NguDavid Swanson noPat Elder, World Beyond War
Umthelela wePentagon emfuleni ohleli ebhange lawo awuwona nje umthelela osakazekayo wokushisa komhlaba nokwanda kwezilwandle okunikelwe ekusetshenzisweni kukawoyela okukhulu kwamasosha aseMelika. Amasosha ase-US nawo afaka ngqo ubuthi eMfuleni iPotomac ngezindlela ezingaphezu kwanoma ngubani ongacabanga.
Ake sithathe i-cruise ezansi nePotomac kusuka emthonjeni wayo ezintabeni zaseWest Virginia uye emlonyeni wayo eChesapeake Bay. Uhambo olwehla lo mgwaqo omkhulu wamanzi luchaza amasayithi ayisithupha e-EPA Superfund adalwe yiPentagon ngokunganaki ngokunganaki imvelo entekenteke yomfula wamanzi oMfula iPotomac.
Ama-American Navy I-Allegany Ballistics Laboratory e-Rocket Centre, eNtshonalanga Virginia, i-130 ngamakhilomitha enyakatho yeWashington, umthombo obalulekile wokungcola eMfuleni wasePotomac. Ukulahlwa kwamasayithi okuqhumayo kanye nezinsalela ezixazululwayo kungcola umhlabathi nomhlabathi ongaphansi komhlaba ngamakhemikhali anobungozi. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nomhlabathi oseceleni komfula baqhutshwa iziqhumane, i-dioxin, izinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziphilayo, ama-acids, ama-laboratory kanye nama-industrial waste, i-sludge engezansi evela ekutholeni i-solvent, i-metal plating pretreatment sludge, i-paintings kanye ne-thinners. Isayithi nayo ibuyele ngefriji ye-beryllium. Indawo evuthayo esebenzayo isasetshenziselwa ukulahlwa kwemfucuza, ukufafaza uthuli lwamakhemikhali ngaphezu komfula. Akusihle.
Ukuhamba emfuleni i-90 miles ngamanye amazwe kuseningizimu kusisondeza Fort Detrick eFrederick, Maryland, i-Army's "ground proving" yenqubo yezempi yezwe. I-anthrax, i-Phosgene, ne-carbonactive, i-sulfur, ne-phosphorous ingcwatshwa lapha. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba agcwele i-trichlorethylene ebulalayo, i-carcinogen yomuntu, ne-tetrachloroethene, okusolakala ukuthi ibangela izicubu ezilwaneni ze-laboratory. I-Army yahlola ama-ghastly kanye nama-agent amahle lapha, njengoBacillus globigii, uSerratia marcescens, no-Escherichia coli. Nakuba i-DOD ithi iphelile ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zezinto eziphilayo ezihlose ukuxoshwa ku-1971, isimangalo sifana nokubekwa kwezempi "kwezinhlelo zokuzivikela" eziseduze nomngcele wesitha.
I-Fort Detrick nayo inomlando wokulahla amazinga aphakeme e-phosphorus ohlelweni lwayo lokudonsa ekugcineni olwandle olwandle oluphansi lweMonocacy, i-Potomac. Eqinisweni, uMnyango wezeMvelo waseMadrid uye wacaphuna i-Army ngokudlula amazinga avumelekile. I-phosphorus eningi kakhulu emanzini idala izilwanyana ukuba zikhule ngokushesha kunokuba isimiso sezinto ezisePotomac sisingatha. Kuyingozi. I-Army iyisimungulu esihamba phambili se-Potomac River watershed.
Amakhilomitha angu-40 kuphela emfuleni ovela Fort Detrick ahlala eWashington Spring Valley umakhelwane kanye ne-campus yase-American University. Le ndawo yayisetshenziswa yi-Army phakathi neMpi Yezwe I ukuhlola i-Lewisite, igesi elibulalayo elenziwe nge-arsenic. Amasosha ayebopha izilwane emigodini futhi ahlukanise amabhomu amakhemikhali ukuze abone ukuthi izilwane zasheshe zishona kanjani. Le ndawo yayigcwele ama-biological agents ezibulalayo futhi amasosha angena ezinqolobaneni ezisele ngemuva kokuvivinywa. I-Perchlorate ne-Arsenic ikhona emanzini angaphansi komhlaba namuhla. Imikhosi enobuthi yamakhemikhali angcwatshiwe anamanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcolile eduze neDalecarlia Reservoir, ngaphandle kwePomomac.
Amakhilomitha amahlanu angaseningizimu, i I-Washington Navy Yard itholakala eMfuleni i-Anacostia, eduze ne-confomence yayo nePotomac. Ngenye yezingqimba ezingcolile kakhulu zezindlu zangempela ezweni. I-Navy Yard yayiyisisekelo sokuqala sokwenza ama-cannons, amagobolondo, nokudubula. Umhlabathi oseduze nomfula ungcweliswe ne-tetrachloride, i-cyanide, i-perchlorethylene, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-dichloroethene, i-vinyl chloride, ukuhola, nezinsimbi ezinamandla, ama-acids, abahlanza, ama-caustics, i-iridite ne-alkaline, i-lead, i-chromium, i-cadmium, i-antimony, i-biphenyl (polymer) I-PCBs) ne-dioxin.
Ngasogwini lolwandle lwaseMaldinburg, amamayela angu-20 ukusuka ku-Navy Yard, siza Isikhungo Sezempi Sokulwa Nezindiza E-Indian Head e-Charles County, nomlando wayo we-100 weminyaka yokulahla nokukhiqiza imikhiqizo enobungozi obuyingozi. Leli sayithi lalivame ukukhipha imfucuza yezimboni zibe yizicathulo ze-septic, imifula evulekile kanye nezikhukhula ezivunguzelayo ezithinte ngqo emzimbeni wamanzi azungezile ezingenalutho ku-Potomac. Amanzi angaphandle kulesi sikhungo ahlaselwe ngamanqanaba aphezulu e-mercury.
Amasampula wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba aqoqwe eNhloko ye-Indian equkethe i-perchlorate ezindaweni eziphakathi kwe-1,600 ne-436,000 ug / L. Ukuze ufake lolu datha kumongo, uMnyango weMvelo waseMaldinki wasungula izinga lokucebisa ngamanzi okuphuza we-1 ug / L. I-Perchlorate iye yaxhunyaniswa nomphumela wayo omubi ku-gland yegciwane.
Ekugcineni, siyafika Isikhungo Sempi SaseNavy Surface - Dahlgren, itholakala enye iningizimu ye-20 eningizimu yeNhloko yaseNdiya, emfuleni wasePotomac eNkosini George County, eVirginia. Ukulahla okungenakutholakala kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali kungcola inhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nesilwane. Kuze kube namuhla, uDahlgren uvule ukushisa imfucuza eyingozi, ukufafaza i-powder yobuthi phezu kwePomomac, iNorthern Neck yaseVirginia, naseSouth Maryland. A cwaningo yezinye izindlela zokwelapha eDahlgren libala izindleko ezinkulu zokushiswa okuvulekile njenge "$ 0." Ngokusho kwe-EPA, "izikhulu ze-DOD azikho isisusa sokushukumisela ushintsho ngendlela abayenzile ngayo i-70 iminyaka. Vula ukushisa nokuqothulwa kuyona eshibhile kubo. "
EDahlgren, i-mercury elahliwe ixubene nezidumbu eGambo Creek, ewela ngqo ePomomac. Ukucwatshwa kwezimboni ezonakaliswe ngezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye nama-hydrocarboni we-polyaromatic (i-PAHs) ziye zafaka ushevu emhlabathini ngePomomac enamandla. I-PCBs, i-Trichloroethane, kanye nokuxuba okuhlukahlukene kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokungahambisani nomtholampilo kusuka emigodini yokudubula kanye ne-uranium esebenzile esetshenziselwe ukwenza uhlobo lwezikhali zenuzi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-bunker buster.
Ngo-1608 uJohn Smith waba ngowokuqala waseYurophu ukuhlola amanzi ePotomac ukusuka eChesapeake Bay kuya eWashington. Echaza umfula kanye neChesapeake, uSmith wabhala, “IZulu noMhlaba akukaze kuvunyelwane kangcono ukwakhela umuntu indawo yokuhlala.” Isathandeka, kepha eminyakeni engama-400 kamuva, amanzi nenhlabathi afakwa ubuthi. Izindawo ze-EPA Superfund ezichazwe ngenhla maduze zizothola ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu kunalokho obekufanele bakuthole ngoba uhlelo lwesabelomali lukaMongameli Trump luka-2018 ludinga ukusika uhlelo lokuhlanza iSuperfund cishe ngekota.
I-EPA ibone lezi zinyosi emanzini omfula wasePotomac, konke okuwumphumela wemisebenzi yempi: i-Acetone, i-Alkaline, i-Arsenic, i-Anthrax, i-Antimony, i-Arsenic Globigii, i-Beryllium, i-Bis (i-2-ethylhexyl) i-Phthalate, i-Cadmium, i-Carbon tetrachloride, i-Chromium, Cyanide, Cyclonite, Uranium mpilo, Dichloroethylene, Dichloromethane, Dinitrotoluene, Dioxins, Escherichia coli, Iridite, Lead, mercury, nickel, i-nitroglycerin, Perchlorate, Perchlorethylene, Phosgene, phosphorous, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB), Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs ), I-Radioactive Carbon, isibabule esinomsakazo, iSerratia Marcescens, iTetrachloride, iTetrachloroethane, iTetrachlorethylene, i-Toluene, i-Trans-Dichloroethylene, i-Trichloroethene, i-Trichlororethylene, i-Trinitrobenzene, iTrinitrotoluene, i-Vinyl Chloride, i-Xlene ne-Zinc.
I-Potomac ikude neze. Amaphesenti ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye ase-US yokulahla izinto eziyingozi izinhlekelele zemvelo ziwumphumela wamalungiselelo empi.
Ukulungiswa kwempi kubiza ngezikhathi ze-10 imali okwenziwa yimpi yangempela, futhi kubangele okungenani izikhathi ezingu-10 zokufa. Amalungiselelo empi aseMelika wezempi ngokuvamile adala ukufa ngokudonsa izinsiza ezivela ezidingweni zabantu futhi ngqo ngokubhujiswa okukhulu kwemvelo yasakazeka emhlabeni jikelele kuhlanganise nase-United States, futhi kuhlanganise nasePomomac.
Ukuthi ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe ezimpi zombango emhlabeni wonke, ngokusho okuphelele izifundo, Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-100 - hhayi lapho kukhona ukuhlupheka, hhayi lapho kunesihluku, hhayi lapho kukhona usongo emhlabeni, kodwa lapho izwe empini inezinqolobane ezinkulu zamafutha noma umhlanganyeli unesidingo esikhulu samafutha.
Ibutho lase-US ngumthengi ophezulu we-petroleum ezungeze, esivutha kakhulu kunawo wonke amazwe amaningi, futhi ashisa okuningi kulokhu kulungiselelwa izimpi eziningi. Kunezindiza zempi ezingabangela umonakalo omkhulu nge-jet fuel emaminithini we-10 kunakho konke ngephethiloli ukushayela imoto yakho unyaka.
Zonke izibalo ezinjalo ziyeka ukubhujiswa kwemvelo ezenziwe ngabenzi bezikhali ezizimele kanye nezikhali zabo. I-US iyinhloko ehamba phambili yezikhali zempi emhlabeni wonke.
Zonke izibalo ezinjalo futhi zishiya umonakalo omkhulu nayo yonke imininingwane yokuhlupheka komuntu. Amasosha ase-US ashisa imfucumfucu enobuthi obala obala, eduze kwamasosha awo ezindaweni ezinjenge-Iraq, eduze nemizi yabantu abahlala emazweni elihlasele, nase-United States kwemiphakathi eminingi - imvamisa ehlwempu nengcosana - njenge Colfax, ELouisana, naseDahlgren ePomomac.
Umonakalo omkhulu ngokuyinhloko unomphela, njengobuthi obuthuliwe be-uranium, asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezifana neSiriya ne-Iraq. Kodwa lokhu kuyiqiniso ezindaweni ezungeze i-United States kanye. Eduze naseSt. Louis, eMissouri, ngaphansi komhlaba umlilo isondela eduze nendawo ejulile yomsakazo omsakazo.
Futhi-ke kukhona uMfula wasePotomac. Igeleza eningizimu phakathi kwemikhumbuzo yaseLincoln neJefferson eWashington, DC empumalanga, nase-Arlington, eVirginia, entshonalanga, lapho i-Pentagon Lagoon ihambisa khona amanzi ekhanda lomhlaba jikelele.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ikhaya lempi lihlala eduze kwamanzi akhuphukayo - likhuphuka kuqala futhi liphambili ngenxa yemiphumela yokwenza impi, kepha lawo manzi athile - amanzi ePotomac naseChesapeake Bay angena kuwo, kanye namagagasi awo phakamisa futhi wehlise amanzi ePentagon Lagoon usuku ngalunye - angcoliswe kakhulu ngamalungiselelo empi.
Yingakho sihlela futhi sikumeme ukuthi ujoyine ku-kayactivist i-flotilla ePentagon ngoSepthemba 16th. Sidinga ukuletha isidingo samafutha angekho amaWars esangweni lomholi wethu obhubhisa imvelo.
