IZINDAWO ZINYE IZINDABA

UPericles uhloniphe labo ababefile empini e-Athens:

"Ngiye ngahlala ebukhulu be-Athene ngoba ngifuna ukukukhombisa ukuthi siphikisana nomklomelo ophakeme kunelabo abajabuli nalilodwa lala malungelo, futhi ukusungula ngokufakazela ubufakazi bokufaneleka kwala madoda engikhumbule manje. Ukudumisa kwabo okwedlula zonke sekukhulunywe kakade. Ngokuba ekukhuliseni umuzi ngibathuthukise, namadoda afana nabo abanobuhle babo abenze bakhazimulise. Futhi ukuthi kungakanani okushiwo yi-Hellenes njengabo, ukuthi izenzo zabo uma zilinganiselwe ibhalansi zitholiwe zilingana nodumo lwabo! Ngikholelwa ukuthi ukufa okunjengobo babo bekuyizinga eliyiqiniso lomuntu; Kungase kube isambulo sokuqala samakhono akhe, kodwa kunoma yikuphi uphawu lwabo lokugcina. Ngisho nalabo abafinyeleleka ngezinye izindlela bangase bafune ngokusobala ubuqhawe abaye balwela izwe labo; baye baqeda ububi ngokuhle, futhi bazuze umbuso ngaphezulu ngemisebenzi yabo yomphakathi kunokuba bamlimazile ngezenzo zabo zangasese.

"Akekho kulaba bantu abahlonishwa yimfuyo noma besaba ukuyeka ukuzijabulisa; akekho owakhipha usuku olubi ethembeni, ngokwemvelo ekuhluphekeni, ukuthi umuntu, nakuba engumpofu, ngolunye usuku angase acebe. Kodwa, ebona ukuthi isijeziso sezitha zabo sasihle kunanoma iyiphi yalezizinto, futhi ukuthi zingasweleki, azikhethele engozini yempilo yazo ukuba ziphindiselele ngokuhloniphekile, futhi ashiye yonke indawo. Bashiya ukuthemba ithemba labo elingaziwa lokuthokoza; kodwa ebusweni bokufa bazimisele ukuzethemba. Futhi lapho kufika umzuzwana babezimisele ukumelana nokuhlupheka, kunokuba bahambe futhi basindise izimpilo zabo; babalekela izwi lokuhlazeka, kodwa empini, izinyawo zabo zimi ngokushesha, futhi ngesikhathi esifushane, ngokuphakama kwengcebo yabo, badlula endaweni yesehlakalo, hhayi ngenxa yokwesaba kwabo, kodwa ngenxa yenkazimulo yabo. "

U-Abraham Lincoln wahlonipha labo ababefile empini ngakwesokunxele:

"Amaphesenti amane neminyaka eyisikhombisa edlule obaba bethu bakhipha leli zwekazi, isizwe esisha, bakhulelwa eLiberty, futhi bazinikezela isinqumo sokuthi wonke umuntu wadalwa alinganayo. Manje senza impi yombango omkhulu, sihlola ukuthi ngabe leso sizwe, noma isizwe esithathiwe kanjalo futhi sizinikezele kangaka, singakwazi ukukhuthazela isikhathi eside. Sifikelwa empini enkulu-empini yale mpi. Sifike ukunikezela ingxenye yaleso ssimu, njengendawo yokugcina yokuphumula kulabo abalapha banikeza izimpilo zabo ukuze lesi sizwe siphile. Kuyafaneleka futhi kufanelekile ukuthi kufanele sikwenze lokhu.

"Kodwa, ngomqondo omkhulu, asikwazi ukuzinikezela - asikwazi ukungcwelisa - asikwazi ukungcwelisa - lo mhlaba. Amadoda anesibindi, abaphilayo nabafile, abanobunzima lapha, bawuncwelisile, kakhulu ngaphezu kwamandla ethu ampofu ukwengeza noma ukuphazamisa. Izwe ngeke likwazi ukuphawula, noma likhumbule isikhathi eside lokho esikushoyo lapha, kodwa ngeke likhohlwe lokho abakwenzayo lapha. Kungenxa yethu abaphilayo, kunalokho, ukuba banikezele lapha emsebenzini ongapheli labo abalwa lapha baye kuze kube manje baphumelela kahle. Kungcono ukuthi sibe lapha sizinikezele emsebenzini omkhulu osusele ngaphambi kwethu - ukuthi kusukela kulabafileyo abahloniphekile sithatha ukuzinikela ngokwengeziwe kuleso sizathu abanikeze isilinganiso sokugcina sokuzinikela - ukuthi lapha sizimisele kakhulu ukuthi laba abafileyo ngeke bafe ngeze-ukuthi lesi sizwe, ngaphansi kukaNkulunkulu, siyoba nokuzalwa okusha kwenkululeko - nokuthi uhulumeni wabantu, abantu, abantu, ngeke abhubhise emhlabeni. "

Ngisho noma abaphathi bengasho lutho ngalokhu, futhi uma bengakwazi ukukusiza ukuthi ungakhulumi ngabafileyo nhlobo, umlayezo ofanayo uhamba ngaphandle kokusho namhlanje. Amasosha adunyiswa esibhakabhakeni, futhi ingxenye yokubeka impilo yabo engozini iqondakala ngaphandle kokushiwo. Abaphathi bahlonishwa kakhulu ukuthi akuvamile ukuba bathole umbono abawenza uhulumeni. AbaMongameli banengi bakhetha ukuba nguMongameli weKomkhulu ukuba abe ngumbusi omkhulu. I-yangaphambili ingaphathwa cishe njengobunkulunkulu, kuyilapho lo wesilisa engumqambimanga owaziwayo futhi ekhohlisayo.

Kodwa udumo lwabaphathi kanye namengameli luvela ukusondelana kwabo namabutho angaziwa kodwa anenkazimulo. Lapho ama-bigwig engafuni ukuthi izinqubomgomo zabo zibuzwe, zidinga nje ukuphakamisa ukuthi ukubuza ngaleyo ndlela kubangelwa ukugxeka amabutho noma ukungabaza mayelana nokungaqiniseki kwamabutho. Eqinisweni, izimpi ngokwazo zenza kahle kakhulu ukuzihlanganisa namasosha. Inkazimulo yamasosha kungenzeka ukuthi bonke bayothola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bazobulawa empini, kodwa impi ngokwalo iwukukhazimula kuphela ngenxa yobungcweti bamaqembu angcwele - hhayi amabutho athile, kepha abanikeli beqhawe abakhulu bokuzidela kuqala -kukhonjiswe yiThomu leSoldier engaziwa.

Uma nje inhlonipho enkulu kunazo zonke umuntu angayifisa ukuba ihanjiswe futhi ibulawe empini yomuntu, kuyoba khona izimpi. UMengameli uJohn F. Kennedy wabhala encwadini kumngane into engayike ayifake enkulumweni: "Impi iyoba khona kuze kube usuku olude lapho unqaba ukuya empini ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa yokuzikhandla ngenxa kanembeza. leso sisho kancane. Kumele kubandakanye labo abenqaba ukubamba iqhaza empini noma ngabe bayanikezwa yini isimo "sokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza." Futhi kumele kufakwe nalabo abaphikisana nempi ngaphandle kokuzikhandla ngaphandle kwezempi, kubandakanya ngokuya ezindaweni ezilindelekile zokuqhuma amabhomu. ukuhleleka ukuba abe "izihlangu zabantu."

Ngesikhathi uMengameli uBarack Obama enikezwa iNobel Peace Prize futhi wathi abanye abantu babelungele, ngase ngicabanga ngamaningana. Abanye abantu abanesibindi engazi noma abazwile benqabe ukungenela izingxabano zethu zamanje noma bazama ukubeka imizimba yabo emigodini yempi yempi. Uma bejabulela idumela elifanayo kanye nodumo njengezimpi, sonke sizokuzwa ngabo. Uma behlonishwa kakhulu, abanye babo bazovunyelwa ukukhuluma ngeziteshi zethu zethelevishini namaphephandaba, futhi ngaphambi kokuba impi emide ingabe isasekho.

Isigaba: YINI I-HERO?

Ake sibheke ngokwengeziwe inkolelo yenkohlakalo yamajoni esinikezwe nguPericles noLincoln. I-Random House ichaza iqhawe ngale ndlela elandelayo (futhi ichaza i-heroine ngendlela efanayo, esikhundleni sokuthi "owesifazane" "umuntu"):

"1. indoda enesibindi noma ikhono elivelele, ehlonishwa ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ezinesibindi kanye nezimfanelo ezinhle.

"2. umuntu, ngokwemibono yabanye, enezimfanelo zobuqhawe noma oyenzile isenzo sobuqhawe futhi uthathwa njengesimodeli noma ekahle: Wayengumuntu weqhawe lendawo lapho esindisa ingane egobayo.

"4. Mythology yamaGreki.

"A. ukuba ngumuntu onokuqhathaniswa nokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu okwakuvame ukuhlonishwa njengobuNkulunkulu. "

Isibindi noma ikhono. Izenzo ezinesibindi kanye nezimfanelo ezinhle. Kukhona okunye okungaphezu lapha nje kwesibindi nesibindi, okubhekene ngqo nokwesaba kanye nengozi. Kodwa yini? Iqhawe libhekwa njengesibonelo noma elihle. Kusobala ukuthi umuntu owazi ngesibindi waphumela iwindi le-20-indaba ayengeke ahlangabezane nale ncazelo, noma ngabe isibindi sabo sasinesibindi njengokuba nesibindi. Ukuziqhenya ngokucacile kufanele kudinga ubugqila obunjani abantu ababhekwa njengabayisibonelo kubo nakwabanye. Kumele kufake ukuqina nokuzuza. Ukuthi, isibindi asikwazi nje ukuba nesibindi; Kumele kube kuhle futhi kube nomusa. Ukuphuma ngaphandle kwefasitela akufaneleki. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo uwukuthi ukubulala nokufa ezimpini kufanele kufaneleke ukuba kuhle futhi kube nomusa. Akekho ongabaza ukuthi unesibindi futhi unesibindi.

Uma ubheka up "isibindi" kwisichazamazwi, ngendlela, uzothola "isibindi" nethi "ubuqhawe." I-Devil's Dictionary ka-Ambrose Bierce ichaza "ubuqhawe" njenge

"Isici esisebusweni esingenalutho, umsebenzi kanye nethemba lomgembula.

'Kungani unqanyile?' wabiza umphathi weqembu eChickamauga, owayebekele icala: 'qhubekela phambili, mnumzane, ngesikhathi esisodwa.'

'Jikelele,' kusho umphathi wamaphoyisa, "Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi noma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa okunamandla ngamabutho ami kuzobenza bahambisane nesitha. '"

Kodwa ingabe ubuqhawe obunjalo bungaba kuhle futhi bube nomusa noma bubhubhise futhi bububi? U-Bierce uqobo wayeyilungu leNyunyana e-Chickamauga futhi wayevele ehlazekile. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, lapho sekusemandleni ukushicilela izindaba mayelana neMpi Yombango engazange ivuthe ngenkazimulo engcwele yezempi, uByerce washicilela indaba ebizwa ngokuthi "Chickamauga" e-1889 eSan Francisco Examiner eyenza iqhaza empini enjalo kubonakala sengathi kukhona okubi kakhulu nokwesabekayo okuzokwenza. Amasosha amaningi asetshela izinkulumo ezifanayo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi impi, into ehlale ilandiswa njengeyingozi futhi eyesabekayo, kufanele ikwazi ukubamba iqhaza labo abahlanganyele ngenkazimulo. Yiqiniso, inkazimulo ayihlali. Ama-veteran aphazamisekile ahlelwa eceleni emphakathini wethu. Eqinisweni, ezimweni eziningi ezibhalwe phakathi kwe-2007 ne-2010, amasosha ayebhekwa ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo futhi afakwa ezempi, enza "ngokuhlonipha," futhi wayengenalo umlando oqoshiwe wezinkinga ezingokwengqondo. Khona-ke, lapho belimala, amasosha afanayo anesifo esiphephile atholakala enesifo somuntu esandulele, ekhishwa futhi enqatshelwe ukwelashwa amanxeba abo. Elinye isosha lalikhiwe ekamelweni kuze kube yilapho evumile ukusayina isitatimende sokuthi unesifo esandulele ngaphambili - inqubo uSihlalo weKomiti Yezokulwa Kwamalungu Ekhaya ubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlukunyezwa."

Amabutho asebenzayo asebenzayo, awangempela, awaphilwanga yizempi noma emphakathini ngokuhlonipha noma ngenhlonipho ethile. Kodwa inkolelo-mbono, "isiqhingi" esiyingqayizivele ingcwele yezwe kuphela ngenxa yokuzimisela kwakhe ukuphumula nokufa ngendlela efanayo efanayo yokubulala engenangqondo eyenziwa yizintuthwane njalo. Yebo, izintuthwane. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane ezinama-brains ubukhulu bawo. . . kahle, ubukhulu bento encane kunezintuthwane: balwa impi. Futhi bangcono kulo kunathi.

Isigaba: INGABE I-ANTS IYAQHUBA?

Izintuthwane zihola izimpi ezide futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngenhlangano enkulu kanye nokuzimisela okungafani, noma lokho esikubiza ngokuthi "ubuqhawe." Bathembeke ngokuphelele kuleso sizathu ngendlela abantu abangabanikazi bezwe abangalingana ngayo: "Kungaba sengathi kune-tattoo yaseMelika kuwe lapho uzalwa, "isazi sezinto eziphilayo uMark Moffett utshele umagazini weWired. Izintuthwane zizobulala ezinye izintuthwane ngaphandle kokubola. Izintuthwane zizokwenza "umhlatshelo wokugcina" ngaphandle kokungabaza. Izintuthwane zizoqhubeka nomsebenzi wazo kunokuba zime ukusiza isosha elimele.

Izintuthwane eziya phambili, lapho zibulala khona futhi zife kuqala, ziyizona ezincane kakhulu futhi zibuthakathaka. Bahlatshwa njengengxenye yeqhinga lokuwina. "Kweminye impi yezintuthwane, kungase kube nezigidi zamabutho angenakudlulela phambili enkundleni enamandla kakhulu kuze kube yizinyawo ezingu-100." Kwenye yezithombe zikaMoffett, ezibonisa "intuthwa yabaphangi eMalaysia, izintuthwane eziningana ezibuthakathaka zicutshungulwa ngesigamu esiphezulu sezitha ezinomsoco omnyama, onjenge-scissor-like. "Yini uPericles ayengayisho emngcwabeni?

“Ngokusho kukaMoffett, empeleni singafunda into eyodwa noma ezimbili endleleni izintuthwane ezilwa ngayo. Okokuqala, amabutho ezintuthwane asebenza ngokuhleleka okuqondile naphezu kokungabi namandla okuqondisa izinto. ” Futhi akukho zimpi eziyoqedwa ngaphandle kokuqamba amanga: "Njengabantu, izintuthwane zingazama ukweqisa izitha ngokukopela nangamanga." Kwesinye isithombe, “izintuthwane ezimbili zibhekana nomzamo wokukhombisa ukuphakama kwazo - okuthi, kulolu hlobo lwentuthwane, lubekwe ngobude bomzimba. Kodwa intuthwane enobuqili ingakwesokudla imile etsheni ukuze ithole inkalakatha yesibindi sayo. ” Ngabe u-Abe othembekile angavuma?

Eqinisweni, izintuthwane zingamaqhawe azinikele kangangokuba zingalwa ngisho nezimpi zombango ezenza lokho kulwa okuncane phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu kubukeke njengebhola lokuthinta. Umnyovu oyisidlakudla, i-Ichneumon eumerus, ungalinganisa isidleke sezintuthwane ngemfihlo yamakhemikhali edala ukuthi izintuthwane zilwe impi yombango, ingxenye yesidleke ibhekane nenye ingxenye. Cabanga nje ukube besinomuthi onjalo kubantu, uhlobo lwamandla kadokotela-iFox News. Uma singasusa izwe, ngabe wonke amaqhawe aqhamukayo angaba ngamaqhawe noma nje ingxenye yawo? Ngabe amaqhawe ezintuthwane? Futhi uma kungenjalo, ingabe kungenxa yalokho abakwenzayo noma kungenxa yalokho abakucabangayo ngalokho abakwenzayo? Futhi kuthiwani uma umuthi ubenza bacabange ukuthi babeka izimpilo zabo engcupheni ukuze kuzuze impilo yangomuso emhlabeni noma ukugcina isiduli siphephile ngentando yeningi?

Isigaba: I-BRAVERY PLUS

Amasosha avame ukukhohliswa, njengoba wonke umphakathi uqamba amanga, futhi-ngaphezu kwalokho - njengoba nje abaqashi bezempi bangaqamba amanga kuwe. Amasosha avame ukukholelwa ukuthi asesimweni esihle. Futhi bangaba nesibindi kakhulu. Kodwa nakanjani amaphoyisa namabutho okulwa nomlilo bahamba ngezindlela ezifanayo, ngoba ziphelile kodwa inkazimulo encane ne-hoo-ha. Kuyini okuhle ukuba nesibindi ngomsebenzi owonayo? Uma ukholelwa ngephutha ukuthi wenza okuthile okubalulekile, isibindi sakho singase - ngicabanga - sibe yingozi. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi isibindi kufanele siphumelele kwezinye izimo. Kodwa wena ngokwakho ngeke ube yisibonelo noma okuhle. Izenzo zakho bekungeke kube kuhle futhi kube nomusa. Eqinisweni, ngendlela ejwayelekile kepha engapheli ngokuphelele yezinkulumo, ungagcina usolwa ngokuthi "ukhokho."

Lapho amaphekula ehamba izindiza ezakhiweni ngoSeptemba 11, i-2001, kungenzeka ukuthi babenesihluku, ababulalayo, abagulayo, abadelelekayo, abanobugebengu, abaphambene nomzimba, noma ababulala igazi, kodwa lokho ababevame ukubizwa ngethelevishini yase-US kwakuyi "gadala". bashaywe, empeleni, ngesibindi sabo, mhlawumbe kungani abahlaziyi abaningi kangaka befinyeleleka incazelo ehlukile. "Ububindi" buqondwa ukuthi buyinto enhle, ngakho ukubulala okukhulu akukwazi ukuba nesibindi, ngakho-ke kwakusaba ukwesaba. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kwakuyinkqubo yokucabanga. Omunye umeshi wethelevishini akazange adlale.

"Sibe yizinkolelo," kusho uBill Maher, esivumelana nesithameli esashilo ukuthi ababulali be-9-11 bebengaboni. "Ukubamba imicibisholo ye-cruise esuka emakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili kude. Lokho kungesabi. Ukuhlala endizeni uma ihlasela isakhiwo. Yisho ukuthi yini oyifunayo ngakho. Hhayi ukwesaba. Uqinisile. "UMaher akazange avikele ukubulala. Wayevikela nje ulimi lwesiNgisi. Ulahlekelwe umsebenzi wakhe noma kunjalo.

Inkinga engicabanga ukuthi uMaher ukhonjisiwe yukuthi sidumise isibindi ngenxa yaso ngaphandle kokuyeka ukubona ukuthi asisho ngempela lokho. I-sergeant ye-drill isho lokho. Amasosha afuna amasosha abe nesibindi njengezintuthwane, amasosha azokulandela imiyalo, ngisho nemithetho engababulala, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukucabanga lutho ngalodwa, ngaphandle kokumisa okwesikhashana ukuba bazibuze ukuthi imiyalo iyathandeka yini noma imbi. Sizolahleka ngaphandle kokuqina. Sidinga ukubhekana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezingozi ezingenakuvinjelwa, kodwa ububungqondo obungenangqondo abuyinto engadingekile noma bubi kakhulu, futhi ngokuqinisekile ngeke bubuqhawe. Okudingayo into efana nokuhlonipha. Umuntu wethu omhle nomuntu ofanelekayo kufanele abe ngumuntu ozimisele ukuthatha ingozi lapho edingekayo kulokho akwenzile ngokucophelela ukuthi abe yindlela enhle ekugcineni okuhle. Umgomo wethu akufanele ube namahloni wonke ama-primates omhlaba, ngisho nama-chimpanzees anodlame, ngokulingisa okungenangqondo kwezimbungulu ezincane. UNorman Thomas uthi: "'Amaqhawe,'"

"Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunesizwe esinqobile noma esinqotshweyo, baye baqeqeshwa ekwamukelweni ubudlova kanye nokuhlonipha abaholi. Impi ayikho ukukhetha phakathi kokulalela okuphelele kanye nokwethula. Kodwa impucuko ehloniphekile incike ekutheni amadoda [kanye nabesifazane] bakwazi ukuzibusa ngokwenza izinyathelo lapho ukwethembeka kuhambisana nokugxeka okwakhayo. "

Kunezinto ezinhle mayelana nesosha: isibindi nokuzidela; ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu, umhlatshelo, nokusekela kwabafowenu, futhi-okungenani emcabangweni womuntu - ezweni elikhulu; izinselele ezingokwenyama nezingokwengqondo; kanye ne-adrenaline. Kodwa yonke into iveza okungcono kunazo zonke ngokusebenzisa izici ezinhle kunazo zonke zomlingisi ukuze kusetshenziswe ukuphela kokuphela. Ezinye izici zokuphila kwezempi ziwukulalela, ukuhlukumezeka, ukuphindiselela, ukukhathazeka, ukucwasa ubandlululo, ukwesaba, ukwesaba, ukulimala, ukulimala, ukukhathazeka nokufa. Futhi enkulu kunazo zonke ukulalela, ngoba kungaholela kuzo zonke ezinye. Izimo zezempi abaqashiwe ukukholelwa ukuthi ukulalela kuyingxenye yokwethemba, nokuthi ngokuthembela kwabaphathi abangakwazi ukuthola ukulungiswa okulungile, benze kangcono njengeyunithi, futhi uhlale uphephile. "Vumela ukuhamba ngalelo ndoda manje!" Futhi othile uyakubamba. Okungenani ekuqeqesheni. Omunye uyamemeza intshi eyodwa kusuka ekhaleni lakho: "Ngizosula phansi ngesilwane sakho esidabukisayo, isosha!" Kodwa usinda. Okungenani ekuqeqesheni.

Ukulandela imiyalo empini, nokubhekene nezitha ezifuna ukuthi ufe, empeleni kufinyelela ekubulaweni, ngisho noma uhlelwe ukuthi uziphathe njengokungathi awukwenzi. Kuzoqhubeka. Futhi abathandekayo bakho bazobhujiswa. Kodwa isosha lizoqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kwakho, ngokufaka imali encane emaphaketheni abenzi bezikhali, futhi wenze izigidi zabantu ithuba lokungenela amaqembu amaphekula aseMelika. Futhi uma isosha lakho lwanamuhla lisebenza umsebenzi wokuqhuma izihambi ezikude ukuze uzibophe ngaphandle kokufaka engozini impilo yakho nhlobo, ungazitholi ukuthi uzokwazi ukuhlala ngokuthula ngalokho okwenzile, noma ukuthi ubani ozoya cabanga ukuthi uyiqhawe. Lokho akusilo ubuqhawe; akuyona isibindi noma okuhle, okungenani kokubili.

Isigaba: INDUSTRY INDUSTRY

Ngo-June 16, 2010, Congresswoman u-Chellie Pingree waseMaine, owahlukana nabalingani bakhe abaningi, ulalele izikhulu zakhe futhi ephikisana nokuxhaswa kwezimpi, wabuza uGeneral David Petraeus eNkantolo yezokuPhathwa kweziNdaba zeMpi kanje:

"Ngiyabonga . . . Jikelele uPetraeus ukuba ube nathi namuhla nangenxa yenkonzo yakho enkulu kuleli zwe. Siyazisa kakhulu lokho, futhi ngifuna ukukusho (sic) ukuthi ngiyazisa kangakanani ukusebenza kanzima nokuzinikela kwamabutho ethu, ikakhulukazi abamele isimo saseMaine lapho sinabantu abaningi abaye bakhonza empini, Um, siyabonga ngomsebenzi wabo nomhlatshelo wabo, futhi, umhlatshelo wemindeni yabo. . . .

"Angivumelani nawe ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi ukuqhubeka kwethu empini e-Afghanistan empeleni kuqinisa ukuphepha kwethu kazwelonke. Kusukela ukuqhuma kwamabutho eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afghanistan kwaqala, sibonile amazinga okwanda kodlame kuphela, kuhlanganise nohulumeni ongekho emthethweni futhi okhohlakeleyo wase Afghan. Ngiyakholelwa ukuthi ukuqhubeka nalokhu kukhula nokukhuphula izinga lamabutho aseMelika kuzoba nomphumela ofanayo: izimpilo eziningi zaseMelika zilahlekile, futhi ngeke sisondele empumelelweni. Ngombono wami, abantu baseMelika bahlala bengabaza ukuthi ukuqhubeka nokubeka amadodana namadodakazi abo ngendlela engalungile e-Afghanistan kuyafaneleka ukuthi imali ikhokhwe, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi banesizathu esihle sokuzizwa ngaleyo ndlela. Kubonakala sengathi ukunyuka kwamasosha eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afghanistan kuye kwabangela ukungazinzi okukhulu, ukwanda kobudlova, nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi. . . . "

Lokhu nokunye konke kwakuyingxenye yombuzo wokuvula we-congresswoman, ukubuza imibuzo ngokubambisana ngokuvamile kuvame ukukhuluma ngokukhipha imizuzu emihlanu kunokuvumela ufakazi ukuba akhulume. U-Pingree waqhubeka elandisa ubufakazi bokuthi lapho amabutho ase-US ephuma ezindaweni zase-Afghanistan, abaholi bendawo bangakwazi ukuphikisa kangcono iTaliban - ithuluzi layo lokuqasha eliyinhloko laba yi-US occupation. Wacaphuna ummeli waseRashiya owayejwayele ukusebenza kwaseSoviet Union ekuqaleni kokusho ukuthi i-United States manje yenza amaphutha afanayo futhi yayiqhubeka nokwenza ezintsha. Ngemuva kokuba uPetraeus abonise ukungavumelani kwakhe ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kokunikeza ulwazi olusha, uPingree waphazamiseka:

"Ngesithakazelo sesikhathi, futhi ngiyazi ukuthi ngizophuma lapha, ngizosho nje ukuthi ngiyabonga futhi ngangikujabulela kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi mina nami angivumelani. Ngangifuna ukubeka imizwa yilapho engicabanga ukuthi iningi labantu baseMelika likhathazekile ngezindleko, ukulahlekelwa kwempilo, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi sonke sibhekene nokuntuleka kwethu, kodwa ngiyabonga kakhulu ngenkonzo yakho. "

Ngalesosikhathi, uPetraeus wazama ukuchaza ukuthi ufuna ukuphuma e-Afghanistan, ukuthi wabelane nakho konke okukhathazayo kaPingree, kodwa wayekholelwa ukuthi lokho akwenza empeleni kwakungcono ukuphepha kwezwe. Isizathu esasiyi-Afghanistan sasicacile, "esho, ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuthi kwakunjani. U-Pingree uthe: "Ngizophinde ngithi: Ngiyazisa inkonzo yakho. Sinokungavumelani okulapha lapha. "

"Ukubuza imibuzo kaPingree" kwakuyinto esiseduze kakhulu esiyibona eNkongolweni - futhi kuyinto engavamile kakhulu - ekuboniseni umbono wabaningi emphakathini. Futhi kwakungekhona nje ukukhuluma. I-Pingree ilandelwe ngokuvotela ngokuxhasa ngemali yokukhula kwe-Afghanistan. Kodwa ngicaphune le nguquko ukuze ngibonise okunye. Ngenkathi ecelwa uGeneral Petraeus wokubangela abesilisa nabesifazane baseMelika ukuba babulawe ngesizathu esihle, kubangele ukuba izakhamizi zase-Afghan zibulawe ngenxa yeso sizathu esihle, zibulale izwe lase-Afghanistan futhi zisenzele kancane kunokuba zivikeleke kakhulu, uCongresswoman Pingree wakwazi ukubonga ngokuphindwe kathathu ngoba "le nsizakalo." Huh?

Ake silungise ukungezwani okujulile. Impi akuyona isevisi. Ukuthatha amadola ami yentela, futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe ukubulala abantu abangenacala futhi nokubeka umndeni wami engozini nge-blowback engenzeka nje akuyona isevisi. Angizizwa ngikhonzwa yisenzo esinjalo. Angikuceli. Angithumeli isheke esengeziwe eWashington njengesipho ukuze ngibonge. Uma ufuna ukukhonza isintu, kunezinyathelo eziningi zokuhamba ngokuhlakanipha kunokujoyina umshini wokufa - futhi njengobhonasi ozohlala uphila futhi unakekelwa izinsizakalo zakho. Ngakho-ke angeke ngibize lokho uMnyango Wezempi "okwenza" inkonzo "noma abantu abakwenzayo" amadoda nabesifazane besisebenzi "noma amakomidi afuna ukuphatha ukuthi yini ngempela ama-rubberstamp" amakomidi ezinsizakalo ezihlomile ". Okudingayo yizimakomidi zesevisi ezingasetshenziswanga, futhi sidinga ngegama nodumo uKennedy abhala ngalo. Umnyango Wezokuvikela unomkhawulo wokuzivikela wangempela uzoba indaba ehlukile.

Isigaba: NGAPHAMBILI UKUFA

Ngezimpi zamuva nje, abaengameli baye bazama ukungasondeli noma yikuphi impi, uma kukhona khona impi, ngisho nangemva kweqiniso njengoba uLincoln enza, noma ngisho nokuya emngcwabeni wempi ekhaya, noma ngisho nokuvumela amakhamera ukuba athole izidumbu ezibuyela emabhokisini ( into engavunyelwe ngesikhathi sikaMengameli weGeorge W. Bush), noma ngisho nokunikeza izinkulumo ezikhuluma ngabafileyo. Kukhona izinkulumo ezingapheli mayelana nezimbangela ezinhle zezimpi kanye nokuzikhandla kwamabutho. Isihloko sokufa, noma kunjalo, ngesizathu esithile sivame ukuphuma.

UFranklin Roosevelt usho njalo emsakazweni "Amadoda ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye nesibindi esiphezulu seNavy yethu abulawa amaNazi." URoosevelt wayezenza sengathi umkhumbi wamanzi waseJalimane uhlasele i-USS Kearny engavunyelwe futhi ayikho isixwayiso. Empeleni abahamba ngezimoto kungenzeka babe nesibindi esikhulu, kodwa emlandweni omude kaRoosevelt, bebengaba ngabangenacala abangenacala abangenayo ngesikhathi bezibuka ibhizinisi labo emkhunjini womthengisi. Ubungakanani nobuqotho obuyodingeka?

Ngesikweletu sakhe, ngokuvuma okungavamile kwempi ehilela, uRovelvelt kamuva wathi ngempi ezayo:

"Izinhlu zokuhlukunyezwa kwamasosha ngokuqinisekile ngeke zibe mkhulu. Ngizizwa ngokujulile ukukhathazeka kwemindeni yonke yamadoda empi yethu ehlomile kanye nezihlobo zabantu emadolobheni abhejisiwe. "

Kodwa i-FDR ayizange ibe khona emngcwabeni wamasosha. U-Lyndon Johnson ugweme isihloko sezempi efile, futhi wafika emingcwabeni emibili kuphela emashumini ezinkulungwane zamasosha ayeye wawabulala. U-Nixon kanye nobabili bongameli bakaBush bahlangene ngenani eliphelele lemingcwabo eningi yamasosha ayithumele ukufa.

Futhi, ngokungadingekile ukusho, abaongameli abasoze bahlonipha izisulu ezingezona zaseMelika zezimpi zabo. Uma "ukukhulula" izwe kudinga "ukudela" abantu baseMelika abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa nabamakhulu ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, kungani bonke abantu bekhala? Ngisho noma ucabanga ukuthi impi yayilungile futhi yafeza okuhle okungaqondakali, ukungathembeki kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi ngubani oshonile?

UMongameli uRonald Reagan wavakashela amathuna empi yaseJalimane efile eMpini Yezwe II. Uhambo lwakhe lwaluwumphumela wokuxoxisana nomengameli waseJalimane owayekwazi ukuthi uReeagan angase avakashele isayithi lalabo ababekhona ekamu lokuhlushwa. U-Reagan wathi, ngaphambi kohambo, "Akukho lutho olungalungile ngokuvakashela leyo mathuna lapho lawo majaha ayisisulu seNazism nawo. . . . Bayizisulu, njengalabo abahlukumezekile emakamu okuhlushwa. "Bebengaba? Ingabe amasosha amaNazi ayebulewe kulabo abahlukunyezwe empini? Ingabe kuncike ekutheni bakholelwa ukuthi benza okuthile okuhle? Ingabe kuncike ekutheni bangakanani ubudala nokuthi babizwa amanga? Ingabe kuncike ukuthi ngabe basebenze yini empini noma ekamu lokuhlushwa?

Futhi kuthiwani ngempi yaseMelika efile? Ingabe umonakalo wezibambiso zase-Iraqis nezigidigidi ze-4,000 zaseMelika ziyabulawa? Noma ingabe zonke izisulu ze-1,004,000? Noma ingabe labo abahlaselwa yizisulu nalabo abenza ababulali abahlaselayo? Ngicabanga ukuthi empeleni kukhona indawo yokuqamba lapha, nokuthi noma yimuphi umbuzo onjalo uphendululwa kahle ngokuqondene nomuntu othize, nokuthi ngisho noma kunjalo kungaba khona impendulo engaphezu kweyodwa. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi impendulo esemthethweni - ukuthi labo abahlanganyela empini enobudlova kukhona ababulali, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi izisulu zabo - ziba yingxenye ebalulekile yempendulo yokuziphatha. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi yimpendulo eyenza ibe yilungile futhi igcwalise abantu abaningi ukuthi bayakwazi.

UMengameli uGeorge W. Bush, kanye nomholi wezwe ohambele amazwe angaphandle, wabamba ingqungquthela yabezindaba emnyangweni omkhulu wabiza ngokuthi "umvuno" eCrawford, eTexas, ngo-Agasti 4, 2005. Wabuzwa mayelana ne-14 Marines esuka eBrook Park, e-Ohio, owayesanda kubulawa ibhomu elingumgwaqo e-Iraq. Bush waphendula,

"Abantu base Brook Brook namalungu omndeni alabo abalahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo, ngithemba ukuthi bangathola induduzo yokuthi izigidi zezakhamuzi ezikanye nazo zibathandazela. Ngithemba ukuthi nabo bayathola induduzo ekuqondeni ukuthi umhlatshelo wenziwa ngesizathu esihle. "

Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, uCindy Sheehan, unina wesosha lase-United States owabulawa e-Iraq e-2004, waphuma eduze kwesango likaBush, ezama ukumbuza ukuthi yini emhlabeni okuyiyona nto ebangelwayo. Izinkulungwane zabantu zamjoyina, kuhlanganise namalungu e-Veterans for Peace lapho ayekhuluma khona ngaphambi kokuya eCrawford. Abezindaba banikeze ukunakekelwa kwezindaba ngamasonto, kepha uBush akazange aphendule umbuzo.

Iningi lamengameli livakashela iThomu leSolwazi engaziwa. Kodwa amasosha abulawa e-Gettysburg awakhunjulwa. Siyakhumbula ukuthi iNyakatho yanqoba impi, kodwa asikho inkumbulo yomuntu ngamunye noma ebambisene nesosha ngalinye eliyingxenye yalowo mqoqo. Amasosha cishe ayengaziwa, futhi iTomb of the Unknown imelela bonke. Lesi sici sempi esasikhona ngisho nalapho uPericles ekhuluma, kodwa mhlawumbe wayekhona ngaphansi kwezimpi zempi kanye nemikhosi yama-Middle Ages, noma eJapane phakathi neminyaka yama-Samurai. Lapho impi ibhekene nezinkemba nezikhali ezibiza kakhulu ezifanele kuphela ababulali abakhulu abasebenza ngokuzibulala nokunye okunye - lawo maqhawe angafaka ukuphila kwabo engozini ngenxa yenkazimulo yabo siqu.

Isigaba: AMAZWI NAMAKHOSI KUNYE KU-ADS YE-RECRUITING

Lapho "inhlonipho" ebhekiswe kulabo abazuze ingcebo kanye nezici ezilindelwe zona, isosha ngalinye lalingenani okungenani nje kunengcindezi emshini wempi. Lokho kwashintsha ngezibhamu, futhi ngamaqhinga aseMelika afundwa kubantu bakuleli futhi aqashwe ngokumelene neBrithani. Manje, noma yimuphi umuntu ompofu angaba yiqhawe lempi, futhi uzonikezwa indondo noma umugqa endaweni yobukhosi. "Isosha liyokulwa isikhathi eside futhi lukhuni ukuze lenze i-ribbon encane," kusho uNapoleon Bonaparte. Ku-Revolution yesiFulentshi, awudingi isidumbu somndeni; ungalwa futhi ufeze ifulegi kazwelonke. Ngesikhathi sikaNapoleon kanye ne-US Civil War, awudingi ngisho nokudinga noma ubuhlakani ukuba ube ngumlindi omuhle. Kwadingeka nje uthathe indawo yakho emgqeni omude, ume lapho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi uzenze ukudubula isibhamu sakho.

Incwadi kaCynthia Wachtell ethi War No More: Impikiswano ye-Antiwar emibhalweni yaseMelika 1861-1914 isitshela indaba yokuphikisa impi yokulwa nokukhohlisa, ukuzicabangela, ukucubungula imboni yokushicilela, nokungahloniphi umphakathi, nokuzibeka njengomthamo oqhubekayo futhi uhlobo lwezincwadi zase-US (nesinamabhayisikobho) kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Yindaba, ngokuyinhloko, yabantu abambelela emibonweni endala yokuhlonishwa kwebutho futhi ekugcineni baqale ukuwavumela ukuba bahambe.

Eminyakeni eholela phambili kuhlanganise neMpi Yombango, impi - cishe ngencazelo - ayikwazanga ukuphikiswa ezincwadini. Ngaphansi kwethonya elinamandla likaSir Walter Scott, impi yaboniswa njengomzamo wokuzijabulisa nokuthanda. Ukufa kwakuqoshiwe ngamathoni amathandekayo okulala okufiselekayo, ubuhle bemvelo, nenkazimulo ye-chivalric. Amanxeba nokulimala akuzange kubonakale. Ukwesaba, ukukhungatheka, ubuwula, intukuthelo nezinye izici eziyinhloko empini yangempela azikho kwifomu layo elifingqiwe.

"USir Walter wayenomsebenzi omkhulu kangaka ekwenzeni umlingisi waseNingizimu, njengoba ukhona ngaphambi kwempi," kusho uMarku Twain, "ukuthi ukhululekile kakhulu empini." Umlingiswa waseNyakatho wabonakala ngokuphawulekayo nokuhluka kwezwe. "Uma iNyakatho neNingizimu zingavumelana nezinye izinto phakathi nempi," kusho uWachtell,

"Babevumelana ngokulula mayelana nezintandokazi zabo zokubhala. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuthembeka kwabo kwakuyi-Confederacy noma i-Union, abafundi babefuna ukuqinisekiswa ukuthi amadodana abo, abafowabo, kanye nobaba babedlala izingxenye ngomsebenzi omuhle owawuthandwa nguNkulunkulu. Abalobi bezinsuku zempi abathandwayo babhekana nesilulumagama esabelana ngaso ngamazwi azwela kakhulu obuhlungu, insizi nokuzidela. Ukuhumusha okuncane okunamandla nokucacile kwempi kwakungavunyelwe. "

Ukuhlonishwa kwempi kwakunamandla kulokho uPhillip Knightley abiza ngokuthi "iminyaka yobudala" yezincwadi ze-war, i-1865-1914:

"Kwabafundi eLondon noma eNew York, izimpi ezikude ezindaweni eziyinqaba kumelwe ukuba zabonakala zingenangqondo, futhi isitayela se-Golden Age sokubikwa kwempi - lapho izibhamu zikhanya khona, izibhamu ziduma, umzabalazo uhlasela, jikelele unesibindi, amasosha aqinile, futhi ama-bayonets azokwenza umsebenzi omfushane wesitha - nje wanezela ekukhohlisweni ukuthi konke kwakuyindaba ejabulisayo yokuzijabulisa. "

Sisaphila kulezi zincwadi ezinamapro-pro antiquated namuhla. Liyidonsela izwe njenge-zombie, njengoba nje kwenza indalo, ukuphika kwezwe lokufudumala nokucwasa ubuhlanga. Yenza amalungu e-congress 'abe nenhlonipho kaDavid Petraeus njengoba nje ayengayenza uma elwa nenkemba nehhashi esikhundleni sedeski ne-studio yethelevishini. Futhi kufana nokubulala futhi okungenangqondo njengoba kwakunjalo ngenkathi amasosha weMpi Yezwe I ehamba ukuze afe emasimini ayo:

"Zombili izinhlangothi zikhumbula inkazimulo yasendulo, isebenzisa uphawu lwe-knight yempi ukuveza impi njengendlela yokuhlonipha abantu nobuholi obuphezulu, kuyilapho isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bwanamuhla bokulwa nempi. E-Battle of the Somme, eqala ngoJulayi 1916, amabutho aseBrithani ahlasela amabutho ezitha ngezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye bese ehamba esuka emathangeni ehlangene ehlombe. Abavukuzi baseJalimane babulala i-20,000 kubo ngosuku lokuqala. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezine amabutho aseJalimane abuyele emuva ngamamayela ambalwa ngezindleko ze-600,000 Allied efile futhi i-750,000 German ifile. Ngokuphambene nempi yezakoloni eyaziwa yiwo wonke amandla ombuso ahilelekile, inani lokufa ezinhlangothi zombili laliphakeme kakhulu. "

Ngenxa yokuthi abenzi bempi bahlala kulo lonke izimpi, njengoba nje benza ngaphambi kokuba baqalise, abantu baseBrithani, iFrance, eJalimane, futhi kamuva ne-United States, bebengakhulumi ngokugcwele ngokulimala kweMpi Yezwe I phandle. Ukube bebekhona, kungenzeka ukuthi bayeke.

Isigaba: IWAR YABASEBENZA

Ngisho ukusho ukuthi sidedele impi ukubeka izinto ezimnandi ezithinta izinto, hhayi nje ngoba izinqumo zempi zisenziwa yi-elite engatholakali. Kusukela iMpi YeVietnam, i-United States ishiye konke ukuziqhenya kwezempi ezilinganiselwe ngokufanayo kubo bonke. Esikhundleni salokho sichitha izigidigidi zamaRandi ekuqasheliseni, sikhulise ukukhokhelwa kwempi, futhi sinikeze amabhonasi asayina kuze kube yilapho abantu abenele "ngokuzithandela" bejoyina ngokusayina izinkontileka ezivumela isosha ukuthi liguqule imigomo ngokuthanda.

Uma kukhona amasosha amaningi adingekayo, vele ukwandise izivumelwano zalabo onakho. Udinga okuningi okwamanje? Ukuqinisa i-National Guard futhi uthumele izingane empini ababhalisile becabanga ukuthi bazosiza izulu leziphepho. Namanje akwanele? Ukuqasha izinkontileka zokuhamba, ukupheka, ukuhlanza kanye nokwakhiwa. Vumela amasosha abe amasosha ahlanzekile onomsebenzi kuphela wokubulala, njengama-knights endala. Bamba, usheshe waphindaphinda ubukhulu bombutho wakho, futhi akekho oqaphele ngaphandle kwalabo abazuzayo.

Sisadinga ababulali abaningi? Ukuqasha ama-mercenaries. Ukuqashwa kwamanye amazwe. Ayanele? Sebenzisa izigidigidi zamaRandi kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze ukwandise amandla omuntu ngamunye. Sebenzisa izindiza ezingenalutho ukuze kungabikho muntu olimazayo. Thembisa abafuduki bazoba izakhamizi uma bejoyina. Shintsha izindinganiso zokubhalisa: thatha umdala, ukhuluphele, unempilo ebuhlungu, unemfundo encane, nerekhodi lobugebengu. Yenza izikole eziphakeme zihlinzeke abaqashi abahlola imiphumela yokuhlola kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana lwabafundi, futhi bathembisa abafundi ukuthi bangabaphishekela insimu yabo ekhethiwe ezweni elimangalisayo lokufa, nokuthi uzobathumela ekolishi uma behlala - hey, nje nje uthembisa ukuthi uyakubiza lutho. Uma bephikisana, uqale ukuphuza kakhulu. Faka imidlalo yezempi yezempi ezindaweni zokuthenga ezitolo. Thumela abaphathi be-uniformed abe-kindergartens ukuze bafudumele izingane kuze kufike emcimbini wokwethembeka nokufakaza ngokufanelekile kulawo mbendera. Sebenzisa isikhathi se-10 imali ngokuqasha isosha ngalinye elisha njengoba sichitha ukufundisa ingane ngayinye. Yenza noma yini, noma yini, noma yini enye ngaphandle kokuqala uhlaka.

Kodwa kukhona igama lalo mkhuba wokugwema uhlaka lwesintu. Kubizwa ngokuthi uhlaka lokulwa nobubha. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu bathambekele ekungafuni ukuhlanganyela ezimpi, labo abanamanye amakhono okukhetha umsebenzi bavame ukukhetha lezo ezinye izinketho. Labo ababona amasosha njengenye yezinqumo zabo kuphela, ukudubula kwabo kuphela emfundweni yasekolishi, noma indlela yabo kuphela yokubalekela ukuphila kwabo okukhathazayo cishe amathuba okubhalisa. Ngokusho kwe-Not Your Soldier Project:

"Iningi labaqashi bezempi livela emaphandleni angaphansi komhlaba.

"Ku-2004, amaphesenti angu-71 wabasebenzi abamnyama, amaphesenti angu-65 we-Latino abaqashiwe, namaphesenti angu-58 wabasebenzi abamhlophe abavela emiphandleni engenayo engaphansi.

"Iphesenti labaqashi ababesebenza esikoleni esiphakeme esikoleni esiphakeme sehla emaphesenti angu-86 ku-2004 kuya ku-73 amaphesenti ku-2006.

"[Abaqashi] abalokothi bakhulume ukuthi imali yekolishi ilukhuni ukufika - kuphela amaphesenti angu-16 wabasebenzi ababhalisiwe abaphelile iminyaka emine yemisebenzi yezempi abake bathola imali yokufunda. Abasho ukuthi amakhono omsebenzi abawathembisayo ngeke adlulisele ezweni langempela. Amaphesenti angu-12 kuphela ama-veteran abesilisa namaphesenti angu-6 wabesifazane besifazane abasebenzisa amakhono asetshenziswa empini emisebenzini yabo yamanje. Futhi-ke, zibeka phansi ingozi yokubulawa ngenkathi isemsebenzini. "

Ku-athikili ye-2007 ukuhlaziywa okushiwo yi-Associated Press, okutholakale ukuthi "cishe amaphesenti amathathu emasosha aseMelika abulawe e-Iraq avela emadolobheni lapho imali engenayo yabasebenzi yayingaphansi kwesilinganiso sikazwelonke. Amaphesenti angaphezu kwesigamu avela emadolobheni lapho amaphesenti abantu abahlala ebuphofu aphelela isilinganiso samazwe. "

"Kungenzeka akumele kusimangaze," kubhala uMariscal,

"Ukuthi uhlelo lwe-Army GED Plus Lokubhalisa, lapho abafakizicelo abangenazo izikhalazo zesikole esiphakeme bavunyelwe ukuba babhalise ngenkathi beqedela isitifiketi sezinga eliphezulu esikoleni, kugxile ezindaweni ezingaphakathi kwedolobha.

"Lapho intsha yokusebenza isebenza ekolishi lasemphakathini wendawo, ngokuvamile ihlangana nabaqashi bezempi abasebenza kanzima ukuze badikibala. 'Awuhambi ndawo lapha,' abaqashi bathi. 'Le ndawo yiphepho elifile. Ngiyakwazi ukukunikeza okuningi. ' Izifundo ezixhaswe nge-Pentagon - njenge-Youth Rand Corporation 'Intsha Yokuqasha eMakethe Yekolishi: Izinqubo Zanje Nezinketho Zezinqubomgomo Zesikhathi Esizayo' - khuluma ngokucacile ngekolishi njengomncintiswano wenombolo yomthengi wezimakethe zentsha. . . .

"Akuwona wonke umuntu oqoqayo oqhutshwa yizidingo zezezimali. Emiphakathini yokusebenza ejwayelekile yombala wonke, ngokuvamile kuvame ukujwayela izinkonzo zempi kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezinsizakalo kanye namafomu anelungelo lomuntu. Emiphakathini evame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'yangaphandle,' njengeLatinos ne-Asiya, kunezingcindezi zokukhonza ukuze zifakazele ukuthi lowo 'unguMelika.' Kwabahambeli bamuva, kukhona umkhwenyana wokuthola isimo sokuhlala ngokomthetho noma isakhamuzi. Ukucindezeleka komnotho, noma kunjalo, kuyisisusa esingenakuphika. . . . "

UMariscal uyaqonda ukuthi kunezinye izisusa eziningi, kufaka phakathi nesifiso sokwenza okuthile okuwusizo nokubalulekile kwabanye. Kodwa ukholelwa ukuthi lezo zifiso ezivulekile ziqondiswa kabi:

"Kulesi simo, isifiso 'sokwenza umehluko,' uma singeniswe esibhedlela, kusho ukuthi abaseMelika abasha kumele babulale abantu abangenacala noma bahlukumezwe yizinto zangempela zokulwa. Thatha isibonelo esibuhlungu Sgt. UPaul Cortez, owathweswa iziqu e-2000 esuka eCentral High School edolobheni laseBarstow, eCalf., Wajoyina i-Army, wathunyelwa e-Iraq. Ngo-March 12, 2006, wabamba iqhaza ekudlwengulweni kwamagciwane e-Iraqi intombazane eneminyaka eyi-14 kanye nokubulawa kwakhe nomndeni wakhe wonke.

"Lapho ebuzwa ngoCortez, omunye ofunda naye wathi: 'Ngeke enze into enjalo. Akasoze ahlukumeze owesifazane. Wayengasoze ashaya eyodwa noma ngisho nokuphakamisa isandla sakhe esisodwa. Ukulwa nezwe lakhe kuyinto eyodwa, kodwa hhayi uma kuziwa ngokudlwengula nokubulala. Akuyena yena. ' Ake samukele isimangalo esithi 'akuyena yena.' Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yochungechunge lwezehlakalo ezingenakwenzeka futhi ezingenakugxekwa ngaphakathi komongo wempi engekho emthethweni nokuziphatha okubi, 'lokho' yilokho eba khona. Ngomhla kaFebhuwari 21, 2007, Cortez waphoqa enecala lokudlwengulwa kanye nokubalwa kwamacala okubulala. Wagwetshwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, wagwetshwa ejele futhi ephila esihogweni sakhe siqu. "

Encwadini ye-2010 ebizwa ngokuthi i-Casualty Gap, uDouglas Kriner noFrancis Shen babheka imininingwane evela eMpini Yezwe II, eKorea, Vietnam nase-Iraq. Bathola ukuthi iMpi Yezwe II kuphela eyayiqashwe ngokuhlelekile, kanti ezinye izimpi ezintathu zadonswa ngokungafani kubantu baseMelika abahluphekile nabangaphansi kakhulu, bevula "igebe lokubulala" elakhula ngokuphawulekayo eKorea, futhi eVietnam futhi Impi e-Iraq njengezempi yasuka ekubhaliseni "ukuzithandela." Abalobi baphinde bathi ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi njengoba abaseMelika bebona leli gaba lokubulala, basekela phansi kakhulu izimpi.

Ukuguqulwa kwempi ikakhulukazi abacebile empini ngokuyinhloko abampofu kuye kwaba kancane kancane futhi akuphelelanga. Okokuqala, labo abasesikhundleni esiphakeme samandla empini kungenzeka ukuthi baye bavela ezizindeni ezinelungelo. Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isizinda sabo siphila, izikhulu eziphezulu ziyinto encane kakhulu yokubona ukulwa okuyingozi. Ukuhola amabutho empini akuyona indlela esebenza ngayo, ngaphandle kwemicabango yethu. Bobabili abengameli bakaBush babona ukuthi ukulinganisa kwabo kuphakama emphakathini wokuvota lapho belwa nezimpi - okungenani ekuqaleni lapho izimpi zisasanda futhi zihle kakhulu. Ungalokothi ukhumbule ukuthi laba baphini balwa izimpi zabo kusuka eHhovisi Elivulekile emoyeni. Omunye umphumela walokhu ukuthi labo abenza izinqumo lapho abantu abaningi abahlala khona banamathuba okubona impi yokufa eseduze, noma ukuthi bayake bayibona.

Isigaba: I-NIGHTMARE AIR-CONDITIONED

Umongameli wokuqala uB Bush wayeyibonile iMpi Yezwe II evela endizeni, kakade ibanga kude nalabo abafayo, nakuba engekho kude noReagan owayegwema ukuya empini. Njengoba nje ukucabanga kwezitha njengabantu abangaphansi komuntu kwenza kube lula ukubabulala, ukuqhubhisa amabhomu kusukela phezulu esibhakabhakeni kulula kakhulu ngokwengqondo kunokubamba iqhaza ekumeni ummese noma ukudubula ukuma kwesigebengu evezwe eceleni kwendonga. AbaMengameli uClinton noBush Jr. bagwema iMpi YeVietnam, uClinton ngokusebenzisa ilungelo lokufundisa, uBush ngokusebenzisa indodana kayise. UMongameli Obama akazange aphume empini. I-Vice-Presidents Dan Quayle, uDick Cheney, noJoe Biden, njengoClinton noBush Jr., bahlukumeza lo mbhalo. U-Vice uMengameli u-Al Gore waya kancane eMpini yeVietnam, kodwa njengomlobi wezempi, hhayi isosha elibona impi.

Ngokuvamile umuntu uthatha isinqumo sokuthi izinkulungwane kumele zife nokuhlangenwe nakho kokubona ukuthi kwenzeke. Ngo-Agasti 15, i-1941, amaNazi ayevele ebulala abantu abaningi. Kodwa uHeinrich Himmler, omunye wabaholi bezempi ephezulu kuleli zwe abazobe esengamele ukubulawa kwamaJuda ayizigidi eziyisithupha, engakaze abone umuntu efa. Ucele ukubukela ukudubula eMinsk. AmaJuda ayatshelwa ukuba angene emgodini lapho adutshulwa khona futhi egcwele ukungcola. Kwabe sekutshelwa kabanzi ukuthi bangenele. Bashona badutshulwa. U-Himmler wema ngqo enqenqemeni ebukela, kwaze kwaba yinto ethize evela ekhanda lomuntu yaqhuma ejazini yakhe. Waphenduka futhi waphenduka. Umlawuli wendawo wathi kuye:

"Bheka amehlo ala madoda kule Kommando. Sihlobo luni lwabalandeli esibaqeqesha lapha? Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-neurotics noma i-savages! "

U-Himmler wabatshela ukuthi benze umsebenzi wabo ngisho noma kwakunzima. Wabuyela ekwenzeni kwakhe kusukela induduzo yedeski.

Isigaba: SHALT THOU KILL noma CHA?

Ukubulala kuyabonakala kulula kakhulu kunalokho. Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu baye bafaka ukuphila kwabo engozini ukuze bagweme ukuhlanganyela ezimpi:

"Amadoda asebalekile, ahlala ejele isikhathi eside, aphunywe ngamagundane, adutshulwa izinyawo noma ayenwe iminwe, agule noma ahlaselwe, noma, uma ekwazi ukukhokhela, akhokhelwa izikhundla zokulwa esikhundleni sakhe. 'Abanye bahosha amazinyo, abanye baziphuphuthekisa, kanti abanye bazilimaza, besendleleni eya kithi,' umbusi waseGibhithe wakhononda ngabafundi bakhe ababalelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye. Ngakho ukwethenjelwa kwakuyizinga kanye nefayela lebutho lamaPrussia lekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili leminyaka ukuthi izincwadi zomkhosi zazivimbela ikamu eduze kwehlathi noma ehlathini. Amasosha ayengena nje emithini. "

Nakuba ukubulala izilwane ezingezona ezomuntu ziza kalula kubantu abaningi, ukubulala abantu abaphila nabo kubaluleke kakhulu ngaphandle kokugxila okuvamile kokuphila komuntu okubandakanya ukuhlangana nabantu ukuthi amasiko amaningi ayenze imikhuba yokuguqula umuntu ovamile ukuba abe ngumpi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi babuyela emuva ngemva kwempi. AmaGreki, ama-Aztec, amaShayina, amaNdiya aseYanomamo namaScythiya asendulo ayesebenzisa utshwala noma ezinye izidakamizwa ukusiza ukubulala.

Abantu abambalwa kakhulu babulala ngaphandle kwezempi, futhi iningi lazo liphazamiseka kakhulu. UJames Gilligan, encwadini yakhe ethi Violence: Ukuzindla kwi-National Epidemic, wathola ukuthi imbangela eyimbangela yokuhlukumeza noma yokuzibulala njengesihlazo esijulile nokuhlazeka, isidingo esibucayi sokuhlonishwa nesimo (futhi uthando nokukhathalela ngokuyisisekelo) kakhulu kangangokuthi ukubulala kuphela ( wena kanye / noma abanye) kunganciphisa ubuhlungu - noma, kunalokho, ukungabi nomuzwa. Uma umuntu eba namahloni kakhulu ngezidingo zakhe (nokuba namahloni), uGilligan ubhala, futhi lapho engaboni izixazululo ezingapheli, futhi lapho engakwazi ukuzwa uthando noma icala noma ukwesaba, umphumela ungaba udlame. Kodwa kuthiwani uma ubudlova kungukuqala? Kuthiwani uma ubeka abantu abanempilo ukubulala ngaphandle kokucabanga? Ingabe umphumela ungaba isimo sengqondo esifana nesomuntu oqhutshwa ngaphakathi ukuze abulale?

Ukuzikhethela ukubandakanya ubudlova ngaphandle kwempi akuyona into enengqondo, futhi ngokuvamile kuhilela ukucabanga kwemilingo, njengoba uGilligan echaza ngokuhlaziya incazelo yobugebengu ababulali abaye babulala izidumbu zabo noma izisulu zabo. Uyabhala: "Ngiyaqiniseka,

"Lokho kuziphatha okubudlova, ngisho nokubonakala kwayo okungenangqondo, okungaqondakali, nokwengqondo, kuyisenzo esivakalayo esimweni esibekiwe, esinqunyiwe semibandela; nokuthi ngisho nalapho kubonakala sengathi ikhuthazwa yi-self-interest, kuyisiqephu sokuphela kochungechunge lwezisusa ezingenangqondo, ezilimazayo, nezingenasici ezingafundwa, zihlonzwe futhi ziqondwe. "

Ukuqothulwa kwemizimba, noma yikuphi okuyiyo yonke into ehamba ngayo, kuyinto evamile kakhulu empi, nakuba iningi labantu abazange bathambekele ekuhlukunyezweni kokubulala ngaphambi kokujoyina amasosha. Izithombe eziningi zempi ezivela eMpini e-Iraq zibonisa izidumbu nezigungu zomzimba zifakwe futhi zikhonjiswe eduze, zibekwe esitsheni njengokungathi zenyama. Eziningi zalezi zithombe zathunyelwa amasosha aseMelika kuwebhusayithi eyathengisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Cishe, lezi zithombe zazibhekwa njengezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngokusobala, badalwa ngabantu abaye bathanda impi - hhayi ngama-Himmlers noma uDick Cheneys abajabulela ukuthumela abanye, kodwa ngabantu abathokozela lapho bekhona, abantu ababhalisele imali ye-ekolishi noma i-adventure futhi baqeqeshwe njenge-sociopathic ababulali.

Ngo-June 9, i-2006, isosha lase-United States labulala u-Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, wathatha isithombe sekhanda lakhe elifile, waliphulukisa kakhulu, wabe eseyibeka emgodini wenkomfa yezindaba. Kusuka endleleni ehlelwe ngayo, ikhanda kungenzeka lixhunywe emzimbeni noma cha. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwakungenjongo yokuba kungabi nje ubufakazi bokufa kwakhe, kodwa uhlobo lokuziphindiselela kwabakwaMelika base-Zarqawi.

Ukuqonda kukaGilligan ngalokho okugqugquzela ubudlova kuvela ekusebenzeni emajele nasezikhungweni zempilo yengqondo, hhayi ekuhlanganyeleni empini, hhayi ekubukeni izindaba. Usikisela ukuthi incazelo ecacile yobudlova ivame ukungalungile:

"Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi abaphangi abahlomile benza izigebengu zabo ukuze bathole imali. Futhi-ke, ngezinye izikhathi, yileyo ndlela ababeka ngayo ukuziphatha kwabo. Kodwa uma uhlala phansi futhi ukhuluma nabantu abenza ngokuphindaphindiwe ubugebengu obunjalo, lokho ozwayo, 'Angikaze ngihlonishwe kakhulu ngaphambi kokuphila kwami ​​njengoba ngenza lapho ngiqala ukufaka isibhamu kumuntu othile,' noma, 'Awungeke' Ukholelwa ukuthi uhlonishwa kangakanani uma isibhamu sigxile ebusweni bukaDude. ' Kwabesilisa abaye baphila impilo yonke ekudleni nokudelela, isilingo sokuthola inhlonipho esheshayo ngale ndlela singabaluleka kakhulu kunezindleko zokuya etilongweni, noma ngisho nokufa. "

Ngenkathi ubudlova, okungenani ezweni lomphakathi, kungase kube okungenangqondo, uGilligan ubonisa izindlela ezicacile ezingavinjelwa noma ezikhuthazwayo. Uma ufuna ukwandisa ubudlova, uyabhala, uzothatha izinyathelo ezilandelayo i-United States ezithathile: Ukujezisa abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe; ukuvimbela izidakamizwa ezivimbela udlame futhi zibhalise futhi zikhangise lezo ezivuselela; sebenzisa izintela kanye nezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ukukhulisa ukungafani emcebeni nasenayo; ukuphika imfundo empofu; ukuthuthukisa ubuhlanga; ukukhiqiza ukuzijabulisa okukhazimulisa ubudlova; izikhali ezibulalayo ziyatholakala kalula; ukwandisa ukuphakamisa izindima zomphakathi zamadoda nabesifazane; ukukhuthaza ubandlululo; sebenzisa ubudlova ukujezisa izingane esikoleni nasekhaya; futhi ugcine ukungasebenzi kahle kakhulu. Futhi kungani ungakwenza lokho noma ubekezelele? Kungenzeka ukuthi iningi labantu abahlukunyezwe ngobudlova babampofu, kanti abampofu bathambekele ekuhleleni futhi bafune amalungelo abo kangcono uma bengesabiswanga ubugebengu.

UGilligan ubheka ubugebengu obunobudlova, ikakhulukazi ukubulala, bese ekhuluma ngesimiso sethu sokujeziswa okubudlova, kuhlanganise nesigwebo sokufa, ukudlwengulwa kwejele, nokuboshwa yedwa. Ubheka isijeziso sokubuyisela njengendlela efana nobudlova obungenangqondo njengobugebengu obujezisayo. Ubona udlame lobuhle kanye nobuphofu njengokwenza umonakalo omkhulu, kodwa akabheki nendaba yempi. Ezingxenyeni ezihlakazekile Gilligan kucacisa ukuthi uvusa impi kulo mbono wakhe wobudlova, kanti futhi endaweni eyodwa uyaphikisa izimpi zokuphela, futhi akukho ndawo lapho echaza khona ukuthi indlela yakhe yokusebenza ingasetshenziswa ngayo ngokuvumelana.

Izimpi zidalwa ohulumeni, njengendlela yethu yobulungiswa bezobulungiswa. Ingabe banezimpande ezifanayo? Ingabe amasosha kanye nabasebenzi bezinkampani kanye nabankontileka nabaqondisi bazizwa benamahloni futhi behlazeka? Ingabe inkulumo-mpilo yempi nokuqeqeshwa kwezempi kuveza umqondo wokuthi isitha siye sahlonipha isosha okufanele sibulale manje ukuze sizuze udumo lwakhe? Noma ingabe ukuthotshiswa kwe-sergeant yokugaya kuhloswe ukukhiqiza ukusabela okuqondiswe ngokumelene nesitha? Kuthiwani ngamalungu ebandla kanye nabongameli, abaphathi kanye nezikhulu zezinkampani zezikhali, kanye nemithombo yezinkampani - labo empeleni banquma ukuba nempi futhi kwenze kwenzeke lokhu? Abanayo yini izinga eliphakeme lesimo kanye nenhlonipho kakade, ngisho noma ngabe bangene kwezombusazwe ngenxa yesifiso sabo esiyingqayizivele sokunakwa okunjalo? Azikho yini izisusa ezengeziwe, njengenzuzo yezimali, umkhankaso wokuxhasa ngemali, nokuvotela ukusebenza emsebenzini lapha, ngisho noma imibhalo yeProjekthi ye-New American Century inokuningi okushoyo ngesibindi nokubusa nokulawula?

Futhi kuthiwani ngomphakathi wonke, kuhlanganise nabo bonke labo abasekeli bezempi abangenayo impi? Ama-slogans avamile kanye nezitika ze-bumper zihlanganisa: "Le mibala ayisebenzi," "Ngiziqhayise ngokuba ngumMelika," "Ungalokothi uhlehlise phansi," "Ungacimi futhi ugijime." Akukho lutho olungaqondakali noma olungokomfanekiso kunempi iqhinga noma umzwelo, njengokungathi ku "Impi Yomhlaba Yesebubini," eyasungulwa njengempindiselo, noma ngabe abantu abayinhloko ababuyiselwe ukubuyisa babesele bafile kakade. Ingabe abantu bacabanga ukuthi ukuziqhenya nokuziqhenya kwabo kuxhomeke ekuphindiseleleni okutholakala ekuqhubhiseni i-Afghanistan kuze kube yilapho kungekho muntu oshiya ukumelana nokubusa kwe-US? Uma kunjalo, ngeke kube kuhle ukuwachazela ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo zisenza siphephe kancane. Kodwa kuthiwani uma abantu abafisa inhlonipho bethola ukuthi ukuziphatha okunjalo kwenza izwe lethu lideleleke noma lihlehle, noma uhulumeni udlala ngabo ngeziwula, ukuthi abaseYurophu banesimo esiphakeme sokuphila ngenxa yokungafaka yonke imali yabo empini, noma ukuthi umongameli wepopi ofana noHamid Karzai wase-Afghanistan ubelokhu ekhipha ngezimpahla zeMelika?

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi, olunye ucwaningo luthola ukuthi cishe amaphesenti amabili kuphela abantu abajabulela ukubulala, futhi abaphazamiseka kakhulu ngokwengqondo. Inhloso yokuqeqesha ezempi ukwenza abantu abavamile, kuhlanganise nabasekeli bezempi abavamile, bangene emphakathini, okungenani kumongo wezempi, ukuze bawenze empini ukuthi yini ebingabhekwa njengento ebaluleke kunazo zonke abangayenza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi noma indawo. Indlela abantu abangaqeqeshwa ngayo ukubulala empini ukufanisa ukubulala ekuqeqesheni. Abaqashi abagwaza ama-dummies, bahlabelela ngokuthi "Igazi lenza utshani lukhule!", Futhi badubula umgomo wokuzilolonga ngamathekthhi ahlose abantu, bazobulala empini uma besaba izingqondo zabo. Ngeke badinge izingqondo zabo. Ukucabanga kwabo kuzothatha. U-Dave Grossman uyabhala: "Into kuphela enethemba lokuthonya i-middlebrain," futhi yinto ewukuthi iyathonya inja: isimo sokuqala nesisetshenziswayo. "

"Yilokho okusetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza nabashayeli bezindiza ukuba basabele ezimweni eziphuthumayo: ukuphindaphinda okuqondile okuzobhekana nabo (endlini yelangabi noma esitelekeni sezindiza) bese ukubunjwa okukhulu kwempendulo oyifunayo kulokhu kuvuselela. I-stimulus-response, stimulus-response, stimulus-response. Esikhathini esibucayi, lapho laba bantu besaba ama-wits, basabela kahle futhi basindisa izimpilo. . . . Asitshelanga izingane zesikole ukuthi yini okufanele ziyenze uma kwenzeka umlilo, sibhekene nabo; futhi uma besaba, benza okulungile. "

Kungenxa yesimo esinamandla nesakhiwe kahle kuphela lapho abantu abaningi bengalethwa ukuthi babulale. Njengoba uGrossman nabanye bebhalile, “kuwo wonke umlando iningi lamadoda enkundleni yempi alizange lizame ukubulala isitha, ngisho nokusindisa izimpilo zalo noma ezabangani bawo.” Sikushintshile lokho.

U-Grossman ukholelwa ukuthi ubudlova obubi emabhayisikobho, imidlalo yevidiyo, kanye naso sonke isiko lethu kuyingxenye enkulu ekwenzeni ubudlova emphakathini futhi uyayilahla, ngisho nalapho ecebisa ngezindlela ezingcono lapho amasosha angabangela ababulali bezimpi. Ngesikhathi uGrossman engomsebenzi wamasosha okwelulekwa ahlukunyezwa ngokubulala, usiza ekukhiqizeni ukubulala okuningi. Angicabangi ukuthi izisusa zakhe zinzima kakhulu njengoba lokho kuzwakala. Ngicabanga ukuthi umane ukholelwa ukuthi ukubulawa kuguqulwa waba yinto enhle ngokumemezela kwempi yizwe lakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukhuthaza ukunciphisa ukulingiswa kobudlova kumaphephandaba nasemidlalweni yezingane. Akukho ndawo ku-On Killing lapho ekhuluma iqiniso elingenakwenzeka lokuthi abezindaba abanobudlova abanamandla okwanele ukushayela ubudlova obungezona impi kumele benze umsebenzi wabaqeqeshi bezempi nabaqeqeshi lula.

Ku-2010, imibhikisho yokulwa nokuthula iphoqa i-Army ukuvala into okuthiwa i-Army Experience Centre, eyayisePennsylvania yezitolo. Ephakathi, izingane zazidlale imidlalo efanisa impi yevidiyo ehlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zangempela zempi ezibhekiswe ezikrini zevidiyo. Abaqashi banikeza amathiphu awusizo. I-Army yenze lokhu kubantwana abancane kakhulu ukuba bangabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni, ngokucacile bakholelwa ukuthi kuzokwenza ngcono ukuqashwa kamuva. Yiqiniso, ezinye izindlela esizifundisa izingane ukuthi ubudlova bungaba kuhle futhi buwusizo zibandakanya ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwempi ngokwazo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezenzo zikahulumeni ohlelweni lwethu lobulungiswa bezobugebengu.

Ngo-Agasti 2010, ijaji lase-Alabama lazama umuntu icala lokusongela iwebhusayithi ye-Facebook ukwenza ukubulala okuyisigameko esifana nesiphepho sokudubula esabulala abantu base-32 eVirginia Tech. Umusho? Le ndoda kwakudingeka ijoyine amasosha. I-Army ithe izoyithatha ngemuva kokuqeda ukuhlolwa. "Impi iyinto enhle, inhle kuwe," kusho ijaji. "Ngingasho ukuthi kuwumphumela ofanelekile," kusho ummeli walo muntu.

Uma kukhona uxhumano phakathi kobudlova ngaphandle kwempi nangaphakathi kwalo, uma lezi zinto zingezona imisebenzi engavumelani ngokuphelele, umuntu angalindela ukubona izinga elingaphezu kwezinga eliphansi lobudlova kusuka kumaqhawe empi, ikakhulukazi kulabo abaye basebenzela ubuso nobuso- ubuso obusweni emhlabathini. Ku-2007, i-Bureau of Justice Statistics yakhipha umbiko, usebenzisa idatha ye-2004, kulabo basebekhulile etilongweni, bememezela:

"Phakathi kwamadoda amadala kubantu base-United States ku-2004, ama-veterans ayengaba yingxenye cishe engabanikazi bezilwane ukuba bahlale etilongweni (iziboshwa ze-630 ngama-100,000 wezilwane, uma kuqhathaniswa neziboshwa ze-1,390 zakwa-100,000 ezingezona izakhamizi zase-US)." Lokhu kubonakala kubalulekile, futhi Ngikubonile kucashunwe ngaphandle kwalokho okulandelayo okulandelayo:

"Umehluko luchazwe kabanzi ngeminyaka. Amaphesenti amabili kwabesilisa besilisa base-US babeneminyaka engu-55 ubudala ubudala, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-17 amadoda angewona wesilisa. Izinga lokuboshwa kwalabadala abadala be-veterans (182 nge-100,000) laliphansi kakhulu kunelabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-55 (1,483 nge-100,000). "

Kodwa lokhu akusikusho ukuthi ngabe ama-veteran ayenamathuba okuba afakwe ejele, kungabi nodlame kakhulu. Lo mbiko usitshela ukuthi abaningi balabo basebekhulile ababoshiwe baboshwe ngamacala obugebengu kunesiboshwa sokungaboshelwa kwezilwane, nokuthi yibo abancane kuphela kulabo basebekhulile ababoshiwe bebekwe empini. Kodwa asitsheli ukuthi ngabe amadoda noma abesifazane abaye balwa yini amathuba okuba benze ubugebengu obunobudlova kunabanye abasendaweni yabo yobudala.

Uma izibalo zobugebengu zibonise izinga elikhudlwana lobugebengu obunobudlova ngamabutho empi, akekho osombusazwe owayefuna ukuhlala abe yisombusazwe isikhathi eside angathanda ukuwashicilela. Ngo-Ephreli 2009, amaphephandaba abike ukuthi i-FBI noMnyango wezokuPhepha koHulumeni bebecebise abasebenzi babo ababebheke abaqashi abamhlophe kanye namaqembu "amaqembu aphikisana nezizwe" ukuba agxile kuma-veterans ase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Isivunguvungu esiphuthumayo sokuthukuthela sasingeke sibe yi-volcanic eyengeziwe i-FBI eyeluleka ukugxila kubantu abamhlophe njengamalungu asolwa ngamacembu anjalo!

Yiqiniso kubonakala kungalungile ukuthumela abantu ukuthi benze umsebenzi odabukisayo bese ubamba ubandlululo lapho bebuya. Amaqembu e-Veterans azinikele ekulwa nokucwaswa okunjalo. Kodwa izibalo zeqembu akufanele ziphathwe njengezizathu zokuphathwa kabi kwabantu ngabanye. Uma ukuthumela abantu empini kwenza kube lula ukuthi kube yingozi ukuthi kufanele siyazi ukuthi, njengoba ukuthumela abantu empini yinto esingakhetha ukuyenza. Akekho oyobe esengozini yokwelapha abadlali bezilwane ngokungalungile uma singenabutho bezilwane.

NgoJulayi 28, i-2009, iWashington Post yaqala isihloko esithi:

"Amasosha avela e-Iraq ngemuva kokukhonza ne-Fort Carson, iColo., Amagoli aphikisayo abonise izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobugebengu emadolobheni abo asekhaya, enza izintambo zokubulala nezinye izinsolo ukuthi amasosha asekuqaleni anikeze umqondo wokulahla isiyalo iziqephu zokubulala ngokungakhethi ngesikhathi sokuthunjelwa kwabo, ngokusho kophenyo lwenyanga eyisithupha ephephandabeni le-Colorado Springs Gazette. "

Amacala la masosha ayenzile e-Iraq ahlanganisa nokubulala izakhamuzi ngokungahleliwe - kwezinye izimo ezingeni elingenalutho - ngokusebenzisa izibhamu ezivinjelwe ezithunjweni, ukuxosha abantu amabhuloho, ukulayisha izikhali ngamapulatifomu angenawo emthethweni, ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa nokudambisa izidumbu of Iraqis. Amacala ababewenze ngesikhathi bebuyela ekhaya ahlanganisa nokudlwengulwa, ukuxhashazwa kwekhaya, ukudubula, ukugwaza, ukuthunjwa nokuzibulala.

Ngeke siphumelele emotweni yonke emasosheni avela ecaleni elibandakanya izimbangi ze-10, kodwa kusikisela ukuthi amasosha ngokwayo akholelwa ukuthi izinkinga ezibonakalayo ezenzweni zempi zamanje "kungenzeka zandisa izingozi" zabalandeli bezilwane ezibulala emhlabeni jikelele ukubulala akusekujabulisayo.

Ucwaningo oluningi luphetha ngokuthi abakwa-veterans ababhekene nokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka ngemuva kokucindezeleka (PTSD) banamathuba amakhulu kakhulu okwenza izenzo zobudlova kunokuba abakwa-Veterans abangeke bahlaselwe yi-PTSD. Yiqiniso, labo ababhekene ne-PTSD nabo banamathuba okuba yibo ababona ukulwa okuningi. Ngaphandle kokuba abantu base-Veterans abangabhekene nokuhlupheka benamazinga aphansi okudlwengula kunabasosha, ama-veteran ngokwesilinganiso kumele abe ngaphezulu.

Nakuba izibalo zokubulala zibonakala zilukhuni, labo abazibulala bazitholakala kalula. Ngesikhathi sokubhala lokhu, isosha lase-US lalahlekelwa yiziqu eziningi zokuzibulala kunokuba zilwe, futhi lawo mabutho ayebonile impi ayezibulala ngezinga eliphezulu kunelabo ababengekho. I-Army ibeke isilinganiso sokuzibulala sabasebenzi abasebenza ngokusebenza ku-20.2 nge-100,000, ephakeme kunezinga lase-US ngisho nalapho lilungiswe ubulili nobudala. Futhi i-Veterans Administration e-2007 ibeka izinga lokuzibulala kwabase-US bezilwane ababeshiye ibutho lempi nge-56.8 elimangalisayo nge-100,000, eliphakeme kunezinga lokuzibulala eliphakathi kwanoma yisiphi isizwe emhlabeni, futhi liphakeme kunanani lokuzibulala labantu besilisa ngaphandle kweBelarus - indawo efanayo lapho u-Himmler ephawula khona ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Umagazini we-Time owaphawula ngo-Ephreli 13, i-2010, ukuthi-naphezu kokungabaza kwezempi ukuwamukela - okunye okubangela, ngokumangalisayo ngokwanele, mhlawumbe impi:

"Okuhlangenwe nakho kwempi ngokwayo kungadlala indima. 'Ukulwa kukhulisa ukwesaba ngokufa nokukwazi ukuzibulala,' kusho uCraig Bryan, isazi sezengqondo seYunivesithi yaseTexas, etshela izikhulu zePentagon ngoJanuwari. Ukuhlanganiswa kokulwa nokulwa nokulungela izibhamu kungabulala noma ubani ocabanga ngokuzibulala. Cishe isigamu samasosha azibulala ngokwawo asebenzisa izikhali, kanti isibalo senyukela kuma-93 amaphesenti kulabo asetshenziswe emiphakathini yempi.

"UBryan, isazi sokuzibulala esasishiya i-Air Force, uthi amasosha atholakala e-catch-22. 'Siqeqesha abasebenzi bethu ukuba basebenzise ubudlova nokulawulwa okulawulwayo, ukuvimbela ukusabela okujulile ngokomzwelo lapho bebhekene nobunzima, ukubekezelela ubuhlungu ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo nokunqoba ukwesaba ukulimala nokufa, "etshela i-TIME. Nakuba kudingeke ukuba kube nokulwa, 'lezi zimfanelo zihlobene nokufaka ingozi yokuzibulala.' Isimo esinjalo asikwazi ukudonswa 'ngaphandle kokuthinta kabi ukulwa kwempi yethu,' uyanezela. 'Amalungu ensizakalo, abeka kalula, azikwazi ukuzibulala ngokwabo ngokuqeqeshwa kwabo.' "

Esinye isici esingaba khona singase sibe ukuntuleka kwanoma yikuphi ukuqonda okucacile mayelana nokuthi impi iyini. Amasosha empini efana neMpi e-Afghanistan ayinaso isisekelo esihle sokukholelwa ukuthi izinto ezibuhlungu abhekene nazo futhi azenzele zilungile ngenxa yento ebaluleke kakhulu. Lapho ummeleli we-Afghanistan e-Afghanistan engakwazi ukukhuluma ngenhloso yempi kubasenenari, amasosha angalindelwa kanjani ukuba azi? Futhi umuntu angaphila kanjani ngokubulala ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi kwakunjani?

Isigaba: I-VETERANS AKUKHO NGOKUKHULULEKILE

Yiqiniso, iningi lama-veteran abagijima ezikhathini ezinzima azibulali. Eqinisweni, amaqhawe ase-United States - wonke lawo "asekela amasosha" izinkulumo ezicebile nangenamandla - ahluleka kakhulu ukuba angenamakhaya. Impi ayifuni ukugxila okufanayo ekusizeni izikhali ukuba zingabi yiziqhawe ukuthi zibeke izinguquko zazo zangaphambili. Futhi umphakathi awukhuthazi ngenhliziyo yonke izimbangi zokukholelwa ukuthi izenzo zabo zilungile.

Ama-veteran yaseVietnam ase-Vietnam avunyelwa emuva ngokuhlekwa nokuhlambalaza, okwakushukumisa isimo sabo sengqondo ngokumangalisa. Ama-Veteran of the War on Iraq nase-Afghanistan aye avame ukwamukelwa ekhaya nombuzo othi "Ingabe usho ukuthi impi isaphila?" Lo mbuzo ngeke ube wonakalisa njengokutshela othile ukuthi uke wabulala, kodwa kuyindlela ende kugcizelela ukubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu nokubaluleka kwalokho abakwenzile.

Ukusho ukuthi yini engasiza kakhulu ku-veterans 'impilo yengqondo, konke okulinganayo, into engingathanda ukuyenza. Kodwa akukhona lokho engikukwenza kule ncwadi. Uma sifuna ukudlulela impi kuyoba ngokuthuthukisa isiko lomusa omkhulu okugwema inkohlakalo, impindiselo, nobudlova. Abantu ikakhulukazi abanesibopho sezimpi yibo abaphezulu, okukhulunywe ngakho esahlukweni sesithupha. Ukujezisa ubugebengu babo kungavimbela impi esikhathini esizayo. Ama-veteran abajezayo angeke avimbele impi okungenani. Kodwa umlayezo odingeka ukuphazamisa umphakathi wethu akuwona owodwa wokudumisa nokubonga ngenxa yobugebengu obubi kakhulu esibukhiqizayo.

Isixazululo, ngicabanga ukuthi akufanele ukudumisa noma ukujezisa abakwa-veterans, kodwa ukubakhombisa umusa ngenkathi bekhuluma iqiniso elidingekayo ukuyeka ukukhiqiza okuningi kubo. Ama-Veteran kanye nabangewona ama-veteran angaba nokunakekelwa kwempilo yengqondo yamahhala kanye nekhwalithi eliphezulu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okujwayelekile, amathuba okufundisa, amathuba emisebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwezingane, ukuphumula, umsebenzi oqinisekisiwe, kanye nomhlalaphansi uma siyeka ukulahla zonke izinsiza zethu empini. Ukuhlinzeka ngama-veteran ngalezo zinsisekelo eziyisisekelo zokuphila okujabulisayo nokuphila okunompilo cishe kungaphezu kokulinganisela kunoma yikuphi ukungakhululeki abazizwa ekuzwa ukugxekwa kwempi.

UMatthis Chiroux uyisosha lase-US enqaba ukuthuthela e-Iraq. Uthi wayemi eJalimane futhi wenza abangane abaningi baseJalimane, abanye babo bamtshela ukuthi izwe lakhe lenzani e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan kwakuyi-genocide. U-Chiroux uthi lokhu kwamcasula kakhulu, kodwa ukuthi wacabanga ngakho futhi wenzakala kuwo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi usindise impilo yakhe. Uyabonga manje, wathi kwabanye baseJalimane abanesibindi ababezimisele ukumcasula. Nakhu ukucasula abantu!

Ngifumene nabaningi bezilwane zezimpi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan abaye bathola induduzo nokukhululeka ekuphikiseni izimpi ezazilwela futhi, kwezinye izimo, baba yizinhlayiya ezenqaba ukulwa. Ama-Veteran, ngisho namasosha asebenzayo, akudingeki abe izitha zokulwa nokuthula. Njengoba uCaptain Paul Chappell ephawula encwadini yakhe ethi The End of War, kukhona njalo igebe elikhulu phakathi kwama-stereotypes. Amasosha athatha injabulo enkulu ngokubulala abantu abangenacala nabokuthula abahlukumeza ama-veteran bahlukaniswe ngamamayela (noma mhlawumbe oseduze kakhulu kunalokho bacabanga), kodwa abahlanganyeli abavamile kanye nabaphikisi bempi basondelene kakhulu futhi banokuningi okufanayo kunalokho uyahlukanisa. Iphesenti elibalulekile lamaMelika, futhi ngisho nephesenti elikhulu labashicileli bokuthula, basebenzela abenzi bezikhali nabanye abahlinzeki bemikhumbi yempi.

Ngesikhathi amasosha enza kube lula ukubulala kude ne-drones noma usebenzisa izinzwa zokushisa nemibono yasebusuku, ukudlala impi yemidlalo yevidiyo lapho kungadingeki khona ukubona izisulu zabo, osombusazwe abathumela empini bayisinyathelo esengeziwe isusiwe futhi sinesikhathi esilula ngisho nokugwema imizwa yemithwalo yemfanelo. Ngabe singaluthola kanjani esinye isimo lapho amalungu amakhulu eNdlu yabaMamele "abaphikisi" kanye "nabagxeka" bezimpi okwamanje baqhubeka bewaxhasa? Futhi sonke thina izakhamuzi isisodwa isinyathelo sisusiwe futhi.

Sekuyisikhathi eside amasosha ethola ukulula ukubulala besebenzisa isiqeshana semishini esidinga abantu abangaphezu kweyodwa ukuba bayisebenzise, ​​behlukana nomthwalo wemfanelo. Sicabanga ngendlela efanayo. Kunamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abangakwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo eziqinile zokuvimba lezi zimpi, ngakho-ke angikwazi ukusola ukuhluleka okufanayo, akunjalo? Okungenani engingakwenza, ngenkathi ngiziphikisa ekuphikisweni okunamandla, ukuzwelana nabantu abavame ukungena empini ngokungabikho kwamanye okukhethwa kukho engangikulo, nokuhlonipha ngaphezu kwabo bonke abathola isibindi nobuqhawe ngaphakathi ezempi ukubeka izikhali zabo futhi ukwenqaba ukwenza lokho okutshelwe khona, noma okungenani uthole ukuhlakanipha ukukhuluma ngokuzisola kamuva ngalokho abakwenzile.

Isigaba: IZINTO ZABASEBENZI

Amanga axoxelwe ukuqala izimpi ayelokhu ehlanganisa izindaba ezimangalisayo, futhi kusukela ekudalweni kwe-cinema, izindaba zezinqola zamaqhawe zitholakale lapho. Ikomidi Lolwazi Lwamphakathi lwakhiqiza amafilimu e-feature-length kanye nokunikeza lezo zinkulumo zamaminithi angu-4 lapho ama-reels ashintshiwe.

"Ku-Unbeliever (1918), eyenziwa ngokubambisana kwe-US Marine Corps, uPhilly ocebile nonamandla ufunda ukuthi 'ukuziqhenya kwamakilasi kungcolile' njengoba ebuka umshayeli wakhe efa empini, uthola ukholo ngemuva kokubona isithombe sikaKristu ehamba ngaphesheya ibutho lempi, futhi uthandana nentombazane enhle yaseBelgium esinda ngokudlwengula isisebenzi seJalimane. "

Ifilimu ka-DW Griffith ye-1915 Ukuzalwa kwesizwe mayelana neMpi Yombango kanye nokwakhiwa kwasiza ukuqala impi yasekhaya kubantu abamnyama, kodwa izinhliziyo zakhe ze-1918, ezenziwe ngosizo lwezempi, zafundisa abaseMelika ukuthi iMpi Yezwe I yayingamaqhawe ngokukhulula abangenacala kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kwababi.

NgeMpi Yezwe II, iHhovisi Lempi Yolwazi linikeze imiyalezo, libukeze izikripthi, futhi licele ukuthi izigcawu ezingavumelekile zinqunywe, zithathe imboni yefilimu ukuze ikhuthaze impi. I-Army nayo yaqasha uFrank Capra ukukhiqiza amafilimu ayisikhombisa e-pro-war. Lo mkhuba uye waqhubeka nosuku lwamanje ne-Hollywood blockbusters olwenziwa njalo ngosizo oluvela empini yase-US. Amasosha kulezi zindaba aboniswa njengeziqhawe.

Ngesikhathi sezimpi zangempela, amasosha ayakuthanda ukutshela izindaba ezimangalisayo zeziqhawe zangempela-impilo, futhi. Akukho okungcono ukuqashwa. Emasontweni ambalwa nje eMpini e-Iraq, abezindaba base-United States, ekuthunjweni kwezempi kanye ne-White House, baqala ukunikeza ukuthungathwa kwe-saturation endabeni yesosha elithile okuthiwa nguJessica Lynch owayebhekwa ukuthi uthathwe ngesikhathi sokushintshaniswa okubi bese kusindiswa ngokuphawulekayo. Wayengu-heroine kanye nentombazane ehluphekile. I-Pentagon ithi uLynch ugwetshiwe kanye nezilonda zamabult, nokuthi uboshelwe ebhedeni lakhe esibhedlela futhi waphenywa ngemibuzo. ULynch wenqabe indaba yonke futhi wakhononda ukuthi amasosha ayeyisebenzise. Ngomhla ka-Ephreli 24, i-2007, uLynch ufakaze ngaphambi kweKomiti YeNdlu Yokuqondisa Nezinguquko Zikahulumeni:

"[Ngemva nje kokuthunjwa kwami], kwaziswa izindaba zobuqhawe obukhulu. Indlu yomzali wami eWirt County yayivinjezelwe abezindaba bonke bephindaphinda indaba yentombazane encane eRambo evela emagqumeni ayehla ukulwa. Kwakungelona iqiniso. . . . Ngisadidekile ngokuthi kungani bakhetha ukukhuluma amanga. "

Elinye isosha elibandakanyekile kulo msebenzi owazi ukuthi lezi zindaba zingamanga futhi ngubani owaphawula ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi amasosha "okwenza ifilimu" kwakunguPat Tillman. Wayeyinkanyezi yezemidlalo futhi wayenqume ukunikela ngenkontileka yemidlalo yezinyawo zezinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane ukuze ajoyine amasosha futhi enze umsebenzi wakhe wokuthanda izwe ukuvikela izwe kumaphekula amabi. Wayengumbutho wangempela odume kakhulu empini yase-US, futhi u-Ann Coulter wethelevishini wambiza ngokuthi "umdabu waseMelika - onobuhle, omsulwa, nesilisa njengowesilisa waseMelika kuphela."

Ngaphandle kokuba angabe esakholelwa izindaba ezazimholela ekubhaleni, u-Ann Coulter wema ukumdumisa. NgoSeptemba 25, i-2005, i-San Francisco Chronicle ibike ukuthi uTillman uye wahlambalaza impi yase-Iraq futhi uhlele ukuhlangana nommangali ovelele u-Noam Chomsky ukuthi uzokwenzeka lapho ebuya e-Afghanistan, lonke ulwazi olunqunywa umama kaTillman noChomsky kamuva . U-Tillman akakwazanga ukuwuqinisekisa ngoba ushonele e-Afghanistan ku-2004 kusukela ezinhlamvu ezintathu kuya ebunzini emfushane, izinhlamvu ezidubule ngumama waseMelika.

I-White House kanye nebutho lempi babesazi ukuthi uTillman ushonele emlilweni okuthiwa ubungane, kodwa bamtshela abezindaba ukuthi uzoshona. Abaphathi abakhulu be-Army babazi amaqiniso kodwa bavuma ukunikeza uTillman i-Silver Star, i-Purple Heart, nokukhuthazwa okuthunyelwe, konke kuxhomeke ekufeni kwakhe elwa nesitha.

Izindaba ezinzima eziphikisana nomqondo wezikhali zamaqhawe nazo zitshelwe. Ukudlala kukaKaren Malpede Isiprofetho sibonisa isosha sokuzibulala se-War on Iraq. Amafilimu afana Esigodini sase-Ellah adlulisa umonakalo wempi ewenza amasosha, futhi abonise inkolelo yabo ukuthi lokho abakwenzile kuhluke ngamaqhawe. I-Green Zone ibonisa isosha libona kancane kancane ukuthi iMpi e-Iraq yayisekelwe emangeni.

Kodwa asikho isidingo sokuphendukela emaciniso noma ukudala izindaba ezibonisa amasosha njengoba zikhona ngempela. Konke okudingekayo ukukhuluma nabo. Abaningi bayasisekela izimpi emva kokuhlala kubo. Ukusekela ngokwengeziwe umqondo jikelele wempi futhi ukuziqhenya ngalokho abakwenzile, ngisho noma begxeka impi ethile ababeyingxenye yabo. Kodwa abanye baba yizingxabano eziphikisayo zezimpi, balandisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ukuze baqede amanga. Amalungu e-Iraq Veterans Against the War abuthana ngaseWashington, DC, ngo-March 2008 ngomcimbi okuthiwa yi "Winter Soldier." Bakhuluma la mazwi:

"Wabukela lo mlawuli osibeke umyalelo wokudubula noma ubani emgwaqweni adubule abesifazane ababili abadala ababehamba bephethe imifino. Uthe umphathi wamaphoyisa utshele ukuthi uzodubula laba besifazane, futhi lapho enqaba, umlawuli wamaphoyisa wabashaya. Ngakho-ke, lapho lo mkhumbi uqala ukudubula abantu emotweni engabonwa muntu omunye, wayelandela isibonelo somlawuli wakhe. "- UJason Wayne Lemieux

"Ngikhumbula owesifazane oyedwa ohamba. Wayethwele isikhwama esikhulu, futhi wayebukeka sengathi uyena kithi, ngakho sasivulela uMark 19, oyisiqalisi se-grenade othomathikhi, futhi lapho uthuli lulungisiwe, saqaphela ukuthi isikhwama sasigcwele ukudla. Wayezama ukusiletha ukudla futhi samshaya ngezicucu. . . .

"Okunye okukhuthazwa ukuba sikwenze, cishe nge-wink kanye nudge, kwakufanele kuthwale izikhali, noma ngokuvakasha kwami ​​okwesithathu, ulahle amafosholo. Sasizothatha lezi zikhali noma amafosholo nathi ngoba uma sidutshulwa ngephutha ngombango, singaphonsa isikhali emzimbeni, futhi sibenze sengathi kubonakale njengabantu abahlubukayo. "- UJason Washburn

"Ngifuna ukuqala ngokukukhombisa ividiyo yeSikhulu EsiPhezulu seKhilo Inkampani. Sifinyelele emlilweni womlilo wamahora amabili, futhi sekuphele isikhathi esithile, kodwa wayesezwa isidingo sokulahla umsila we-laser-guided guiding laser enyakatho yeRamadi. - UJon Michael Turner

Le vidiyo ibonisa ukuthi isiphathimandla sigxuma ngemuva kwesiteleka se-missile: "Ngicabanga ukuthi ngisanda kubulala isigamu sabantu enyakatho yeRamadi!"

"Ngomhla ka-Ephreli 18, i-2006, ngangiqale ukuqinisekiswa ukubulala. Wayengumuntu ongenacala. Angazi igama lakhe. Ngimbiza ngokuthi 'uMfokazi.' Phakathi nalesi sigameko, waphindela emuva endlini yakhe, futhi ngamdubula phambi komngane wakhe nobaba. Umjikelezo wokuqala awuzange umbulale ngemuva kokuthi ngimshaya entanyeni. Ngemva kwalokho, waqala ukumemeza futhi wabheka emehlweni ami. Ngabheka umngane wami ngisekuthunyelwe, futhi ngathi, 'Angikwazi ukuvumela lokho kwenzeke.' Ngathatha elinye isibhamu ngimkhiphela ngaphandle. Bonke abanye bomndeni wakhe bamthwala. Kuthatha ama-Iraqi ayisikhombisa ukuthwala isidumbu sakhe.

"Sonke sasihalalisiwe ngemuva kokuthi siqale ukubulala, futhi lokho kwenzeka ukuthi kwakunguyami. Umlawuli wamakhamphani wami wangibongelela. Lo ngumuntu ofanayo owakusho ukuthi noma ubani oqala ukubulala ngokuwagwaza ekufeni uzothola ukudlula kwezinsuku ezine lapho sibuya e-Iraq. . . .

"Ngiyaxolisa inzondo nokubhujiswa engibangele abantu abangenacala. . . . Angisona i-monster engangiyikho. "- UJon Michael Turner

Kwakukhona ezinye izindaba eziningi ezifana nalezi, futhi okwakubonakala kungubuqhawe kwakuwukulandiswa kwazo, hhayi lokho ezazikusho. Asivamile ukuzwa ukuthi amasosha acabangani. Noma nje umphakathi unganakwa eWashington, DC, amasosha awanakwa kakhulu. Akuvamile ukuthi size sibone izinhlolovo zalokho amasosha akholelwa kukho. Kodwa ngo-2006, ngenkathi omongameli namalungu e-congress bekhuluma ngokulwa "kwamasosha" ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi amaphesenti angama-72 amabutho ase-US e-Iraq afuna impi iphele ngaphambi kuka-2007. “Ukuziphindiselela ngendima kaSaddam ekuhlaselweni okungu-85-9.” Vele uSaddam Hussein wayengenanxaxheba kulokho kuhlaselwa. Futhi amaphesenti angama-11 akholelwa ukuthi isizathu esiyinhloko sempi "ukuvimba uSaddam ekuvikeleni i-al Qaeda e-Iraq." Vele kwakungekho i-al Qaeda e-Iraq kuze kube yilapho impi isidala. La masosha akholelwa ukuthi impi ilele, futhi abesafuna ukuthi impi iphele. Kepha iningi labo alizibekanga phansi izikhali zalo.

Ingabe ukuhlanganyela kwabo empini enobudlova kudlula ngoba beqamba amanga? Yebo, ngokuqinisekile kubeka icala nakakhulu kulabo abenza izinqumo eziphezulu abazodinga ukuphendula. Kodwa okubaluleke ngaphezu kokuphendula lowo mbuzo, ngicabanga, kuvimbela amanga esizayo kubantu abazoba namandla esikhathini esizayo. Kuze kube sekugcineni ukuthi iqiniso mayelana nezimpi ezedlule kufanele likhishwe. Iqiniso yilokhu: impi ayengakaze futhi ayikwazi ukuba isevisi. Akusilo ubuqhawe. Kuyadabukisa. Ingxenye yokuqaphela la maqiniso izobandakanya ukususa ama-aura of heroism kumasosha. Lapho osopolitiki beka ngokungekho emthethweni ukuthi balwe izimpi - umkhuba ovamile, futhi okuthile okhethwe yi-senatorial okwenziwe ku-2010 - bese uqala ukuzenza sengathi awukwenzi lokho, sizokwazi ukuthi siyaqhubeka.

Esinye isibonakaliso senqubekela phambili sibonakala kanje:

"NgoJulayi 30, [2010], amasosha angama-30 asebenzayo, amaqhawe, impi yamasosha kanye nabasekeli babambe iqhaza ngaphandle kwamasango e-Fort Hood [lapho amasosha asevele ehlupheka khona nge-PTSD abuyele empini] ngebhanna elikhulu iqondiswe kuColonel Allen, umphathi we-3rd ACR [I-Armored Cavalry Regiment], efunda 'uCol. Allen. . . Ungayisebenzisi Amasosha Abalimele! ' Ababonisi babephethe futhi amapulethi afundeka:

'Tshela ithusi: Hamba imbongolo yami!'

futhi

'Baqamba amanga, siyafa!'

"Ukubonakaliswa kwaba yingxenye enkulu yokungena, ngakho-ke izinkulungwane zama-GI asebenzayo nemindeni yazo zidluliselwe ukuboniswa. Abaningi bajoyina ngemuva kokubona lo mboniso. I-Fort Hood Amaphoyisa Amaphoyisa athumele izimoto namabutho ukuba asongele ababonisi, besaba inhlangano ekhulayo. "