Ngu-Murtaza Hussein, Septhemba 15, 2019
Kusukela I-Intercept
Ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba sifinyelele onqenqemeni lwenhlekelele yemvelo, u-Rabindranath Tagore waba nombono wokuthi singalibangisaphi. UTagore, umbhali waseNdiya kanye nomguquli wamasiko owaphila ngesikhathi sobukoloni baseBrithani, wayephakathi kwesizukulwane sokugcina esikwazi ukuhlola umhlaba othuthukile ngaphandle. Wakhipha isexwayiso sakuqala nesihlakaniphe kakhulu mayelana nokuba sengozini kwezwe eliqhubekayo, njengelethu namuhla, ezinsikeni ezimbili zokusetshenziswa kwezimboni nezimpi zezimboni. Ohambweni lwasolwandle oluya eJapan ngo-1916, uTagore wabona isigameko esingaqondakali esibonakala siyinto evamile kithi namuhla: ukuchitheka kukawoyela. Kuye, kwakuwumfanekiso oshaqisayo womhlaba ocekelwa phansi ukuphishekela komuntu amandla okungalawuleki, manje osuxhaswe kakhulu ngamathuluzi esayensi yanamuhla.
“Ngaphambi kokuba le mpucuko yezombangazwe ibe namandla futhi ivule imihlathi elambile ukuze igwinye amazwekazi amakhulu omhlaba,” kubhala uTagore “Ngobuzwe,” incwadi yakhe yezindaba zango-1917, “saba nezimpi, ukuphanga, ukushintsha kobukhosi nosizi olwalandela. Kodwa akukaze kube nombono onjalo wobudlova obusabekayo nobungenathemba, ukuphakela isizwe phezu kwesizwe esikhulu kangaka, imishini emikhulu kangaka yokuphendula izingxenye ezinkulu zomhlaba zibe inyama egayiwe, umona obi kangaka nawo wonke amazinyo awo amabi nezinzipho ezilungele ukudabula izimpilo zomunye nomunye. .”
Isimo esiphuthumayo sezulu esingena kuso namuhla - ukuvuleka kokubalulekile kwethu kokubili - kuwumkhiqizo wokwehluleka kwethu sonke ukunamathela emikhawulweni. Uhlelo lwezomnotho olwaludinga ukukhula okungapheli kanye nokusetshenziswa okungapheli kwakuhlala kuningi kakhulu ukukubuza embulungeni imithombo yayo inomkhawulo. Nokho, njengoba uTagore akubona, wona kanye ubugovu nokwedelela okwasiholela ekulweni nomhlaba nakho kungaholela ezimpini eziyinhlekelele, ezingapheli phakathi kwabantu. Ngesikhathi ebhala, iMpi Yezwe I yayiqhubeka. UTagore wabona lokho kungqubuzana njengempi yokuqala yezimpi zanamuhla ezasibonisa amandla amakhulu esasizuze kuwo bhubhisa umhlaba wemvelo kanye nabanye abantu. Izimboni ezinkulu zempi ezadalwa phakathi naleyo mpi zakhomba ikusasa elinonya nakakhulu okungenzeka lilindelwe.
"Izinhlangano ezinkulu zokulimaza abanye kanye nokugwema amagalelo abo, ukwenza imali ngokuhudulela abanye emuva, ngeke zisisize," kubhala uTagore. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngesisindo sazo esicindezelayo, izindleko zabo ezinkulu, kanye nomphumela wazo obulalayo esintwini esiphilayo, zizoyikhinyabeza kakhulu inkululeko yethu.
Kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1940, uTagore wabhala ngezingozi zokulwela impi, inzondo yobuhlanga, nohlobo olunonya lokuthuthuka kwezimboni olwase luqale ukonakalisa umhlaba wemvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezimpi manje sekusinike amandla okubhubhisa abanye abantu nomhlaba ngokwawo ngezinga elidlula ngisho nezixwayiso zikaTagore. Ngisho nalabo izimpilo zabo ezinikezelwe kuphrojekthi yezempi yaseMelika sebeqalile qaphela ukubhujiswa okwenziwayo. Esikhathini sobunzima besimo sezulu, ubudlelwano phakathi kokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwempilo yomuntu uTagore akugxeka emibhalweni yakhe mhlawumbe sekuyindaba esemqoka yesikhathi sethu.
Kungase kungamangazi ukuthi ibutho lezimboni elikhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni womhlaba liphinde libe ngumngcolisi oyedwa omkhulu emhlabeni. A ucwaningo lwamuva kusukela kuphrojekthi ye-Brown University's Costs of War iveze leli qiniso elishaqisayo: UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US unomlando wekhabhoni waminyaka yonke omkhulu kunamazwe amaningi emhlabeni. Ngoxhaxha lwenethiwekhi yezisekelo kanye namanethiwekhi okusebenza, amasosha ase-US yiwona okhipha isikhutha esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngaphandle kwezifunda zezwe uqobo. “Impela, i-DOD iyisikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esisebenzisa uphethiloli futhi ngokufanayo, ingumkhiqizi oyedwa omkhulu wamagesi abamba ukushisa emhlabeni,” kuphawula lo mbiko. Ukube iPentagon bekuyizwe, bekungaba i-55th ekhipha isikhutha esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Futhi inhloso yayo enkulu - impi - kalula umsebenzi wayo odla kakhulu ikhabhoni. Kusukela inkathi yamanje yezingxabano zaseMelika yaqala ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Afghanistan ngo-2001, amasosha ase-US kulinganiselwa ukuthi akhiphe amathani e-carbon ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.2 emkhathini. Uma kuqhathaniswa, wonke ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yaminyaka yonke e-United Kingdom cishe kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-360.
Lowo mthwalo omkhulu owengeziwe emhlabeni ubungase ube nokuthetheleleka ukube konke bekwenziwa egameni lezintshisakalo ezibalulekile zezokuphepha kuzwelonke, kodwa izingxenye ezinkulu zebutho lezempi lase-US le-carbon dioxide footprint bekusezimpini nemisebenzi ebingadingeki nhlobo. Ukukubeka kabi: I-US yafaka ushevu emhlabeni ngamaphrojekthi ayize.
Thatha, ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenza kwe-Afghanistan, lapho ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-18 i-United States ingase isondele ekunqamuleni isivumelwano sokuthula neTaliban. Nakuba impi yokuqala yamukelwa kabanzi njengempendulo edingekayo ekuhlaselweni kwangoSepthemba 11, impi ecishe ibe ngamashumi amabili eminyaka kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ibonakala ingenanjongo yezombangazwe. Ngokombono waseMelika, isivumelwano esingcono sokuthula besingafinyelelwa ngo-2001, lapho amaTaliban lase licishe lahlakazeka lapho ebhekene nokuhlasela kwezempi kwamazwe ngamazwe. Esikhundleni sokuphetha isivumelwano ngaleso sikhathi futhi imemezele ukunqoba kwe-Afghanistan, i-United States yanquma ukuqala impi engapheli nomsebenzi. Izindleko bezinkulu kakhulu: I-Taliban yavuselelwa cishe ekufeni, okungenani abantu abayi-110,000 babulewe, kanti inani lezemvelo libe likhulu.
Ngaphezu kokukhipha izigidi zamathani e-carbon dioxide phakathi nempi, umkhondo wezempi wase-US waba negalelo eliqondile ekubhujisweni ngokushesha kwemvelo yase-Afghan. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuye kwanda ngokushesha phakathi kwezinxushunxushu yempi futhi, ngokushiswa kukadoti nangezinye izindlela, amabutho ahlomile ase-US akhululwa izinto ezinobuthi ezingcolisa umoya asolwa ngokugulisa izakhamizi zase-Afghan kanye nokubangela izifo ezingamahlalakhona phakathi komakadebona base-US.
Ukonakala kwemvelo okudalwe yimpi yase-Iraq kube kubi kakhulu. Akugcinanga lapho impi iholele ekuqhumeni kwekhabhoni dioxide emsebenzini wezempi wase-US, kuholele ekutheni kubhebhetheke ubuthi endaweni yase-Iraq ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezinobuthi kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yimigodi eshisiwe ezisekelweni zamasosha ezazisetshenziswa e-Afghanistan. . Indawo ezungezile isinobuthi kakhulu kwezinye izindawo kangangokuthi iholele ekuphakameni amazinga omdlavuza, kanye ne ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa okukhubazekile - izijeziso ezimbi zomuntu ngamunye eziyonikezwa izizukulwane ezizayo ezingenacala. Udokotela waseBrithani owabhala izifundo ezimbili nge- umthelela wezemvelo wemisebenzi yezempi yase-US e-Fallujah yathi inani labantu bakuleli dolobha lihlushwa “izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokulimala kwezakhi zofuzo kunoma yisiphi isibalo sabantu abake bacwaningwa.”
Iningi lalo mthelela lingasolwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezikhali ze-uranium eseziphelile ngamabutho ase-US. Naphezu kwesifungo sokuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwazo, ucwaningo olwenziwa yiqembu elizimele lokuqapha i-Airwars kanye ne-Foreign Policy Magazine lwathola ukuthi amasosha. waqhubeka nokusebenzisa izikhali ezinobuthi phakathi nomkhankaso wawo wakamuva wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eSyria.
Iqiniso lokuthi ukukhishwa kukaphethiloli wezimbiwa phansi kube yimbangela enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu lengeza enye indida kulezi zimpi. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ukuqina kwezempi yase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi kuvunyelwe isidingo sokugcina ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokulondoloza uwoyela esifundeni. Ukukhishwa kwezimboni kwalezo zindawo zokulondoloza imali kube ngenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokukhishwa kwesikhutha emhlabeni wonke.
Ngamanye amazwi, besilokhu sibulala, sifa, futhi singcolisa ukuze siqinisekise ukufinyelela kwethu kumthombo ofanayo onobuthi obangela ukuphazamiseka kwethu kwesimo sezulu. Kuthathe lokhu kuqondana okuphelele phakathi kwezimpi zezimboni kanye nokuxhashazwa komhlaba kwezimboni ukuletha isimo esiphuthumayo esingakhulumeki esibhekene naso manje.
Izigigaba zempi engapheli kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ziye zazuza kokunye ukuzitika okwabiwe: ukunganaki komphakathi. Ukuze kucace, akukhona ukuthi abantu abanandaba. Ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale iMpi yase-Iraq, izigidi zangena emigwaqweni emzamweni wokugcina wokuvimbela ukuhlasela. Sekungamashumi eminyaka kukhona ukunyakaza kwezemvelo e-United States.
Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izimpi ezishubile zakwamanye amazwe nezindaba eziphathelene nezinhlekelele zemvelo ezikude ziye zaba umsindo ongemuva. Ngisho nanamuhla, njengoba inhlekelele yangempela isigqolozele ebusweni, ayikho indaba esigxila kuyo kakhulu kwabezindaba noma enkulumweni yezombangazwe. Ingxenye yalokhu ibonakala isekelwe ekutheni ubani oseke wahlupheka kuze kube manje. Njengoba nje imithwalo embi yempi yehlele kakhulu emazweni angaphandle - kanye namasosha amancane, amavolontiya avela e-United States - izigaba zokuqala zenkinga yesimo sezulu zibe nomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni ezikude ezinabantu abanesikhumba esinsundu njengeBrazil, Bangladesh, Maldives, kanye neBahamas. Uma nje le nkinga iqhelelene nezwekazi lase-United States, ngisho nabantu abangase badabuke ngezindaba ezinjalo babonakala bengazimisele ukukubheka njengesimo esiphuthumayo.
Ngokushesha noma kamuva, isimo esiphuthumayo sizofika ogwini lwethu. NgoMashi, izinga le-carbon dioxide emkhathini lifinyelele eqophelweni eliphezulu izingxenye ezingama-415 ngesigidi. Ukunikeza umqondo walokho okushoyo, okokugcina umkhathi waba nekhabhoni eningi kangako eminyakeni engu-800,000 edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-South Pole yayiyindawo epholile enamahlathi akhula futhi izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lomhlaba wonke lalingu-3 kuya ku-4 degrees Celsius ukufudumala kunanamuhla. Amazinga olwandle ayephakeme ngamamitha angu-60 kunamazinga amanje. Ngaphandle kokucindezela okunamandla kokukhishwa kwe-net-negative - ukumisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide kanye ukunciphisa inani lekhabhoni kakade emkhathini - sisendleleni yokudala iplanethi enjalo. Esikhundleni salokho, ukukhishwa kwengqikithi yomhlaba wonke kuyenyuka.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi, uma kubhekwa indima yayo ekusizeni ukudala lesi simo esiphuthumayo, iPentagon ingenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezingabazekayo ezivela ekuphikisweni kwesimo sezulu manje osekubambe uhulumeni waseMelika. "Umnyango okuwukuphela kwawo eWashington obanjwe ngokucacile nangokuphelele ngombono wokuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungokoqobo uMnyango Wezokuvikela," uCol. Lawrence Wilkerson, owayeyisikhulu sabasebenzi ku-Gen. Colin Powell, usho kanje. Amasosha ase-US ukulungiselela ngekusasa elibuhlungu lokuntengantenga kwezombusazwe okubangelwa isimo sezulu, ukusweleka kokudla, izimpi zezinsiza, kanye nokugeleza okukhulu kwababaleki. Iqaphela usongo oluyisu olubangelwa ukuthembela kwayo kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, isize yathatha nezinyathelo zokuhlukanisa imithombo yayo yamandla.
Kodwa-ke noma le mizamo elinganiselwe ihlangabezane nokuhlehla kubaphathi bakaTrump. I-Navy muva nje wabulala ithimba idalwe ukutadisha imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ibukela phansi umzamo omncane wokubikezela umthelela wezilwandle ezikhuphukayo kanye nezingqimba zeqhwa ezincibilika. Ngokusho kowayengu-admiral wangemuva owahola imizamo yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu yeNavy kuze kube ngu-2015, "Ithimba labasebenzi laphela, ngokubona kwami, ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa okuphelele kokucatshangelwa kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu."
Sithambekele ekucabangeni ikhulu lama-20 njengelinye ngokuyinhloko lentuthuko yezinto ezibonakalayo. Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi kwaphinde kwaba yisikhathi esachitha igazi ngendlela engakaze ibonwe emlandweni. Amandla esayensi yesimanje ekugcineni ashadelwa ohlangothini olumnyama lwemvelo yomuntu. Umphumela waba inkathi enobudlova kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Izibalo zokufa azikwazi ukuqondwa namuhla, kodwa iMpi Yezwe II iyodwa - nedemoni yayo yezimboni yamathangi, izindiza eziqhunyiswa ngamabhomu, igesi enobuthi, nezikhali ze-athomu - yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70. Impi yadala ukulimala kwemvelo okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi e-Hiroshima naseNagasaki kusinike amazwibela ethu okuqala angokoqobo okuthi impucuko ingaphela kanjani. Sagcina sidiyazela saphuma kuleyo nhlekelele. Manje kungenzeka ukuthi singena kwelinye elikhulu kakhulu.
Ukuncibilika kwe-Arctic akugcini nje ukudala isimo esiphuthumayo semvelo, kodwa, emehlweni aseMelika, isiRashiya, kanye namaShayina. abaphathi bezempi, futhi kudala inkundla entsha yempi engaba khona. Njengoba ibhekene neplanethi esobala esemkhawulweni wokuhlukunyezwa engakuthatha, isisekelo sisabekwa ukuze kuxhashazwe okwengeziwe nobudlova.
URabindranath Tagore ushone ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II, ngaphambi kokuthi ifinyelele ku-crescendo yayo embi kakhulu yenuzi. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambili, wayesebonile ukuthi ukuhaha okungenamkhawulo, ukwanda kwezempi, kanye nokwedelelwa kwemvelo kungase kuholele khona iplanethi - ngaphandle uma sithola indlela yokuphuma endleleni. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, amazwi akhe azwakala ecishe abe yisiprofetho. Ekugcineni kukhona ukunyakazisa ukunyakaza kwangempela ngokumelene ne impi engapheli futhi i-nihilism yemvelo okusifikise kulesi siwombe. UTagore akazange ashiye ukudideka ngokuthi sizozithola sikuphi uma sehluleka.
"Uma lokhu kuqhubeka unomphela futhi izikhali ziqhubeka nokuzikhukhumeza ezintweni ezingenangqondo, futhi imishini nezinqolobane zimboza lo mhlaba omuhle ngokungcola nentuthu kanye nobubi," kuxwayisa uTagore, "khona-ke kuzogcina kubhebhetheka lokuzibulala."
