Ngu-Erin Niemela
Iziteleka zezindiza eziholwa yi-US eziqondise ku-Islamic State (ISIL) zivule iminyango yezintatheli zempi ezibikwa ngabezindaba zezinkampani ezijwayelekile - kwalimala intando yeningi yaseMelika nokuthula. Lokhu kusanda kubonakala ethuluzini lentando yeningi ngokwesiko elisetshenziswa abezindaba baseMelika: izinhlolovo zemibono yomphakathi. Lezi zingxoxo zempi, njengoba kufanele zibizwe kanjalo ngesikhathi sempi, ziwukubukela phansi kokubili ubuntatheli obuhloniphekile kanye nomphakathi onolwazi. Ziyimikhiqizo yobuntatheli bempi ye-rally-round-the-flag futhi ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa njalo, imiphumela yokuvota kwempi yenza umbono womphakathi ubukeke njenge-pro-war kakhulu kunalokho oyikho ngempela.
Ukuvota komphakathi kuhloselwe ukukhombisa kanye nokuqinisa indima yabezindaba embusweni wentando yeningi njengokubonisa noma ukumela imibono yabantu abaningi. Imidiya evamile yebhizinisi ibhekwa njengethembekile ekunikezeni lokhu kucabanga ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kokucabangela nokulinganisela, futhi osopolitiki baziwa ngokucabangela izinhlolovo ezinqumweni zabo zenqubomgomo. Kwezinye izimo, izinhlolovo zingase zibe usizo ekubandakanyeni impendulo phakathi kwezikhulu zezombusazwe, abezindaba kanye nomphakathi.
Inkinga iza lapho ukuvota komphakathi kuhlangana nobuntatheli bezempi; imigomo yegumbi lezindaba yangaphakathi yokulunga nokulinganisela ingase iguqule okwesikhashana ibe ukukhulumela nokuncenga - ngenhloso noma cha - ngokuvuna impi nodlame.
Ubuntatheli bezempi, obaqala ukukhonjwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970 yisazi sokuthula nokungqubuzana uJohan Galtung, bubonakala ngezinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, zonke ezivame ukujabulisa amazwi nezithakazelo eziphakeme. Kodwa enye yezimpawu zayo ukuchema kwe-pro-violence. Intatheli yezempi iphakamisa ukuthi udlame ukuphela kwendlela yokulawula ukungqubuzana enengqondo. Ukuthembisana kuyadingeka, udlame luwukuthembisana, noma yini enye ayenzi lutho futhi, ingxenye enkulu, ukungasebenzi akulungile.
I-Peace journalism, ngokuphambene, ithatha indlela yokuthula, futhi ithatha ukuthi kunenombolo engapheli yezinketho zokulawula izingxabano ezingenalo ubudlova. I incazelo ejwayelekile yobuntatheli bokuthula"lapho abahleli nezintatheli benza ukukhetha - mayelana nokuthi yini okufanele babike ngayo, nendlela yokubika ngayo - okudala amathuba okuba umphakathi uwonke ucabangele futhi ukwazise izimpendulo ezingenalo udlame ezingxabanweni." Izintatheli ezithatha isimo esikhuthaza udlame nazo zenza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi zibike ini nokuthi zibikwa kanjani, kodwa esikhundleni sokugcizelela (noma ngisho nokufaka) izinketho ezingenalo udlame, zivame ukuya ngqo ezincomweni zokwelapha "zokugcina" futhi zihlale zibekwe kuze kube yilapho zitshelwe ngenye indlela. Njengenja egadayo.
Ukuvota kwempi yemibono yomphakathi kubonisa ukuchema kobuntatheli bempi okusekela udlame ngendlela imibuzo ebhalwe ngayo kanye nenombolo nohlobo lwezinketho ezinikeziwe njengezimpendulo. "Ingabe uyakweseka noma uyaphikisana neziteleka zase-US ngokumelene nabavukeli beSunni e-Iraq?" "Ingabe uyakweseka noma uyaphikisana nokwanda kweziteleka zase-US ngokumelene nabavukeli baseSunni eSyria?" Yomibili imibuzo ivela inhlolovo yempi yaseWashington Post ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba 2014ephendula isu likaMongameli Obama lokunqoba i-ISIL. Umbuzo wokuqala ukhombise amaphesenti angama-71 ukweseka. Owesibili ukhombise amaphesenti angama-65 ukweseka.
Ukusetshenziswa "kwabavukeli beSunni" kufanele kuxoxwe ngesinye isikhathi, kodwa inkinga eyodwa ngale mibuzo / noma yempi yokuvota ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi udlame nokungenzi lutho yizo kuphela izinketho ezitholakalayo - ukuhlasela kwezindiza noma lutho, ukusekela noma ukuphikisa. Akukho mbuzo okhethweni lwempi lweWashington Post olubuzwe ukuthi abantu baseMelika bangase basekele yini icindezela iSaudi Arabia ukuthi iyeke ukuhlomisa nokuxhasa ngezimali i-ISILor ukumisa ezethu izingalo zokudluliselwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Nokho, lezi zinketho ezingenabo ubudlova, phakathi kokuningi, ezinye eziningi, zikhona.
Esinye isibonelo inhlolovo yempi ye-Wall Street Journal/NBC News ecashunwe kabanzi kusukela maphakathi no-September 2014 lapho amaphesenti angu-60 ababambiqhaza avuma ukuthi isenzo sezempi ngokumelene ne-ISIL singokwesithakazelo sezwe lase-US. Kepha leyo nhlolovo yempi yehlulekile ukubuza ukuthi ngabe abantu baseMelika bavumile yini ukuthi isenzo sokwakha ukuthula ekuphenduleni i-ISIL siyintshisekelo yethu yezwe.
Njengoba ubuntatheli bezempi sebuvele buthatha ukuthi kunohlobo olulodwa lwesenzo - isenzo sezempi - izinketho ze-WSJ/NBC zokuvota zincishisiwe: Ingabe isenzo sezempi kufanele sikhawulelwe ekuhlaseleni kwezindiza noma kubandakanye ukulwa? Inketho A enodlame noma inketho B enodlame? Uma ungaqiniseki noma ungazimisele ukukhetha, intatheli yezempi ithi "awunambono."
Imiphumela yenhlolovo yempi iyashicilelwa, isakazwe futhi iphindwe njengeqiniso kuze kube yilapho amanye amaphesenti angama-30-35, thina esingazimisele ukukhetha phakathi kwezinketho ezinodlame A no-B noma ukwaziswa ngezinye izindlela, izinketho zokwakha ukuthula ezisekelwa ngamandla, ziye zabekelwa eceleni. “Abantu baseMelika bafuna amabhomu namabhuzu, niyabo, nemithetho eminingi,” bazosho. Kodwa, ukuvota kwempi akubonisi ngempela noma ukulinganisa umbono womphakathi. Bakhuthaza futhi baqinise umbono ovuna into eyodwa: impi.
Ubuntatheli bokuthula bubona futhi bugqamisa izinketho eziningi ezingenabo udlame ezivame ukunganakwa izintatheli zempi kanye noklebe bezepolitiki. I-journalism yokuthula "i-poll yokuthula" izonikeza izakhamizi ithuba lokubuza kanye nezimo zokusebenzisa udlame ekuphenduleni izingxabano futhi zicabange futhi zazise izinketho ezingenalo ubudlova ngokubuza imibuzo efana nokuthi, "ukhathazeke kangakanani ukuthi izingxenye eziqhuma ngamabhomu zaseSiriya nase-Iraq zizokhuthaza ukubumbana." phakathi kwamaqembu amaphekula amelene naseNtshonalanga?” Noma, “ingabe uyayisekela i-US ngokulandela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ekuphenduleni kwayo izenzo ze-Islamic State?” Noma mhlawumbe, "Ungakweseka kangakanani ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali kwezizwe ngezizwe endaweni lapho kusebenza khona i-Islamic State?" I-poll izobuza nini, "Ingabe ukholelwa ukuthi ukuhlasela kwamasosha kuzovame ukusiza ekubuthweni kwamaphekula amasha?" Ingabukeka kanjani le miphumela yenhlolovo?
Ukuthembeka kwezintatheli, izikhulu zezombusazwe kanye nabaholi bemibono abangakhethwanga kufanele kufakwe imibuzo nganoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kokuvota kwempi noma imiphumela ye-war poll lapho ukuphumelela noma ukuziphatha kobudlova kucatshangwa. Abamelene nodlame akufanele bahlekise ukusetshenziswa kwemiphumela ye-war poll engxoxweni futhi kufanele bacele ngenkuthalo imiphumela yokuvota mayelana nezinye izindlela zokwakha ukuthula, esikhundleni salokho. Uma uhlaka olulodwa obeluhloselwe ukusigcina sinolwazi njengomphakathi wentando yeningi lishaya indiva noma lithulisa iningi lezinketho zokuphendula ngale kodlame, ngeke sikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi lwangempela njengezakhamuzi zentando yeningi. Sidinga ubuntatheli bokuthula obuningi - izintatheli, abahleli, abahlaziyi kanye nezinhlolovo ngokuqinisekile - ukuze zinikeze ngaphezu kodlame A no-B. Uma sizokwenza izinqumo ezinhle mayelana nezingxabano, sidinga ukungabi nodlame A kuya ku-Z.
U-Erin Niemela ungummeli kaMninimandla eSiphakamweni Sokuxazulula Izingxabano ePortland State University naseMhleli PeaceVoice.
