NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Okthoba 13, 2021
Ngisanda kufunda imibhalo emithathu eyisicefe kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu. Eyokuqala yi- Isixazululo seWar Powers of 1973 ongawuphrinta emakhasini angu-6 futhi okuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi umthetho okhona nakuba wephulwa njengenjwayelo njengoba kuphefumulwa umoya. Omunye ngumthethosivivinywa wokuguqulwa kwamandla empi oke waba khona yethulwe eSenate futhi kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kungayi ndawo (kungamakhasi angama-47), kanti eyesithathu yile umthethosivivinywa wokuguqula amandla empi eNdlu (Amakhasi angama-73) okubonakala cishe kungayi ndawo.
Kufanele sibeke eceleni izinto ezimbalwa ezinkulu ezikhathazayo, ngaphezu kwamathuba okuthi "ubuholi" be-DRM buvumele ukuthi izikweletu ezinjalo zidlule, ngaphambi kokuthatha lezi zinto ngokungathi sína.
Okokuqala, kufanele sizibe / sephule ngokungenangqondo I-Hague Convention ye-1907, lo I-Kellogg-Briand Pact ye-1928 (kufushane futhi kucace ngokwanele ukubhala entendeni yesandla sakho noma ngekhanda), i- I-United Nations Charter ka-1945, lo Isivumelwano seNorth Atlantic sika-1949, futhi ngokuphathelene nengxenye enkulu yomhlaba Isitatimende saseRoma sase-International Criminal Court. Okusho ukuthi, kufanele senze sengathi ukunquma ukuthi ubani okufanele alwe kuyiphrojekthi esemthethweni futhi eyamukelekayo kunokunquma ukuthi ubani okufanele enze noma yibuphi obunye ubugebengu.
Okwesibili, kufanele sibeke phambili ukuthuthukisa umthetho okhona esikhundleni sokuthola umuntu ozowusebenzisa ngempela. I-War Powers Resolution ibilokhu itholakala ukuthi isetshenziswe kusukela ngo-1973. Isetshenziswe ngendlela yokuthi amalungu eNdlu ngayinye akwazile, ngaphansi kwaso, ukuphoqa izinkulumo-mpikiswano kanye namavoti (ahlulekile) ekuqedeni izimpi. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi ezimeni ezahlukene kube nomthelela ekuphelisweni kwezimpi yinhlangano amalungu amaningi eCongress afuna ukuba nawo wonke amandla empi, okuyi-White House. ICongress eseduze kakhulu isifike ekuqedeni impi nge-War Powers Resolution yilapho ivota kaningi kuzo zombili izindlu ukuze iqede ukubamba iqhaza kwe-US eMpini yaseYemen - ebingathembela ku-veto evela kuMongameli wangaleso sikhathi uDonald Trump. Lapho uJoe Biden esengumongameli, iCongress yawushiya lowo mzamo. Ikhongolose engeke isebenzise umthetho okhona ingalindelwa kuphela ukuthi isebenzise umthetho omusha ngendlela umthetho omusha oyiphoqelele ngayo. ICongress emashumini eminyaka amuva eye yaphinde yahlukumeza ukuhlukunyezwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwalokho engingakubala, ezihlokweni eziningi, icacise ukuthanda kwayo okuqinile kokudala imithetho emisha, ngisho nemithetho engasasebenzi, kunokusebenzisa leyo ekhona kakade.
YINI IMITHETHOSIVIVINYO YESIGANE NEENDLU EZIVANAYO
Ukubeka eceleni lokho kukhathazeka, izikweletu zeSenethi kanye nezeNdlu zokushintsha i-War Powers Resolution zinokukhuphuka nokuhle okuqinisekile. Umthethosivivinywa weSenate uzosusa wonke umthetho okhona bese uwufaka omunye ohlukile futhi omude. Umthethosivivinywa weNdlu uzohlela futhi uhlele kabusha iSur Powers Resolution esivele ikhona, esikhundleni sokuyifaka esikhundleni sayo, kepha ibuyisele iningi layo, bese ifaka okuningi kuyo. Lezi zikhwama ezimbili zibonakala zinezinto ezilandelayo ezifanayo:
NGAPHANSI
Bazoqeda ikhono lelungu noma iqembu lamalungu endlu eyodwa ukuphoqelela inkulumo-mpikiswano futhi livote. Azikho izinkulumo-mpikiswano namavoti amalungu eNdlu awaphoqile esikhathini esedlule obekungenzeka ngaphansi kwalo mthetho ngaphandle kokuthi uSenator ethule isinqumo esifanayo.
OKUPHEZULU
Yomibili le mithethosivivinywa ingachaza igama elikhohlisayo elithi “ubutha” emthethweni wamanje ukufaka "amandla athunyelwe kude" ukuze abameli beWhite House kuzofanela bayeke ukubanga ukuthi amazwe ahlasela ngamabhomu akuyona impi noma ubutha inqobo nje uma amasosha ase-US engekho phansi lapho. Ukube lokhu bekungumthetho njengamanje, impi yase-Afghanistan ibingeke isaba “seyaphela.”
Zombili lezi zikweletu zizonciphisa isikhathi sokuqeda izimpi ezingagunyaziwe ukusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-60 kuye kwezingama-20.
Bazozenzakalela (okusho ukuthi lokhu kuzosebenza ngisho neCongress engenangqondo yohlobo esibe nalo iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200) inqamule uxhaso lwezimali zezimpi ezingagunyaziwe. Ngoba lokhu kuzokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba iCongress yenze noma yini, kungaba - ngombono - kube ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zikweletu. Kodwa uma iCongress ingeke ibeke icala noma (indlela yayo ethandwayo) imangalele umongameli enkantolo, kungase kungabi nandaba ukumemezela uxhaso olungagunyaziwe lwezimpi ezingagunyaziwe.
Izikweletu zizodala izidingo zanoma yikuphi ukugunyazwa kwezimpi ezizayo, njengenjongo echazwe ngokucacile, ubunikazi bamaqembu noma amazwe ahlaselwayo, njll.
Bazophinde baqinise amandla asetshenziswa njalo ukulawula ukuthengiswa kwezikhali kohulumeni bamazwe angaphandle abanonya futhi baqede futhi balinganisele izimemezelo zikamongameli zezimo eziphuthumayo.
UMTHETHOSIVIVINYO WENKQUBELA
I-DOWNSIDE EYENGEZIWE
Ngokungafani nomthethosivivinywa weNdlu, umthethosivivinywa weSenate uzonikeza omongameli amandla okungahambisani nomthethosisekelo ukwenza ubugebengu bokusebenzisa amasosha aseMelika ngokubambisana nelinye izwe inqobo nje uma lokhu kungenzanga i-United States iqembu (igama elingachazi) impi. Lokhu kungathatha impi eyodwa iCongress ecishe yenze isenzo sayo ngaphansi kweWar Powers Resolution (Yemen), futhi isuse amandla okwenza okuthile ngayo.
UKUPHEPHA OKWENGEZIWE
Ngokungafani nomthethosivivinywa weNdlu, umthethosivivinywa weSenethi uzosusa wonke ama-AUMF akhona.
UMTHETHOSIVIVINYO WENDLU
I-DOWNSIDE EYENGEZIWE
Ngokungafani nomthethosivivinywa weSenate, umthethosivivinywa weNdlu uzoqhubeka nokuqothula umqondo wokuthi ukwephulwa komthetho kuyikhambi elifanele lamacala abucayi abanikazi behhovisi eliphakeme ngokubhalela emthethweni ilungelo leCongress lokumangalela enkantolo umhlukumezi wokuvinjelwa kweCongressal ngempi ethile .
IZINDABA EZENGEZIWE
Ngokungafani nomthethosivivinywa weSenate, umthethosivivinywa weNdlu ungavimbela izimpi “ngengozi enkulu” yokwephula “uMthetho Wokulwa Okuhlomile, umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wokusiza abantu, noma izibopho zesivumelwano sase-United States,” okungabonakala kuyindinganiso zivimbele zonke izimpi zase-US ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule uma zithathwa ngokungathí sina.
Nakuba yomibili izikweletu iqukethe izigaba zokudayiswa kwezikhali, umthethosivivinywa weNdlu ubucayi kakhulu kuneSenate. Umthethosivivinywa weNdlu uyakwenqabela ukudluliswa kwezikhali nokuqeqeshwa (“imibhalo yezokuvikela nezinsiza zokuvikela”) emazweni “abulala abantu noma aphule umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.” Le nto izosiza umhlaba kakhulu futhi ibize abantu abathile imali eningi kangangokuba iqinisekisa ukuthi umthethosivivinywa awusoze wavotelwa.
Ngenkathi zombili izikweletu ziqukethe izingxenye zezimemezelo zezimo eziphuthumayo, umthethosivivinywa weNdlu uvimbela izimo eziphuthumayo unomphela, futhi uqeda “izimo eziphuthumayo” ezikhona.
ISIPHETHO
Angikuthandi ukwehla kulezi zikhokhelo nhlobo. Ngicabanga ukuthi ziyesabeka, ziyihlazo, futhi azicaciseki nakancane. Kepha ngicabanga ukuthi badlulwa yizinto eziphakeme, ngisho nasenkokhisweni yeSenate, yize iNdlu eyodwa ingcono. Kodwa-ke, ngokusobala okungcono kunakho konke ukuthi iCongress isebenzise noma yiziphi zalezi zinto, kungaba ngesinye sezikweletu ezintsha noma umthetho njengoba ukhona namuhla.
