobeka iMelika engozini. Kodwa ochwepheshe abaningi, kuhlanganise noHolbrooke, ngezinye izikhathi bavumile ukuthi abukho ubufakazi banoma yisiphi isimangalo. I-Taliban yayingasazwani ne-al Qaeda, futhi i-al Qaeda yayikwazi ukuhlela noma yini eyayifuna ukuyihlela kunoma yiliphi inani lamanye amazwe.

Ezinyangeni ezimbili ngaphambili, ngoMeyi 13, 2010, ukushintshana okulandelayo kwenzeka engqungqutheleni yabezindaba yePentagon noGeneral Stanley McChrystal owayephethe impi e-Afghanistan:

“INTATHELI: [I] n Marja kunemibiko - imibiko ethembekile - yokusatshiswa nokunqunywa amakhanda kwabantu bendawo abasebenza ngamabutho akho. Ingabe ukuhlakanipha kwakho lokho? Futhi uma kunjalo, ingabe kuyakukhathaza?

GEN. I-MCCHRYSTAL: Yebo. Impela yizinto esizibonayo. Kodwa kungabikezelwa ngokuphelele. ”

Funda lokho futhi.

Uma usendaweni yomunye umuntu, futhi abantu bendawo abakusiza ukuthi kwenzeke, njengendaba nje, ukuze basuse amakhanda abo, kungase kube isikhathi sokucabangisisa ngalokho okwenzayo, noma okungenani uqhamuke nokunye. ukuzithethelela ngakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kumnandi kangakanani.

Isigaba: ISU ELIVUKISAYO

Olunye uhlobo lwempi “yokuzivikela” lulandela ukucasulwa okuphumelelayo kolaka oluvela esitheni esifiswayo. Le ndlela yasetshenziswa ukuqala, futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe ukwanda, iMpi YaseVietnam, njengoba kulotshwe ku-Pentagon Papers.

Ukubekela eceleni kuze kube isahluko sesine umbuzo wokuthi ngabe i-United States bekufanele ingene yini eMpini Yezwe II, eYurophu noma ePacific noma kokubili, iqiniso liwukuthi izwe lethu belingeke lingene ngaphandle kokuba lihlaselwe. Ngo-1928 iSenethi yase-US ivotele i-85 ku-1 ukuze ivume i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, isivumelwano esasibopha - futhi sisabopha - isizwe sethu nabanye abaningi abasoze baphinde bahlanganyele empini.

Ithemba likaNdunankulu waseBrithani uWinston Churchill iminyaka eminingi laliwukuthi iJapane izohlasela i-United States. Lokhu kuzovumela i-United States (hhayi ngokomthetho, kodwa ngokwezombangazwe) ukuthi ingene ngokugcwele empini eYurophu, njengoba umongameli wayo wayefuna ukwenza, ngokuphambene nokuhlinzeka ngezikhali nje, njengoba kade enza. Ngo-April 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala incwadi eyimfihlo ekhabetheni lakhe lempi:

"Kungathathwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ukungena eJapane empini kuzolandelwa ukungena ngokushesha kwe-United States ngakithi."

NgoMeyi 11, 1941, uRobert Menzies, ungqongqoshe we-Australia, bahlangana noRoosevelt bamthola "umhawu omncane" endaweni kaChurchill phakathi nendawo yempi. Ngenkathi iKhabhinethi kaRoosevelt yonke ifuna i-United States ingene empini, uMenzies wathola ukuthi uRoosevelt,

“. . . oqeqeshwe ngaphansi kuka-Woodrow Wilson empini yokugcina, ulinda isigameko, esizofaka i-USA empini ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi sikhiphe u-R. ezithembisweni zakhe zokhetho eziwubuwula zokuthi 'ngizokugcina ungangeni empini.'

Ngo-Agasti 18, 1941, uChurchill wahlangana nekhabhinethi yakhe e-10 Downing Street. Umhlangano waba nokufana okufanayo noJulayi 23, 2002, umhlangano ekhelini elifanayo, imizuzu eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Downing Street Minutes. Bobabili imihlangano yembula izimfihlo ze-US zokuya empini. Emhlanganweni we-1941, u-Churchill utshele iKhabhinethi yakhe, ngokusho kwemizuzu: "UMongameli utshele ukuthi uzoyilwa kodwa ngeke akhulume." Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Konke kwakuzokwenziwa ukuphoqa isenzakalo."

Ngokuqinisekile iJapane yayinqabile ukuhlasela abanye futhi yayilokhu imatasa ekwakheni umbuso wase-Asia. Futhi i-United States neJapane ngokuqinisekile ayengahlali ebuhlotsheni obuvumelanayo. Kodwa yini engabangela amaJapane ukuba ahlasele?

Lapho uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt evakashela ePearl Harbor ngo-July 28, 1934, eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwamaJapane, amasosha aseJapane azwakalisa ukwesaba. UGeneral Kunishiga Tanaka wabhala kumkhangisi wase-Japan, ephikisana nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yaseMelika kanye nokudalwa kwezisekelo ezengeziwe e-Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands:

"Ukuziphatha okunjalo okuhlambalaza kusenza sisola kakhulu. Kusenza sicabange ukuthi ukuphazanyiswa okukhulu kukhuthazwa ngenhloso ePacific. Lokhu kuzisola kakhulu. "

Ukuthi empeleni bekuzisola noma cha kungumbuzo ohlukile wokuthi ngabe lokhu bekuyimpendulo ejwayelekile futhi ebikezelwayo ekwandeni kwezempi, noma ngabe kwenziwa egameni elithi "ukuzivikela." Intatheli enkulu engahlanganisiwe (njengoba singambiza ngayo namuhla) uGeorge Seldes naye wayesolisa. Ngo-October 1934 wabhala ku-Harper’s Magazine: “Kuwumbono wokuthi izizwe azihlomele impi kodwa zihlomele impi.” USeldes ubuze isikhulu seNavy League:

"Uyamukela i-axiom yempi oyilungisa ukulwa ne-navy ethile?"

Le ndoda yaphendula yathi "Yebo."

"Ucabanga ukulwa nebutho lase-British?"

"Ngokuqinisekile, cha."

"Ucabanga ngempi neJapane?"

"Yebo."

Ngo-1935 i-US Marine eyayihlotshiswe kunawo wonke emlandweni ngaleso sikhathi, uBrigadier General Smedley D. Butler, washicilela ngempumelelo enkulu incwadi emfushane ebizwa ngokuthi War Is a Racket. Wakubona kahle okuzayo futhi waxwayisa isizwe:

“Eseshini ngayinye yeCongress kuqubuka umbuzo wezinye izimali zasolwandle. I-swivel-chair admirals . . . ungamemezi uthi 'Sidinga inqwaba yemikhumbi yempi ukuze silwe nalesi sizwe noma leso sizwe.' O, cha. Okokuqala, bakwenza kwaziwe ukuthi iMelika isongelwa amandla amakhulu asolwandle. Cishe noma ngaluphi usuku, laba bakhuzi bazokutshela ukuthi, ibutho elikhulu lalesi sizwe okuthiwa isitha liyogadla kungazelelwe futhi libhubhise abantu bethu abayizi-125,000,000. Kanjalo nje. Bese beqala ukukhalela ibutho lasolwandle elikhudlwana. Kwani? Ukulwa nesitha? Oh he, cha. O, cha. Ngezinjongo zokuzivikela kuphela. Khona-ke, kwenzekani, bamemezela amasu ePacific. Okokuzivikela. Uh, ha.

"I-Pacific iyilwandle elikhulu kakhulu. Sinomfula omkhulu kakhulu ePacific. Ingabe ukuhamba kuyoba kude nogu, amamayela amabili noma amathathu? O, cha. Ukuhamba kuyoba yizinkulungwane ezimbili, yebo, mhlawumbe ngisho namamayela angamatshumi amathathu nanhlanu, ukusuka ogwini.

"Abantu baseJapane, abaziqhenyayo, bayojabula kakhulu ngaphandle kokubheka ukubona izimoto zase-United States ziseduze kakhulu nolwandle lwaseNippon. Ngisho njengoba bekungaba kuhle njengoba abahlali baseCalifornia bekufanele baqaphele ukuqonda, ngomoya wekusasa ekuseni, izimoto zaseJapane zidlala emidlalweni yempi zisuka eLos Angeles. "

Ngo-Mashi 1935, uRoosevelt wanikeza iWake Island emkhunjini wase-US futhi wanikeza iPan Am Airways imvume yokwakha imigwaqo eWake Island, eMidway Island naseGuam. Abaphathi bezempi baseJapane bamemezela ukuthi baphazamiseke futhi babheka lezi zigijimi njengengozi. Ngako-ke abashisekeli bezokuthula base-United States. Ngenyanga eyalandela, uRoosevelt wayelungiselele imidlalo yempi nokuhamba eduze nase-Aleutian Islands naseMidway Island. Ngenyanga elandelayo, izishoshovu zokuthula zazihamba eNew York zikhuthaza ubuhlobo neJapane. UNorman Thomas wabhala ku-1935:

"Indoda yaseMarsha eyabona indlela amadoda ahlupheka ngayo empini yokugcina nokuthi ikulungele kangakanani ukulungiselela impi elandelayo, eyazi ukuthi izoba yimbi kakhulu, izofika esiphethweni sokuthi ubheka abantu abahlala enkambeni yokukhosela."

I-US Navy yachitha iminyaka embalwa elandelayo yenza izinhlelo zempi neJapane, inguqulo yangoMashi 8, 1939, eyachaza "impi ecasulayo yesikhathi eside" eyayizobhubhisa amasosha futhi iphazamise impilo yezomnotho yaseJapane. NgoJanuwari 1941, izinyanga eziyishumi nanye ngaphambi kokuhlasela, uMkhangisi waseJapane wazwakalisa ukucasuka kwakhe ngePearl Harbor encwadini yokuhlela, futhi inxusa laseMelika eJapane labhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo:

"Kunezinkulumo eziningi ezungeze idolobhana kuze kube yilapho amaJapane, uma kwenzeka ikhefu ne-United States, ehlela ukuphuma konke ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha ePearl Harbor. Yiqiniso ngazisa uhulumeni wami. "

NgoFebhuwari 5, 1941, Admiral owedlule uRichmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMpi uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuhlaselwa okumangalisayo ePearl Harbour.

Ngesikhathi nje i-1932 i-United States isilokhu ikhuluma neChina ngokunikeza izindiza, abashayeli bezindiza, nokuqeqesha impi yayo neJapane. NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt ukhokhelwe u-China izigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamaRandi ukulwa neJapane, futhi ngemuva kokubonisana noNgqongqoshe wezeMali waseBrithani uHenry Morgenthau wenza izinhlelo zokuthumela amabhomu aseShayina nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ngokuqhuma amabhomu eTokyo nakwamanye amadolobha aseJapane. NgoDisemba 21, 1940, amaviki amabili anamahloni ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweJapane ePearl Harbor, uNgqongqoshe wezeziMali weChina u-TV uSongong noColonel Claire Chennault, umfelandawonye waseMelika ohlala emhlalaphansi owasebenzisela amaShayina futhi wayebagqugquzela ukusebenzisa iMelika abashayeli bezindiza bashaya iTokyo kusukela okungenani i-1937, bahlangana egumbini lokudlela e-Henry Morgenthau ukuhlela ukuqhuma umlilo eJapane. UMorgenthau uthe angathola amadoda akhululwe emsebenzini e-US Army Air Corps uma amaShayina angabakhokhela u-$ 1,000 ngenyanga. U-Soong wavuma.

NgoMeyi 24, 1941, i-New York Times yabika ngokuqeqeshwa kwe-US kwebutho lasemoyeni laseShayina, kanye nokuhlinzekwa "kwezindiza eziningi zokulwa nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu" eChina yi-United States. “Kulindeleke Ukuqhunyiswa Kwamabhomu Emadolobheni AseJapane” sasifundeka isihlokwana. NgoJulayi, i-Joint Army-Navy Board yayisigunyaze uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i-JB 355 lokuqhumisa ibhomu eJapan. Inkampani yangaphambili izothenga izindiza zaseMelika ukuthi zindize amavolontiya aseMelika aqeqeshwe yiChennault futhi akhokhelwe elinye iqembu langaphambili. Roosevelt wagunyaza, futhi uchwepheshe wakhe waseChina u-Lauchlin Currie, ngamazwi kaNicholson Baker, “wabhalela uMadame Chaing Kai-Shek noClaire Chennault incwadi eyayincenga ukuthi izinhloli zaseJapane zingene.” Ukuthi bekuyiyo yonke iphuzu noma cha, lena kwakuyincwadi:

"Ngiyajabula kakhulu ukuthi ngiyakwazi ukubika namhlanje uMengameli uqondise ukuthi amabhomu angamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha atholakale eChina kulo nyaka eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nane ezokhululwa ngokushesha. Uphinde wamukela uhlelo lokuqeqesha umshayeli waseShayina lapha. Imininingwane ngeziteshi ezivamile. Ozithobayo."

Inxusa lethu lalithe “uma kwenzeka ikhefu ne-United States” amaJapane azoqhumisa iPearl Harbor. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ngabe lokhu kuyafaneleka yini!

I-1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) ye-Chinese Air Force, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Flying Tigers, yaqhubekela phambili ngokuqasha nokuqeqeshwa ngokushesha futhi yaqala ukubona ukulwa ngoDisemba 20, 1941, izinsuku eziyishumi nambili (isikhathi sendawo) ngemva kokuba amaJapane ehlasele iPearl Harbor. .

Ngo-May 31, i-1941, ku-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikeza isixwayiso esibi: "Ukuncintisana kwezomnotho ngokuphelele eJapane, ukukhishwa kwezimpahla zamafutha njengesibonelo, kwakuzokwenza iJapan ibe yizikhali ze-Axis. Impi yezomnotho ingaba isandulela sempi yezempi kanye nempi. "Okubi kunazo zonke mayelana nabagqugquzeli bokuthula ukuthi ziphindwe kaningi kangakanani ukuthi zilungile.

NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt waphawula,

“Uma sinqamula uwoyela, [amaJapane] cishe ngabe ehlele e-Dutch East Indies ngonyaka odlule, futhi ngabe nibe nempi. Bekubaluleke kakhulu ngokombono wethu wobugovu wezokuvikela ukuvimbela impi ukuthi iqale eNingizimu Pacific. Ngakho inqubomgomo yethu yezangaphandle ibizama ukuvimba impi ukuthi ingaqubuki lapho. ”

Abathathi bamaphephandaba baphawula ukuthi uRoodvelt uthe "wayekhona" kunokuba "ukhona." Ngolunye olulandelayo, uRovelvelt wakhipha umyalelo omkhulu wokuqothula impahla yaseJapan. I-United States neBrithani inqume amafutha nezinsimbi zensimbi eJapane. U-Radhabinod Pal, ummeli wamaNdiya owakhonza enkundleni yezobugebengu empi ngemva kwempi, okuthiwa ama-embargoes "usongo olucacile futhi olunamandla eJapane," futhi waphetha ngokuthi i-United States yayishukumise uJapane.

Ngo-Agasti 7, izinyanga ezine ngaphambi kokuhlasela, i-Japan Times Advertiser yabhala:

“Okokuqala kwaba nokwakhiwa kwesizinda esikhulu eSingapore, esiqiniswe kakhulu ngamasosha aseBrithani nawoMbuso. Kusukela kule ndawo kwakhiwa isondo elikhulu futhi laxhunyaniswa nezisekelo zaseMelika ukwenza indandatho enkulu eshanela endaweni enkulu eningizimu nasentshonalanga ukusuka ePhilippines ukuya eMalaya naseBurma, lapho isixhumanisi sinqanyulwe kuphela enhlonhlweni yaseThailand. Manje kuhlongozwa ukuthi kufakwe imingcingo endaweni eyindilinga, eqhubekela eRangoon. "

Ngo-September umshini waseJapane wacasulwa ukuthi i-United States isiqalile ukuhambisa amafutha okwedlule eJapane ukuze ifike eRussia. IJapane, amaphephandaba ayo athi, wayefa ukufa kancane "empini yezomnotho."

Kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-United States ibilokhu ithemba ukuzuza ngokuthumela amafutha owedlule isizwe ngesidingo esikhulu?

Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, u-US uhlola u-Edgar Mower owayesebenza uColonel William Donovan owahlola uRoosevelt. Ugwayi ukhulume nomuntu waseManila ogama lakhe lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKhomishani yaseMaritime, esho ukuthi ulindele ukuthi "IJaps izoyithatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ngiphume." Lapho uMowerower eveza ukumangala, uJohnson waphendula wathi: "Awaziwa yini uJap izimoto ziye zathuthela empumalanga, kungenzeka ukuba zihlasele izimoto zethu ePearl Harbor? "

Ngo-November 3, 1941, inxusa lethu laphinde lazama ukuthola okuthile ngogebhezi oluminyene lukahulumeni walo, lathumela ucingo olude eMnyangweni Wezwe lixwayisa ngokuthi unswinyo lwezomnotho lungase luphoqe iJapane ukuba yenze “i-hara-kiri kazwelonke.” Wabhala: “Ukungqubuzana kwezikhali ne-United States kungase kufike ngokuzumayo okuyingozi nokumangalisayo.”

Kungani ngilokhu ngikhumbula isihloko sememo eyanikezwa uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwangomhla ziyi-11 kuSeptemba 2001? “UBin Laden Uzimisele Ngokugalela E-US”

Ngokusobala akekho eWashington owayefuna ukuyizwa ngo-1941 futhi. Ngomhla ziyi-15 kuLwezi, iNhloko Yezempi uGeorge Marshall yatshela abezindaba ngokuthile esingakukhumbuli “njengoHlelo lukaMarshall.” Eqinisweni asisakhumbuli nhlobo. "Silungiselela impi ehlaselayo neJapan," kusho uMarshall, ecela izintatheli ukuthi zikugcine kuyimfihlo, engikwaziyo ukuthi bakwenza ngokuzimisela.

Ezinsukwini eziyishumi kamuva uNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo ukuthi wayehlangane eHhovisi le-Oval noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark, noNobhala Wezwe uCordell Hull. Roosevelt wayebatshele ukuthi amaJapane angase ahlasele maduze, mhlawumbe ngoMsombuluko ozayo. Lokho bekungaba nguDisemba 1st, izinsuku eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuhlasela. "Umbuzo," kubhala uStimson, "bekuwukuthi kufanele sibafake kanjani endaweni yokudubula ishodi lokuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kithina. Kwakuyisiphakamiso esinzima.”

Ingabe kwakunjalo? Impendulo eyodwa esobala yayiwukugcina wonke umkhumbi ePearl Harbor futhi ugcine amatilosi emi lapho ebumnyameni kuyilapho ekhathazeka ngawo evela emahhovisi athokomele eWashington, DC Eqinisweni, lelo kwakuyisixazululo amaqhawe ethu abophe amasudi namathayi ahamba naso.

Ngosuku olwalandela ukuhlasela, iCongress yavotela impi. UCongresswoman uJeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), owesifazane wokuqala owake wakhethwa ukuba abe yiCongress, futhi owavota ngokumelene neMpi Yezwe I, wema yedwa ekuphikisaneni neMpi Yezwe II (njengoba nje uKhongolose uBarbara Lee [D., Calif.] wayezoma yedwa ngokumelene nokuhlasela i-Afghanistan eminyakeni engama-60 kamuva). Ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kwevoti, ngoDisemba 8, 1942, u-Rankin wabeka amazwi anwetshiwe kwi-Congressional Record echaza ukuphikiswa kwakhe. Ubalule umsebenzi womsakazi waseBrithani owaphikisa ngo-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapane ukuletha i-United States empini. Ucaphune inkomba kaHenry Luce kumagazini i-Life ngoJulayi 20, 1942, “kumaShayina i-US iwanikeze isinqumo esilethe iPearl Harbor.” Wethula ubufakazi bokuthi eNgqungqutheleni ye-Atlantic ngo-August 12, 1941, uRoosevelt waqinisekisa uChurchill ukuthi i-United States izoletha ukucindezeleka kwezomnotho eJapane. "Ngicaphune," u-Rankin wabhala kamuva,

“I-Bulletin yoMnyango Wezwe ka-December 20, 1941, eyaveza ukuthi ngo-September 3 kwathunyelwa ukuxhumana eJapane eyayifuna ukuba yamukele isimiso ‘sokungaphazamiswa kwesimo esikhona ePacific,’ esasifana nokufuna iziqinisekiso zokungahloniphi. yemibuso yabamhlophe eMpumalanga.”

U-Rankin uthole ukuthi Ibhodi Lokuvikela Umnotho lithole unswinyo lwezomnotho olwaluqhubeka esikhathini esingaphansi kwesonto ngemva kweNkomfa Yase-Atlantic. Ngo-December 2, 1941, i-New York Times, eqinisweni, yayibike ukuthi iJapane “yayinqanyuliwe cishe emaphesentini angu-75 ohwebo lwayo oluvamile ngenxa yokuvinjwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene.” U-Rankin uphinde wacaphuna isitatimende sikaLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, kuyi- Saturday Evening Post ka-Okthoba 10, 1942, ukuthi ngoNovemba 28, 1941, ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuhlasela, uVice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., (yena yesiqubulo esithi “bulalani amaJaps, bulalani amaJaps!”) yayinikeze yena nabanye iziyalezo zokuba “sidubule phansi noma yini esiyibona esibhakabhakeni futhi siqhumise ngamabhomu noma yini esiyibona olwandle.”

Ukuthi iMpi Yezwe II yayiyimpi “enhle” esivame ukutshelwa ngayo ukuthi yayiyiyo, ngizohlehlisa isahluko sesine. Ukuthi kwakuyimpi yokuzivikela ngoba indawo yethu yombuso engenacala phakathi nePacific yahlaselwa iphuma esibhakabhakeni esicwebile esiluhlaza kuyinganekwane efanele ukungcwatshwa.

Ingxenye: KUNGANI UCHUKUMELE UMA USEUZENZA NJE?

Enye yezindlela ezingavikeleki kakhulu zezimpi okuthiwa zivikela impi esekelwe kuphela ekuzenziseni kobudlova ngakolunye uhlangothi. Lena kwaba yindlela i-United States eyangena ngayo empini lapho yeba khona izifunda zayo eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga eMexico. Ngaphambi kokuthi u-Abraham Lincoln abe, njengomongameli, umhlukumezi odumile wamandla empi osebenze ukuthethelela ukuhlukunyezwa okufanayo ngabaningi abalandela esikhundleni sakhe, wayeyilungu leCongress eyazi ukuthi uMthethosisekelo unikeze amandla okumemezela impi kuKhongolose. Ngo-1847, uCongressman Lincoln wamangalela uMongameli uJames Polk ngokuqamba amanga isizwe empini ngokusola iMexico ngobudlova lapho lelo cala kufanele lenziwe ngokumelene ne-US Army kanye noPolk ngokwakhe. U-Lincoln wajoyina owayengumongameli kanye ne-congressman yamanje uJohn Quincy Adams ekufuneni uphenyo olusemthethweni lwezenzo zikaPolk kanye nokugwetshwa okusemthethweni kukaPolk ngokuqamba amanga isizwe empini.

U-Polk uphendule, njengoba uHarry Truman noLyndon Johnson bezokwenza kamuva, ngokumemezela ukuthi ngeke afune isikhathi sesibili. Zombili lezi zindlu zeCongress zabe sezidlulisa isinqumo sokuhlonipha uMajor General Zachary Taylor ngomsebenzi wakhe “empini eqalwe umongameli wase-United States ngokungenasidingo nangokuphambene nomthethosisekelo.” Kwaba ukuqonda okuvamile ukuthi uMthethosisekelo awuzange uvumele izimpi ezinonya, kodwa izimpi zokuzivikela kuphela. U-Ulysses S. Grant wacabanga ngeMpi yaseMexico, lapho alwa khona,

“. . . omunye wokungalungi okwake kwenziwa umuntu onamandla ngokumelene nesizwe esibuthakathaka. Kwakuyisibonelo seriphabhulikhi elandela isibonelo esibi samakhosi aseYurophu, ngokungacabangi ubulungisa esifisweni sawo sokuthola indawo eyengeziwe. "

Inkulumo kaLincoln phansi kweNdlu ngoJanuwari 12, 1848, iyiphuzu eliphakeme lempikiswano yempi emlandweni waseMelika futhi yayihlanganisa le misho:

“Mvumele [uMongameli uJames Polk] akhumbule ukuthi uhlezi lapho uWashington ayehleli khona, ngakho-ke ekhumbula, makaphendule njengoba iWashington izophendula. Njengesizwe akufanele, futhi uMninimandla onke engeke, agwenywe, ngakho makangazami ukubalekela - akukho kulinganisa. Futhi uma, ephendula kanjalo, angabonisa ukuthi inhlabathi yayingeyethu lapho igazi lokuqala lempi lachithwa khona - ukuthi kwakungekho ezweni elakhiwe, noma, uma ngaphakathi kwalokho, ukuthi izakhamuzi zazizinikezele kuziphathimandla zombuso. I-Texas noma yase-United States, futhi okufanayo kuyiqiniso ngendawo yaseFort Brown - khona-ke nginaye ukuze athetheleleke. . . . Kodwa uma engakwazi noma engeke akwenze lokhu - uma ngokuzenzisa noma engenzi sengathi uzokwenqaba noma akushiye - khona-ke ngizoqiniseka ngokugcwele ngalokho engikusolayo kakade - ukuthi uyazi ngokujulile ukuthi usephutheni, ukuthi uzwa igazi lalempi, njengegazi lika-Abela, likhala eZulwini ngokumelene naye. . . . Yeka indlela okufana ngayo nokuvungama kwephupho lomkhuhlane, yonke impi iyingxenye yomlayezo wakhe ongasekho!”

Angikwazi ukucabanga amalungu amaningi eCongress ekhuluma ngomongameli owenza impi ngokwethembeka okungaka namuhla. Angikwazi futhi ukucabanga ukuthi izimpi zizophela kuze kube yilapho lolo hlobo lwento lwenzeka ngokujwayelekile futhi lusekelwa ngokunqanyulwa kwezimali.

Ngisho nalapho egxeka impi esekelwe emangeni igazi lawo lalikhalela ezulwini, uLincoln kanye nama-Whigs akanye naye bavote kaningi ukuyixhasa. Ngomhla zingama-21 kuNhlangulana wezi-2007, uSenator Carl Levin (D., Mich.) ucaphune isibonelo sikaLincoln eWashington Post njengesizathu sokuma kwakhe “njengomphikisi” weMpi yase-Iraq owayezoqhubeka eyixhasa ngezimali kuze kube phakade njengendlela. "yokweseka amasosha." Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amasosha avela eVirginia, Mississippi, naseNyakatho Carolina athumela ukubeka izimpilo zawo engcupheni ebulala abantu baseMexico abangenacala empini uLincoln ayeyixhaswe ngenxa yabo ehlubuka izikhulu zabo. Futhi okungenani amasosha angu-9,000 ase-US, abhalisiwe futhi azinikela ngokuzithandela, ashiya impi yaseMexico.

Eqinisweni, amakhulu athile, kuhlanganise nabafuduki base-Ireland, bashintsha ukwethembeka bangenela uhlangothi lwaseMexico, benza iButho likaSaint Patrick. NgokukaRobert Fantina, encwadini yakhe ethi Desertion and the American Soldier, “Mhlawumbe ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi impi yangaphambili, ukungakholelwa eMpini YaseMexico NaseMelika kwakuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuhlubuka.” Izimpi azivamile ukuphela - ngaphandle kokubhujiswa okuphelele kohlangothi olulodwa - ngaphandle kwalolo hlobo lokumelana phakathi kwalabo abathunyelwe ukulwa. Lapho i-United States ikhokhela iMexico ngensimu enkulu eyayiyithatha, iWhig Intelligencer yabhala, ngokusobala ngaphandle kokubhuqa, “Asithathi lutho ngokunqoba . . . . Ngiyabonga Nkosi."

Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, uDavid Rovics wayebhala lawa mazwi engoma:

Kwakukhona lapho e-pueblos nasemagqumeni

Ukuthi ngalibona iphutha engangilenzile

Ingxenye yebutho elinqobayo

Ngokuziphatha kwe-bayonet blade

Ngakho phakathi kwalawa maKhatholika ampofu, afayo

Izingane ezimemezayo, iphunga elivuthayo lakho konke

Mina kanye nama-Irishmen angamakhulu amabili

Anqume ukusukumela ucingo

Ukusuka eDublin City kuya eSan Diego

Sabona inkululeko ivinjwa

Ngakho sakha i-Saint Patrick Battalion

Futhi salwa ngasohlangothini lwaseMexico

Ngo-1898 i-USS Maine yaqhunyiswa ethekwini laseHavana, futhi amaphephandaba ase-United States ngokushesha asola abaseSpain, ememeza ethi “Khumbula iMaine! Kumnandi neSpain!” Umnikazi wephephandaba uWilliam Randolph Hearst wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze abhebhethekise amalangabi empi ayeyazi ukuthi izothuthukisa ukusakazwa kwegazi. Ubani ngempela oqhumise umkhumbi? Akekho owayazi. Impela iSpain yaphika, iCuba yaphika, neMelika yaphika. ISpain ayizange ikuphike nje ngokunganaki. ISpain yenze uphenyo yathola ukuthi ukuqhuma bekungaphakathi emkhunjini. Iqaphela ukuthi i-United States izokwenqaba lokhu okutholakele, iSpain yahlongoza uphenyo oluhlanganyelwe yiwo womabili la mazwe futhi yanikeza ukuzithoba ekuxazululeni okubophezelayo yiphaneli yamazwe ngamazwe engachemi. I-United States yayingenantshisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini eyabangela ukuqhuma, iWashington yayifuna impi.

Uphenyo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-Maine yacwiliswa ukuqhuma, noma ngabe ngengozi noma ngenhloso, okwenzeka kuyo, kunokuba kube imayini ngaphandle kwayo. Kodwa abekho ochwepheshe abaye bafakazela ithiyori eyodwa phezu komunye ngendlela eyanelisa bonke, futhi angiqiniseki ukuthi yini enhle engayenza. AbaseSpain babengathola indlela yokutshala ibhomu ngaphakathi komkhumbi. Abantu baseMelika bebengathola indlela yokubeka imayini ngaphandle kwayo. Ukwazi ukuthi lokhu kuqhuma kwenzeke kuphi ngeke kusitshele ukuthi ubani, uma ekhona, okubangele. Kodwa noma ngabe besazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ubani obangele lokho, kanjani, futhi ngani, akukho nolunye lwalolo lwazi olungashintsha i-akhawunti eyisisekelo yalokho okwenzeka ngo-1898.

Isizwe sahlanya ngenxa yempi siphendula ukuhlasela kweSpain okwakungenabufakazi ngakho, ukucabanga nje. Umkhumbi waseMelika wawuqhumile, abantu baseMelika babulawa, futhi kwakungenzeka ukuthi iSpain ingaba necala. Ngokuhambisana nezinye izikhalo ezimelene neSpain, lesi kwakuyisizathu (noma izaba) esanele sokushaya izigubhu zempi. Ukuzenzisa kokuqiniseka ukuthi iSpain yayinecala kwakungeyona into ngaphandle kokuzenzisa. Lelo qiniso liyohlala lingashintshiwe ngisho noma ubufakazi bebungavela ngandlela thize bokuthi empeleni iSpain yaqhumisa iMaine, njengoba ithimba likaMongameli George W. Bush lalizoqamba amanga ngesiqiniseko salo sokuthi i-Iraq yayinezikhali ngo-2003 noma ngabe ezinye izikhali zase zitholakele kamuva. . Lesi senzo sonya - ukucwila kweMaine - sasetshenziswa ukuqala impi "ukuvikela" iCuba nePhilippines ebandakanya ukuhlasela nokuhlala eCuba nePhilippines, kanye nePuerto Rico ngesilinganiso esihle.

Khumbula leyo migqa evela ku-Smedley Butler engiyicaphune ngenhla mayelana nokuthi amaJapane angajabula kanjani ukubona imikhumbi yase-US idlala imidlalo yempi eduze kwase-Japan? Lena kwakuyimigqa elandelayo kuleyo ndima:

“Imikhumbi yebutho lethu lasolwandle, kungabonakala, kufanele ilinganiselwe, ngokomthetho, ukuba ibe ngamamayela angama-200 ukusuka ogwini lwethu. Ukube lokho bekuwumthetho ngo-1898 iMaine ibingeke iye eHavana Harbor. Wayengeke aqhunyiswe. Bekungeke kube nempi neSpain ngokulahleka kwayo kwemiphefumulo.”

U-Butler unephuzu, ngisho noma kungelona lezibalo. Isebenza uma sicabanga ngeMiami njengendawo eseduze kakhulu yase-US neCuba, kodwa i-Key West iseduze kakhulu - kuphela amamayela ayi-106 ukusuka eHavana - futhi amasosha ase-US ayeyifunile ngo-1822, yakha isisekelo, futhi yasibamba eNyakatho ngisho nangesikhathi Impi yezikhali. I-Key West kwakuyidolobha elikhulu nelicebe kakhulu eFlorida ngenkathi i-Maine iqhuma. U-Ernest Hemingway ubhale incwadi ethi Farewell to Arms lapho, kodwa amasosha asazoyishiya i-Key West.

Mhlawumbe ukuphakama kokuzenzisa kokungathembeki ekukhiqizeni lokho okubizwa ngokuthi impi yokuzivikela kungatholakala esibonelweni sezenzo zeJalimane lobuNazi lapho selilungele ukuhlasela iPoland. Amadoda kaHeinrich Himmler SS ahlele uchungechunge lwezigameko. Kwesinye, iqembu labo elaligqoke iyunifomu yesiPolish, langena langena esiteshini somsakazo saseJalimane esisedolobheni elisemngceleni, laphoqelela izisebenzi ukuba zingene egumbini elingaphansi, futhi lamemezela izinhloso zabo zokulwa namaJalimane ngesiPolish emoyeni kuyilapho lidubula izibhamu. Bafika neJalimane elazwelana nabasePoland, bambulala, bamshiya ebukeka sengathi udutshulwe ngesikhathi ebamba iqhaza emzamweni wabo. U-Adolf Hitler watshela iButho LaseJalimane ukuthi kuzofanele kuhlangatshezwane nempi, futhi waqhubeka nokuhlasela iPoland.

Ngo-2008, abaphathi bakaBush-Cheney bebelokhu befaka icala lempi e-Iran iminyaka bengaphumeleli. Izinganekwane zokusekela i-Iranian ukumelana ne-Iraqi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zenuzi zase-Iranian, ubuhlobo base-Iranian namaphekula, njalonjalo zakhishwa njalo njalo, futhi zanganakwa ngokuphelele noma zenqatshwa abantu baseMelika, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 kubo abasala bephikisana nokuhlasela i-Iran. . IPhini likaMongameli u-Dick Cheney kanye nabasebenzi bakhe, ngokusobala bakhula ngokuphelelwa yithemba, baphupha, kodwa abazange basebenze, uhlelo olwalungenza uHitler aziqhenye. Umqondo wawuwukwakha izikebhe ezine noma ezinhlanu ezizobukeka njengezikebhe zase-Iranian PT bese ubeka kuzo iNavy Seals “ngezingalo eziningi.” Bangase baqale umlilo ngomkhumbi wase-US ku-Straight of Hormuz, futhi voila, uzoba nempi ne-Iran. Lesi siphakamiso kubikwa ukuthi sahoxiswa ngoba bekuzodingeka ukuthi abantu baseMelika badubule abantu baseMelika.

Lokho kukhathazeka akuzange kuvimbe iJoint Chiefs of Staff ngo-1962 ukuthumela uNobhala "wezokuvikela" uhlelo olubizwa nge-Operation Northwoods olwalufuna ukuhlasela amadolobha ase-US futhi basole ukuhlaselwa kweCuba. Ukuthi lezi zinhlelo azenziwanga akukwehlisi ukubaluleka kwazo njengezinkomba zokucabanga kwabantu ezaphuma ebuchosheni babo. Laba kwakungabantu abazingela izaba zempi.

Lapho iBrithani iqala ukuqhumisa amabhomu ezindaweni ezazihloselwe izakhamuzi eJalimane ngo-1940, lokhu kwakufanele kubonakale njengokuziphindiselela nakuba iJalimane yayingakaqhubi ngamabhomu ezindaweni ezazihloselwe abantu baseBrithani. Ukuze enze lokhu, uWinston Churchill watshela ungqongqoshe wakhe omusha wezokwaziswa ukuthi “ahlele ukuthi kukhulunywe ngobuhlakani emaphephandabeni ngokubulawa kwezakhamuzi zaseFrance nasemazweni aphansi, phakathi nokuhlasela kwezindiza zaseJalimane.” Empeleni iBrithani yayimemezele impi ngokumelene neJalimane ngenxa yokuhlasela kweJalimane iPoland. Lena indlela evamile lapho izizwe ezingakahlaselwe zithi zihileleka ezimpini “zokuzivikela”. Izimpi ziqalwa ukuze kuvikelwe ababambisene nabo (into eyenza izivumelwano ezifana nalezi ezakha iNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation [NATO] ezibophezela izizwe ukuthi ziyenze).

Ezinye izimpi ziqalwa ngokuzivikela “okwandulelayo” ekutheni izwe lingase lihlasele elethu uma singaqali ukuhlasela ezalo. “Yenzani kwabanye, ngaphambi kokuba bakwenze kini” kungukuthi, ngiyakholwa, ukuthi uJesu wakubeka kanjani. Ngolimi lwesimanje lwezempi lokhu kuphuma njengokuthi “balwe laphaya ukuze singalwi nabo lapha.”

Inkinga yokuqala ngale ndlela ukuthi sinombono ongacacile wokuthi “bona” bangobani. Sethuswa iqembu elincane lamaphekula ase-Saudi, siqala izimpi e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Sicabanga ukuthi isitha, noma ngabe singubani, siyasizonda ngenxa yenkululeko yethu, siyehluleka ukuqaphela ukuthi bayasizonda ngenxa yamabhomu ethu nezisekelo zethu. Ngakho isixazululo sethu senza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu.

Kusukela ngeMpi yethu Yombango, i-United States ayizange ilwe izimpi ekhaya. Sesijwayele ukulwa izimpi zethu kude futhi singabonakali. Amakhamera wethelevishini eVietnam abe isiphazamiso esifushane saleli phethini, futhi izithombe ezingokoqobo zaleyo mpi zazihlukile kulo mthetho. Ezimpini zomhlaba ezimbili nasezimpini eziningi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, siye satshelwa ukuthi singase sihlaselwe emakhaya uma singayi ukuyohlasela abanye phesheya. Endabeni yeMpi Yezwe I, satshelwa ukuthi iJalimane yayihlasele abasizi bethu abalungile nabangenacala, ingase isihlasele ekugcineni, futhi empeleni yahlasela izakhamuzi zaseMelika ezingenacala ezazisemkhunjini okuthiwa i-Lusitania.

Imikhumbi-ngwenya yaseJalimane ibilokhu ixwayisa imikhumbi yabantu, ivumela abagibeli ukuba bayishiye ngaphambi kokuba icwiliswe. Lapho lokhu kudalula izikebhe ze-U ekuhlaseleni, nokho, amaJalimane aqala ukuhlasela ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Bacwilisa kanjalo iLusitania ngo-May 7, 1915, kwashona abantu abangu-1,198 128, kuhlanganise nabaseMelika abangu-51. Kodwa, ngezinye iziteshi, amaJalimane ayesexwayise labo bagibeli. I-Lusitania yayakhiwe ngokucaciswa kweButho Lasemanzini LaseBrithani elaliyibala njengesikebhe esisizayo. Ohambweni lwayo lokugcina, iLusitania yayigcwele izikhali zempi ezakhiwe eMelika, kuhlanganise amathani ayishumi nengxenye ezimbayimbayi, amathani angu-67 amagobolondo ezinhlamvu, nenqwaba kakotini wezibhamu, ingasaphathwa eyombutho wamasosha angu-6. XNUMXth Winnipeg Rifles. Ukuthi umkhumbi wawuthwele amabutho nezikhali empini kwakungeyona imfihlo empeleni. Ngaphambi kokuba iLusitania ihambe eNew York, iHhovisi LeNxusa LaseJalimane lalithole imvume kuNobhala Wezwe WaseMelika yokushicilela emaphephandabeni aseNew York isixwayiso sokuthi ngenxa yokuthi umkhumbi wawuthwele izinto zempi wawuzohlaselwa.

Lapho ucwila i-Lusitania, lawo maphephandaba afanayo, nawo wonke amanye amaphephandaba aseMelika, amemezela ukubulawa kokuhlasela futhi ashiya noma yikuphi ukukhuluma ngalokho umkhumbi owawukuphethe. Lapho uMongameli uWilson ebhikishela uhulumeni waseJalimane, enza sengathi iLusitania yayingenamasosha noma izikhali, unobhala wakhe wezwe wesula esikhundleni ephikisana noWilson. Ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-US bakhohlisa izibonakaliso zomkhumbi futhi baqamba amanga kangangokuthi abantu abaningi namuhla bacabanga ukuthi kukhona ukungabaza ngokuthi i-Lusitania yayinezikhali yini emkhunjini. Noma bacabanga ukuthi izisebenzi zokutshuza ezithola izingalo endaweni ephahlazekile yomkhumbi ngo-2008 zazixazulula impicabadala osekunesikhathi eside ikhona. Nakhu okucashuniwe embikweni owasakazwa ku-National Public Radio ngoNovemba 22, 2008:

“Lapho iLusitania yehla, yashiya impicabadala: Yayiyini imbangela yokuqhuma kwesibili? Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu yophenyo, ingxabano kanye nozungu, imikhondo iyaqala ukuvela. . . . Ezandleni zakhe kulele izingcezu zomlando: imizuliswano eyisikhombisa ekhazimulayo yezinhlamvu ezingu-.303, okungenzeka ukuthi yenziwe u-Remington eMelika futhi ehloselwe iButho LaseBrithani. Izinhlamvu okwathi amashumi eminyaka izikhulu zaseBrithani nezaseMelika azikho. Kodwa yonke indawo ezungeze i-Andrews kunezintaba zamagobolondo ezibhamu acwebezela njengengcebo yesigebengu ekukhanyeni kwerobhothi.”

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi okuqukethwe komkhumbi kwakumenyezelwe esidlangalaleni ngaphambi kokuba uhambe, amanga asemthethweni anikezwa indawo yawo alindelekile ekusakazweni kwabezindaba “okunokulinganisela” okusizungezile ngokuphelele esingakwazi ukubona ubuwula bawo obuphelele . . . ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engama-90.

Isigaba: UMA KUBE YIZIVIKELO, INGABE BEKUZODINGEKA SIHLELWE?

Imizamo yenkulumo-ze yamaJalimane e-United States yehluleka ngokudabukisayo lapho kubhekwa indlela ephakeme yohulumeni baseBrithani nabaseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. AbaseBrithani banqamula intambo yocingo phakathi kweJalimane ne-United States ukuze amaMelika athole izindaba zawo zempi kuphela. IBrithani. Lezo zindaba zazingezinyamazana ezesabekayo - impi phakathi kwempucuko kanye nezixuku zamaqaba (labo okungamaJalimane, kunjalo). Akukhona nje ukuthi abafundi babengakwazi ukufunda ngamaJalimane esika izandla ezinganeni futhi abilise izidumbu zamasosha abo ukuze athole i-glycerin, nezinye izinto ezicatshangelwayo ezesabekayo, kodwa ngokusobala abaseBrithani babeyinqoba yonke impi ngendlela ejabulisayo. Ngenkathi ababhali bempi yaseBrithani behlolisiswa ngokuqinile, bekungadingeki ukuthi bahlolwe, njengoba bebheka indima yabo njengokufihla impi emphakathini ukuze kukhuliswe ukubuthwa kwezempi eBrithani. I-Times yaseLondon yachaza:

“Inhloso eyinhloko yenqubomgomo yempi [ye-Times] kwakuwukwandisa ukuhamba kwabantu ababuthiwe. Bekuyinhloso ezothola usizo oluncane kuma-akhawunti alokho okwenzeka kwababuthwa uma sebengamasosha.”

Ithimba likaMongameli uWilson labadayisi bempi, iKomidi Lolwazi Lomphakathi, lasebenzisa amandla okucwaninga futhi lalizogcina livimbe izithombe zabantu baseMelika abafile kuyilapho uPostmaster General enza ingxenye yakhe ngokuvala wonke amamagazini aqinile. I-CPI iphinde yaqinisekisa abantu ukuthi ukulwa namaJalimane kuzofana nokuvikela intando yeningi emhlabeni nokuthi ukunqotshwa kweJalimane empini, ngokumelene nezingxoxo ezinzima nezibucayi, kuzodala intando yeningi yomhlaba.

UWilson wayedinga amasosha ayisigidi, kodwa emasontweni ayisithupha okuqala ngemva kokumemezela impi, angu-73,000 1814 kuphela avolontiya. UKhongolose waphoqwa, hhayi okokuqala, ukuthi enze uhlaka. UDaniel Webster wayesho ngokusobala ukuthi uhlaka lwalungahambisani noMthethosisekelo ngo-1,532 lapho uMongameli uJames Madison ezama ukuhluleka, kodwa kwakusetshenziswe izinhlangothi zombili ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, nakuba kwakunemvume yokuthi amadoda acebile angakhokhela abantu abampofu ukuba bahambe bayofa. endaweni yabo. Akukhona nje ukuthi abantu baseMelika kwakudingeka baphoqwe ukulwa eMpini Yezwe I (kanye nezimpi ezalandela), kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho abangu-XNUMX babaphikisi abakhuluma kakhulu kwadingeka baphonswe ejele. Ukwesaba ukudutshulwa ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso kwadingeka kusabalale ezweni lonke (njengoba owayenguNobhala Wezempi u-Elihu Root ehlongozwa kuyi-New York Times) ngaphambi kokuba ukuphephezeliswa kwefulegi nomculo wezempi uqhubeke ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Abamelene nezimpi, kwezinye izimo, babulawa, futhi izixuku zakhululwa.

Indaba yalokhu kuvinjelwa ekukhulumeni ngokukhululeka - kunanela ngokuhlasela kuka-Okthoba 2010 kwe-FBI ezindlini zezishoshovu zokuthula eMinneapolis, eChicago, nakwamanye amadolobha - ikhulunywe kahle encwadini kaNorman Thomas ka-1935, War: No Glory, No Profit, Asikho Isidingo, futhi encwadini kaChris Hedges ka-2010, The Death of the Liberal Class. U-Eugene Debs owayengenele umongameli izikhathi ezine wavalelwa ejele futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-10 ngokuphakamisa ukuthi abantu abasebenzayo abanandaba nempi. IWashington Post imbize ngokuthi “usongo lomphakathi,” futhi yakushayela ihlombe ukuboshwa kwakhe. Uzongenela ukhetho lukamengameli okwesihlanu ejele futhi uthole amavoti angu-913,664. Esigwebo sakhe uDebs waphawula:

“Udumo lwakho, eminyakeni edlule ngabona ubuhlobo bami nazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, futhi ngenza umqondo wami ukuthi ngangingeyena ongcono kunomuntu omubi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngathi-ke, futhi manje ngithi, ngenkathi kukhona isigaba esiphansi, mina ngikuso; kuyilapho kukhona isici sobugebengu, mina ngikhona; kuyilapho kukhona umphefumulo etilongweni, mina angikhululekile.

I-United States yaqhutshwa ngeMpi Yezwe I ukuze isize iBrithani neFrance, kodwa abantu balawo mazwe babengahambisani nempi. Okungenani amaFulentshi angu-132,000 XNUMX aphikisana nempi, enqaba ukuhlanganyela, futhi adingiswa.

Ngemva kwezimpi zezwe ezimbili ezinokucindezeleka phakathi, okungekho kuzo amaMelika ayezinikele ngokuzithandela, uMongameli uHarry S Truman wayenezindaba ezimbi. Uma singasukanga ngokushesha siyolwa namakhomanisi eKorea, maduzane ayezohlasela i-United States. Ukuthi lokhu kwaqashelwa njengembudane yelungelo lobunikazi mhlawumbe kuphakanyiswe yiqiniso lokuthi, futhi, abantu baseMelika kwadingeka babhalwe phansi uma bezophuma bayolwa. Impi yaseKorea yaqhutshwa ngokuvikela indlela yokuphila e-United States futhi kuthiwa ivikela iNingizimu Korea ekuhlaselweni yiNorth Korea. Vele bekukade kuwubuhlakani obuzikhukhumezayo bama-Allies ukuhlukanisa isizwe saseKorea phakathi ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II.

Ngo-June 25, 1950, inyakatho neningizimu ngayinye ithi olunye uhlangothi lwaluhlasele. Imibiko yokuqala evela kwezobunhloli bezempi yase-US ukuthi iNingizimu ihlasele enyakatho. Zombili izinhlangothi zivumile ukuthi ukulwa kwaqala eduze nogu olusentshonalanga enhlonhlweni yase-Ongjin, okusho ukuthi iPyongyang bekuyinhloso ephusile yokuhlasela eningizimu, kodwa ukuhlasela kwenyakatho lapho akwenzanga mqondo njengoba kwaholela enhlonhlweni encane hhayi I-Seoul. Futhi ngo-June 25, izinhlangothi zombili zamemezela ukuthunjwa eningizimu yedolobha elisenyakatho ye-Haeju, futhi amasosha ase-US akuqinisekisile lokho. Ngomhla zingama-26 kuJuni, inxusa laseMelika lathumela ikhebula eliqinisekisa kusengaphambili ukuthi: "Izikhali zasenyakatho nezikhali ziyahoxa kulo lonke ulayini."

UMongameli waseNingizimu Korea u-Syngman Rhee ubelokhu ehlasela enyakatho unyaka futhi ememezele entwasahlobo inhloso yakhe yokuhlasela enyakatho, ehambisa iningi lamasosha akhe endaweni yama-38, umugqa ocatshangelwayo lapho inyakatho neningizimu yayihlukaniswe khona. . Enyakatho ingxenye yesithathu yamasosha ayekhona yayimi eduze nomngcele.

Noma kunjalo, abantu baseMelika batshelwa ukuthi iNorth Korea yayihlasele iNingizimu Korea, futhi lokho ikwenze ngokuyala kweSoviet Union njengengxenye yetulo lokuthatha umhlaba ukuze kubukwe ubukhomanisi. Ngokungangabazeki, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi olwahlasela, lena kwakuyimpi yombango. ISoviet Union yayingahileleki, futhi i-United States kwakungafanele ibandakanyeke. ISouth Korea yayingeyona i-United States, futhi empeleni yayingekho eduze ne-United States. Noma kunjalo, sangena kwenye impi “yokuzivikela”.

Sancenga iZizwe Ezihlangene ukuthi inyakatho yayihlasele eningizimu, into okwakungalindeleka ukuthi iSoviet Union ivimbe ngayo ukube yayiyimbangela yempi, kodwa iSoviet Union yayiduba iZizwe Ezihlangene futhi ayinandaba. Siwine amavoti amanye amazwe ku-United Nations ngokuqamba amanga kuwo ukuthi iNingizimu ithathe amathangi aphethwe amaRussia. Izikhulu zase-US zamemezela esidlangalaleni ukubandakanyeka kweSoviet kodwa zakungabaza ngasese.

Eqinisweni, iSoviet Union yayingafuni impi futhi ngoJulayi 6 isekela layo likangqongqoshe wezangaphandle litshele inxusa laseBrithani eMoscow ukuthi lifuna ukuxazululwa ngokuthula. Inxusa laseMelika eMoscow lacabanga ukuthi lokhu kwakuyiqiniso. UWashington wayengenandaba. INyakatho, kusho uhulumeni wethu, yephule i-38th parallel, lowo mkhakha ongcwele wobukhosi bezwe. Kodwa kwathi nje lapho uJenene wase-US uDouglas MacArthur ethola ithuba, waqhubeka, ngemvume kaMongameli Truman, wawela lowomugqa, waya enyakatho, waze wafika emngceleni weShayina. U-MacArthur ubelokhu egomela impi neChina futhi eyisabisa, futhi wacela imvume yokuhlasela, okuyinto i-Joint Chiefs of Staff yenqaba. Ekugcineni, uTruman wamxosha uMacArthur. Ukuhlasela isikhungo samandla eNyakatho Korea esasihlinzeka ngeChina, nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu edolobheni elisemngceleni, kwaba uMacArthur owayesondele kakhulu kulokho ayekufuna.

Kepha usongo lwase-US eChina lwaletha amaShayina namaRussia empini, impi eyalahlekisela iKorea izimpilo zabantu abayizigidi ezimbili kanye namasosha ase-United States angama-37,000, ngenkathi iguqula iSeoul nePyongyang zombili zaba yinqwaba yemfucumfucu. Abaningi babashonile babulawelwe eduze, bahlatshwa bengahlomile futhi bebulawa amakhaza nhlangothi zombili. Futhi umngcele wawubuyela emuva lapho wawukade ukhona, kodwa inzondo eyayiqondiswe ngaphesheya kwalowo mngcele yanda kakhulu. Lapho impi iphela, ingazuzi lutho kunoma ubani ngaphandle kwabenzi bezikhali, “abantu baphuma ekuphileni okunjengemvukuzane emihumeni nasemihubheni ukuze bathole iphupho elibi emini libalele.”

Isigaba: IMPI EGANDA IGAZI

Futhi sasifudumala nje. Ngenkathi uMongameli Truman ekhuluma neseshini ehlanganyelwe yeCongress nasemsakazweni ngoMashi 12, 1947, wahlukanisa umhlaba waba amabutho amabili aphikisanayo, izwe elikhululekile, kanye nomhlaba wamakhomanisi namashiqela. USusan Brewer uyabhala:

“Inkulumo kaTruman yasungula ngempumelelo izingqikithi zenkulumo-ze Yempi Yomshoshaphansi. Okokuqala, yachaza lesi simo njengenhlekelele esheshayo, efuna isinyathelo esisheshayo sesikhulu esiphezulu futhi ingavumeli isikhathi sophenyo, impikiswano yasekhaya, noma izingxoxo. Okwesibili, yasola izinkinga zomhlaba wonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zibangelwa ukucekelwa phansi kwangemva kwempi, imizabalazo yezombangazwe yangaphakathi, izinhlangano zobuzwe, noma ubudlova bangempela baseSoviet, ngenxa yobudlova baseSoviet. Okwesithathu, iveze abantu baseMelika njengabasebenzela inkululeko yomuntu, hhayi ngenxa yenzuzo yezomnotho. I-Truman Doctrine yasungula uhlaka oluzothethelela ukuqaliswa koHlelo lukaMarshall, ukwakhiwa kwe-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), iNational Security Council (NSC), kanye neFederal Employee Loyalty Programme, ukwakhiwa kabusha kweNtshonalanga Jalimane, ikakhulukazi kulandela. umzamo wamaRussia wokuvimba iBerlin, kwathi ngo-1949, kwasungulwa iNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).”

Lezi zinguquko zandisa ukulawulwa kwamandla kamongameli phezu kwamandla empi futhi zenza kube lula ukusebenza kwempi okuyimfihlo nokungenakuziphendulela, njengokuketulwa kwentando yeningi yase-Iran ngo-1953, ngaleso sikhathi izikhulu zase-US zasungula inganekwane yokuthi umongameli wase-Iran okhethwe ngentando yeningi wayeyiKhomanisi, njengomzukulu kaTeddy Roosevelt kanye noNorman Schwarzkopf. Ubaba wahlela ukuketula umbuso futhi wafaka umashiqela esikhundleni seNdoda Yonyaka ka-1951 yomagazini i-Time.

Okulandelayo ebhulokhini kwakuyiGuatemala. U-Edward Bernays wayeqashwe ngo-1944 yi-United Fruit. Umakadebona weKomidi Lokwaziswa Komphakathi elalikhangise ngeMpi Yezwe I, umshana kaSigmund Freud, futhi onguyise womsebenzi omuhle wokuxhaphaza nokukhuthaza ukungabi nangqondo kwabantu “ngobudlelwano bomphakathi,” uBernays, wayeshicilele incwadi ngo-1928 ebizwa ngokuthi i-Propaganda nje, empeleni eyasakaza ukufaneleka kwenkulumo-ze. UBernays usize u-Sam Zemurray we-United Fruit (owaketula umongameli waseHonduras ngo-1911) ngokudala umkhankaso we-PR owaqala ngo-1951 e-United States ngokumelene nohulumeni wentando yeningi ngokweqile waseGuatemala. I-New York Times kanye neminye imithombo yezindaba yalandela ukuhola kukaBernays, eveza i-United Fruit njengokuhlupheka ngaphansi kombuso wobushiqela be-Marxist - empeleni okwakunguhulumeni okhethiwe owenza izinguquko zohlobo lwe-New Deal.

USenator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R., Mass.) uhole umzamo kuCongress. Wayengumzukulu kakhokho-umzukulu kaSenator uGeorge Cabot (F., Mass.) kanye nomzukulu kaSenator Henry Cabot Lodge (R., Mass.) owayefake izwe eMpini YaseSpain-American kanye neMpi Yezwe I. , yanqoba iNhlangano Yezizwe, futhi yakha iButho Lasemanzini. UHenry Cabot Lodge Jr. wayezoqhubeka nokusebenza njengenxusa eNingizimu yeVietnam, lapho ayezosiza khona ekuqhubekiseni isizwe eMpini yaseVietnam. Ngenkathi iSoviet Union ingenabo ubudlelwano neGuatemala, ubaba weCIA u-Allen Dulles wayeqinisekile noma wathi uqinisekile ukuthi iMoscow yayiqondise imashi eqanjiwe yaseGuatemala ibheke kubukhomanisi. Ngemvume kaMongameli uDwight Eisenhower, i-CIA yaketula uhulumeni waseGuatemala egameni le-United Fruit. Okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwakungumsebenzi kaHoward Hunt, owayezongena eWatergate kaMongameli uRichard Nixon. Akukho kulokhu obekungamangaza uSmedley Butler.

Futhi-ke - kulandela inkinga yemicibisholo eCuba lapho abahleli bempi bacishe bacekela phansi iplanethi ukuze baveze iphuzu, nezinye izigigaba ezahlukahlukene ezithokozisayo - kweza iVietnam, impi yobudlova lapho satshelwa amanga, njengoba sasiseKorea, ukuthi iNyakatho yayiyiqalile. Singayisindisa iNingizimu Vietnam noma sibuke yonke i-Asia bese isizwe sakithi sibe izisulu zosongo lwamakhomanisi, satshelwa. Omongameli u-Eisenhower kanye noJohn F. Kennedy bathi izizwe zase-Asia (ngisho ne-Afrika neLatin America nazo, ngokusho kukaGeneral Maxwell Taylor) zingawa njengama-dominoes. Lokhu kwakungolunye ucezu lombhedo olwaluzophinde lusetshenziswe ngendlela elungisiwe “Kumpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yobuphekula” eyayiqhutshwa oMongameli u-GW Bush no-Obama. Ephikisana ngoMashi 2009 ngokudlondlobala kweMpi Yase-Afghanistan iningi elikhulayo labantu baseMelika eliphikisayo, u-Obama, ngokusho kwe-blogger uJuan Cole:

“. . . ichaze uhlobo olufanayo lomphumela we-domino owasetshenziswa ngabakwa-Washington elites ukuhambisana nobuKhomanisi bamazwe ngamazwe. Enguqulweni ebuyekeziwe, ye-al-Qaida, i-Taliban ingase ithathe iSifundazwe saseKunar, bese kulandela yonke i-Afghanistan, futhi ingase iphinde isingathe i-al-Qaida, futhi ingase isongele ugu lwase-United States. Waze wakwazi nokwengeza i-analog eCambodia esimweni, ethi, 'Ikusasa le-Afghanistan lixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nekusasa likamakhelwane wayo, iPakistan,' futhi waxwayisa, 'Ungalenzi iphutha: i-Al-Qaida kanye nabalingani bayo abanonya bayinhlangano. umdlavuza obeka engcupheni yokubulala iPakistan ngaphakathi.'“

Nokho, isigameko esimangalisayo esasetshenziswa ekubhebhethekiseni iMpi YaseVietnam kwaba ukuhlasela okuqanjiwe kwemikhumbi yaseMelika eGulf of Tonkin ngo-August 4, 1964. Lena kwakuyimikhumbi yempi yase-US esogwini lwaseNyakatho yeVietnam eyayihileleke empini ngokumelene nayo. INorth Vietnam. UMongameli uLyndon Johnson wayazi ukuthi wayeqamba amanga ngesikhathi ethi ukuhlasela kwangomhla zizi-4 ku-Agasti kwakungaphenduki. Ukube kwenzekile, bekungeke kuvunyelwe. Umkhumbi ofanayo okwakuthiwa wahlaselwa ngo-August 4, wawucekele phansi izikebhe ezintathu zaseNyakatho Vietnam futhi wabulala amatilosi amane aseNyakatho Vietnam ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambili, esenzweni lapho ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi i-United States yaxoshwa kuqala, nakuba kwakushiwo okuphambene. Eqinisweni, ezinsukwini zokusebenza ezihlukile ngaphambili, i-United States yayisiqalile ukuhlasela izwe laseNyakatho yeVietnam.

Kepha ukuhlaselwa obekucatshangwa ukuthi ngo-Agasti 4 empeleni, empeleni, ukufunda kabi kwe-sonar yase-US. Umphathi womkhumbi washayela iPentagon ucingo ethi iyahlaselwa, wabe eseshayela ucingo ngokushesha ethi inkolelo yakhe yangaphambili yayingabaza futhi ayikho imikhumbi yaseNyakatho yeVietnam ebingaqinisekiswa endaweni. UMongameli Johnson wayengenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi kube nokuhlasela ngesikhathi etshela umphakathi waseMelika ukuthi kube khona. Ezinyangeni kamuva wavuma ngasese: “Ngokonke engikwaziyo, ibutho lethu lasolwandle lalidubula imikhomo laphaya nje.” Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi uJohnson wayesegunyazwe yiCongress ngempi ayeyifuna.

Eqinisweni, ngaleso sikhathi wayesesiqambe amanga esenzweni esincane sezempi eDominican Republic ukuze avikele abantu baseMelika futhi avimbele ukusabalala kobukhomanisi okucatshangwayo. Njengoba sesibonile, abekho abantu baseMelika ababesengozini. Kodwa lokho kuthethelelwa kwakuphekwe njengengxenye yesimangalo sokulwa nobukhomanisi, uJohnson ayazi ukuthi awunasisekelo futhi engaqinisekisi ukuthi uzondiza. Esigabeni esivaliwe seKomidi Lezobudlelwano Nangaphandle KweSigele, uNobhala Womsizi Wezwe uThomas Mann kamuva wachaza ukuthi inxusa laseMelika lalibuze inhloko yezempi yaseDominican ukuthi ingavuma yini ukudlala namanye amanga:

“Esakucelile nje ukuthi angavuma yini ukuguqula isisekelo salokhu sisuke ekubeni esokulwa nobukhomanisi sibe esokuvikela izimpilo zaseMelika.”

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMongameli uJohnson wakwenza kwacaca izisusa zakhe zobuntu nezentando yeningi ephawula kunxusa laseGreece, izwe lalo elakhetha ngokungenakuxolelwa undunankulu owayengathandwa yi-United States, futhi walokotha ukuqophisana neTurkey nokuphikisana nezinhlelo zase-US zokuhlukanisa iCyprus. . Ukuphawula kukaJohnson, okumele kukhunjulwe kahle njengekheli likaLincoln laseGettysburg, lalithi:

“Faka iphalamende lakho kanye nomthethosisekelo wakho. IMelika iyindlovu, iCyprus iyizeze. Uma la mazeze amabili eqhubeka nokuluma indlovu, angase avele ashaywe umboko wendlovu, ashayeke kahle. Sibhadala amadola eMelika amanengi amahle kumaGreki, uMnumzana Ambassador. Uma uNdunankulu wenu enginikeza inkulumo ngentando yeningi, iphalamende, nemithetho-sisekelo, yena, iphalamende lakhe nomthethosisekelo wakhe kungase kungapheli isikhathi eside.”

Iphrojekthi yokukhetha izaba zempi kwesinye isikhathi ibonakala ilolongwa ukungqubuzana kwezikhulu. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-2003, lapho abantu ababekholelwa amanga bebuza ukuthi ziphi zonke izikhali, iPhini likaNobhala “wezokuvikela” uPaul Wolfowitz utshele iVanity Fair,

"Iqiniso liwukuthi ngenxa yezizathu ezithinta kakhulu uhulumeni wase-US, sixazulule udaba olulodwa wonke umuntu angavumelana ngalo ukuthi yiziphi izikhali ezicekela phansi njengesizathu esiyinhloko."

Ku-documentary ye-2003 ebizwa ngokuthi i-Fog of War, uRobert McNamara, owayekade enguNobhala we "Defense" ngesikhathi se-Tonkin amanga, wavuma ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kuka-August 4 akuzange kwenzeke nokuthi kwakukhona ukungabaza okukhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Akazange akhulume ukuthi ngo-Agasti 6 wayefakaze ngeseshini evaliwe ehlangene yeSenate Foreign Relations kanye namaKomidi Wezinsizakalo Zezikhali kanye noGeneral Earl Wheeler. Ngaphambi kwamakomiti amabili, womabili la madoda athi ngokuqiniseka okuphelele ukuthi iNorth Vietnamese yahlasela ngo-Agasti 4. UMcNamara naye akazange asho ukuthi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kungenzeki i-Tonkin Gulf, ucele i-Joint Chiefs of Staff ukuthi imnike uhlu lwezinye izenzo zase-US ezingase zicasule iNyakatho yeVietnam. Uthole lolu hlu futhi wamela lezo zinsolo emihlanganweni ngaphambi kokuthi uJohnson ayalele izenzo ezinjalo ngoSepthemba 10. Lezi zenzo zibandakanya ukuqalisa kabusha ukugada kwemikhumbi okufanayo kanye nokwandisa imisebenzi yokucasha, futhi ngo-Okthoba ukuyala ukuqhuma kwezindawo ze-radar ngomkhumbi usiya ogwini.

Umbiko weNational Security Agency (NSA) ngo-2000-2001 waphetha ngokuthi akuzange kube nokuhlaselwa eTonkin ngo-Agasti 4, nokuthi i-NSA yayiqamba amanga ngamabomu. IBush Administration ayizange ivume ukuthi lo mbiko ushicilelwe kuze kube ngu-2005, ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuthi ungase uphazamise amanga atshelwa ukuthi kuqale izimpi zase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Ngo-March 8, 1999, i-Newsweek yanyathelisa umama wawo wonke amanga: “IMelika ayizange iqale impi kuleli khulu leminyaka.” Akungabazeki ukuthi iThimba likaBush libone kungcono ukushiya lokho kuzenzisa kungaphazamisekile.

Ngixoxile ngamanga asungula i-War on Iraq encwadini yami yangaphambilini, i-Daybreak, futhi awadingi ukubuyekezwa lapha, ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi umzamo omkhulu we-propaganda osetshenziselwa ukuthengisa leyo mpi uqhamuke kuyo yonke i-repertoire yempi edlule ihlanganisa umsebenzi kaMongameli George W. Bush owandulelayo kanye nomgqugquzeli wodlame olubhekiswe kubantu, uMongameli Bill Clinton. Selokhu yathatha iCuba ukuze ilikhulule, i-United States isiketule ohulumeni abaningi ukuze kuzuze abantu bayo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, sekucishe kwaba umkhuba ukuba omongameli bahlasele abasolwa ngokuhlasela amaphekula emoyeni noma benomgomo oshiwo wokuvimbela ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini. UClinton uthuthukise leli lungelo likamongameli ngokusebenzisa i-NATO, ephula i-UN Charter futhi ngokuphambene nomthethosisekelo ephikisana neqembu eliphikisayo, ukuqhumisa i-Yugoslavia yangaphambili ngo-1999.

Ingozi engokomthetho yalokhu kuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kobuntu ukuthi, uma iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ivinjelwa, noma yisiphi isizwe singafuna ilungelo elifanayo lokuqala ukuwisa amabhomu inqobo nje uma simemezela izinjongo zobuntu. Ingozi yomthethosisekelo ukuthi noma yimuphi umongameli angathatha izinyathelo ezinje ngaphandle kwemvume yabamele abantu kuKhongolose. Eqinisweni, iNdlu yabaMeli ivotele ukuthi ingakugunyazi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngo-1999, futhi isikhulu saqhubeka nakho noma kunjalo. Ingozi yomuntu yale “mikhankaso” yokuqhuma kwamabhomu ukuthi umonakalo owenziwe ungaba mkhulu njenganoma yimuphi ongavinjelwa. I-International Criminal Tribunal ye-Former Yugoslavia ithole ukuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwe-NATO kungenzeka ukuthi kwenyukile, kunokuba kunciphe, ubugebengu bempi obufaneleke - iningi labo lenzeka ngesikhathi futhi hhayi ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwamabhomu.

Khonamanjalo, inqwaba yezinkinga zobuntu, ezifana nokubulawa kwabantu eRwanda ngo-1994, azinakwa ngoba azithathwa njengezibalulekile noma ngenxa yokuthi asikho isixazululo esilula sezempi esibonwayo. Sicabanga ngezinkinga zazo zonke izinhlobo (kusukela eziphepho kuya ekuchithekeni kukawoyela kuya ekubulaweni kohlanga) njengezixazululeka kuphela ngethuluzi lezempi elivame ukungafaneleki. Uma impi isivele iqhubeka, izaba zokusiza ezinhlekeleleni azidingeki. Ngo-2003 e-Iraq, ngokwesibonelo, amasosha ase-US aqaphe inkonzo kawoyela ngenkathi izikhungo zamasiko nezobuntu ziphangwa futhi zacekelwa phansi. Ngo-2010 amasosha ase-US ePakistan abeka phambili ukuvikela isizinda sezindiza kunokusiza izisulu zezikhukhula. Impela izinhlekelele zemvelo nezabantu ezidalwe yizimpi zomuntu azinakwa buthule, ngokwesibonelo inkinga yababaleki base-Iraq ngesikhathi sokubhala lokhu.

Bese kuba nobungozi bokungazi ukuthi senzani ngoba siqanjelwa amanga. Ngempi, lokhu akuyona ingozi kakhulu njengokuqiniseka okuseduze. Ukusebenzisa ithuluzi elibulala inani elikhulu labantu futhi elihlale lithethelelwa ngamanga kubonakala kuyisiphakamiso esingabazisayo ngisho nangezizathu zobuntu. Lapho, ngo-1995, iCroatia isibulale noma “ihlanza ngokobuhlanga” amaSerb ngesibusiso sikaWashington, ixosha abantu abangu-150,000 emizini yabo, kwakungafanele sikuqaphele, ingasaphathwa eyokuwisa amabhomu ukuze sikuvimbe. Ukuqhuma kwebhomu kwahlenga uMilosevic, owatshelwa ngo-1999 - wenqaba ukuxoxisana ngokuthula ngakho-ke kwadingeka aqhunyiswe ngamabhomu. Asizange sitshelwe ukuthi i-United States iphikelela esivumelwaneni okungekho sizwe emhlabeni esingavuma ngaso ngokuzithandela, esinikeza i-NATO inkululeko ephelele yokuthatha yonke iYugoslavia ngokuvikeleka ngokuphelele emithethweni yabo bonke abasebenzi bayo. Kumagazini ka-June 14, 1999, weThe Nation, uGeorge Kenney, owayeyisikhulu sedeski loMnyango WezoMbuso eYugoslavia, wabika:

"Umthombo wabezindaba ongabekezeleleki ohamba njalo noNobhala Wezwe uMadeleine Albright utshele lo [mbhali] ukuthi, efungela izintatheli ukuthi zizogcina imfihlo enkulu ezingxoxweni zikaRambouillet, isikhulu soMnyango Wezwe sazishaya isifuba ngokuthi i-United States 'yawubeka ngamabomu izinga eliphezulu. kunalokho amaSerbia ayengakwamukela.' Ngokusho kwalesi sikhulu, amaSerb ayedinga ukuqhuma kancane ukuze abone isizathu.”

UJim Jatras, umsizi wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle kumaSenate Republicans, ubike enkulumweni yangoMeyi 18, 1999, eCato Institute eWashington ukuthi "unegunya elihle" ukuthi "isikhulu esiphezulu sezokuphatha sitshele abezindaba eRambouillet, ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa" okulandelayo: “Sibeke ngamabomu izinga eliphezulu kakhulu ukuze amaSerb angayithobela. Badinga ukuqhunyiswa ngamabhomu, futhi yilokho abazokuthola.”

Ezingxoxweni ne-FAIR (Ubulungiswa Nokunemba Ekubikeni), bobabili u-Kenney no-Jatras bagomela ngokuthi lezi kwakuyizingcaphuno zangempela ezilotshwe izintatheli ezazikhuluma nesikhulu sase-US.

Ukuxoxisana ngokungenakwenzeka, nokusola amanga ngakolunye uhlangothi lokungabambisani, kuyindlela ewusizo yokuqala impi "yokuzivikela". Ngemuva kwalolo hlelo ngo-1999 kwakukhona isithunywa esikhethekile saseMelika u-Richard Holbrooke, esahlangana naye ngenhla ngo-2010 evikela impi enonya e-Afghanistan.

Unya olubhekiswe eqenjini elifanayo labantu lungase lube isisekelo sempi yokusiza abantu noma izindaba ezingenandaba nhlobo, kuye ngokuthi umenzi wobubi ungumfelandawonye kahulumeni wase-United States. USaddam Hussein wayengabulala amaKurds aze angasathandwa, ngaleso sikhathi ukubulawa kwamaKurds kwahlasimulisa umzimba - ngaphandle uma iTurkey ikwenzile, lapho kwakungeyona into yokukhathazeka ngayo. Ngo-2010, unyaka engabhala ngawo le ncwadi, iTurkey yayibeka engcupheni isimo sayo, noma kunjalo. I-Turkey ne-Brazil yayithathe izinyathelo zokwenza kube lula ukuthula phakathi kwe-United States ne-Iran, okwathukuthelisa abaningi eWashington, DC Futhi iTurkey yayisize imikhumbi yosizo eyayifuna ukuletha ukudla nempahla kubantu baseGaza ababevinjwe futhi bebulawa yindlala. uhulumeni wakwa-Israyeli. Lokhu kubangele i-Israel-right-or-wrong lobby eWashington, DC, ukuthi ihlehlise isikhundla esinesikhathi eside futhi isekele umbono weCongress "iqaphela" i-1915 Genocide yase-Armenia. Ingabe ama-Armenian ngokuzumayo aphenduka abantu abagcwele? Vele akunjalo. Kwase kuthandeka ukusola iTurkey, sekudlule ikhulu leminyaka, ngokuqothulwa kohlanga, ngoba iTurkey ibizama ukudambisa ukuklinywa kwabantu banamuhla.

Owake waba nguMongameli uJimmy Carter, uNoam Chomsky ambiza njengomongameli wethu onodlame oluncane kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, uye waphika ngesibindi isenzo sakhe sonya, kuhlanganise nalezo ezenziwa yi-Israel, kodwa hhayi ukubulawa kwe-East Timorese yi-Indonesia lapho abaphathi bakhe banikeze okuningi. izikhali, noma ukubulawa kwabantu baseSalvador nguhulumeni wabo lapho abaphathi bakhe benza okufanayo. Ukuziphatha okunonya kuyavunyelwa futhi kugcinwa kuthule uma kunesu. Kuyagqanyiswa futhi kusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izimpi kuphela lapho abenzi bezimpi befuna impi ngezinye izizathu. Kusetshenziswa labo abahalalisa ngokuzithoba ngenxa yezizathu ezizenziwa zempi.

Kunempi eyodwa emlandweni wase-US esibhekisela kuyo ngokusobala njengolaka futhi singazami ukuyivikela njengokuzivikela. Noma, kunalokho, abanye bethu bayakwenza. Abantu abaningi baseNingizimu bayibiza ngokuthi iMpi YeNyakatho YaseNyakatho, kanti iNyakatho iyibiza ngokuthi iMpi Yombango. Kwakuyimpi iNingizimu eyalwela ilungelo lokuhamba futhi iNyakatho yayilwela ukuvimbela imibuso ukuba ihambe, hhayi ukuzivikela ekuhlaselweni kwamanye amazwe. Sesihambe ibanga elide mayelana nezizathu esizidingayo kubakhi bezimpi. Nakuba ngingabaza ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US uzovumela izwe ukuthi lihambe ngokuthula nanamuhla, noma iyiphi impi namuhla kufanele ithethelelwe ngokwemibandela yobuntu engaziwa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.

Njengoba sizobona esahlukweni sesine, izimpi seziyingozi kakhulu futhi ziyingozi kakhulu. Kodwa izizathu ezibekwa phambili zokuzichaza noma ukuzithethelela seziphenduke zaba nomusa kakhulu futhi zingenazwela. Manje silwa izimpi ukuze kuzuze izwe ngenxa yomusa, uthando nokuphana.

Okungenani yilokho engikuzwile futhi esizokuhlola esahlukweni sesithathu.