IZINDAWO ZIKHUMBULWA EZIMBATHINI

Sikhuluma ngokuthumela amasosha ukulwa empini. Igama elithi 'empini' livela ezigidi, mhlawumbe izigidigidi, izindaba zezindaba eziphathelene nezimpi zethu. Futhi leli gama linikeza abaningi bethu indawo lapho amasosha elwa namanye amasosha. Asicabangi ngezinto ezithile ezitholakala enkundleni yempi. Asicabangi imindeni yonke, noma ama-picnics, noma amaqembu omshado, isibonelo, njengoba atholakala empini - noma izitolo zokudla noma amasonto. Asifaneli izikole noma izindawo zokudlala noma ugogo nomkhulu phakathi kwendawo yokulwa. Sibheka ngeso lengqondo into efana ne-Gettysburg noma iMpi Yezwe I-France: insimu enempi kuwo. Mhlawumbe usemahlathini noma ezintabeni noma ehlane lezwe elithile elikude "sivikela," kodwa uhlobo oluthile lwensimu enempi kuso. Yini enye enye engayenza impi?

Ekuboneni kuqala, impi yethu ayibonakali lapho sihlala khona futhi sisebenza futhi sidlale njengabahlali, uma nje "thina" siqondwa ukuthi sisho amaMelika. Izimpi azenzeki e-United States. Kodwa kubantu abahlala emazweni lapho izimpi zethu ziye zalwa khona kusukela, futhi kuhlanganisa, iMpi Yezwe II, okuthiwa "ibutho lempi" liye lafakazela ngokucacile futhi liyaqhubeka lihlanganisa imizi namakhaya abo. Ezimweni eziningi, yilapho yonke ibutho lempi liye laba khona. Akubanga nenye indawo, indawo engekho yokuhlala eyingxenye yempi. Ngesikhathi izimpi zeBull zigijimela noma iManassas zalwa endle eduze kwaseMassassas, eVirginia, amaButho aseFillujah alwa edolobheni lase Fallujah, e-Iraq. Ngesikhathi iVietnam yayiyindawo yokulwa, konke kwakuyi-battlefield, noma lokho okwakuthiwa manje yi-US Army "i-battlespace." Lapho i-drones yethu idubula imicibisholo eya ePakistan, abahlezi abasolwa ngokubulala abantu ababulalayo abangekho emkhakheni okhethiwe; basendlini, kanye nabo bonke abanye abantu esibabulalayo "ngengozi" njengengxenye yokuxoxisana. (Futhi okungenani abanye balabo bantu bazoqala ukuhlela ubuphekula, okuyizindaba ezinhle kubakhiqizi bama-drones.)

Isigaba: KUNYE NOMA

Ngesibili, ibutho lempi noma i-battlespace lihlanganisa i-United States. Eqinisweni, kufaka phakathi ikamelo lakho lokulala, igumbi lakho lokuphumula, indawo yokugezela yakho, nayo yonke indawo kwenye iplanethi noma uyikhiphe, futhi mhlawumbe ngisho nemicabango ekhanda lakho. Umqondo wendawo yempi uye wanda, ukubeka kahle. Manje ihlanganisa noma yikuphi lapho amasosha engasebenzi khona. Abashayeli bezindiza bakhuluma ngokuba sebuthweni empini lapho bebehamba amabanga amakhulu ngaphezu kwanoma yini efana nensimu noma ngisho nesakhiwo. Abasolwandle bayakhuluma ngokuba emgodini wezempi uma bengakaze bahambe emhlabathini owomile. Kodwa ibutho elisha lempi lihlanganisa noma yikuphi lapho amabutho ase-US angase asebenze khona, lapho kungena khona indlu yakho. Uma umongameli ethi wena "umphikisi wezitha," ngeke nje uhlale empini - uzoba yisitha, ngabe wena bafuna ukuba noma cha. Kungani idesksi elinenjabulo eLas Vegas libala njengendawo yokulwa lapho inqola ibhayela i-drone, kodwa igumbi lakho lehhotela likhawulelwe?

Lapho amabutho ase-United States ebamba abantu emgwaqweni eMilano noma esikhumulweni sezindiza eNew York futhi abathume ukuba bahlukunyezwe emajele angasese, noma lapho amasosha ethu ekhokhela umuntu e-Afghanistan ngokunikela phezu komphikisana nabo futhi amangalele ngamanga ngobugebengu , futhi sithumela izisulu ukuba ziboshwe kuze kube phakade eGuantanamo noma khona lapho eBagram, yonke leyo misebenzi kuthiwa yenzeke empini. Noma ngabe ubani ongase asolwa ngokulwa nobuphekula futhi athunjwa noma abulawe yilona lempi. Ayikho ingxoxo yokukhulula abantu abangenacala kusukela eGuantanamo bekuzophela ngaphandle kokubonakalisa ukwesaba ukuthi "bangabuyela empini," okusho ukuthi bangase bahlanganyele ebudloveni obulwa no-US, noma ngabe babenjalo ngaphambili noma cha, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lapho bangakwenza khona.

Ngesikhathi inkantolo yase-Italy ilahla izinsolo ze-CIA ngamacala okuthumba umuntu e-Italy ukuze amhlukumeze, inkantolo igxeka ukuthi imigwaqo yase-Italy ayitholakali e-US. Lapho ama-United States ehluleka ukunikeza labo abalahlwe yicala, libuyisela ibutho lempi lapho likhona khona manje: kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-galaxy. Sizobona esahlukweni leshumi nambili ukuthi lo mbono wezempi uphakamisa imibuzo yomthetho. Ngokuvamile abantu ababulewe babhekwa njengamthetho empini kodwa bengekho emthethweni ngaphandle kwalo. Ngaphandle kokuthi izimpi zethu ziyikho emthethweni, kufanele yini zikhulise ukuba zihlanganise nokubulawa okuzimele e-Yemen? Kuthiwani ngomkhankaso omkhulu wokuqhuma amabhomu ngamadronsi angenakunqunywa ePakistan? Kungani ukukhuliswa okuncane komuntu oyedwa okuvunyelwe kufanele kube yamukelekile kunokwanda okukhulu okubulala abantu abaningi?

Futhi uma ibutho lempi likhona yonke indawo, ku-United States futhi. Ukuphatha kuka-Obama ku-2010 kumemezele ilungelo lakhe lokubulala abantu baseMelika, becabanga ukuthi basebenokuqonda okuvamile ilungelo lokubulala abangewona baseMelika. Kodwa bathi amandla okubulala amaMelika kuphela ngaphandle kwe-United States. Noma kunjalo, amasosha ezempi asebenzayo aseMelika futhi anikezwe ukulwa lapha uma eyala kanjalo. Impi isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza, noma okungenani ukuqapha, ukuchithwa kwamafutha, ukusiza emisebenzini yamaphoyisa asekhaya, nokuhlola abahlali base-US. Siphila endaweni yesigodi esenziwe yi-Northern Command. Yini okumisa ibutho lempi ngaphesheya kwe-Central Command kusukela ekusakazeni emadolobheni ethu?

Ngo-Mashi 2010, uJohn Yoo, omunye wabameli baseMnyango Wezobulungiswa abaye basiza uGeorge W. Bush "ngokusemthethweni" ukugunyaza impi enobudlova, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuhlola okungenasisekelo nokunye ubugebengu, wakhuluma edolobheni lami. Izigebengu zempi namuhla zivame ukuhamba ngezincwadi ngaphambi kokuba igazi lime, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bathatha imibuzo ezilalelini. Ngabuza uJoo ukuthi umengameli angadubula imicibisholo eya e-United States. Noma ingabe umongameli angaphonsa amabhomu enyukliya ngaphakathi e-United States? UJoo wenqaba ukuvumela noma yikuphi ukulinganiselwa kwamandla omongameli, ngaphandle mhlawumbe ngesikhathi esithile kunokuba abeke indawo. Umongameli angenza noma yini ayithandayo, ngisho nase-United States, uma nje "sekuyisikhathi sempi." Kodwa, uma "impi eqhubekayo" yenza isikhathi sokulwa, futhi uma "impi yokuhlasela" ihlala ezizukulwaneni, njengabanye lwabaxhasi bayo bafisa, ngakho-ke akukho mingcele.

NgoJuni 29, 2010, uSenenja uLindsey Graham (R., SC) waphenduka wabe esebuza uMmeli Jikelele kanye neNkantolo eNkulu ephakanyisiwe u-Elena Kagan. "Inkinga ngale mpi," kusho uGraham, "ukuthi akuke neze kube khona ukuphela kokuqeda impi, kuyobe khona?" U-Kagan wagxuma futhi wavuma: "Yileyo kanye inkinga, Senenator." Lokho kunakekela isikhathi izinkinga. Kuthiwani ngezinkinga zendawo? Kamuva kancane, uGraham wabuza:

"Impi, wangitshela phakathi nezinkulumo zethu zangaphambilini, ukuthi empini kule mpi lonke izwe. Lokhu kungukuthi, uma othile ebanjwe ePhilippines, owayengumphathi we-al Qaeda, futhi athunjwa ePhilippines, ayezobe esengaphansi kwesinqumo sokulwa nesitha. Um, ngoba yonke ibutho lempi. Uyavuma yini lokho? "

U-Kagan wanqotshwa futhi wagxeka, kanti u-Graham wambuza lokhu kathathu, ngaphambi kokuba acacise ukuthi, yebo, yena wavuma.

Ngakho ibutho lempi liba isimo sengqondo esiningi kunendawo yokuhlala. Uma sihlala ekulweni, uma kuhamba ukuthula kukhona empini, ngakho-ke kufanele siqaphele lokho esikushoyo. Ngeke sifune ukusiza isitha ngandlela-thile, ngenkathi siphila empini. Izimpi, ngisho nalapho impi yayingekho, njengonkulunkulu, ekhona yonke indawo, iye njalo inomkhuba wokuqeda amalungelo anzima. Le masiko e-United States ihlanganisa uMongameli uJohn Adams 'Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, ukumiswa kuka-Abraham Lincoln we-habeas corpus, uMthetho we-Espionage we-Esperage Act kanye noMthetho WokuDumisa, u-Franklin Roosevelt oqoqa amaJapane-Amerika, ubuhlanya bukaMcCarthyism, nabaningi ukuthuthukiswa kwenkathi yaseBush-Obama eyaqeda ngempela inqubo yokuqala ye-PATRIOT Act.

Ngomhla ka-July 25, i-2008, ukucindezelwa kokuphendula ngokuhlukunyezwa kwamandla kuye kwanda kakhulu ukuthula ukuze kuqhubeke. Ikomidi lezobuLungiswa zeNdlu lagcina livuma ukuthi lizolalelwa ngokuthunjwa kukaGeorge W. Bush. Usihlalo uJohn Conyers ubephethe izikhalazo ezifanayo e-2005 njengelungu elincane elisezingeni, ukukhangisa ngenhloso yakhe ukuphishekela ukuphendula kweMpi e-Iraq uma kunikezwe amandla. Uthi amandla avela kuJanuwari 2007 phambili, kanti ngoJulayi 2008 - bathole ukuvunyelwa kukaSomlomo uNancy Pelosi - wabamba le nkulumo. Ukuze enze ukufana kwezikhalazo ezingekho emthethweni ebeziphethe iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kwalokho, uConyers umemezele ngaphambi kokulalelwa ukuthi, ngenkathi ubufakazi bezozwakala, akukho izinyathelo zokuqhutshwa kobugebengu ezizoqhubeka. Ukuzwa kwakunzima nje. Kodwa ubufakazi bebubi kakhulu futhi befaka isitatimende esivela ku-former Department of Justice uBruce Fein okushiwo kulokhu:

"Ngemuva kwe-9 / 11, igatsha eliphezulu libike - ngokugunyazwa noma ukutholwa kweCongress kanye nabantu baseMelika - isimo sokulwa okuqhubekayo nobuphekula bamazwe ngamazwe, okungukuthi, impi ngeke isiphethe kuze kube yilapho wonke amaphekula angempela noma angase abe khona eMilky Way mhlawumbe kubulawe noma kuthunjiswe futhi ingozi yesigameko sezombusazwe zamazwe ngamazwe sase sincishisiwe. Igatsha eliphezulu laqhubeka lingazange liphikisana neCongress noma abantu baseMelika ukuthi kusukela u-Osama bin Laden esongela ukubulala abantu baseMelika nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi kunoma iyiphi indawo, umhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise nawo onke ama-United States, iyindawo yokulwa ekhona lapho ibutho lempi nezempi umthetho ungasetshenziswa ekuqondeni kwegatsha eliphezulu.

"Isibonelo, igatsha eliphezulu libiza igunya lokusebenzisa ibutho lempi lokubhubhisa kwamadolobha ase-United States uma ikholelwa ukuthi amangqamuzana ase-Al Qaeda alala lapho futhi afihlekile phakathi kwezizwe ezinomqondo ofanayo wokuthi igatsha eliphakeme liyazi ukuthi uSaddam Hussein unalo izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu. . . .

"Igatsha eliphezulu liqondise amabutho e-United States ukuba abulale noma abathume abantu abasolwa ngokuzithoba e-Al Qaeda emazweni angaphandle, isibonelo, i-Italy, iMakedoniya, noma i-Yemen, kodwa ususe umhlali oyedwa wase-United States, u-Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri , kusukela emzini wakhe kuze kube yilapho eboshiwe njengesigameko sokulwa nesitha. Kodwa uma ukulungiswa komthethosisekelo wegatsha lomthethosisekelo wezenzo zakhe ezithobekile kungakhululwa ngokuphanga noma ngenye indlela, kuyomiswa umlando wesigungu esiphezulu esizohlala sizungeze njengesikhali esithwele esilungele ukusetshenziselwa yinoma yimuphi umuntu ofanele ukuthi unesidingo esiphuthumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Obaba Abasunguli beqonda ukuthi ukutshela kuphela amandla angavunyelwe aphendule izimpendulo ezinamandla. "

Azikho izimpendulo ezinzima ezazizofika, futhi uMongameli u-Obama wagcina futhi wanweba emandleni asungulelwe omongameli nguGeorge W. Bush. Impi manje yayisemthethweni yonke indawo futhi ingunaphakade, ngaleyo ndlela ivumela omongameli amandla amakhulu kakhulu, ababengayisebenzisa ekulweni izimpi ezithe xaxa, lapho amandla amaningi ayengathola khona, njalonjalo e-Armagedoni, ngaphandle kokuthi okuthile kuphule umjikelezo.

Isigaba: IT'S NOWHERE

Impi ingase ibe nxazonke, kodwa izimpi zisalokhu zigxila ezindaweni ezithile. Ngisho kulezo zindawo ezithile - ezifana ne-Iraq ne-Afghanistan - izimpi azikho izici ezimbili eziyisisekelo zempi yendabuko - insimu ngokwayo nesitha esibonakalayo. Kwelinye izwe, isitha sibukeka njengabantu abafanelwe ukuthi bahlomulwe empini yokusiza. Abantu kuphela ababonakalayo ukuthi bangabani empini abahlala ngaphandle. ISoviet Union yathola lobuthakathaka bokusebenza kwamanye amazwe ngenkathi izama ukuhlala e-Afghanistan ngesikhathi se-1980s. U-Oleg Vasilevich Kustov, ongu-37 oneminyaka engu-18 ubudala webutho laseSoviet neRussia, wachaza isimo samabutho aseSoviet:

"Ngisho nasenhloko-dolobha, iKabul, ezifundeni eziningi bekuyingozi ukuhamba okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-200 noma ama-300 kusukela ekufakweni okulondolozwe amabutho ethu noma amabutho e-Afghan, amabutho angaphakathi, nezinsizakalo zangasese - ukwenza kanjalo kwakuwukubeka impilo engcupheni. Ukuze sithembeke ngokuphelele, sasilwa nabantu. "

Lokho kufakazela ngokuphelele. Izimpi azilwa namabutho. Futhi abaphikisana nabashiqela abanamademoni. Bahlaselwa nabantu. Khumbula isosha lase-US esahlukweni sesihlanu esadubula owesifazane owayesebenzela isikhwama sokudla amabutho ase-US? Wayengabheka okufanayo uma ebeka ibhomu. Isosha lalifanele litshele kanjani umehluko? Wayefanele ayenze?

Impendulo yiqiniso ukuthi kwakungadingeki ukuba khona. Ibutho lempi ligcwele izitha ezibukeka kahle, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi azikho, abesifazane abaletha ukudla. Amanga ukubiza indawo enjalo "ibutho lempi".

Enye indlela yokwenza lokhu kucace, futhi okuvame ukwethusa abantu, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi iningi lalabo ababulawa empini bangabantu abahlali. Isikhathi esingcono cishe 'asiwona abahlanganyeli.' Abanye abahlali bahlanganyela empini. Futhi labo abamelana nokusebenza kwamanye amazwe ngokweqile akuzona neze impi. Futhi akukho ukucaciswa okucacile okuziphatha noma okusemthethweni kokubulala labo abalwa impi evikela ngempela noma kunokuba kubulawe abangewona abahlanganyeli.

Izibalo zokufa kwempi ziyahlukahluka kunoma imuphi impi enikwe. Azikho izimpi ezimbili ezifanayo, kanti izinombolo ziguqukile uma labo abafa ngemuva kokulimala noma izifo kufakwa nalabo ababulawa ngokushesha. Kodwa ngokulinganisa okuningi, ngisho nokubala kuphela labo ababulewe ngokushesha, iningi lalabo ababulewe empini emashumini eminyaka asanda kube yiwona abahlanganyeli. Futhi ezimpi ezihlanganisa i-United States, iningi lalabo ababulewe bebeyiziMelika. Bobabili la maqiniso, kanye nezinombolo ezihilelekile, kuzobonakala sengathi zihlambalaza kunoma ubani othola izindaba zabo zempi ezivela emaphephandabeni aseMelika, okuvame ukubika "impi efile" bese ubala abantu baseMelika kuphela.

“Impi enhle,” iMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, isabulala kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona, nokufa kwamasosha kulinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-25 (kufaka phakathi ukufa kwezigidi ezinhlanu zeziboshwa ezithunjiwe), nokufa kwabantu okungekho emthethweni okulinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-5 kuye kweziyi-40 (kufaka phakathi i-52 kuya ezigidini ezingama-13 ezifweni ezihlobene nempi nendlala). I-United States ihlupheke ngengxenye encane yalaba bantu abafayo - amasosha alinganiselwa ku-20 nabezempi abayi-417,000. Leso yisibalo esesabekayo, kepha sincane maqondana nokuhlupheka kwamanye amazwe.

EMpini yaseKorea kwabulawa amasosha alinganiselwa ku-500,000 400,000 aseNyakatho Korea; Amabutho amaShayina angama-245,000 415,000; 37,000 - 2 amasosha aseNingizimu Korea; Amasosha ase-US angu-XNUMX; kanye nezakhamizi zaseKorea ezilinganiselwa ezigidini ezimbili.

Impi yaseVietnam ingase ibulale izigidi eziyizigidi ze-4 noma ngaphezulu, kanye namasosha angu-1.1 weziNyakatho zaseVietnam, amabutho e-40,000 South Vietnamese, namabutho e-58,000 US.

Emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokubhujiswa kweVietnam, i-United States yabulala abantu abaningi ezimpi eziningi, kodwa kwabulawa amasosha ambalwa ase-US. I-Gulf War yabona ukufa kwe-382 US, inani eliphakeme kakhulu labantu base-United States ababulawa phakathi kweVietnam kanye "nempi yokuthuthumela." Ukuhlasela kwe-1965-1966 kweDominican Republic akuzange kudingeke ukuphila okulodwa kwe-US. I-Grenada ngezindleko ze-1983 i-19. I-Panama ku-1989 yabona i-40 yaseMelika efa. IBosnia-Herzegovina neKosovo babone inani lokufa kwezimpi ze-32 US. Izimpi zase zizivocavoca ezabulala abantu abambalwa baseMelika uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqwaba zabangewona ababambiqhaza base-US abafa.

Impi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan nayo yabona ukuthi ezinye izinhlangothi zenza cishe bonke abafa. Izinombolo zaziphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi ngisho nokufa okuncane kakhulu kwase-United States kubalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni. Abantu baseMelika bezwa ngemidiya yabo ukuthi amasosha ase-4,000 ase-US ashonele e-Iraq, kodwa abavame ukubhekana nanoma yimuphi umbiko mayelana nokushona kwabantu base-Iraq. Uma kubikwa izindaba zokufa kwe-Iraq, abezindaba base-United States bavame ukubiza yonke imininingwane eqoqwe emibikweni yezindaba yizinhlangano eziveza ngokucacile ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yokufa ayibikiwe. Ngenhlanhla, kwenziwa izifundo ezimbili ezinkulu zokufa kwabantu base-Iraq okubangelwa ukuhlasela nokusebenza okwaqala ngoMashi 2003. Lezi zifundo zilinganisa ukufa okudlula izinga lokufa eliphakeme elikhona ngaphansi kwezigwebo zomhlaba wonke ngaphambi kukaMatshi 2003.

ILancet ishicilele imiphumela yocwaningo lwasemakhaya lokufa kwabantu ekupheleni kukaJuni 2006. Emaphesentini angama-92 emakhaya acelwa ukuthi akhiphe isitifiketi sokushona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokufa okubikiwe, bakwenza lokho. Ucwaningo luphethe ngokuthi kube nokufa kwabantu abangama-654,965 ngokweqile futhi abanodlame. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukufa okubangelwe ukwanda kokungabi namthetho, ingqalasizinda eseyonakele, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuntulayo. Iningi labantu abashonile (601,027) lalinganiselwa ukuthi belingenxa yodlame. Izimbangela zokufa kwabantu abanodlame kwakuwukudutshulwa (amaphesenti angama-56), ukuqhuma kwebhomu emotweni (amaphesenti ayi-13), okunye ukuqhuma / ukuqhuma (amaphesenti ayi-14), isiteleka somoya (amaphesenti ayi-13), ingozi (amaphesenti amabili), nokungaziwa (amaphesenti amabili). I-Just Foreign Policy, inhlangano ezinze eWashington, isibalile ukufa kwabantu abalinganiselwayo ngesikhathi salokhu kubhalwa, okuchazwe embikweni weLancet ngokususelwa ezingeni lokufa kwabantu elibikwe kwabezindaba eminyakeni eyedlule. Isilinganiso samanje singu-2.

Ucwaningo lwesibili olujulile lokufa okubangelwa yiMpi e-Iraq yi-poll yama-2,000 abantu abadala base-Iraq abanjwe yi-Opinion Research Business (ORB) ngo-Agasti 2007. I-ORB kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-1,033,000 ibulawe ngesihluku ngenxa yeMpi e-Iraq: "Amaphesenti angu-48 abulawa ngesigameko sokudubula, amaphesenti angu-20 kusukela emthonjeni webhomu yemoto, amaphesenti angu-9 kusuka ebhomu lokuqhuma kwamapayipi, amaphesenti angu-6 ngenxa yengozi, namaphesenti angu-6 kusukela enye ukuqhuma / ukulandelana. "

Ukufa okulinganiselayo kusukela e-War on Afghanistan kwakungaphansi kakhulu kodwa kuphakama ngokushesha ngesikhathi salokhu kubhala.

Kuzo zonke lezi zimpi, umuntu angafaka isibalo esikhulu sokulimala kwalabo abalimele kunalowo engikushilo kwabafileyo. Kuphephile futhi ukucabanga ngeso lengqondo inombolo enkulu kakhulu kulabo abahlukumezekile, izintandane, abangenamakhaya, noma abadingisiwe. Inkinga yababaleki base-Iraq ihilela izigidi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, lezi zibalo azibambeli izinga elibi lokuphila emiphakathini yempi, ukuhlala okunciphise isikhathi sokuphila, ukukhulelwa okukhulayo okusheshayo, ukusabalalisa okusheshayo kwamanqamu, ukushaqeka kwamabhomu angakaze kwashiywa phansi, noma ngisho namasosha ase-US anobuthi futhi wazama futhi wenqaba isinxephezelo.

U-Usesani waseZeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, ongumsizi wothisha e-Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute esifundazweni saseNyakatho-West Frontier ePakistan, osanda kuqeda iminyaka emihlanu njengesazi seFulbright e-US, kubika ukuthi i-drone eqhubekayo engekho emthethweni e-United States ihlasela ePakistan ibulale i-29 abasolwa amaphekula, kanye nezakhamuzi ze-1,150, belimaza i-379 ngaphezulu.

Uma izinombolo ezingenhla zilungile, iMpi Yezwe II yabulala amaphesenti angu-67 abantu, iMpi yaseKorea i-61 amaphrovinsi, impi eVietnam amaphesenti angu-77, i-War on Iraq amaphesenti angu-99.7 i-Iraqis (noma ngabe yizizwe), ne-Drone War on Amaphesenti angu-12 e-Pakistan angu-98.

NgoMashi 16, 2003, owesifazane osemusha waseMelika ogama lakhe linguRachel Corrie wayemi phambi komuzi wasePalestina emgqeni waseGaza, enethemba lokulivikela ekubhujisweni yibutho lase-Israel elifuna ukukhulisa izindawo zokuhlala zase-Israel. Wayebhekene ne-bulldozer yaseCaterpillar D9-R, futhi wamchoboza waze wafa. Ukuvikela ngesinqumo senkantolo yomndeni wakhe ngenyanga kaSeptemba 2010, umholi wophiko lwezempi e-Israel wachaza: "Phakathi nempi azikho izakhamizi."

Isigaba: AMAZI NEZINGANE NGOKUQALA

Into eyodwa okumelwe uyikhumbule mayelana nomphakathi ukuthi akuzona zonke amadoda ezempi. Abanye babo bangabantu abadala. Eqinisweni labo abasesimweni esibuthakathaka kakhulu kungenzeka babulawe. Abanye bangabesifazane. Abanye bangabantwana, izinsana, noma abesifazane abakhulelwe. Abesifazane kanye nezingane bahlangene mhlawumbe bakha iningi labantu abahlukunyezwe empini, njengoba sicabanga ngempi njengomsebenzi ngokuyinhloko kubantu. Uma sicabanga ngempi njengendlela yokubulala inqwaba yabesifazane nezingane kanye nogogo nomkhulu singabe singazimisele ukuyivumela?

Into eyinhloko impi eyenza abesifazane yinto engaba yimbi kakhulu: ibabulala. Kodwa kunenye enye impi eyenziwa ngabesifazane abathengisa amaphephandaba amaningi. Ngakho, ngezinye izikhathi sizwa ngakho. Impi idlwengula abesifazane. Amasosha adlwengula abesifazane ezindaweni ezizimele, kodwa ngokuvamile eziningana. Futhi amasosha kwezinye izimpi ahlukumeza bonke abesifazane njengendlela yobuphekula obuhleliwe.

U-Véronique Aubert, iSekela loMqondisi we-Amnesty International, e-Afrika, uthi: "Amakhulu amancane, uma kungenjalo ayizinkulungwane, kwabesifazane namantombazane abelokhu ehlaselwa yizisulu zabantu abaningi, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile, ukudlwengula nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi okwenziwe yizinhlobonhlobo zempi." Uhlelo, ku-2007, ekhuluma ngempi e-Cote d'Ivoire.

Kuthathwa NguMandla: Ukudlwengula kanye nama-GI aseMelika eYurophu ngesikhathi se-WWII ngumholi wezenhlalo waseMelika uRobert Lilly ekugcineni washicilelwa ku-2007 e-United States. Emuva kumshicileli we-2001 Lilly wenqabe ukushicilela le ncwadi ngenxa yobugebengu buka-September 11, 2001. URichard Drayton uphicilele futhi uphawule ngokutholakala kukaLilly ku-Guardian:

"U-Lilly ubonisa ubuncane bokudlwengula kwe-10,000 yaseMelika [eMpini Yezwe II]. Abacwaningi bachaza isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sobugebengu obungavumelekile bobulili. I-Time Magazine ibike ngo-Septhemba 1945: 'Ibutho lethu nebutho laseBrithani kanye neyethu lenze ingxenye yabo yokuphanga nokudlwengula. . . nathi sibhekwa njengebutho labadlwenguli. '"

Kuleyo mpi, njengabanye abaningi, izisulu zokudlwengula azizange zinikezwe njalo imindeni yabo, uma imindeni yabo isaphila. Babevame ukuphikwa ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ukuvinjelwa, ngisho nokubulawa.

Labo abadlwengula phakathi nempi bavame ukuqiniseka ngokuzivikela kwabo emthethweni (emva kwakho konke, bathola ingculazi futhi badumise ngokubulala kwabantu abaningi, ngakho-ke ukudlwengulwa kufanele futhi kulandelwe) ukuthi baziqhayise ngamacala abo futhi uma kungenzeka, babonise izithombe zazo. Ngo-May 2009, safunda ukuthi izithombe zebutho lase-US ezihlukumeza iziboshwa zase-Iraq zathi isosha laseMelika lidlwengula owesifazane wesilisa, umhumushi wesilisa wadlwengula isigodlo sesilisa, nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi iziboshwa ezinezinto ezihlanganisa i-truncheon, i-wire, ne-tube phosphorescent .

Imibiko eminingi iye yafika phakathi kwamasosha ase-US edlwengula abesifazane base-Iraq ngaphandle kwejele. Nakuba akuzona zonke izinsolo eziyiqiniso, izigameko ezinjalo azibikiwe ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi lezo ezibikiwe ezempi azihlali zenziwe umphakathi noma zishushiswa njalo. Amacala aseMelika, okubandakanya nobugebengu obhekene nabasebenzi bawo, awayekanga, ngoba asebenze ngaphandle komthetho. Ngezinye izikhathi sifunda ngemuva-iqiniso lokuthi amasosha aphenywe ngamacala okudlwengula futhi aphonsa icala. Ngo-March 2005, i-Guardian yabika:

"Amasosha avela ku-3rd Infantry Brigade. . . babephenywa ngonyaka odlule ngokudlwengula abesifazane base-Iraq, imibhalo yase-US Army yembula. Amasosha amane asolwa ngokudlwengula abesifazane ababili ngesikhathi beqashwe endaweni yokuthenga yezitolo eBaghdad. Umphenyi we-US Army uxoxisane namasosha amaningana e-unit unit, i-1-15th ibutho le-3rd Infantry Brigade, kodwa akazange athole noma abuze abesifazane base-Iraq ababambe iqhaza ngaphambi kokuvala uphenyo ngenxa yokungabi nobufakazi. "

Kwabe sekukhona ukudlwengulwa kwamagciwane okubandakanyeka nguPaul Cortez, okushiwo esahlukweni sesihlanu. Igama lesisulu kwakungu-Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, oneminyaka engu-14. Ngokwesifungo esisodwa somsolwa,

"Amasosha amqaphela endaweni yokuhlola. Bamtshela ngemuva kokukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwabo beveza inhloso yakhe yokudlwengula. Ngo-Mashi 12, ngemuva kokudlala amakhadi ngenkathi i-slugging whiskey exutshwe nokuphuza okukhulu kwamandla futhi iqhuba igalofu yabo, yaphenduka yaba abantu abamnyama futhi yafika emzini ka-Abeer eMahmoudiya, edolobheni elingu-50 eningizimu yeBaghdad. Babulala umama wakhe uFikhriya, ubaba Qassim, nodadewabo oneminyaka emihlanu uHadeel ngezinhlamvu ebunzini, futhi 'baphenduka' badlwengula u-Abeer. Ekugcineni, bambulala, baqothula izidumbu nge-diesel, bawashisa ngomlilo ukuze babhubhise ubufakazi. Khona-ke ama-GIs agubha amaphiko ezinkukhu. "

Amasosha aseMelika ase-US asengozini enkulu yokudlwengulwa ngamantombazane abo abesilisa, kanye nokuphindiselwa kwabo "abaphathi" uma bebika ukuhlaselwa.

Ngesikhathi ukudlwengula kuvame kakhulu ngesikhathi sempi eshisayo, kuyinto evamile phakathi nemisebenzi ebanda. Uma amasosha ase-US angashiyi i-Iraq, ukudlwengula kwabo ngeke kube khona. Amaphoyisa ase-US adlwengula, ngokwesilinganiso, abesifazane ababili baseJapane ngenyanga njengengxenye yomsebenzi wethu oqhubekayo waseJapane, uqale ekupheleni "kwempi enhle."

Izingane zakha amaphesenti amaningi okufa kwabantu empini, mhlawumbe abaningi kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba khona kwabo “enkundleni yempi.” Izingane nazo zibuthelwa empini. Esimweni esinjalo, ingane isisulu ngokusemthethweni, yize lokho kungavimbi i-United States ukuthi iphonse izingane ezinjalo emajele afana neGuantanamo ngaphandle kokubekwa icala noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngokuyinhloko, noma kunjalo, izingane zingabambiqhaza ababulawa izinhlamvu namabhomu, balimala, baba yizintandane, futhi bahlukumezeka. Izingane nazo ziyizisulu ezivamile zamabhomu agqitshwayo, amabhomu amaqoqo nezinye iziqhumane ezisele ngemuva kwempi.

Ngesikhathi se-1990s, ngokusho kwe-United Nations Children's Fund, izingane eziyi-2 zafa futhi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-6 bakhubazekile ngokuphelele noma balimala kabi empini, kuyilapho izimpi zixoshwa ezinganeni eziyizigidi ezingu-20 emakhaya abo.

Lezi zici zempi - inqwaba, empeleni, ukuthi iyini impi - ziyenza izwakale ingemukeleki kangako kune-duel okuvunyelwene ngayo phakathi kwabaphikisi abanesibindi ababeka izimpilo zabo engozini bezama ukubulalana. Ukubulala isitha esinesibindi esihlomile nokuzama ukukubulala kungaqeda icala ngohlobo oluthile lobungcweti kwezemidlalo. Isikhulu seBrithani seMpi Yezwe I sancoma abadubuli bemishini baseJalimane: “Abadlali abaphezulu. Alwe aze abulawe. Basinike isihogo. ” Uma ukufa kwabo kwakuhloniphekile ngakho-ke ukubulawa kwabo kwakunjalo.

Ukukhohlisa kwengqondo okuwusizo akukwenziwanga kalula uma umuntu ebulala isitha nge-long-range sniper umlilo noma ezihlaselweni noma ukuhlaselwa okumangalisa, izenzo ezaye zacatshangwa zingenakuhlonishwa. Kunzima ngisho nokuthola ubukhosi ekubulaleni abantu abangeke bakwazi ukuhlanganyela empini yakho nhlobo, abantu abangase bazama ukukulethela isikhwama sokuthenga. Sithanda ukuhlukumeza impi, njengoba kuxoxwe esahlukweni sesihlanu, kodwa izindlela zakudala zempi seziphelile futhi zazingalungile ngenkathi ziqhubeka. Izindlela ezintsha zibandakanya ukudlala kancane kumahhashi, ngisho noma amaqembu amasosha namanje esabizwa ngokuthi "amahhashi." Kukhona nempi emincane kakhulu yamanzi. Esikhundleni salokho, ukulwa emhlabathini kuhlanganisa izimpi zasemgwaqweni, ukuhlaselwa kwendlu, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezimoto, konke kuhlanganiswe nesivunguvungu sokufa okuvela phezulu esibizwa ngokuthi impi yangaphakathi.

Isigaba: IZIMPENDULO ZEMITHETHO, AMA-RAIDS, NEZOKUHLOLA

Ngo-Ephreli 2010, iwebhusayithi ebizwa ngeWikileaks yathumela ku-inthanethi ividiyo yesigameko esenzeka ngo-2007 eBaghdad. Izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zaseMelika zibonakala zidubula iqulu lamadoda ekhoneni lomgwaqo, libulala izakhamizi ezibandakanya izintatheli, lalimaza nezingane. Kuzwakala amazwi amasosha aseMelika asezindizeni ezinophephela emhlane. Abalwi enkundleni yempi kepha edolobheni lapho bobabili labo abazama ukubabulala nalabo okuthiwa bayabavikela babazungezile, abahlukaniseki. Amasosha akholelwa ngokusobala ukuthi uma kunethuba elincane kakhulu iqembu lamadoda elingaba ngamasosha, kufanele abulawe. Lapho lithola ukuthi sezishaye izingane kanye nabantu abadala, elinye ibutho laseMelika lithi “Kuyiphutha labo ukuletha izingane zabo empini.” Khumbula, lokhu kwakuyindawo yasedolobheni. Kuyiphutha lakho ukuba sempini, njengoba kuyiphutha lakho u-Adam adle lelo apula elingavunyelwe: uzalwa unephutha uma uzalwa kule planethi.

Amandla ase-US ayesemhlabeni ngalolo suku. U-Ethan McCord owake waba yi-Army Specialist wabonakala kule vidiyo esiza izingane ezimbili ezimele ngemuva kokuhlaselwa. Ukhulume ku-2010 ngalokho okwakwenzekile. Uthi wayengomunye wamasosha ayisithupha okuzofika kuqala endaweni yesehlakalo:

"Kwakuyingozi enkulu kakhulu. Ngangingakaze ngimbone noma ubani odubule nge-30-millimeter nxazonke, futhi ngokuqinisekile angathandi ukuphinde abubone lokho. Kwabonakala sengathi ayinakwenzeka, njengokunye okuvela kwi-movie embi ye-B-horror. Uma lezi zindilinga zikushaya, zifana nokuqhuma - abantu abanamakhanda abo, izinsipho zabo zilenga emzimbeni wabo, izitho zingekho. Ngabona ama-RPG amabili endaweni yesehlakalo kanye nama-AK-47 ambalwa.

"Kodwa ngase ngizwa ukukhala kwengane. Kwakungeyona ngempela ukukhala kobuhlungu, kodwa ngokufana nokukhala komntwana omncane owayeyesaba engqondweni yakhe. Ngakho ngagijimela ku-van lapho izikhala zazivela khona. Ungakwazi ukubona empilweni evela kuvidiyo lapho elinye isosha nami ngifikela kumshayeli kanye nezinhlangothi zomgibeli we-van.

"Isosha enganginalo, ngokushesha nje lapho ebona abantwana, baphenduka, baqala ukuhlanza futhi bagijima. Wayengafuni noma yikuphi ingxenye yaleso sithombe nezingane.

"Lokho engangibona lapho ngibheka ngaphakathi kweveni kwakuyintombazane encane, cishe iminyaka emithathu noma emine ubudala. Wayenesilonda esiswini futhi ingilazi ezinwele nasezinweni zakhe. Eceleni kwakhe kwakungumfana cishe oneminyaka eyisikhombisa noma eyisishiyagalombili ubudala owayenesilonda ngakwesokudla senhloko. Wayebeka isigamu ebhodini elingaphansi kanye nengxenye ebhentshini. Ngacabanga ukuthi ufile; wayengahambi.

"Kwakukhona yena engangikucabanga ukuthi unguyise. Wazingelwa ngaphesheya, cishe ngendlela evikela, ezama ukuvikela izingane zakhe. Futhi ungatshela ukuthi uthathe i-30-millimeter nxazonke esifubeni. Nganginomuzwa wokuthi ufile. "

UMcCord wambamba intombazane wathola imithi, wabe esebuyela eveni futhi wabona umfana ehamba. UMcCord wamyisa emotweni efanayo ukuze athunyelwe futhi. UMcCord waqhubeka uchaza imithetho yena namabutho akhe asebenza ngaphansi kwalo mpi yasemadolobheni:

"Imithetho yethu yokuzibandakanya yayishintsha cishe nsuku zonke. Kodwa sasinomkhulu we-gung-ho omuhle, owenze ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi sibhekene nama-IED [amadivaysi aqhuma ama-explosive] okuningi, bekuyoba nesibhamu esisha se-SOP [inqubo ejwayelekile yokusebenza].

"Uyahamba, 'Uma othile emgqeni wakho ehlaselwa nge-IED, umlilo we-360 wokujikeleza. Ubulala wonke ama-motherfucker emgwaqweni. ' Mina kanye noJosh [Stieber] kanye namanye amasosha ayehlezi lapho ebuka omunye nomunye, athi, 'Uyangibamba? Ufuna sibulale abesifazane nabantwana emgwaqweni? '

"Futhi awukwazanga nje ukungalaleli imiyalelo yokudubula, ngoba bekungenza impilo yakho ibe isihogo e-Iraq. Ngakho-ke njengami, ngingadonsa phezulu ophahleni lwesakhiwo esikhundleni sokuhlaselwa emiphakathini. Kodwa ngikubonile izikhathi eziningi, lapho abantu behamba khona nje emgwaqweni bese i-IED ihamba futhi amasosha avule umlilo futhi abulale. "

Ochwepheshe bezempi uJosh Stieber, owayengumakhelwane ofanayo noMcCord, uthe amasosha asanda kufika eBaghdad abuzwa ukuthi angabe esebuyela emuva kumhlaseli uma eyazi ukuthi izakhamizi ezingenakuzivikela zingalimala kule nqubo. Labo abazange baphendule ngokuqinisekisile, noma labo ababengabaza, "baboshelwa" baze baqaphele lokho okwakulindeleke kubo, wanezela owake waba ngu-Army Specialist uRay Corcoles, owakhonza noMcCord noStieber.

Nakuba kunzima kakhulu, lapho uhlala emzini, ukuhlukanisa abahlukumezi abanobudlova emiphakathini, imithetho yempi isahlukanisa phakathi kwezizwe nabasosha. "Lokho okushiwo la masosha, ukuphindisela ngokumelene nezakhamuzi, ubugebengu obucacile bempi obuye kwashushiswa ngempumelelo ngemva kweWWII esimweni saseJalimane SS Obersturmbannführer uHerbert Kappler," kubhala uRalph Lopez.

"Ku-1944 Kappler wayala ukuthi kubulawe abantu abaningi ngesilinganiso se-10 kuya ku-1 kuwo wonke amasosha aseJalimane abulawe ekuhlaselweni kwamabhomu ama-Italian party asemthethweni ngoMashi 1944. Ukubulawa kwenzeka emaphandleni ase-Ardeatine e-Italy. Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wabona ibhayisikobho ephathelene noRichard Burton. "

Enye indlela esheshayo yokuguqula abangewona abahlanganyeli empi empini esebenzayo ukukhahlela eminyango yabo, ukushaya impahla yabo, nokuhlambalaza nokuthungatha abathandekayo babo. Labo abaphikisana nezigameko ezinjalo njalo e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan badutshulwe noma bavalelwe - kamuva, ezimweni eziningi, bakhululwa, ngokuvamile bagcwele isifiso sokuphindiselela kulabo abahlala khona. Ukuhlasela okunjalo e-Afghanistan kuchazwe nguZaitullah Ghiasi Wardak esahlukweni sesithathu. Awekho ama-akhawunti wezinhlupho ezibonisa noma yini efana nebutho lempi elikhazimulayo.

NgoJanuwari 2010, uhulumeni ophethwe yi-Afghanistan kanye neZizwe Ezihlangene bobabili baphetha ngokuthi ngoDisemba 26, 2009, eKunar, amasosha aholwa yiMelika ahudula izingane eziyisishiyagalombili ezilele emibhedeni yazo, abopha ozankosi ezinye, azidubula zonke zafa. NgoFebhuwari 24, 2010, umbutho wamasosha aseMelika wavuma ukuthi abashonile kwakungabafundi abangenacala, okuphikisana namanga awo okuqala ngalesi sigameko. Lokhu kubulawa kwaholela emibhikishweni yabafundi kulo lonke elase-Afghanistan, umbhikisho osemthethweni kaMongameli wase-Afghanistan, nophenyo olwenziwe nguhulumeni wase-Afghanistan kanye ne-United Nations. Uhulumeni wase-Afghanistan ucele ukuthi kushushiswe futhi kubulawe amasosha aseMelika abulala abantu base-Afghanistan. UDave Lindorff ubeke amazwana ngoMashi 3, 2010:

"Ngaphansi kwemihlangano yaseGeneva, ubugebengu bempi ukubulala umuntu othunjiwe. Noma kunjalo e-Kunar ngoDisemba 26, amabutho ase-US, noma amanye amasosha ase-US noma izinkontileka zezinkontileka, abashonile abashonile ababulawa iziboshwa eziyisishiyagalombili. Kuyinto yobugebengu bezempi ukubulala izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka yobudala be-15, kodwa okwamanje kulesi sigameko umfana we-11 nomfana we-12 babanjwe ngesandla njengabaqaphi abathunjiwe futhi babulawa. Abanye ababili kwabafileyo babe yi-12 kanti okwesithathu kwakungu-15. "

I-Pentagon ayizange iphhenye, idlulisele le buck emandleni ase-US aphethwe yi-NATO e-Afghanistan. I-Congress ayinalo igunya lokuphoqelela ubufakazi obuvela ku-NATO, njengoba kwenza - okungenani inory - nge Pentagon. Ngesikhathi uLindorff exhumana neKomiti Yezinsiza Zasekhaya, isikhulu sezindaba sasingazi kahle lesi sigameko.

Okunye ukuhlaselwa ebusuku, ngoFebhuwari 12, 2010, kwaqondiswa emzini wephoyisa elidumile, u-Commander Dawood, owabulawa emi emnyango wakhe ebhikisha emsulwa emndenini wakhe. Abanye ababulewe ngumkakhe okhulelwe, omunye wesifazane okhulelwe, nentombazane eneminyaka engu-18. I-US neNATO bathi amasosha abo athole ukuthi laba besifazane baboshiwe futhi sebefile, futhi athi amasosha abhekane nokulwa nomlilo okuvela "kubavukeli" abaningi. Ekuqambeni amanga, kwesinye isikhathi kuncane okungaphezulu. Noma ngabe amanga ngabe asebenze, kepha womabili ndawonye anuka izinhlanzi. I-NATO ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yahlehla indaba yabavukeli futhi yasho ngamafuphi indlela amasosha ethu ayithatha eya ezizweni ezinabantu, indlela engenakuphumelela:

"Uma unomuntu ophuma ekomidini, futhi uma amandla akho okuhlaselwa ekhona, lokho ngokuvamile kuyisisusa sokunciphisa (sic) lowo muntu. Awudingi ukuxoshwa ukuze uphinde ubuyeke. "[Ithalics yengezwe]

Kuthathe u-Ephreli 2010 ngaphambi kokuba i-NATO ivunyelwe ukubulala labesifazane, eveza ukuthi amabutho akhethekile e-US, ezama ukumboza amacala abo, avule izibhamu emzimbeni wesifazane ngemimese.

Ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa, ibutho elisha lempi liqukethe izinqwaba zokuhlola izimoto. Ku-2007, isosha lase-US lavuma ukuthi libulale izakhamizi ze-429 ngonyaka ngonyaka wezikhathi zokuhlola i-Iraq. Ezweni elihlala kuwo, izimoto zomhlali kufanele ziqhubeke zihamba, noma labo abangaphakathi bangase babulawe. Izimoto zomuntu ohlala kuzo, kepha kumele zimise ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwazo. Impi e-Iraq engumdala uMat Howard uyakhumbula:

"Impilo yaseMelika ibaluleke kakhulu kunokuphila kwe-Iraq. Njengamanje, uma usendlini ye-convoy e-Iraq, awuvimbeli lelo khampasi. Uma ingane encane igijima phambi kweloli lakho, ulawulwa ukuba umgijime esikhundleni sokumisa i-convoy yakho. Lena inqubomgomo ehlelwe endleleni yokubhekana nabantu base-Iraq.

"Nganginomngane wami waseMarine owasetha indawo yokuhlola. Imoto elayishwe abantu abayisithupha, umndeni uya epikinikini. Akazange ivele ngokushesha lapho kuhlolwa khona. Kwakunomusa wokuya endaweni yokumisa. Futhi imithetho yokuzibandakanya isho, esimweni esinjalo, udinga ukushayela kulowo moto. Futhi benza. Futhi babulala wonke umuntu kulowo moto. Futhi bafuna imoto, futhi bavele bethola ibhasikidi lepikinikini. Azikho izikhali.

"Futhi, yebo, ngiyabuhlungu kakhulu, futhi isikhulu sakhe sifikile futhi [umngane wami] ufana nokuthi, 'Uyazi, mnumzane, sasibulala nje umndeni wonke we-Iraqis ize.' Futhi konke akusho ukuthi, 'Uma laba hajis bebengakwazi ukufunda ukushayela, lokhu kungabikho.' "

Enye inkinga evame ukuhanjiswa kabi. Amasosha ayefundiswa ukuthi isibhamu esasiphakamisela sisho "ukuyeka," kodwa akekho owakutshela ama-Iraqis, ababengenalwazi futhi kwezinye izimo bakhokhela ukungazi ngempilo yabo.

Izindawo zokuhlola nazo zindawo ezivamile zokubulala izakhamuzi e-Afghanistan. U-Gen. Stanley McChrystal, owayengumengameli waseMelika waseMelika kanye ne-NATO e-Afghanistan, uthe ngoMashi 2010: "Sishone isibalo esinqunyiwe sabantu, kodwa ngolwazi lwami, akekho okuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi kuyingozi."

Isigaba: BOMBS NOKUDA

Enye yezimpawu eziphawulekayo zeMpi Yezwe II kwaba ukuqhuma kwamabutho. Le ndlela entsha yokulwa nempi yaletha imigqa yangaphambili eduze kakhulu nekhaya ngenkathi ivumela labo abenza ukubulawa ukuthi bakhiwe kude kakhulu ukubona izisulu zabo.

"Kubantu abahlala emizini yaseJalimane, ukusinda 'ngaphansi kwamabhomu' kwakuyisici esichazayo sempi. Impi esibhakabhakeni yayisulile umehluko phakathi kwekhaya nangaphambili, engeza 'umoya wesifo sokucindezeleka kwengqondo' kanye 'nesibindi sogwaja' esilulumagama samaJalimane. Abantu abahlala emizaneni bangase bathi 'izikhathi zokuphila ngaphambili,' empini eyayiguqule imizi yaseJalimane ibe 'empini'. "

Umshayeli wase-US eMpini yaseKorea wayenombono ohlukile:

"Izikhathi ezimbalwa zokuqala ngangihamba ngesiteleka se-napalm, nganginomzwelo ongenalutho. Ngacabanga ngemuva kwalokho, Hhayi, mhlawumbe angifanele ngikwenze. Mhlawumbe labo bantu engangibafisa babengabantu abangenacala. Kodwa uthola isimo esifanele, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokushaywa okubukeka sengathi ungomphakathi futhi i-A-frame ngemuva kwakhe kukhanya njengekhandlela lamaRoma - isibonakaliso esanele sokuthi uphethe izinhlamvu. Ngokuvamile, anginaso ikhono ngomsebenzi wami. Ngaphandle kwalokho, asivamile ukusebenzisa i-napalm kubantu esibabonayo. Siyisebenzisela ezikhundleni zezintaba noma izakhiwo. Futhi into eyodwa mayelana ne-napalm yukuthi lapho usufikile umuzi futhi usubonile ukuthi ukhuphuke emaflameni, uyazi ukuthi ufeze okuthile. Ayikho into eyenza umshayeli wezimoto abe nomubi kakhulu kunokuba asebenze endaweni engaboni ukuthi ufeze noma yini. "

Izingcaphuno zombili ezingenhla zivela ekuqoqweni kwezinhlobonhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi iBombing Civilians: A Twenty-Century History History, ehlelwe nguYuki Tanaka noMarilyn B. Young, engiyincomayo.

Ngesikhathi amaJalimane ehlasele iBuernica, eSpain, e-1937, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngamadolobha kwakuthatha okuthile eduze nesimo salo samanje kanye nesisusa samanje lapho amaJapane eqhuma iCongqing, eChina, esuka ku-1938 kuya ku-1941. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kwaqhubeka, ngokuqhuma kwamabhomu nge-1943, futhi kwafaka nokusetshenziswa kokuqhekeka nokubhujiswa kwamabhomu, izikhali zamakhemikhali, amabhomu namafayili okulibaziseka okwadala umonakalo wesikhathi eside nangokwengqondo njengamabhomu eqoqo asetshenziswa eminyakeni engu-60 kamuva e-Iraq. Izinsuku ezimbili zokuqala zaleli bhomu ezihleliwe zabulala cishe izikhathi ezintathu abantu ababulawa eGuernica. Ngokungafani nemikhankaso yokuqhuma kwamabhomu kamuva eJalimane, eNgilandi naseJapane, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eChina kwaba ukubulawa kwabantu abanamacala okuphela okungazange babe namandla okulwa nawo, okufanayo ngale ndlela eya emikhankaso eminingi kamuva, kuhlanganise nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eBaghdad.

Abagqugquzeli bombhomu wamabhomu baye bafakazela kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi kungaletha ukuthula okusheshayo, ukudikibala abantu ekuqhubekeni kwempi, noma ukushaqeka nokuzihlonipha. Lokhu kuye kwabonakala kungamanga, kuhlanganise naseJalimane, eNgilandi naseJapane. Umqondo wokuthi ukubhujiswa kwezikhali zenuzi emadolobheni amabili aseJapane wawuzoshintsha isimo sikahulumeni waseJapane sasingenakwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni, njengoba i-United States isivele isichitha imizi eyishumi nambili yaseJapane ene-firebombs ne-napalm. Ngo-Mashi 1945, iTokyo yayinezinhlobo eziningi

". . . imifula yomlilo. . . izifenisha ezivuthayo eziqhuma ekushiseni, kanti abantu ngokwabo babevutha njengama-'ticksticks 'njengoba amakhaya abo ekhuni namaphepha aqhuma amalangabi. Ngaphansi komoya nokuphefumula okukhulu komlilo, ama-vortices amakhulu ama-vortices aphakama ezindaweni eziningana, esheshayo, ebeka phansi, ephuza amabhulokhi onke ezindlini eziqhumeni zomlilo. "

UMark Selden uchaza ukubaluleka kwalesi sabekayo emashumini eminyaka yokwenza impi yase-US okuzolandela:

"Umengameli omkhulu ovela eRoosevelt waya eGeorge W. Bush uye wavuma ekusebenziseni indlela yokulwa nempi ehlasela bonke abantu ngokubhujiswa, okuqeda konke ukungafani phakathi kokulwa nokungahambisani nemiphumela ebulalayo. Amandla asabekayo ebhomu le-athomu afihlile ukuthi leli qhinga lafika eminyakeni yobudala e-firebombing yaseTokyo futhi yaba yindawo ephakathi kwezempi yase-US kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. "

Umkhulumeli weFifth Air Force wabonisa ngokucacile umbono wezempi wase-US: "Kithina, asikho izakhamizi eJapane."

Ama-drones angenalutho aqala ukulwa nempi, amasosha okuxosha kunanini ngaphambili kulabo abawabulala, okwandisa ukulimala komuntu oyedwa, nokushaqisa wonke umuntu okufanele alalele i-drones ekhuphuka phezulu njengoba esongela ukuqhuma indlu futhi aqede impilo yakhe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. I-drones iyingxenye yezobuchwepheshe obubulalayo ezibekwa emazweni lapho sithatha khona izimpi zethu.

"Imicabango yami iqhubekela e-Emergency Surgical Center for Victims of War, eKabul," kusho uKathy Kelly ngoSeptemba 2010.

"Ezinyangeni ezingaphezu kwezinyanga ezimbili edlule, uJosh [Brollier] nami sahlangana noNer Said, oneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, esigodini sesibhedlela sabafana abalimele ukuqhuma okuhlukahlukene. Abaningi balaba bafana bawamukela ukuhlukana okuvela ekudambeni kwesigceme, futhi babezimisele kakhulu ukuhlala ngaphandle, engadini yasebhedlela, lapho beyakha khona umbuthano bese bexoxa ndawonye amahora. U-Nur Said wahlala endlini. Ukudabukisayo ukukhuluma, wayezongqongqoza nje, amehlo akhe e-hazel egcwele izinyembezi. Ngempelasonto ngaphambili, ubeyingxenye yeqembu elincane labantwana abasiza ekusizeni imali yomndeni wabo ngokufuna izinsimbi zensimbi futhi bakhuphule izimayini zasemaphandleni e-Afghanistan. Ukuthola imayini yomhlaba engakaqashiwe kwakuyi-eureka yabantwana ngoba, uma ivuliwe, izingxenye zethusi ezibalulekile zingasuswa futhi zithengiswe. U-Nur wayenogada lomhlaba ngesikhathi eqhuma ngokuzumayo, edwengula iminwe emine esandleni sakhe sokunene futhi ephuphuthekisa iso lakhe lesobunxele.

"Esikhathini esidabukisayo sengozi, u-Nur nabangane bakhe bahamba phambili kunomunye iqembu labasha abashaya izinsimbi ezinqabeni zesiKunar ngo-Agasti 26th.

"Ukulandela ukuhlasela kukaTaliban esiteshini samaphoyisa esiseduze, amabutho e-NATO awela phezulu ukuze 'ahlangane' nezimbangi. Uma ukubandakanya kubandakanya ukuqhuma ibhomu endaweni ehlolwe kuyo, kungase kube khona ukuthi iNATO ihlose ukuhlanza izimpi. Kodwa kulokhu, amabhomu ahlasele izingane zezimpi futhi abulala abayisithupha, abaneminyaka engu-6 kuya ku-12. Amaphoyisa asekhaya athi akukho Taliban esiteshini ngesikhathi kuhlasela, kuphela izingane.

". . . E-Afghanistan, izikole ezingamashumi amathathu eziphakeme zivalile ngoba abazali bathi izingane zabo ziphazanyiswa yi-drones ezindiza phezulu futhi akuphephile ukuba zibuthe ezikoleni. "

Ukulimala kwezimpi zethu enkundleni yempi yomhlaba kudlula izinkumbulo zabantu abadala abasinda. Sishiya ama-landscapes amakwe imigodi yamabhomu, kusha izinkambu zikawoyela, izilwandle zinoshevu, amanzi omhlabathi onakalisiwe. Sishiya ngemuva, nasemizimbeni yamakadebona ethu, i-Agent Orange, i-uranium eseyaphela, nazo zonke ezinye izinto ezenzelwe ukubulala abantu ngokushesha kepha zithwala imiphumela emibi yokubulala abantu kancane kancane. Kusukela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okuyimfihlo kwe-United States kweLaos okwaphela ngo-1975, abantu abangaba ngu-20,000 XNUMX sebebulewe wumkhosi ongaqhunywanga. Ngisho nempi yezidakamizwa iqala ukubukeka njengempi yokwesaba lapho ukufafazwa kwamasimu kwenza izifunda zaseColombia zingakwazi ukuhlala abantu.

Sizofunda nini? UJohn Quigley wavakashela iVietnam ngemuva kwempi futhi wabona edolobheni laseHanoi,

". . . indawo esasiyibhomu ngoDisemba 1972, ngoba uMongameli Nixon uthe ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kuzokwenza iNyakatho Vietnam ixoxisane. Lapha izinkulungwane zabulawa ngesikhathi esifushane. . . . Indoda ekhulile, osindile yokuqhuma kwamabhomu, wayenakekela umbukiso. Njengoba wangibonisa, ngibone ukuthi wayezama ukugwema ukubuza imibuzo ngesimo esivumelwaneni esivela izwe elibhekene nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu. Ekugcineni, wangicela, ngokukhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuthi iMelika ingakwenza kanjani lokhu endaweni yakhe. Angizange ngiphendule. "