NguDavid Hartsough
Ngisanda kubuyela emasontweni amathathu eKorea naseVietnam, amazwe asekuqaleni ahluphekile futhi asalokhu ehlushwa yizinhlekelele zempi.
Korea - Amazwe aseNyakatho naseNingizimu abanjwe yimikhuba emibi yempi ebandayo nezwe elihlukene phakathi elabekwa yi-United States (futhi aliphikiswa yiSoviet Union) emuva ngonyaka we-1945 futhi laqina ngo-1948. Imindeni eyizigidi eziyishumi yahlukaniswa ukwehlukaniswa kweNyakatho kanye neNingizimu. Abantu baseNingizimu Korea abakwazi ukushayela ucingo, ukubhala noma ukuvakashela izihlobo noma abangane eNyakatho Korea futhi ngokufanayo. Omunye umPristi wamaKhatholika waseNingizimu Korea ngahlangana naye wachitha iminyaka emithathu nengxenye ejele laseNingizimu Korea ngokuvakashela iNorth Korea ngenhloso yokuthula. Umngcele ophakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu Korea uyindawo yempi lapho kungashiswa khona impi eshisayo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Amasosha aseMelika naseNingizimu Korea ahlala enza imidlalo egcwele yempi yomlilo ehlasela amasosha afika ku-300,000 alingisa zombili izimpi zokuzivikela nezicasulayo kubandakanya nezindiza zempi ezihlomile kuze kufike emngceleni weNorth Korea. INorth Korea nayo ihlale isongela impi. ISoviet Union ayisekho futhi sekuyisikhathi sokuthi iMelika icele intethelelo kubantu baseNingizimu neNyakatho Korea ngokubeka lesi simo sempi emazweni womabili, isayine isivumelwano sokuthula neNorth Korea ukuqeda ngokusemthethweni impi yaseKorea, bona uhulumeni waseNyakatho Korea futhi avume ukuxoxisana ngakho konke ukungafani etafuleni lengqungquthela, hhayi enkundleni yempi.
Ngichithe isikhathi sami esiningi eKorea esiqhingini iJeju, isiqhingi esihle ngamamayela angama-50 eningizimu yezwekazi laseNingizimu Korea lapho kwabulawa khona abantu abaphakathi kuka-30,000 no-80,000 emuva ngo-1948 beyalelwa umkhuzi wezempi wase-US. Abantu besiqhingi iJeju babemelane ngokuqinile nokuhlaselwa amaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II futhi nabantu abaningi eKorea, babebheke phambili esizweni esikhululekile futhi esizimele. Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sezwe elinobunye, i-US yabeka uhulumeni olwa nobukhomanisi ngokuqinile eSouth Korea futhi ikakhulukazi esiQhingini iJeju. Bonke ababemelene neNingizimu Korea eyayinezimpi futhi yamelana nobukhomanisi babulawa (ngaphezulu kuka-1/3 wabantu ngaleso sikhathi). Ngenxa yobushiqela bokulwa nobukhomanisi amashumi eminyaka ngemuva kuka-1948, abantu baseJeju Island babengavunyelwe ngisho ukukhuluma ngalokhu okwedlule noma bazosolwa njengabazwelayo bamaKhomanisi futhi bajeziswa kanzima. Kuphela ngo-2003 uMongameli uRoh Moo-hyun waxolisa egameni likahulumeni waseKorea ngokubulawa kwabantu esiqhingini saseJeju ngo-1948. I-Jeju Island yabe isimenyezelwa njenge "Isiqhingi Sokuthula" yaphinde yamenyezelwa "njengeGugu Lomhlaba" ngenxa izixhobo zalo zamakhorali nobuhle bemvelo.
Kodwa manje uhulumeni wase-US uye wanquma "ukuqhubekela e-Asia" futhi uhlela ukugxila ekusebenzeni kwempi yase-United States e-Asia - kungenzeka ukuthi ukuzungeza iChina ngezisekelo zempi bese ulungiselela impi elandelayo. Umuzi waseGangjeong ukhethwe njengesikebhe sebutho elikhulu lempi elizobe liyisisekelo sezempi laseKorea, kodwa empeleni kubonakala sengathi indawo yemikhumbi yasezempi yase-US yokusiza "iqukethe" iChina. Ngakho-ke, ukwesaba ukuthi iJeju Island ingaba yindawo ephambili yempi entsha - ngisho nempi yenuzi phakathi kwe-US neChina.
Njengoba izinhlelo zalezi zindawo zaqala ukumemezela eminyakeni eyisikhombisa edlule, abantu baseGangjeong bebelokhu bephikisana nokwakhiwa kwesisekelo kanye neminyaka emine eyedlule bevinjelwe ngokungenakuvolontiza amaloli kanye namaloli amasheya afika esisekelweni. Izishoshovu ezivela eNingizimu Korea (abaningi esontweni lamaKatolika) ziye zajoyina kulokhu ukuphikisana okungenasizathu. Nsuku zonke kukhona iMisa yamaKatolika lapho abapristi namademoni bevimbela khona ukungena okuyisisekelo futhi usuku ngalunye lithathwa ngamaphoyisa lapho amaloli amaningi e-samente ehlanganiswa ezama ukufika phansi. Lapho amaphoyisa ehamba eceleni kokuba amaloli angenele, abapristi namademoni baphatha izihlalo zabo ukuze baqhubeke bevimbela ukungena kwesisekelo - sonke isikhathi emthandazweni ojulile. Ngajoyina izinsuku ezimbili zokugcina ngangiseJeju Island. Ngemuva kwesisindo usuku ngalunye oluhlala cishe amahora amabili, izishoshovu ziza futhi zenze umdanso uvimbele isango eliyinhloko elinye ihora noma ngaphezulu. Abanye abantu abenza unembeza wabo bevimbela umnyango sebechithe isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ejele. Abanye baye babhekana nezinhlawulo ezinzima ngenxa yezenzo zabo zenembeza. Kodwa namanje ukuphikiswa okungenasivikelo kuyaqhubeka.
Abanye baseKorea basebenzela kanzima ukubuyisana nokuthula phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu Korea. Kodwa ohulumeni be-US, iNingizimu Korea neNyakatho Korea bayaqhubeka nokulwa kwabo empi futhi manje uma lesi sisekelo sakhiwe, kuyoba nesinye isizinda esikhulu sempi eNingizimu Korea. Abantu baseMelika abakhathazekile badinga ukusekela ukunyakaza okungaphephile kwabantu baseJeju Island ukuyeka ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo sezempi lapho.
Ngikholelwa ukuthi abantu baseMelika kudingeka bafune ukuthi uhulumeni wethu ayeke indlela yePax Americana ephathelene nomhlaba wonke. Sidinga ukuxazulula ukungezwani kwethu neChina, eNorth Korea kanye nazo zonke izizwe ngokuxoxisana etafuleni lenkomfa, hhayi ngokusebenzisa amandla ethu ezempi ngokusongela nokwakhiwa kwezizinda ezingaphezulu zempi.
Futhi manje kuya eVietnam.
Vietnam
Ngo-Ephreli ngichitha amaviki amabili eVietnam njengengxenye ye-Veterans for delegation Peace eyabanjwe iqembu lama-American Vietnam Veterans abahlala eVietnam. Ukugxila kokuvakashelwa kwethu kwakuwukufunda ukuthi abantu baseVietnam baqhubeka kanjani behlupheka ngenxa yempi yaseMelika eVietnam eyaphela eminyakeni eyi-39 edlule.
Okunye okuveziwe / okuvelele kokuvakasha kwami eVietnam kwakuhlanganisa:
Ubungani babantu baseVietnam abasamukela, basimemela emakhaya abo futhi basixolele kukho konke ukuhlupheka, ubuhlungu nokufa izwe lethu elibenze bona empini yaseMelika eVietnam, ngethemba lokuthi thina kanye nabo singahlala ukuthula komunye nomunye.
Ukuhlupheka okwesabekayo, ubuhlungu nokufa okubangelwe yimpi yaseVietnam. Ukube i-United States ibilalela izivumelwano zaseGeneva ezaqeda impi yaseFrance neVietnam ngo-1954 futhi zavumela ukhetho olukhululekile kulo lonke elaseVietnam ngo-1956, izigidi ezintathu zaseVietnam (izigidi ezimbili zazo, izakhamizi zaseVietnam) kwakungeke kudingeke zife impi yaseMelika eVietnam. Amasosha ase-US alahle amabhomu angaphezu kwezigidi eziyisishiyagalombili zamabhomu (amabhomu amaningi kunalawo aphonswe yizinhlangothi zonke eMpini Yezwe II) ebulala, ekhubaza futhi ephoqa abantu ukuba babaleke emakhaya futhi abaningi babo bahlala emathuneni. Esifundazweni iQuang Tri amathani amane wamabhomu alahlelwa wonke umuntu kuleso sifundazwe (okulingana namabhomu ayisishiyagalombili e-Hiroshima –sized Atomic).
Abantu baseVietnam basahlupheka futhi bayafa ngenxa yomthetho ongafakwanga ukuqhuma kanti i-Agent Orange yehle iVietnam yiMelika ngesikhathi sempi. Amaphesenti ayishumi amabhomu awiswe eVietnam awazange aqhume kumthelela futhi asaqhuma emagcekeni abantu emuva, emasimini abo nasemiphakathini yabo, okwenza abantu beminyaka yonke kubandakanya izingane eziningi balahlekelwe izitho zomzimba, ukubona noma ukubulawa noma ukukhubazeka ngenye indlela . Amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili omthetho ongafakwanga kusesemhlabathini eVietnam. Selokhu yaphela impi, okungenani abantu abangama-42,000 balahlekelwe yimiphefumulo yabo kwathi abanye abangu-62,000 balimala noma bakhubazeka unomphela ngenxa yomthetho ongafakwanga. Sibone ibhomu elilodwa elingaqhunywanga labasebenzi elitholwe liqhunyiswa ngokuphepha ngemuva kokutholakala cishe ngamamitha ayishumi ngemuva komuzi osemzaneni othile ngesikhathi besika ukhula ngosuku olungaphambi kokuba sifike lapho.
· Kwafafazwa ngaphezu kwamalitha ayizigidi ezingama-20 okubulala ukhula kubantu nasezweni laseVietnam, kufaka phakathi amalitha ayizigidi eziyishumi nanhlanu e-Agent Orange ukuqeda izihlahla nezitshalo. Kukhona izisulu zaseVietnam eziyizigidi ezintathu ze-Agent Orange ezinemizimba nezingqondo ezikhubazekile izizukulwane ezintathu kamuva ezisaphethwe yileli khemikhali elinobuthi elingena ezakhiweni zofuzo futhi lidluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngakho izingane zisazalwa zikhubazekile engqondweni nasemzimbeni. Sivakashele izintandane zezingane ezithinteke kabuhlungu yi-Agent Orange ezingasoze zakwazi ukuphila impilo ejwayelekile. Sivakashele amakhaya lapho izingane zilele embhedeni noma phansi zingakwazi ukulawula imizimba yazo noma ngisho nokubona ukuthi kunabantu abaseduzane. Umama noma uGogo uchitha amahora angama-24 ngosuku nengane uyithanda futhi ayiduduze. Kwakucishe kube ngaphezu kwezinhliziyo zethu.
· AmaVeterans (WaseMelika) Wokuthula Isahluko 160 eVietnam asiza amaphrojekthi wokuxhasa afana neProject Renew lapho amaVietnam aqeqeshelwe ukususa ngokuphepha noma ukuqhumisa amabhomu noma umthetho otholakala emiphakathini. Baphinde basekele izindlu zezintandane nemindeni lapho ilungu elilodwa noma amaningi emndenini engenakusebenza ngokubathengela inkomo noma ngokubeka uphahla ekhaya labo noma ukusiza ukuqala amabhizinisi njengamakhowe akhulayo angathengiswa emakethe ngenzuzo yomndeni. Noma amaphrojekthi lapho abantu abangaboni bangenza impepho kanye nezinto zokuxubha ezingathengiswa futhi zisize ukondla imindeni yabo. Ithimba lethu linikele ngama- $ 21,000 emakhaya ezintandane nasekwesekeni imindeni ephethwe yi-Agent Orange kanye nomthetho ongachaziwe- ukwehla kwebhakede kuqhathaniswa nesidingo, kepha kwathokoziswa kakhulu.
Uhulumeni wase-US kufanele azibophezele ekunciphiseni ukuhlupheka nobuhlungu impi yethu esayibangela abantu baseVietnam futhi anikele ngamakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi adingekayo ukuhlanza i-Agent Orange kanye nomthetho ongafakwanga ukuqhuma nokweseka imindeni kanye nezisulu ezisaphethwe impi. AbaseVietnam bakulungele ukwenza lo msebenzi, kepha badinga usizo lwezezimali. Thina baseMelika siyidalile le nhlekelele. Sinesibopho sokuziphatha ukuyihlanza.
Kwakunamandla ukuzwa iVietnam namaqhawe aseMelika, ayekade eyingxenye yokubulawa nokucekelwa phansi eVietnam futhi manje ayesethola ukwelashwa ezinhlungwini zempi yabo eminyakeni engama-40 noma ngaphezulu eyedlule, ngokufinyelela kubantu baseVietnam basaphethwe yimpi. Omunye umakadebona waseMelika wasitshela ukuthi ngemuva kwempi wayengakwazi ukuhlala naye noma nanoma ngubani omunye umuntu futhi wayehlala kude ngangokunokwenzeka kwabanye abantu - cishe ngamakhilomitha ayikhulu enyakatho ye-Anchorage, e-Alaska esebenza ngepayipi likawoyela emini futhi wayedakiwe noma ephezulu kwizidakamizwa sonke isikhathi sokubalekela ebuhlungwini besipiliyoni sakhe sempi. Uthe kunamakhulu amanye amaVeterans nawo emahlathini angemuva e-Alaska abebhekana nesipiliyoni esifanayo. Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu esesihogweni lapho agcina esenqume ukubuyela eVietnam lapho esejwayelene nabantu baseVietnam futhi wathola ukuphulukiswa okujulile kulokho ayekubona empini - ezama ukuletha ukuphulukiswa kwabantu baseVietnam kanye yena. Uthe isinqumo esibi kunazo zonke empilweni yakhe ukuya eVietnam eyisosha futhi isinqumo esihle kakhulu wukubuyela eVietnam njengomngani wabantu baseVietnam.
Kunomthethosivivinywa osuphasise iCongress yabela amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-66 ukukhumbula impi yaseVietnam ngonyaka ka-2015, isikhumbuzo seminyaka engamashumi amane sokuphela kwempi. Abaningi eWashington bathemba ukuhlanza isithombe sempi eVietnam - ukuthi "kwakuyimpi enhle" nokuthile okufanele amaMelika aziqhenye ngakho. Ngemuva kohambo lwami lwakamuva oluya eVietnam ngizizwa nginohlonze lokuthi AKUFANELE sivumele uhulumeni wethu ukuba ahlanze isithombe sempi yaseVietnam. Impi yaseVietnam yayiyimpi esabekayo njengezimpi zonke. Sethemba ukuthi sizofunda emlandweni kanye nasezimfundisweni zethu zenkolo ukuthi Impi Akuyona Impendulo, ukuthi impi ayixazululi izingxabano, kepha kunalokho ihlwanyela imbewu yezimpi ezizayo. Impi yinhlekelele yokuziphatha kubo bonke abantu kubandakanya nalabo ababulala. (Kunenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuzibulala ngamasosha asebenzayo nangomakadebona, nemiphefumulo yethu sonke nayo ilimele.)
I-United States ingaba yisizwe esithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni uma singasuka endleleni yethu yePax Americana yokuhlobana nezwe siye embukisweni womhlaba womndeni wesintu wembulunga yonke. Sidinga ukusebenzela "ukuphepha okwabiwe" kwabo bonke abantu emhlabeni futhi senze ngokuvumelana naleyo nkolelo ngokusebenzisa amakhulu ezigidigidi esizichitha njengamanje ezimpini nasekulungiseleleni izimpi zezidingo zabantu nezemvelo e-United States nasemhlabeni wonke. Singasiza ekuqedeni indlala yomhlaba, sisize ekwakheni izikole nemitholampilo yezokwelapha emiphakathini emhlabeni wonke - sisize ekwakheni impilo ehloniphekile yawo wonke umuntu emhlabeni. Lokho kungaba izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokulwa nobuphekula kunemizamo yethu yamanje yokuthola ukuphepha ngezikhali eziningi, izikhali zenuzi kanye nezisekelo zamasosha ezizungeza iplanethi yethu.
Ngiyakumema ukuba ujoyine abaningi bethu abakha i-Global Movement yokuqeda yonke impi - www.worldbeyondwar.org , ukuze usayine iSimemezelo Sokuthula, bheka ividiyo eyimizuzu eyishumi - Umbuzo we-Two Trillion dollar - bese usebenza kule nhlangano ukuqeda ubuhlanya nokulutha kodlame nempi okudlange kakhulu kuleli nasemhlabeni jikelele. Ngikholwa ukuthi i-99% yabantu bomhlaba bangazuza futhi bazizwe bephephe kakhulu futhi babe nekhwalithi engcono kakhulu yokuphila uma singaqeda ukulutheka kwethu empini njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano futhi sinikele ngalezo zimali ukukhuthaza impilo engcono yabo bonke abantu emhlabeni.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwami eKorea naseVietnam kuye kwaqinisa nje inkolelo yami ukuthi lena yindlela okufanele siyithathe uma siyophila njengezinhlobo futhi sakha umhlaba wokuthula nobulungisa kubantwana bethu nabazukulu kanye nakuzo zonke izizukulwane ezizayo.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nomzabalazo kuJeju Island, Korea, bheka www.savejejunow.org website kanye nefilimu, Ghosts of Jeju.
Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi mayelana nesimo seVietnam nokuthi yini amaVeterans for Peace akwenzayo ukusiza labo ababhekene ne-Agent Orange kanye nesimiso esingavunyelwe, bheka http://vfp-vn.ning.com
Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe mayelana ne-Movement yokuqeda yonke impi, bona www.worldbeyondwar.org.
UDavid Hartsough ungumQuaker, uMqondisi oPhethe we-PEACEWORKERS eSan Francisco, oMbambisene woMbutho wezokuThuthukiswa koMphakathi ongaphelele kanye nomsebenzi wokuthula wokuthula eNingizimu Afrika nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Incwadi kaDavid, WAGING PEACE: UKUPHILA KWEMHLABA WOMTHETHO WOMTHETHO WOMTHETHO WOMSEBENZI uzoshicilelwa ngu-PM Press ngo-Okthoba 2014.
