IZINDAZI ZINYE ZIQINISEKILE NGOKUBA NGOKUPHILA

Esinye sezizathu ezinkulu kunazo zonke zempi ukuthi isitha singenakuphika okungalungile. Ukhulekela unkulunkulu ongalungile, unesikhumba esingalungile nolulwimi, wenza izinyathelo ezimbi, futhi akakwazi ukubonisana naye. Isiko eside esenza ukulwa nabantu bezinye izizwe nokuguqula labo abangabulawa enkolweni efanele "ngokwabo" kufana nomkhuba wamanje wokubulala abazonda abantu basemzini ngenxa yesizathu esithile sokuthi ohulumeni babo bazinaki amalungelo abesifazane. Kusukela kwamalungelo abesifazane abanjwe yindlela enjalo, enye ilahlekile: ilungelo lokuphila, njengoba amaqembu abesifazane e-Afghanistan azame ukuchazela kulabo abasebenzisa izinkinga zabo ukuze baqonde impi. Ukukholelwa okubi kwabaphikisi bethu kusivumela ukuba sigweme ukubala abesifazane abangewona amaMelika noma amadoda noma izingane ezibulewe. Imithombo yezindaba yaseNtshonalanga iqinisa umbono wethu wokubheka ngemifanekiso engapheli yabesifazane eBurqas, kodwa ayifuni ukusilimaza ngezithombe zabesifazane nabantwana ababulewe amabutho ethu kanye nempi.

Ake ucabange uma impi impiwe ngempela, imigomo, izinhloso zokusiza, "imashi yenkululeko" kanye "nokusakazwa kwentando yeningi": asikwazi yini ukubala abafokazi bangaphandle ukuze benze uhlobo oluthile lokubala ukuthi ngabe luhle yini sasizama ukwenza okungaphezu komonakalo? Asikwenzi lokho, ngenxa yesizathu esicacile sokuthi sicabangela isitha esibi futhi sifanelwe ukufa futhi sikholelwe ukuthi noma yimuphi omunye umcabango uzoba ukukhaphela ohlangothini lwethu. Sasijwayele ukubala isitha esasifile, eVietnam nasezimpini zangaphambili, njengesilinganiso senqubekela phambili. Ku-General 2010 uDavid Petraeus uphinde wavuselela lokho e-Afghanistan, ngaphandle kokufaka phakathi kwabantu basekhaya. Ngokuyinhloko manje, noma kunjalo, inani eliphakeme labafileyo liwukuthi ukugxeka okukhona kunempi. Kodwa ngokugwema ukubala nokulinganisa, sinikeza umdlalo kude: sisalokhu sibeka inani elibi noma elingenalutho kulawo mapilo.

Kodwa njengoba nje abantu abathiwa bangenakuziphendulela bangaguqukela enkolweni eqinisile lapho ukukhala nokufa kumile, kanjalo izimpi zethu zigcina seziphelile, noma okungenani umsebenzi ohlala unomphela wombuso weziphephelo. Ngaleso sikhathi, abaphikisi abangenakuphikisana nabo baba izibambiso ezinhle noma okungenani ezibekezelelekayo. Ngabe bekungababi ukuqala noma bekusho kanjalo nje kwenza kube lula ukuthatha isizwe impi futhi kuncenga amasosha ayo ukuba ahlose umlilo? Ingabe abantu baseJalimane baba izilo ezingenasintu njalo lapho kufanele senze impi kubo, bese siphenduka sibe ngabantu abagcwele lapho kufika ukuthula? Amaqembu ethu aseRashiya abe kanjani umbuso omubi ngesikhathi beyeka ukwenza umsebenzi omuhle wokusiza abantu baseJalimane? Noma ingabe sasizenza sengathi sihle, uma empeleni bebibi ngaso sonke isikhathi? Noma ingabe sasizenza sengathi sibi lapho nje bedidekile abantu, njengathi? Abantu base-Afghani nabase-Iraq bonke baba kanjani amademoni lapho iqembu laseSaudis ligibela izindiza ezakhiweni e-United States, futhi abantu baseSaudi bahlala kanjani abantu? Ungabheke i-logic.

Ukukholelwa emkhosini wokulwa nobubi kuyisisusa esinamandla sabasekeli bezempi nabahlanganyeli. Abanye abasekeli kanye nabahlanganyeli ezimpi zase-US bashukumiseleka, empeleni, ngesifiso sokubulala nokuguqula abangewona amaKristu. Kodwa akukho okunye okuyiyona nto ebalulekile empeleni, noma okungenani imbangela eyinhloko nangaphezulu, izisusa zabahleli bempi, okuzoxoxwa ngakho esahlukweni sesithupha. Ukuhlukumeza kwabo nenzondo, uma benakho, kungase kukhulule izingqondo zabo, kodwa ngokuvamile abahambisani ne-ajenda yabo. Nokho, abahleli bezimpi bathola ukwesaba, inzondo nokuziphindiselela ukuze babe abantu abagqugquzela umphakathi kanye nabasebenzi bezempi. Udlame lwethu-olugcwele isiko esithandwayo lusenza sicindezeleke ingozi yokuhlaselwa kobudlova, uhulumeni wethu udlala kulokho kwesaba ngezingsongo, izixwayiso, amazinga okulimala ambala, ukuseshwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza, kanye namakhadi okudlala ngobuso bezitha ezimbi kunazo zonke. .

Isigaba: EVIL vs. HARM

Izimbangela ezimbi kunazo zonke zokufa kanye nokuhlupheka okuvinjelwe emhlabeni zihlanganisa izimpi. Kodwa lapha e-United States, izimbangela ezihamba phambili zokufa okuvinjelwe akuzona amasiko angaphandle, ohulumeni bezinye izizwe, noma amaqembu amaphekula. Ziyizifo, izingozi, ukushayisana kwemoto, nokuzibulala. "Impi Yobumpofu," "Impi Ngokukhuluphala," kanye neminye imikhankaso ehlulekile ukuzama ukubhekana nezinye izimbangela ezinkulu zokulimala nokulahlekelwa kwempilo ukukhathazeka kanye nokuphuthuma okufanayo okuvame ukuhambisana nezimpi ngokumelene nobubi. Kungani isifo senhliziyo singesibi? Kungani ukubhema ugwayi noma ukungabi nokuphepha kokusebenza emsebenzini kungabi kubi? Phakathi kwezinto ezikhulayo ezikhulayo ezithinta amathuba okuphila kwethu ukushisa kwezwe. Kungani singabhekisi imizamo esheshayo yokuzama ukulwa nalezi zimbangela zokufa?

Isizathu sodwa esenza singabi nokuqonda, kodwa senza umqondo ngokomzwelo kithi sonke. Uma othile ezama ukufihla ingozi kagwayi, ukwazi ukuthi lokhu kungabangela ukuhlupheka nokufa okukhulu, ngabe ngabe wenza kanjalo ukuze enze ibhakede, hhayi ukulimaza mina. Ngisho noma enza okuthile ngenjabulo eyayibuhlungu yokulimaza abantu abaningi, nakuba izenzo zakhe zingase zibe zibi, wayengeke azame ukungilimaza ngokukhethekile ngesenzo sobudlova.

Abagijimi nabagibeli bezethula ngokwesaba nangengozi ngenxa yalokho okujabulisayo. Izizwe eziqhubeka nokuqhuma amabhomu zihlasela ukwesaba nengozi, kodwa hhayi ukuhlukunyezwa okubangelwa amasosha. Lapho amasosha ebuya ezimpini ezonakaliswa ngokwengqondo, akuyona ngokuyinhloko ngoba bebelokhu besaba ngokwesaba nangengozi. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokucindezeleka empi kufanele zibulale abanye abantu futhi kufanele zibhekane ngqo nabantu abathile abafuna ukukubulala. Lokhu okushiwo yiLt Col Col Dave Grossman encwadini yakhe ethi On Killing ngokuthi "umoya wenzondo." UGrossman uyachaza:

"Sifuna ukuthanda, ukuthanda, nokulawula impilo yethu; futhi ngokuzithandela, ngokweqile, inzondo yabantu kanye nokuhlukumezeka - ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye ekuphileni - kuhlasela isimo sethu, ukuzwa kwethu ukulawula, umuzwa wethu wezwe njengendawo enenjongo futhi eqondakalayo, futhi, ekugcineni, impilo yethu yengqondo nengokwenyama. . . . Akukhona ukwesaba ukufa nokulimala ezifweni noma engozini kodwa kunalokho izenzo zokwehliswa komuntu siqu kanye nokubuswa ngabanye abantu esithintekayo nokwesaba ezinhliziyweni zethu. "

Yingakho ama-sergeants drill angamanga-ababi abaqeqeshwayo. Benza inoculating them, conditioning ukuba babhekane, ukuphatha, futhi bakholelwa ukuthi bangasinda umoya wenzondo. Abaningi bethu, ngenhlanhla, abazange baqeqeshwe kanjalo. Izindiza zikaSeptemba 11, 2001, azizange zishaye amakhaya ethu amaningi, kodwa inkolelo esabekayo yokuthi labo abalandelayo bangasishaya besaba amandla ebalulekile ezombusazwe, okuyizona zombusazwe abaningi abakhuthazayo kuphela. Sabe sesiboniswa izithombe zeziboshwa zangaphandle, ezikhukhumezekile, eziMnyama, ezingekho isiNgisi eziphathwa njengezilwane zasendle futhi zihlukunyezwe ngoba zazingenakucatshangwa nazo. Kwaphela iminyaka siye sabhidliza umnotho wethu ukukhokhela ukubulawa kwe "amakhanda e-rag" nethi "hadji" ngemva kwesikhathi eside uSaddam Hussein ekhunjulwe amandla, athunjwa futhi ebulawa. Lokhu kubonisa amandla okukholelwa ekubikeleni okubi. Ngeke uthole ukuqedwa kobubi noma yikuphi emaphepheni weProjekthi ye-New American Century, i-tank yokucabanga eyenza nzima kakhulu impi e-Iraq. Ukuphikisa okubi kuyindlela yokuthola labo abangenakuzuza nganoma iyiphi indlela kusukela empini ebhodini ngokuyikhuthaza.

Isigaba: ATROCITIES

Kunoma yimiphi impi, izinhlangothi zombili zithi zilwa okuhle ngokumelene nobubi. (Ngesikhathi seGulf War, uMengameli uGeorge HW Bush waphawula igama lokuqala likaSaddam Hussein ukuba lizwakale njengeSodoma, kuyilapho uHussein ekhuluma ngo "uDeveli Bush.") Ngenkathi uhlangothi olulodwa lungafaka iqiniso, ngokucacile bobabili abathintekayo empini abakwazi ukusekela ngobuhle obuhlanzekile ngokumelene nobubi obuphelele. Ezimweni eziningi, kukhona okungahle kube khona ubufakazi obubi. Ngolunye uhlangothi wenze izenzo ezimbi ezenziwa kuphela izidalwa ezimbi. Futhi uma engakwenzi ngempela kanjalo, khona-ke ezinye izinyathelo zingenziwa kalula. Incwadi kaHarold Laswell ka-1927 Inqubo Yokusakaza I-Propaganda Technique eMpini Yezwe ihlanganisa isahluko esithi "uSathane," ethi:

"Umthetho osebenzayo wokuvusa inzondo, uma ekuqaleni ungaqedi, sebenzisa intukuthelo. Sekusetshenziselwe impumelelo engakhathazeki kuzo zonke izingxabano ezaziwayo kumuntu. Ukuqala, kuyilapho kuvame ukuzuzisa, akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu. Ezinsukwini zakuqala zeMpi ye-1914 [kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi iMpi Yezwe I] indaba edabukisayo yatshelwa ngumfana oneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, obesitshengise isibhamu sakhe sokhuni endaweni yokubamba i-Uhlans eyayihlasela, eyamthumelele bheka. Le ndaba yayenze umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu empini yaseFranco-Prussia eminyakeni engamashumi amane ngaphambili. "

Ezinye izindaba ezimbi zinezizathu ezengeziwe. Kodwa ngokuvamile inonya elifanayo lingatholakala nakwezinye izizwe eziningi esingazikhetheli ukwenza impi. Ngesinye isikhathi senza impi egameni lezinkathazo ezizibophezele zona. Ngezinye izikhathi sinecala lobubi obufanayo thina noma ngisho senza indima ebubini besitha sethu esisha kanye nomunye owayengumlingani. Ngisho necala eliyinhloko esilwa ngalo empini kungaba yinye esinecala kithi. Kubaluleke kakhulu, ekuthengiseni impi, ukuphika noma ukuzithethelela izinyathelo zomuntu siqu zokuqokomisa noma ukusungula isitha. UMengameli uTheodore Roosevelt usho ukuthi ubuhlungu bukaMaphilippines, ngenkathi exosha labo abenziwa amabutho ase-United States ePhilippines njengoba kungekho miphumela futhi akubi nakakhulu kunalokho okwakwenzeke ekubulaweni kweSioux ku-Wounded Knee, njengokungathi ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi kwakuyisilinganiso ukwamukeleka. Enye iPhilippines ehlasela inxushunxushu yayihilela ukubulala phezu kwe-600, iningi labantu abangenakho ukuzivikelwa, amadoda, abesifazane nezingane eziboshwe esigumbini se-volcano ephuzile. I-General ephethe umyalo waleso sisebenzi yavuleka ngokucacile ukuqothulwa kwazo zonke iziPhilippines.

Ekuthengiseni iMpi e-Iraq, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi uSaddam Hussein wayesebenzise izikhali zamakhemikhali, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukugwema ukuthi wayenze kanjalo ngosizo lwe-US. UGeorge Orwell wabhala ku-1948,

"Izenzo zibhekwa ukuthi zilungile noma zimbi, hhayi ngokwabo, kodwa ngokusho ukuthi ubani ozenzayo, futhi akusikho uhlobo lokuthukuthela, ukuxhaphazwa kwabantu, ukuboshwa kwabasebenzi, ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuboshwa ngaphandle kokuvivinywa, ukucutshungulwa, ukubulala, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu - okungawushintshi umbala walo wokuziphatha uma uzibophezele 'eceleni' kwethu. . . . Uhlanga alugcini nje ukungazivumeli izinyathelo ezenzelwe uhlangothi lwakhe, kodwa unekhono eliphawulekayo lokungazizwa ngisho nabo. "

Ngesinye isikhathi kufanele sikhulume umbuzo wokuthi ngabe ubuhlungu buyisisusa sangempela sabahleli bempi, okumele kusiholele ekubukeni nombuzo wokuthi impi iyisithuluzi esihle kakhulu sokuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa.

Isigaba: I-PLANK INYE YETHU LETHU

Umlando we-United States, ngokudabukisayo, ungenye yamanga amakhulu. Sitshelwa ukuthi iMexico isihlasele, lapho empeleni sibahlasela. ISpain iphika amaCuba namaPhilippines inkululeko yabo, lapho kufanele sibe yibo abaphika inkululeko yabo. IJalimane liyi-imperialism, ephazamisa ukwakha umbuso waseBrithani, waseFrance nase-US. Howard Zinn ucaphuna kusuka esikhwameni se-1939 emlandweni wakhe we-A People of the United States:

"Thina, ohulumeni base-Great Britain ne-United States, egameni laseNdiya, iBurma, iMalaya, i-Australia, i-British East Africa, iBritish Guiana, i-Hongkong, iSiam, iSingapore, i-Egypt, i-Palestine, i-Canada, i-New Zealand, i-Northern Ireland, EScotland, eWales, nasePuerto Rico, eGuam, ePhilippines, eHawaii, e-Alaska naseVirgin Islands, ngalokhu ngimemezela kakhulu ukuthi lokhu akuyona impi yama-imperialist. "

I-Royal Air Force yaseBrithani yahlala ematasa phakathi kwezimpi zomhlaba ezimbili ephonsa amabhomu e-India, futhi yathweswa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoyisa i-Iraq ngokubulala abantu abangekho noma bengakwazi ukukhokha intela. Lapho iBrithani imemezela impi eJalimane, abaseBrithani bafaka izinkulungwane zabantu eNdiya ngokuphikisa iMpi Yezwe II. Ingabe ukungabandlululo kwempi yaseBrithani eMpini Yezwe II, noma impi yamaJalimane nje?

Izitha zokuqala zamaqembu ezinqola abantu kungenzeka ukuthi zaziyizinkukhu ezinkulu, amabhere, nezinye izilwane ezazingcolisa okhokho bethu. Imidwebo yemavebe yalezi zilwane ingaba amanye ama-posters asekudala ekuqashiwe amasosha, kodwa amasha awazange ashintshe okuningi. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II amaNazi asebenzisa iphosta ebonisa izitha zawo njengezi-gorilla, ekopisha iphosta eyayivezwe nguhulumeni waseMelika empini yokuqala yezwe ukuze idonsa noma ihlanganise nabantu baseJalimane. I-American version ithathe amagama athi "Hlanganisa Le Mad Brute," futhi ikopishwe emaphosta asekuqaleni yiBrithani. Ama-posters ase-US phakathi neMpi Yezwe II futhi ebonisa amaJapane njengama-gorilla nezindlovu zegazi.

Inkulumo-ze yaseBrithani neyaseMelika eyanxenxa abaseMelika ukuba balwe eMpini Yezwe I yagxila ekwenzeni amademoni amaJalimane ngenxa yezenzo zonya eziqanjiwe ezenziwa eBelgium. IKomidi Lezokwaziswa Komphakathi, eliphethwe nguGeorge Creel esikhundleni sikaMongameli uWoodrow Wilson, lihlele “Amadoda Amane Amaminithi” anikeze izinkulumo ezisekela impi ezinkundleni zemidlalo yamabhayisikobho phakathi nemizuzu emine eyithathile ukushintsha ama-reels. Isampula senkulumo ephrintwe kwi-Four Minute Men Bulletin yekomidi ngoJanuwari 2, 1918, ifundeka kanje:

"Ngesikhathi sihlezi lapha kulobubusuku sijabulela ukubonisa isithombe, uyaqaphela yini ukuthi izinkulungwane zabaseBelgium, abantu njengathi, baswele ebugqilini ngaphansi kwamakhosi asePrussia? . . . I-Prussian 'Schrecklichkeit' (inqubomgomo enobungozi yobuphekula) iholela ebubini obungathandeki besotten. Amasosha aseJalimane. . . babevame ukuphoqelelwa ukuthanda kwabo, bona ngokwabo bekhala, ukwenza imiyalo engaqondakali ngokumelene namadoda amadala, abesifazane nabantwana abangenakuzivikela. . . . Ngokwesibonelo, ekudleni abafazi nabantwana bama-40 baphoqeleka ukuba babone ukubulawa kwabayeni babo nobaba. "

Labo abenza noma abakholelwa ukuthi benze ububi obunjalo bangaphathwa njengabantu abangaphansi kwesintu. (Nakuba amaJalimane enza ububi eBelgium naphakathi kwempi, labo abathola ukunakekelwa kakhulu manje sebeyaziwa ukuthi baye baqanjwa noma bahlala bengenakuqhathaniswa futhi bekungabaza kakhulu.)

Ngo-1938, abezokungcebeleka baseJapan baqamba amanga bachaza amasosha amaShayina njengamahluleki okususa izidumbu zawo ngemuva kwempi, ewashiya ezilwaneni nasemvelweni. Lokhu ngokusobala kwasiza ekuthetheleleni amaJapane ekulweni neChina. Amasosha aseJalimane ahlasela i-Ukraine phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ayengaguqula ukunikela ngamabutho aseSoviet ohlangothini lwawo, kepha ahluleka ukwamukela ukuzinikela kwawo ngoba ayengakwazi ukuwabona njengabantu. Ukukhuthazwa kwamademoni aseMelika ngamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kwaba nempumelelo enkulu kangangokuba amasosha ase-US akuthola kunzima ukuvimba amasosha ase-US ekubulaleni amasosha aseJapan ayezama ukuzinikela. Kwakunezigameko futhi zokuthi abaseJapan bazenze ngathi bayanikela bese behlasela, kepha lezo azichazi le nto.

Izinyathelo zaseJapane zaziziningi futhi zihlambalaza, futhi azidingi ukwakha. Amaphosta ase-United States nama-kathathu abonisa isiJapane njengezinambuzane nezimbongolo. I-Australian General Sir Thomas Blamey utshele i-New York Times:

"Ukulwa namaJaps akufani nokulwa nabantu abavamile. IJap ingumuntu ongeyena omboni. . . . Asibheki nabantu njengoba sibazi. Sisebenzelana nento ethile embi. Amabutho ethu anombono ofanele we-Japs. Bawabona njengevermin. "

I-US Army poll ku-1943 ithola ukuthi ingxenye engaba ingxenye yawo wonke ama-GI akholelwa ukuthi kuzodingeka ukuthi kubulawe wonke amaJapane emhlabeni. Umlobi we-War Edgar L. Jones wabhala ngo-February 1946 Atlantic Monthly,

"Yiluphi uhlobo lwempi abahlali abacabanga ukuthi sasilwa nhlobo? Sidubule iziboshwa egazini legazi, sichitha izibhedlela, sasibulala izikebhe zokuphila, sabulala noma sahlukumeza izakhamuzi zesitha, saqeda isitha esilimele, saxosha abafayo emgodini wabafileyo, futhi inyama yaseBacific ibilisiwe emasongweni ezitha ukuze senze imidwebo yetafula ama-sweethearts, noma aqoshe amathambo abo abe ngabavuli bezincwadi. "

Amasosha akenzi lokho kuhlobo kubantu. Bakwenza ezilwaneni ezimbi.

Eqinisweni, izitha empini azikho ngaphansi nje komuntu. Banobudemoni. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango yase-US, uHerman Melville wagcizelela ukuthi iNyakatho yayilwela izulu kanti iNingizimu yayisilwela isihogo, ebhekisa eNingizimu ngokuthi “uLusifa oselusizile osesizile.” Ngesikhathi seVietnam, njengoba uSusan Brewer elandisa encwadini yakhe ethi Why America Fights,

"Ababhali bezimpi bavame ukuxoxisana nabo 'abahlali bezakhamuzi' bekhuluma nezinsizwa ezincane ezazizobizwa ngegama, isikhundla kanye nomuzi wakubo. Isosha lizokhuluma ngokuthi 'lapha ukwenza umsebenzi' futhi lizwakalise ukuzethemba ekugcineni lizokwenza. . . . Ngokuphambene nalokho, isitha sasihlehliswa ngokusakazwa kwezindaba. Amabutho aseMelika asho isitha ngokuthi 'ama-gooks,' 'amathafa,' noma 'ama-dinks.' "

Ikhathuni lokuhlela laseGulf War eMiami Herald likhombise uSaddam Hussein njengesicabucabu esikhulu esihlasela i-United States. UHussein wayehlala eqhathaniswa no-Adolf Hitler. Ngo-Okthoba 9, 1990, intombazane eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala yaseKwaiti yatshela ikomidi lebandla laseMelika ukuthi ibone amasosha ase-Iraq ekhipha izingane eziyi-15 esikhwameni sokuxilonga esibhedlela saseKwaiti azishiya phansi zifele. Amanye amalungu e-congress, kuhlanganise noTom Lantos ongasekho (D., Calif.), Awazi kepha awutshelanga umphakathi wase-US ukuthi le ntombazane iyindodakazi yenxusa laseKwaiti e-United States, nokuthi uqeqeshwe yi-US enkulu inkampani yezobudlelwano nomphakathi ekhokhwe uhulumeni waseKwaiti, nokuthi babungekho obunye ubufakazi bendaba. UMongameli uGeorge HW Bush usebenzise indaba yezingane esezifile amahlandla ayishumi ezinsukwini ezingama-10 ezizayo, kanti amasenator ayisikhombisa bayisebenzise engxoxweni yeSenate ngokuthi bayasivuma yini isenzo samasosha. Umkhankaso we-Kuwaiti wokukhipha imininingwane engalindelekile ngempi yaseGulf uzophindwaphindwa ngempumelelo ngamaqembu ase-Iraq athanda ushintsho kuhulumeni wase-Iraq eminyakeni eyishumi nambili kamuva.

Ingabe izinhlanzi ezinjalo ziyingxenye edingekayo yenqubo yokuvuselela imizwelo ebuthakathaka 'yemisebenzi edingeka ngempela futhi ehloniphekile yempi? Sonke, ngamunye wethu, ohlakaniphile nokwazi abantu abahlala ngaphakathi okufanele babekezelele ukuthi baqamba amanga ngoba abanye abaqondi nje? Lo mkhakha wokucabanga wawuyoba nethonya elikhulu uma izimpi zenza okuhle okungenakwenziwa ngaphandle kwabo futhi uma bekwenza ngaphandle kokulimala. Izimpi ezimbili ezinamandla neminyaka eminingi yokuqhuma amabhomu nokunciphisa kamuva, umbusi omubi we-Iraq wayehambile, kodwa sasizichitha izigidigidi zamaRandi; izigidi ezingama-Iraq zase zifile; izigidi ezine zazithunjwa futhi zahluleka futhi zishiywa; ubudlova bekuyo yonke indawo; ukuhweba ngokocansi kwakusakhula; ingqalasizinda eyisisekelo kagesi, amanzi, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwaba yincithakalo (ngokuyingxenye ngenxa yenhloso ye-US yokubheka izimpahla ze-Iraq ngenzuzo); isikhathi sokuphila sehlile; Amanani omdlavuza eFallujah ayedlulele labo aseHiroshima; Amaqembu amaphekula ase-US asebenzisa umsebenzi we-Iraq njengethuluzi lokuqasha; kwakungekho uhulumeni osebenzayo e-Iraq; futhi abaningi base-Iraq bathi babengcono kakhulu noSaddam Hussein. Kumelwe siqambe amanga ngenxa yalokhu? Ngempela?

Yiqiniso, uSaddam Hussein wenza izinto ezimbi zangempela. Wabulala futhi wahlukumeza. Kodwa wabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu ngokulwa ne-Iran lapho i-United States yamsiza khona. Kungenzeka ukuthi wayeyinto ehlanzekile yobubi, ngaphandle kwesizwe sethu esidinga ukufaneleka njenge-epitome yobuhle obungapheli. Kodwa kungani amaMelika, kabili, ngandlela-thile, akhethe izikhathi eziqondile lapho uhulumeni wethu efuna ukwenza impi ukuthukuthela ububi bukaSaddam Hussein? Kungani ababusi baseSaudi Arabia, eduze nje komnyango, bangekho isizathu sokucindezeleka ezinhliziyweni zethu zokusiza? Ingabe singama-opportunistic ngokomzwelo, sithuthukisa inzondo kuphela kulabo esinethuba lokungaqali noma lokubulala? Noma ingabe labo abasifundisayo ukuthi ngubani okufanele sizondane le nyanga laba bantu abanamathuba angempela?

Isigaba: I-JINGOISM E-RACIST E-BIGOTED ISIZA UMTHETHO WONKE

Okwenza amanga amahle kakhulu futhi angabhalwe phansi angabeka ukwehlukana nobandlululo, ngokumelene nabanye futhi ngokuthanda kwethu. Ngaphandle kokuhlukunyezwa ngokwenkolo, ukucwasa ubandlululo kanye ne-jingoism yezwe, izwe liyoba nzima ukuthengisa.

Inkolo sekuyisikhathi eside isilungele izimpi, ezazilwelwa onkulunkulu ngaphambi kokuba zilwelwa amaharahara, amakhosi, nabamakhosi. Uma uBarbara Ehrenreich enempilo yakhe encwadini yakhe ethi Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War, abaqaphi bokuqala bezimpi babekulwa nezimpi, izingwe kanye nezinye izidumbu ezimbi zabantu. Eqinisweni, lezo zilwane ezidalwa yizilwane zingase zibe yizinto ezisisekelo ezivela kuyo onkulunkulu - futhi ama-drones angenalutho okuthiwa (isib. "I-Predator"). "Umhlatshelo wokugcina" empini ungase uhlotshaniswe ngokujulile nomkhuba womhlatshelo womuntu njengoba wawukhona ngaphambi kwezimpi njengoba siyazi ukuthi waba khona. Imizwelo (hhayi izivumelwane noma okufeziwe, kodwa ezinye izinzwa) zenkolo nempi ingase ifane kakhulu, uma ingafani, ngoba le mikhuba emibili inomlando ovamile futhi awukaze ube kude kakhulu.

Imikhosi kanye nezimpi zamakholoni kanye nezinye izimpi eziningi ziye zaba nezizathu zenkolo. AmaMelika alwa izimpi zenkolo ngezizukulwane eziningi ngaphambi kwempi yokuzibusa ngaphandle kweNgilandi. UCaptain John Underhill e-1637 wachaza impi yakhe enobuqhawe ekwenzeni i-Pequot:

"UCaptaine Mason wangena eWigwam, wakhipha umlilo, ngemuva kokulimala abaningi endlini; khona-ke u-hee wabeka umlilo ngaseNtshonalanga. . . I-selfe yabeka umlilo ekupheleni kweSouth nge-Traine of Powder, imililo yomabili kokuhlangana phakathi kwe Fort yavutha kakhulu kakhulu, yashisa konke endaweni ye-halfe i-houre; abantu abaningi abathandekayo babengafuni ukuphuma, balwa kakhulu kakhulu. . . ngakho-ke njengoba bevutha futhi bashiswa. . . futhi kwabhubha kanjalo ngesibindi. . . Eziningi zashiswa eFort, kokubili amadoda, abesifazane nabantwana. "

Lokhu ku-Underhill kuchaza njengempi engcwele:

"INkosi iyajabula ukusebenzisela abantu bayo izinkathazo nezinhlupheko, ukuze yena abonakale kubo ngesihe, futhi abonise ngokucacile umusa wakhe wamahhala emiphefumulweni yabo."

Ngaphansi komkhumbi kusho umphefumulo wakhe, futhi abantu bakaJehova bangabantu abamhlophe. AbaseMelika baseMelika kungenzeka ukuthi babe nesibindi futhi banesibindi, kodwa babengaziwa njengabantu ngokugcwele. Eminyakeni emibili nengxenye kamuva, abaningi baseMelika basebenze umbono obaluleke kakhulu, futhi abaningi babengenalo. UMengameli uWilliam McKinley wayebheka amaPhilippines njengesidingo somsebenzi wezempi ngokwabo. USusan Brewer ulandisa ngale ndaba evela kumfundisi:

"Ekhuluma nethimba lamaMethodisti ku-1899, [McKinley] wagcizelela ukuthi wayengafuni iPhilippines futhi 'lapho beza kithi, njengesipho esivela konkulunkulu, bengingazi ukuthi benzeni nabo.' Wachaza ukuthandaza ngamadolo ukuze athole isiqondiso lapho kufika ukuthi kuyoba 'ukwesaba nokwesaba' ukunikeza iziqhingi eSpain, 'ibhizinisi elibi' ukuwanikeza abathengisi bezentengiselwano eJalimane naseFrance, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuwashiya 'i-anarchy ne-misrule' ngaphansi kwamaPhilippines angafanelekile. Uthi: "Akukho lutho esiluthole ukuba sikwenze," kodwa wathi: "Ngithathe konke, futhi ngifundise amaPhilippines, futhi ngiphakamise futhi ngiphakamise futhi ngikuKristu." Kule ndaba yokuqondiswa kukaNkulunkulu, uMcKinley akazange akhulume ukuthi iningi labantu basePhilippines lalingamaRoma Katolika noma ukuthi iPhilippines yayineminyaka eyinkulungwane ephakeme kunaHarvard. "

Akungabazeki ukuthi amalungu amaningi ethimba lamaMethodist ababuza ubuhlakani bukaMcKinley. Njengoba uHarold Lasswell aphawula ngo-1927, “Amasonto cishe kuzo zonke izincazelo kungathenjelwa kuwo ukubusisa impi ethandwayo, nokubona kuyo njengethuba lokunqoba kwanoma iyiphi indlela yokwesaba uNkulunkulu abakhetha ukuyiqhubekisela phambili.” Okudingekayo, kusho uLasswell, ukuthola "abefundisi abadumile" ukuze basekele impi, futhi "kuzokhanya izibani ezincane ngemuva kwalokho." Amaphosta e-Propaganda ase-United States ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I abonisa uJesu egqoke u-khaki futhi ebona phansi umgqomo wezibhamu. ULasswell wayephila empini eyayilwa namaJalimane, abantu okwakungabenkolo enkulu efanayo nabaseMelika. Kulula kangakanani ukusebenzisa inkolo ezimpini ezilwa namaSulumane ekhulwini lama-XNUMX leminyaka. UKarim Karim, onguprofesa osebenza naye eCarleton University's School of Journalism and Communication, uyabhala:

"Isithombe esisekelwe ngokomlando 'samaSulumane amabi' siye sabasiza kakhulu ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga abahlela ukuhlasela amazwe amaningi amaSulumane. Uma umbono womphakathi emazweni abo ungaqiniseka ukuthi amaSulumane ayamahloni futhi ahlukumezekile, bese ebabulala futhi bebhubhisa impahla yabo kubonakala kuyamukeleka. "

Empeleni, empeleni, inkolo yomuntu ayikhombisi ukulwa nabo, futhi abaengameli base-US abasasayikuthi bayakwenza. Kodwa ukuguqulwa kwamaKrestu kuvamile emasosha ase-US, futhi inzondo yamaSulumane. Amasosha aye abikele eMpiitary Religious Freedom Foundation ukuthi lapho befuna ukululekwa kwezempilo yengqondo, baye bathunyelwa kubafundisi kodwa banikezele ukuba bahlale 'empini' ukuze 'babulale amaSulumane ngoKristu.'

Inkolo ingasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza inkolelo yokuthi lokho okwenzayo kuhle ngisho noma kungenangqondo kuwe. Umuntu ophakeme uyakuqonda, ngisho noma ungakwenzi. Inkolo ingayinikeza impilo emva kokufa kanye nenkolelo yokuthi ubulala futhi usengozini yokufa ngenxa yesizathu esiphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa inkolo akuyona yedwa umehluko weqembu ongasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izimpi. Noma yikuphi umehluko wesiko noma ulimi oluzokwenza, futhi amandla okubandlulula ukusiza izinhlobo ezimbi kunazo zonke zokuziphatha kwabantu ziqinisiwe. USenankulu u-Albert J. Beveridge (R., Ind.) Wanikela iSenate imfanelo yakhe eqondiswa uNkulunkulu empini ePhilippines:

"UNkulunkulu akakalungiseleli abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi nabaseTeutonic iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ngaphandle kwezezimali ngaphandle kokuzindla nokuzicabangela okungenangqondo nokuziqhenya. Cha! Usenzele abahleli bezwe bezwe ukuthi basungule isimiso lapho izixuku zibusa khona. "

Izimpi zomhlaba ezimbili eYurophu, ngenkathi zilwa phakathi kwezizwe manje ezicatshangwa ngokuthi "zimhlophe," ezihilelekile ngokohlanga ngokobuhlanga. Iphephandaba laseFrance i-La Croix ngo-Agasti 15, i-1914, lagubha "isizwe esidala samaGauls, amaRoma, namaFulentshi aphinde abuyele ngaphakathi kwethu," futhi wathi

"AmaJalimane kumele ahlanjululwe ebhange elingakwesokunxele se-Rhine. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezidabukisayo kumele zibuyisele emuva emingceleni yazo. I-Gauls yaseFrance neBelgium kufanele ikhumbule lo mhlaseli ngenkani, ngokuphindaphindiwe. Impi yomncintiswano ibonakala. "

Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva kwaba ukuphenduka kwe-United States ukulahlekelwa ingqondo yayo. NgoDisemba 7, 1917, Congressman Walter Chandler (D., Tenn.) Wamemezela phansi eNdlu:

"Kuye kwathiwa uma uzohlaziya igazi lomJuda ngaphansi kwe-microscope, uzothola i-Talmud ne-Old Bible ezungeze izinhlayiya ezithile. Uma uhlaziya igazi lommeleli waseJalimane noma weTeuton uzothola izibhamu zomshini kanye nezinhlayiyana zama-shells namabhomu azungeze egazini. . . . Ukulwa nabo kuze kube yilapho ubhubhisa lonke iqembu. "

Lolu hlobo lokucabanga alusiza nje ekunciphiseni izincwadi zokuhlola izimali eziphuma emaphoyiseni amalungu ebandla, kodwa nokuvumela abantu abasha abathumele empini ukuba benze ukubulawa. Njengoba sizobona esahlukweni sesihlanu, ukubulala akufiki kalula. Mayelana ne-98 amaphesenti abantu bavame ukulwa nokubulala abanye abantu. Muva nje, isazi sengqondo sathuthukisa indlela yokuvumela i-US Navy ukuba ilungiselele kangcono ababulali ukubulala. Ihlanganisa amasu,

". . . ukuze abesilisa bacabange ngezitha ezingaba khona ukuthi bazobhekana nazo njengoba izinhlobo ezingezansi zokuphila [namafilimu] zihlose ukwethula isitha njengabantu abangaphansi kwesintu: ubuwula bemikhuba yendawo buhlekwa usulu, ubuntu bendawo bubekwe njengamademigods amabi. "

Kulula kakhulu isosha lase-US ukuthi libulale i-haji kunabantu, njengoba kwakulula kumabutho amaNazi ukuba abulale abantu abangapheli kunabantu bangempela. UWilliam Halsey, owayala amabutho aseMelika aseNtshonalanga Pacific ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, wacabanga ngenjongo yakhe ngokuthi "Ukubulala Japs, ukubulala iJaps, ukubulala amaJaps amaningi," futhi wafunga ukuthi lapho impi isiphelile, ulimi lwaseJapane kwakuyokhulunywa kuphela esihogweni.

Uma impi iguquke njengendlela yamadoda abulala izilwane ezinkulu ukuba ahlale ematasa ebulala amanye amadoda njengoba lezo zilwane zafa, njengoba kusho u-Ehrenreich, ukubambisana nokucwasana nokunye okuhlukile phakathi kwamaqembu abantu kuyinto ende. Kodwa ubuzwe yiyona mithombo yamuva kakhulu, enamandla, futhi engaqondakali yokuzinikela kwangokwemvelo ehambelana nempi, futhi yona eyakhe ngokwakhiwa kwempi. Ngenkathi ama-knights endala ayezofela inkazimulo yawo, amadoda nabesifazane banamuhla bayokufa ngenxa yendwangu ebomvu yengubo enemibala engabakhathaleli lutho. Ngosuku olulandelayo i-United States yamemezela impi eSpain ku-1898, umbuso wokuqala (eNew York) wadlulisela umthetho odinga ukuthi izingane zesikole zibingelela ifulegi lase-US. Abanye babezokulandela. Ubuzwe buyizinkolo ezintsha.

Kubikwa ukuthi uSamuel Johnson uthi ukuthanda izwe kuyisiphephelo sokugcina somuntu oshaywayo, kanti abanye baye basikisela ukuthi, ngokuphambene nalokho, yilokuqala. Uma kuziwa ekugqugquzeleni imizwelo yempi, uma ukuhlukana okunye kungaphumeleli, kuhlale njalo lokhu: isitha asiyona yezwe lakithi futhi sibingelela ifulegi lethu. Lapho i-United States iqamba amanga ngokujulile eMpini yeVietnam, bonke ngaphandle kwababenenja ababili bavotela isinqumo seGulf of Tonkin. Omunye walaba ababili, uWayne Morse (D., Ore.) Utshele ezinye izintshumayelo ukuthi utshelwe yiPentagon ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kweNorth Vietnam yaseNorth Vietnam kwakucasuliwe. Njengoba kuzoxoxwa esahlukweni sesibili, ulwazi lukaMorse lwalungile. Noma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa kwakuzocasuliwe. Kodwa, njengoba sizobona, ukuhlaselwa ngokwayo kwakuyiqiniso. Osebenza nabo baseMorse abazange bamphikise ngenxa yokuthi wayephutha, noma kunjalo. Esikhundleni salokho, isenenja yamtshela:

"I-Hell Wayne, awukwazi ukulwa nomongameli lapho wonke amafulegi evuleka futhi sesizoya emhlanganweni wesizwe. Bonke [uMengameli] uLyndon [Johnson] ufuna isigaba sephepha esitshela ukuthi senze khona lapho, futhi simsekela. "

Njengoba impi iqhubeka iminyaka, ibulala ngokungenamqondo izigidi zabantu, amaseneta eKomidini Lobudlelwano Namazwe axoxa ngasese ngokukhathazeka kwabo ukuthi babekade beqanjelwe amanga. Kodwa-ke bakhetha ukuthula, futhi amarekhodi eminye yaleyo mihlangano ayizange ivezwe emphakathini kuze kube ngu-2010. Amafulegi abekade ebabaza yonke le minyaka.

Impi ilungele ukuthanda izwe njengoba ukuthanda izwe kuyimpi. Lapho kuqala iMpi Yezwe I, ososayensi abaningi baseYurophu bahlangana namafulegi abo ahlukahlukene ezwe futhi bashiya umzabalazo wabo wabasebenzi bamazwe omhlaba. Namanje, akukho lutho oluthinta ukuphikisana kwamaMelika nezinhlaka zomhlaba wonke zikahulumeni njengokuthanda kwethu impi nokugcizelela ukuthi amasosha ase-US angalokothi abe ngaphansi kwanoma iliphi igunya ngaphandle kweWashington, DC

Isigaba: ABAKHONA IMININGI IMINYAKA EYESIKHATHI, ABASEBENZA ABAHLULELI

Kodwa izimpi azilwi ngokumelene namafulegi noma imibono, izizwe noma abashiqela abedemoni. Balwa nabantu, amaphesenti angu-98 awo aphikisana nokubulala, futhi iningi lawo lalincane noma alihlangani nokuletha empini. Enye indlela yokuhlenga labo bantu ukufaka esikhundleni sabo bonke ngesithombe somuntu oyedwa oyedwa.

UMarlin Fitzwater, uNobhala Wezindaba ZaseNtshonalanga YaseNtshonalanga YabeMengameli uRonald Reagan noGeorge HW Bush, bathi impi "kulula ukuba abantu baqonde uma kukhona ubuso nesitha." Wanikeza izibonelo: "UHitler, Ho Chi Minh, Saddam Hussein, Milosevic . "I-Fitzwater kungenzeka yayihlanganisa negama elithi Manuel Antonio Noriega. Ngesikhathi umengameli wokuqala uBush efuna, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukufakazela ukuthi akayena "wimp" ngokuhlaselwa iPanama ku-1989, ukulungiswa okuvelele kakhulu ukuthi umholi wePanama wayeyisidakamizwa, izidakamizwa-eziphazamisekile, ziphethe ubuso obunamaphutha obathandayo ukuphinga. Isihloko esibalulekile kuNew York Times esibi kakhulu ngoDisemba 26, i-1989, saqala:

"Indunankulu yezempi yase-United States lapha, eveze uGeneral Manuel Antonio Noriega njengobushiqela onqabile, owenzela i-cocaine, othandaza ku-voodoo onkulunkulu, umemezele namuhla ukuthi umholi obekwe phansi wayegqoke izingubo zangaphansi ezibomvu futhi wazitholela izifebe."

Ungakhathazeki ukuthi uNoriega wayesebenzele i-US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), kufaka phakathi nesikhathi ayebile ngaso ukhetho luka-1984 ePanama. Ungalokothi ukhumbule ukuthi icala lakhe langempela ubenqaba ukusekela impi yase-US elwa neNicaragua. Ungakhathazeki ukuthi i-United States yayazi ngokushushumbisa izidakamizwa zikaNoriega iminyaka eminingi futhi yaqhubeka nokusebenza naye. Le ndoda ihogele i-cocaine ngezingubo zangaphansi ezibomvu nabesifazane hhayi unkosikazi wayo. “Lokho kuwubudlova njengoba nje nokuhlasela kuka-Adolf Hitler ePoland eminyakeni engama-50 edlule kwakungubudlova,” kusho iPhini likaNobhala Wombuso uLawrence Eagleburger ngokushushumbisa izidakamizwa zikaNoriega. Abakhululi baseMelika ababehlasela baze bathi bathola inqwaba yecocaine komunye wemizi kaNoriega, yize kwagcina kungama-tamales asongwe ngamaqabunga kabhanana. Futhi kuthiwani uma ama-tamales abeyi-cocaine ngempela? Ngabe lokho, njengokutholwa "kwezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu" eBaghdad ngo-2003 bekungaba nezizathu zempi?

Inkulumo kaFitzwater ethi "Milosevic" yayiyiSlobodan Milosevic, ngaleso sikhathi uMongameli waseSerbia, uDavid Nyhan weBoston Globe ngoJanuwari 1999 ebiza ngokuthi "into esondelene kakhulu neHitler Europe iye yabhekana nekhulu leminyaka edlule." Ngaphandle kwalokho, wazi, kubo bonke abanye. Nge-2010, umkhuba wezepolitiki zasekhaya zase-US, ukuqhathanisa noma ubani ongavumelani noHitler usuvele ucishe uhlekisayo, kodwa kuwumkhuba oye wasiza ukuqala izimpi eziningi futhi kungenzeka usungula okuningi. Kodwa-ke, kuthatha amabili kuya ku-tango: ku-1999, ama-Serbs ayebiza umongameli wase-United States "uBill Hitler."

Entwasahlobo ka-1914, emidlalo yaseshashalazini e-Tours, eFrance, umfanekiso kaWilhelm II, uMbusi waseJalimane, weza esikrinini isikhashana. Yonke isihogo siphumelekile.

"Wonke umuntu wamemeza futhi ekhwela ngamabhongo, amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane, njengokungathi baqalekiswe. Abantu abathandekayo beTours, ababengazi ngokuphathelene nezwe nezombangazwe kunalokho ababekufundile emaphephandabeni abo, babephuthuma ngokushesha, "

ngokusho kukaStefan Zweig. Kepha amaFrance abengeke alwe noKaiser Wilhelm II. Bazobe belwa nabantu abavamile okwenzeka ukuthi bazalwe buqamama nabo eJalimane.

Ngokwandisa, eminyakeni edlule, sitshelwa ukuthi izimpi azihambisani nabantu, kodwa ngokumelene nohulumeni ababi nabaholi babo ababi. Esikhathini esithile siwela ngenxa yezimpendulo ezikhathele ngezizukulwane ezintsha ze "izikhali" ezenza abaholi bethu bazenze sengathi bangabhekisela emibusweni ecindezelayo ngaphandle kokulimaza abantu esibacabanga ukuthi siyabakhulula. Futhi silwa izimpi ukuze "sishintshe umbuso." Uma izimpi zingapheli lapho umbuso ushintshiwe, kungenxa yokuthi sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela izidalwa "ezingafaneleki," izingane ezincane, lezo zimbuso esiziguqulile . Noma kunjalo, akukho irekhodi elisekelwe kulokhu okwenza noma yini enhle. I-United States kanye nama-allies ayo ahambisana kahle neJalimane neJapane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kodwa kungenzeka ukuba enze kanjalo eJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I futhi weqa umphumela. IJalimane neJapane zancishiswa, futhi amasosha ase-US asaphumi. Lokhu akuyona imodeli ewusizo yezimpi ezintsha.

Ngezimpi noma ngezenzo ezifana nempi i-United States igumbuqele ohulumeni eHawaii, eCuba, ePuerto Rico, ePhilippines, eNicaragua, eHonduras, e-Iran, eGuatemala, eVietnam, eChile, eGrenada, ePanama, e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, ingasaphathwa eyeCongo (1960) ); I-Ecuador (1961 & 1963); IBrazil (1961 & 1964); iDominican Republic (1961 & 1963); IGrisi (1965 & 1967); IBolivia (1964 & 1971); I-El Salvador (1961); IGuyana (1964); I-Indonesia (1965); IGhana (1966); futhi iHaiti (1991 no-2004). Sithathe indawo yentando yeningi esikhundleni sobushiqela, ubushiqela saba nezinxushunxushu, futhi nomthetho wendawo waphatha nokubusa kwe-US. Akunasimo lapho sibunciphise ngokusobala ububi. Ezimweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi i-Iran ne-Iraq, ukuhlaselwa yi-US kanye ne-coups esekelwa yi-US kuholele ekucindezelweni okunzima, ukunyamalala, ukubulawa okungekho enkantolo, ukuhlukunyezwa, inkohlakalo kanye nezingqinamba ezihlala isikhathi eside ezifisweni zentando yeningi zabantu abavamile.

Ukugxila kubusi bezimpi akushukunyiswa yizenzo zabantu njengenkulumo-ze. Abantu bajabulela ukucabanga ukuthi impi iyisibili phakathi kwabaholi abakhulu. Lokhu kudinga ukudambisa omunye nokukhazimulisa omunye.

Isigaba: UKUBA UNGAKHAMBI NAMAHLA, UNGASEBENZA AMA-TYRANTS, UBULUNGA NAZISM

Izwe laseMelika lazalwa ngaphandle kwempi yokulwa nomuntu waseKing George, amacala akhe abhalwe kuDeclaration of Independence. UGeorge Washington naye wakhazinyuliswa ngokufanayo. INkosi uGeorge waseNgilandi kanye nohulumeni wakhe babenecala ngalezi zinsolo, kepha amanye amakoloni athola amalungelo nokuzimela ngaphandle kwempi. Njengazo zonke izimpi, noma ngabe zindala kangakanani futhi zikhazimula kanjani, i-American Revolution yayiqhutshwa ngamanga. Indaba ye-Boston Massacre, isibonelo, yahlanekezelwa ngaphezu kokuqashelwa, kufaka phakathi nokuqoshwa kukaPaul Revere okwakuveza abaseBrithani njengabanikazi benyama. UBenjamin Franklin wakhipha udaba olungelona iqiniso lweBoston Independent lapho abaseBrithani baziqhayisa ngokuzingela isikhumba sasekhanda. UThomas Paine nabanye abapheshisi bathengise amakholoni ngempi, kepha hhayi ngaphandle kokuqondiswa kabi nezithembiso ezingamanga. UWoward Zinn uchaza okwenzekile:

"Emhlabeni we-1776, abantu abathintekayo emakoloni aseNgilandi benza ukutholakala okuzofakazela kakhulu kakhulu eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili ezayo. Bathola ukuthi ngokudala isizwe, uphawu, ubunye obungokomthetho olubizwa ngokuthi i-United States, bangathatha umhlaba, inzuzo, kanye namandla ezombangazwe avela ezintandweni zoMbuso waseBrithani. Kule nqubo, bangabambelela eziningana zokuhlubuka futhi bavumelane ngokusekelwa okuthandwayo ekubuseni ubuholi obusha, obunelungelo. "

Njengoba uZinn esho, ngaphambi kwenguquko, kube nokuvukelwa okungu-18 kohulumeni bamakholoni, ukuhlubuka kwabamnyama abayisithupha, kanye nezidubedube ezingama-40, futhi izikhulu zezepolitiki zabona kungenzeka ukubuyisela intukuthelo eNgilandi. Noma kunjalo, abampofu ababengeke bazuze empini noma bavune imivuzo yayo yezepolitiki kwakudingeka baphoqwe ngenkani ukuba balwe kuyo. Abaningi, kufaka phakathi izigqila bathembisa inkululeko enkulu ngabaseBrithani, izinhlangothi ezilahliwe noma ezishintshiwe. Ukujeziswa kwabaphula umthetho e-Continental Army kwaba yimivimbo eyikhulu. Ngenkathi uGeorge Washington, indoda ecebe kakhulu eMelika, engakwazanga ukukholisa iCongress ukuthi inyuse umkhawulo osemthethweni ube yimivimbo engu-100, wacabanga ukusebenzisa umsebenzi onzima njengesijeziso, kepha wawushiya lowo mbono ngoba ukusebenza kanzima bekungeke kuhlukaniswe nomsebenzi ojwayelekile i-Continental Army. Amasosha nawo ashiya ngoba ayedinga ukudla, okokwembatha, indawo yokuhlala, imithi nemali. Babhalisela ukukhokhelwa, abakhokhelwa, futhi babeka engcupheni impilo yemindeni yabo ngokuhlala eMbuthweni bengakhokhelwe. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zazingavumelani noma ziphikisana nesizathu ababelwela nokuhlupheka ngaso. Ukuhlubuka okudumile, njengokuvukela kukaShays eMassachusetts kuzolandela ukunqoba okuguqukayo.

Amaphekula aseMelika aphinde akwazi ukuvula entshonalanga ekwandiseni nasezimpi ngokumelene namaMelika aseMelika, into eyabelwe iBritish. I-American Revolution, isenzo sokuzalwa kanye nenkululeko ye-United States, nayo yayiyimpi yokwandisa nokunqoba. INkosi George, ngokusho kweSimemezelo se-Independence, "yayizama ukuletha izakhamuzi zomngcele wethu, amaSavages angenabubele." Yiqiniso, labo babengabantu abalwa nokuvikela amazwe abo nokuphila kwabo. Ukunqoba eYorktown kwakuyizindaba ezimbi zekusasa labo, njengoba iNgilandi isayina amazwe abo phezu kwesizwe esisha.

Enye impi engcwele emlandweni wase-US, iMpi Yombango, yalwa - abaningi bakholwa - ukuze baqede ububi bobugqila. Eqinisweni, lowo mgomo wawuyisizathu sokuthi impi isivele iqhubeka, njengokufana nentando yeningi ekusakazeni i-Iraq yaba yisisulu sokulwa kwempi eqale ngo-2003 egameni lokuqeda izikhali eziqanjiwe. Eqinisweni, umsebenzi wokuqeda ubugqila kwakudingeka ukuthi kulungiswe impi eyayisabekayo kakhulu ukuze iqondwe yilo mgomo wezepolitiki ongenalutho "wezinyunyana." Ukuthanda izwe kwakungakaze kukhukhumezeke kakhulu kulokhu kukhulu namuhla. Ama-casualties ayekhuphuka ngokuqinile: 25,000 eShilo, i-20,000 ku-Bull Run, i-24,000 ngosuku lwe-Antietam. Ngemva kwesonto ngemuva kwe-Antietam, uLincoln wakhipha isimemezelo sika-Emancipation, okwakhululwa izigqila lapho uLincoln engakwazi ukukhulula khona izigqila ngaphandle kokunqoba impi. (Imiyalo yakhe yakhulula izigqila kuphela emazweni aseningizimu ayezimele, hhayi emngceleni osele ehlangene.) Isazi-mlando saseYalema u-Harry Stout sichaza ukuthi kungani uLincoln ethatha lesi sinyathelo:

"Ngokubalwa kukaLincoln, ukubulawa kumele kuqhubeke ngezikali eziphakeme. Kodwa ukuze lokho kuphumelele, abantu kumele bavunyelwe ukuchitha igazi ngaphandle kokubhuka. Lokhu, kwadingeka ukuba kube nokuqiniseka ukuthi ukubulawa kwaba okulungile. Ukukhululwa kuphela - ikhadi lokugcina likaLincoln - lingahlinzeka ngale ndlela. "

Isimemezelo sasebenza futhi ngokumelene neNgilandi ekungeneni empini ngaseceleni kweNingizimu.

Asikwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kuzokwenzekani kwamakoloni ngaphandle kwezinguquko noma ubugqila ngaphandle kweMpi Yombango. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi iningi lezwe lonke laphela ukubusa kwamakholoni nobugqila ngaphandle kwempi. Ukube iCongress ithole ukuhlonishwa kokuqeda ubugqila ngomthetho, mhlawumbe isizwe sasizophela ngaphandle kokuhlukana. Uma iNingizimu Melika ingavunyelwe ukuthula ngokuthula, futhi umthetho we-Slaughter Fugitive ususwe kalula yiNyakatho, kubonakala sengathi ubugqila obungenakwenzeka buyohlala isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Impi yaseMexico naseMelika, eyalwelwa ingxenye ukuze kukhuliswe ubugqila - ukwandiswa okungenzeka kwaholela ekuHlukeni kweMpi Yombango - kungakhulumi kangako. Ngesikhathi i-United States, empini yale mpi, imphoqelela iMexico ukuba ilahle izindawo zayo ezisenyakatho, isithunywa sezinyunyana saseMelika uNiclaslas Trist sasixoxisana ngokuqinile ngephutha elilodwa. Wabhalela uNobhala Wombuso wase-United States:

"Ngaqinisekisa [abaseMexico] ukuthi uma besemandleni abo ukunginika insimu yonke echazwe kuphrojekthi yethu, kwanda ngamanani ayishumi, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokhu, kuncike unyawo lonke ngegolide elihlanzekile, phezu isimo esisodwa sokuthi ubugqila kufanele bukhishwe ngaphandle, angikwazi ukujabulisa lesi sipho okwesikhashana. "

Ingabe leyo mpi yayilwa nokubi, futhi?

Impi engcwele futhi engenakuphikwa emlandweni wase-US, noma kunjalo, yiMpi Yezwe II. Ngizogcina ingxoxo egcwele yale mpi yesahluko sesine, kodwa phawula lapha kuphela engqondweni yabantu abaningi baseMelika namuhla, iMpi Yezwe II yayilungile ngenxa yobubi buka-Adolf Hitler, nokuthi lobu bubi bungatholakala ngenhla konke okushiswayo.

Kodwa ngeke uthole noma yimaphi amaphosta wokuqasha kaMalume Sam ethi "Ngikufuna. . . Ukusindisa amaJuda. "Lapho isinqumo sitholwa eSenate yase-United States e-1934 eveza" ukumangala nobuhlungu "ezenzweni zaseJalimane, nokucela ukuthi iJalimane ibuyiselwe amalungelo kumaJuda, uMnyango WezoMbuso" wabangela ukuthi ungcwatshwe ekomidini ".

I-1937 yasePoland yayisungule uhlelo lokuthumela amaJuda eMadagascar, kanti iDominican Republic nayo inamasu okuwamukela. UNdunankulu uNeville Chamberlain waseBrithani waseGrithani waphuma ngecebo lokuthumela amaJalimane eJalimane eTanganyika eMpumalanga Afrika. Abameli be-United States, iBrithani, kanye namazwe aseNingizimu Melika bahlangana eLake Geneva ngoJulayi 1938 futhi bonke bavuma ukuthi akekho wabo ozokwamukela amaJuda.

NgoNovemba 15, 1938, ababhali bezindaba bacela uMengameli uFranklin Roosevelt ukuthi kwenzekani. Uphendule ukuthi ngeke wenqabe ukuvumela abanye abafuduki ngaphandle kwesistimu yesilinganiso esivumelekile. Imithetho ekhokhwayo yenziwa eCongress ukuvumela ama-20,000 angaphansi kweminyaka engu-14 ukungena e-United States. USeninkulu uRobert Wagner (D., NY) uthe, "Izinkulungwane zemindeni yaseMelika sezivele zizwakalise ukuzimisela kwabo ukuthatha izingane zababaleki emakhaya abo." UMongameli wokuqala u-Eleanor Roosevelt wabeka eceleni ukuphikisa kwakhe ukusekela umthetho, kodwa umyeni wakhe uvinjelwe ngempumelelo kwaphela iminyaka.

Ngo-July 1940, u-Adolf Eichman, "umakhi wokushiswa," owahloselwe ukuthumela wonke amaJuda eMadagascar, manje ayengamaJalimane, eFrance. Imikhumbi yayizodinga ukulinda kuze kube yilokho iBritish, okwakusho manje uWinston Churchill, iphelile ukuvinjelwa kwayo. Lolo suku aluzange lufike. NgoNovemba 25, i-1940, isithunywa seFrance sacela uNobhala Wombuso wase-United States ukuba acabangele ukwamukela ababaleki bamaJalimane abangamaJalimane ngaleso sikhathi eFrance. NgoDisemba 21st, uNobhala kaHulumeni wenqaba. NgoJulayi 1941, amaNazi ayenqume ukuthi isixazululo sokugcina samaJuda singaba nokuhlukunyezwa kunokuxoshwa.

Ku-1942, ngosizo lweCensus Bureau, i-United States yavala ama-110,000 Japanese aseMelika aseMelika namaJapane emakamu ahlukahlukene asebenza ngaphakathi, ikakhulukazi eWest Coast, lapho ahlonishwa khona ngezinombolo kunamagama. Lesi senzo, esithathwe nguMongameli Roosevelt, sisekelwa iminyaka emibili kamuva iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States.

Ezingxenyeni ze-1943 ezingekho emthethweni amabutho ase-US ahlasele iLatinos ne-Afrika yaseMelika e-Los Angeles '"i-zoot suit riots," ebashaya futhi ebashaya emigwaqweni ngendlela eyayingenza uHitler aziqhenya. Umkhandlu waseLos Angeles City, ngomzamo ophawulekayo wokusola izisulu, waphendula ngokuvimbela isitayela sezingubo ezigqokelwe abafuduki baseMexico okuthiwa i-suit yoot.

Ngenkathi amasosha ase-US eminyene neNdlovukazi uMary ngo-1945 ebheke empini yaseYurophu, abamnyama babegcinwa behlukanisiwe nabamhlophe futhi babekwa ekujuleni komkhumbi oseduze kwegumbi lenjini, ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka emoyeni opholile, endaweni efanayo lapho abamnyama balethwa eMelika bevela e-Afrika emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambili. Amasosha ase-Afrika aseMelika asinda eMpini Yesibili Yomhlaba awakwazanga ukubuyela ekhaya ngokusemthethweni ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-United States ukube ayeshade nabesifazane abamhlophe phesheya kwezilwandle. Amasosha amhlophe ayeshade nabase-Asiya ayephikisana nemithetho efanayo yokulwa nokuziphatha kabi kwezifundazwe eziyi-15.

Kuyinto ephangazelayo ukuphakamisa ukuthi i-United States yalwa neMpi Yezwe II ngokubhekiswe kokungabi nabulungisa ngokobuhlanga noma ukusindisa amaJuda. Lokho esikutshelwe ukuthi izimpi zingezokuhluke kakhulu kulokho okuyikho ngempela.

Isigaba: IZINDABA ZAMANZI

Kule minyaka ebizwa ngokuthi ukulwa nababusi kanye nabantu abacindezelwe, iMpi YeVietnam inikeza inkinga enhle lapho inqubomgomo ye-US yayikugwema ukubhidliza uhulumeni wesitha kodwa ukusebenza kanzima ukubulala abantu bayo. Ukuqothulwa uhulumeni eHanoi, kwakusatshiswa, kwakungadonsela iChina noma iRussia empini, into e-United States eyayithemba ukuyigwema. Kodwa ukubhubhisa isizwe esasilawulwa yiHanoi kulindeleke ukuba senze ukuthi sithobele ukubusa kwe-US.

I-Afghanistan War, isivele impi ende kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-US futhi ingena ngonyaka wayo we-10th ngesikhathi le ncwadi ibhalwa, yinye into ethakazelisayo, ngoba isibalo sodemoni esasifakazela, umholi wamaphekula u-Osama bin Laden, wayengumbusi izwe. Wayengumuntu owake wachitha isikhathi ezweni, futhi eqinisweni wayesekelwa lapho yi-United States empini ngokumelene neSoviet Union. Kuthiwa ubehlelwe amacala kaSeptemba 11, 2001, ingxenye ye-Afghanistan. Okunye ukuhlela, sazi, beye eYurophu nase-United States. Kodwa kwakuyi-Afghanistan okusobala ukuthi kwakudingeka ijeziswe ngenxa yendima yayo yokusingatha leli cala.

Kule minyaka emithathu eyedlule, i-United States yayilokhu ibuza amaTaliban, iqembu lezombangazwe e-Afghanistan okuthiwa lizohlala endaweni yaseBaden, ukuze liphendule. AmaTaliban afuna ukubona ubufakazi obhekene noBin Laden futhi aqinisekiswe ukuthi uzothola ukuhlolwa okulungile ezweni elithathu futhi angabhekene nesigwebo sokufa. Ngokusho kweBrithani Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), amaTaliban axwayisa i-United States ukuthi uBin Laden uhlela ukuhlaselwa emhlabathini waseMelika. UNobhala wangaphambili wasePakistan uNiaz Naik utshele iphephandaba i-BBC ukuthi izikhulu zase-United States zamtshela emhlanganweni we-UN owawuxhaswe eBerlin ngoJulayi 2001 ukuthi i-United States izothatha isinyathelo sokulwa namaTaliban phakathi no-Okthoba. UNaik "uthe akungabazeki ukuthi iWashington izokwehlisa uhlelo layo noma ngabe ibhange likaDad Laden lizovela ngokushesha ngamaTaliban."

Lokhu konke kwakungaphambi kwamacala kaSepthemba 11, impi okwakungathi kufanele iziphindiselele ngayo. Ngenkathi i-United States ihlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-Okthoba 7, 2001, amaTaliban aphinde azinikela ukuxoxisana ngokunikezwa kukaBin Laden. Ngenkathi uMongameli Bush ephinda enqaba, amaTaliban alahla isidingo sawo sobufakazi becala futhi anikela ngokumane abuyisele uBin Laden ezweni lesithathu. UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wasenqaba lesi siphakamiso futhi waqhubeka nokuqhuma amabhomu. Engqungqutheleni yabezindaba ngoMashi 13, 2002, uBush wathi ngoBin Laden "Anginandaba kangako naye." Okungenani eminye iminyaka eminingana, lapho uBin Laden neqembu lakhe, i-al Qaeda, bengasakholelwa ukuthi base-Afghanistan, impi yokuziphindiselela kuye yaqhubeka ihlupha abantu bakulelo zwe. Ngokuphikisana ne-Iraq, iMpi e-Afghanistan yayivame ukubizwa phakathi kuka-2003 no-2009 ngokuthi "impi enhle."

Icala elenzelwe i-Iraq War e-2002 ne-2003 kubonakala sengathi liphathelene "nezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu," nokuphindisela okubhekiswe kuBin Laden, okwakungenakho ukuxhumana ne-Iraq nhlobo. Uma i-Iraq enganikezi izikhali, bekuyoba nempi. Futhi njengoba i-Iraq yayingenayo, kwakukhona impi. Kodwa lokhu kwakuyisisekelo sokuthi ama-Iraqi, noma okungenani uSaddam Hussein, abe nobubi. Phela, izizwe ezimbalwa zinezikhali zenuzi, izidakamizwa noma zamakhemikhali ezinjenge-United States, futhi asikholelwa ukuthi kukhona umuntu onelungelo lokulwa nathi. Sizisize ezinye izizwe ukuba zithole izikhali ezinjalo futhi azizange zibenze impi. Eqinisweni, sasizosiza i-Iraq ukuthola izikhali zezinto eziphilayo nezamakhemikhali eminyakeni eyedlule, eyabeka isisekelo sezinyathelo zokuthi zisaba nazo.

Ngokujwayelekile, isizwe esinezikhali singaba nokuziphatha okubi, ukungathandeki, noma okungekho emthethweni, kodwa ngeke kube yimbangela yempi. Impi enobudlova yona ngokwayo iyisenzo esingcolile kakhulu, esingathandeki, nesingekho emthethweni. Ngakho-ke, kungani iphikisana ngokuthi ihlasela i-Iraq ingxabano ngokuthi ngabe i-Iraq yayinezikhali? Ngokusobala, sasiqinisekisile ukuthi ama-Iraq ayenesibi kangangokuthi uma bephethe izikhali ngaleso sikhathi bangayisebenzisa, mhlawumbe ngokusebenzisa izibopho eziqanjiwe zikaSaddam Hussein ku-al Qaeda. Uma omunye umuntu enezikhali, singakhuluma nabo. Uma ama-Iraqi ayephethe izikhali esasidinga ukulwa nawo. Babe yingxenye yalokho uMengameli uGeorge W. W. Bush abiza ngokuthi "i-axis of evil." Lokho i-Iraq yayingenakuqhathanisa nokusebenzisa izikhali zayo ezitshengiswayo futhi ukuthi indlela eqinisekisayo yokuvusa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakuwukuhlasela i-Iraq kwakuyimicabango engathandeki, ngakho-ke ukubeka eceleni futhi ukhohliwe, ngoba abaholi bethu bazi kahle ukuthi i-Iraq yayingenalo ikhono elinjalo.

Isigaba: UKUKHULULELA UMOTO NOKUPHILA

Inkinga esemqoka ngombono wokuthi izimpi zidinga ukulwa nobubi ukuthi akukho lutho olubi ngaphezu kwempi. Impi ibangela ukuhlupheka nokufa okungaphezu kwanoma iyiphi impi engasetshenziswa ukulwa nayo. Izimpi aziphilisi izifo noma zivimbele izingozi zemoto noma zinciphise ukuzibulala. (Eqinisweni, njengoba sizobona esahlukweni sesihlanu, baqhubela ukuzibulala ngephahla.) Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ububi obunobuntu noma abantu bungaba bubi kangakanani, ngeke babe nobubi ngaphezu kwempi. Ukube wayephila waba yinkulungwane, uSaddam Hussein wayengenakonakalisa abantu base-Iraq noma izwe ukuthi impi yokuqeda izikhali zakhe eziqanjiwe yenze. Impi ayiyona into ehlanzekile neyamukelekayo ihlukunyezwa lapha nakwezintuthwane. Impi yonke inhlamba, ngisho nalapho ihlanganisa amasosha ngokulalela ngokubulala amasosha. Ngokuvamile, kunjalo, konke lokhu kuhilela. U-General Zachary Taylor wabika ngeMpi Mexican-American (1846-1848) eMnyangweni Wezempi wase-US:

“Ngiyazisola kakhulu ngokubika ukuthi iningi lamavolontiya alezi zinyanga eziyishumi nambili, asendleleni yawo esuka eningizimu yeRio Grande, enze intukuthelo enkulu nokwethukela izakhamuzi ezinokuthula. LAPHO KUKHULA NGOKWENZEKA YILUPHI IFOMU LOBUGEBENGU OLUNGABIKELWANGA KIMI NJENGOBA BENZA LABO. ” [ofeleba koqobo]

Uma uGeneral Taylor engafuni ukufakaza ngamazwi, kwakungeke ahlale empi. Futhi uma abantu baseMelika bezwa ngendlela efanayo, akufanele bamenze iqhawe nomongameli wokuya empini. Ukudlwengula nokuhlukunyezwa akuyona ingxenye embi kakhulu yempi. Ingxenye eyimbi kakhulu yincenye eyamukelekayo: ukubulala. Ukuhlukunyezwa okwabangelwa yi-United States ngesikhathi sezimpi zayo zamuva e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, futhi akuyona ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke zobugebengu obukhulu. Ukuqothulwa kwamaJuda kuthatha cishe izigidi eziyizigidi ze-6 ngendlela enyantisayo kakhulu, kodwa iMpi Yezwe II ithatha, ngokuphelele, mayelana nezigidi ezingu-70 - okungaba yizigidi ezingu-24 zaba yizempi. Asizwa okuningi mayelana namasosha ayi-9 million aseSoviet abulawa amaJalimane. Kodwa bafa bebhekene nabantu abafuna ukuwabulala, futhi bona ngokwabo babesolwa ngokubulala. Kunezinto ezimbalwa ezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukungabikho kwemfundiso yezempi yase-US kungukuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-D-Day, amaphesenti angu-80 ebutho laseJalimane ayematasa ukulwa namaRussia. Kodwa lokho akukwenzi amaqhawe aseRussia; ivele ishintshe ukugxila kwidrama elibuhlungu lobuwula futhi ubuhlungu empumalanga.

Abalandeli abaningi bempi bayavuma ukuthi impi isihogo. Kodwa abantu abaningi bathanda ukukholelwa ukuthi konke kulungile kakhulu nezwe, ukuthi konke kungcono kakhulu, ukuthi zonke izenzo zinezinjongo zaphezulu. Ngisho nalabo abangenalo inkolelo, lapho bekhuluma ngokuzwakalayo okudabukisayo noma okudabukisayo, hhayi ukubiza ukuthi "Yeka ukudabukisa nokubi!" Kodwa ukuveza-hhayi nje ukushaqeka kodwa ngisho neminyaka kamuva - ukungakwazi kwabo "ukuqonda" noma "ukukholwa" noma "Ukuqonda" njengokungathi ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka kwakungafani namaqiniso aqondakalayo njengenjabulo nenjabulo. Sifuna ukuziqhenya noDkt. Pangloss ukuthi konke kungcono kakhulu, futhi indlela esenza ngayo ngempi ukucabanga ukuthi ohlangothini lwethu ulwa ngokumelene nobubi ngenxa yokuhle, futhi leyo mpi yindlela kuphela yokulwa kukhishwe. Uma sinezindlela zokulwa ngazo izimpi ezinjalo, njengoba nje uSenator Beveridge eshiwo ngenhla, kufanele silindele ukuwasebenzisa. USenator William Fulbright (D., Ark.) Wachaza lo mkhuba:

"Amandla athambekele ekuzidibaniseni ngobuhle futhi isizwe esikhulu sithandana kakhulu nomqondo wokuthi amandla ayo uyisibonakaliso sokwahlulela kukaNkulunkulu, enikezela wona umthwalo okhethekile wezinye izizwe - ukubenza bacebile futhi bajabule futhi bahlakaniphe , okungukuthi, esithombeni sakhe esikhanyayo. "

UMadeline Albright, uNobhala Wombuso lapho uBill Clinton engumongameli, bebambe iqhaza kakhulu:

"Uyini iphuzu lokuba nalo mpi omkhulu kakhulu ohlala ukhuluma ngawo uma singeke sisebenzise?"

Inkolelo yokuthi uNkulunkulu unelungelo lokulwa impi ibonakala ikhula kakhulu uma amandla amakhulu ezempi ehlasela ukulwa nokunamandla okunamandla ukuze anqobe. Ku-2008 umlobi wezindaba wase-United States wabhala ngoGeneral David Petraeus, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumlawuli e-Iraq, "Ngokusobala uNkulunkulu uye wabona ukuthi kufanelekile ukunikeza i-US Army umphathi omkhulu ngalesi sikhathi sokudinga."

Ngo-Agasti 6, 1945, uMengameli uHarry S Truman umemezele: "Amahora ayishumi nesithupha edlule indiza yaseMelika ilahle ibhomu eyodwa eHiroshima, isisekelo esibalulekile saseJapane. Leyo bhomu yayinamandla amakhulu kunamathani ayi-20,000 we-TNT Kwakukhona amandla angaphezu kuka-2 000 amandla okuqhuma eBritish 'Grand Slam' okuyinto ibhomu elikhulu kunazo zonke ezisakaze zisetshenziswe emlandweni wempi. "

Lapho uTruman eqamba amanga eMelika ukuthi uHiroshima wayeyisisekelo sezempi kunokuba idolobha ligcwele izakhamuzi, ngokungangabazeki abantu babefuna ukumkholelwa. Ubani ongafuna amahloni okuba isizwe esenza uhlobo olusha lomonakalo? (Ingabe ukubiza ngeManhattan ephansi "umhlabathi zero" kususa icala?) Futhi lapho sifunde iqiniso, sasifuna futhi sifuna kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuthi impi ukuthula, ukuthi ubudlova buyisindiso, uhulumeni wethu wehla amabhomu enyukliya ukuze asindise izimpilo , noma okungenani ukusindisa izimpilo zaseMelika.

Sitshela ukuthi amabhomu anciphisa impi futhi alondoloze izimpilo eziningi kunezinye ze-200,000 ezazisusa. Noma kunjalo, amasonto ngaphambi kokuba ibhomu lokuqala lidilizwe, ngoJulayi 13, 1945, eJapane wathumela i-telegram eSoviet Union eveza isifiso sayo sokuzinikela nokuqeda impi. I-United States yayiphulile amakhodi aseJapane futhi ifundele i-telegram. U-Truman ubhekisele edayari yakhe "nge-telegram evela eJap Emperor ecela ukuthula." UTruman wayekwaziswa ngeziteshi zeSwitzerland nezasePutukezi ezithuthukisa ukuthula eJapane ezinyangeni ezintathu ngaphambi kweHiroshima. IJapane inqabe ukuzinikezela ngaphandle kwemibandela futhi ilahle umbusi wayo, kodwa i-United States yaqhubekela phambili kulawo magama kwaze kwaba yilapho ibhomu liwa, ngaleso sikhathi lavumela iJapan ukuba ligcine umbusi walo.

Umeluleki kaMengameli uJames Byrnes utshele uTruman ukuthi ukudiliza amabhomu kuzovumela iUnited States ukuba "inqume imigomo yokuqeda impi." UNobhala weNavy James Forrestal wabhala encwadini yakhe yokubhala ukuthi u-Byrnes "wayekhathazeke kakhulu ekutholeni indaba yaseJapane ngaphambi kokuba abakwaRussia bangene. "UTruman wabhala encwadini yakhe ethi amaSoviet ayelungiselela ukuhamba ngokumelene neJapane ne" Fini Japs uma kuvela. "UTruman wayala ukuthi ibhomu liwehlele eHiroshima ngo-Agasti 8th kanye nolunye uhlobo lwebhomu, ibhomu le-plutonium , okuyinto impi eyayifuna futhi ukuhlola nokubonisa, kuNagasaki ngo-Agasti 9th. Futhi ngo-Agasti 9th, amaSoviet ahlasela amaJapane. Phakathi namasonto amabili alandelayo, amaSoviet abulala i-84,000 Japanese ngenkathi elahlekelwa i-12,000 yamasosha awo, futhi i-United States yaqhuma ibhomu eJapane ngezikhali ezingezona zenuzi. Khona-ke amaJapane azinikela. Ucwaningo lweMibhikisho Yezempi E-United States luphetha ngokuthi,

". . . ngokuqinisekile ngaphambi kwe-31 December, i-1945, futhi kuzo zonke izimo ngaphambi kokuba i-1 November, i-1945, i-Japan inganikezela ngisho noma amabhomu e-athomu ayengazange agwetshwe, ngisho noma iRussia ingazange ingene empini, futhi noma ngabe kwakungekho ukuhlasela okuhleliwe noma kucatshangelwe. "

Omunye ophikisana naye owaye wabonisa umbono ofanayo kuNobhala weMpi ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwamabhomu kwakunguGeneral Dwight Eisenhower. Usihlalo we-Chief Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy wavuma:

"Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sikhali esiyingozi eBiroshima naseNagasaki kwakungekho usizo olubonakalayo empini yethu neJapane. AmaJapane asevele enqobile futhi alungele ukuzinikela. "

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwehla amabhomu kungase kube nomthelela ekuqedeni impi, kuyadingeka ukuthi indlela yokwesabisa ukuwayeka, indlela esetshenziselwa ukulandela i-Cold War yekhulu leminyaka, ayizange ivivinywe. Kungenzeka ukuthi incazelo ingatholakala emibhalweni kaTruman eveza isisusa sokuphindisela:

"Njengoba sithole ibhomu esiyisebenzisile. Siyisebenzise ngokumelene nalabo abasihlasela ngaphandle kwesixwayiso ePearl Harbor, ngokumelene nalabo abalambile futhi bashaya futhi babulala iziboshwa zempi zaseMelika, nalabo abashiyile konke ukuzama ukulalela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. "

U-Truman akazange, okhethweni, akhethe iTokyo njengenhloso - hhayi ngoba kwakuyidolobha, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi sesivele siyinciphise ukuba iguqulwe.

Izinhlekelele zenuzi kungenzeka ukuthi, hhayi ukuphela kweMpi Yezwe, kodwa ukuvulwa kwezemidlalo ye-Cold War, okuhlose ukuthumela umyalezo kumaSoviet. Izikhulu eziningi ezisezingeni eliphezulu nasezikhungweni eziphezulu zezempi zase-US, kuhlanganise namakhomishana aphezulu, ziye zalingwa ukuba zisebenzise imizi eminingi ngaphezulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela kuTruman esongela uNuke China e-1950. Inkolelo-mlando yaqala ukuthi umdlandla we-Eisenhower we-nuking China waholela ekuphethweni okusheshayo kweMpi yaseKorea. Ukukholelwa kulokho kuyingqungquthela kwaholela uMongameli Richard Nixon, emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ukuba acabange ukuthi angaqeda iMpi YeVietnam ngokuzenza sengathi uyaziqhenya ngokwanele ukusebenzisa amabhomu enuzi. Ngaphandle kokudabukisayo, empeleni wayeseziqhenya ngokwanele. "Ibhomu le nyukliya, ingabe lokho kukukhathaza? . . . Ngifuna nje ukuthi ucabange omkhulu, uHenry, u-Christsakes, "kusho uNixon kuHenry Kissinger ekuxoxweni ngezinketho zeVietnam.

UMengameli uGeorge W. Bush wabhekana nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zenuzi ezincane ezingase zisetshenziswe kalula, kanye nezibhamu ezinkulu ezingekho n nyukliya, zihlukanisa umzila phakathi kwalaba ababili. UMongameli uBarack Obama wasungula i-2010 ukuthi i-United States ingase iqale kuqala ngezikhali zenuzi, kodwa i-Iran noma North Korea kuphela. I-United States isho ukuthi, ngaphandle kobufakazi, ukuthi i-Iran ayihambisani neNuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), yize noma ukwephulwa okucacile kwalesi sivumelwano kungukuhluleka kwe-United States ukusebenzela ukulwa nezikhali kanye ne-United States 'Agreement Mutual Defense i-United Kingdom, lapho amazwe amabili ahlanganyela khona izikhali zenuzi ngokuphula i-Article 1 ye-NPT, futhi noma ngabe inqubomgomo yokuqala ye-United States isiteleka sezikhali zenuzi iphula esinye isivumelwano: i-Charter ye-UN.

AmaMelika angeke avume ukuthi kwenzekani eHiroshima naseNagasaki, kodwa izwe lethu belilinganiselwe. Ngemva kokuba iJalimane ihlasela iPoland, iBrithani neFrance babememezele impi eJalimane. IBrithani e-1940 isiphule isivumelwano neJalimane sokuba singabhomu abasizwe, ngaphambi kokuba iJalimane iphindiselele ngendlela efanayo neNgilandi - nakuba iJalimane yona yayisihlasela iBuernica, eSpain, e-1937, nase-Warsaw, ePoland, e-1939, naseJapane okwamanje kwakuqhunyiswa amabhomu kubantu e-China. Khona-ke, iminyaka eminingi, iBrithani neJalimane babhebhethele amabhomu omunye nomunye ngaphambi kokuba i-United States ijoyine, ibhomu imizi yaseJalimane neyaseJapane ngesihluthulelo sokubhujiswa ngokungafani nalokho okwakubonwe ngaphambili. Lapho sibheka umlilo emadolobheni aseJapane, umagazini i-Life washicilela isithombe somuntu waseJapane ovutha ukufa futhi waphendula ngokuthi "Lena yindlela kuphela." Ngesikhathi seMpi YeVietnam, izithombe ezinjalo zaziphikisana kakhulu. Ngesikhathi se-2003 Impi e-Iraq, izithombe ezinjengalezi azibonwanga, njengoba nje izidumbu zesitha zazingabalwa. Leyo ntuthuko, ngokusobala uhlobo lwenqubekela phambili, isasishiya kude nosuku lapho izinyathelo zizoboniswa ngegama elithi "Kube khona enye indlela."

Ukuphikisana nokubi yilokho izishoshovu zokuthula zenza. Akusikho izimpi ezenzayo. Futhi akunjalo, okungenani akusobala ukuthi yini eyenza abaphathi bempi, labo abahlela izimpi futhi bazilethele. Kodwa kuyilingo ukucabanga kanjalo. Kuhle kakhulu ukwenza imihlatshelo enesibindi, ngisho nomhlatshelo omkhulu wokuphila komuntu, ukuze uqede ububi. Kungenzeka ngisho nokuhlonipha ukusebenzisa ezinye izingane zabantu ukuba ziqede ububi, okuyizo zonke izinsizakalo eziningi ezisekela impi. Kulungile ukuba yingxenye yento enkulu kunawe. Kungaba okuthakazelisayo ukukhuluma ngokuthanda izwe. Kungaba mnandi okwesikhashana Nginesiqiniseko, uma ungaphansi kokulunga nokuhloniphekile, ukuzondla inzondo, ubandlululo nezinye izinhlanga. Kuhle ukucabanga ukuthi iqembu lakho liphakeme kunomunye umuntu. Futhi ukuthanda izwe, ubandlululo, nezinye izici ezihlukanisa isitha, zingakuhlanganisa ngokuthakazelisayo, kanye kanye nabomakhelwane bakho kanye nabomakhelwane bakho ngaphesheya kwemingcele engenasisekelo evame ukubamba.

Uma ucindezelekile futhi uthukuthele, uma ufisa ukuzizwa ubalulekile, unamandla, futhi ulawula, uma ufisa ilayisense yokuyeka ukuphindiselela noma ngamazwi noma ngokomzimba, ungase ujabulele uhulumeni obika iholidi ekuziphatheni futhi avule imvume inzondo nokubulala. Uzoqaphela ukuthi abalandeli abaningi bempi abanomdlandla ngezinye izikhathi bafuna abaphikisi bezempi abangenayo impi babulawa futhi bahlushwa kanye nesitha esinonya nesesabekayo; inzondo ibaluleke kakhulu kunento yayo. Uma izinkolelo zakho zenkolo zikutshela ukuthi impi inhle, khona-ke usuhambe ngempela. Manje uyingxenye yecebo likaNkulunkulu. Uzophila emva kokufa, futhi mhlawumbe sonke sizobe ngcono uma uletha ukufa kwethu sonke.

Kodwa izinkolelo ezilula zokuhle nokubi azifani kahle nezwe langempela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangaki abantu ababelana nabo ngokungazelelwe. Akumenzi ube yinkosi yendawo yonke. Ngokuphambene nalokho, babeka ukulawulwa kwesiphetho sakho ezandleni zabantu ngokuqamba ngobuqili ngamanga empi. Futhi inzondo nokucwasana akunikezi ukwaneliseka okuhlala njalo, kodwa kunalokho kuveza ukucasuka okubabayo.

Ingabe ungaphezu kwakho konke lokho? Ingabe unobandlululo obukhulu kanye nezinye izinkolelo ezingenalwazi? Ingabe uyisekela izimpi ngoba empeleni, zinesisusa esihle? Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi izimpi, noma yikuphi ukuzwela okukhona, nazo zilwa nokuvikela izisulu ezibhekene nezihlukumezi nokugcina izindlela eziphila kahle kakhulu nezentando yeningi? Ake sibheke lokho esahlukweni sesibili.