'Impi Yokwesaba' Ama-Afghani Athukile Iminyaka Engama-20

Abahlaseli kungenzeka bathathe izikhathi ezingama-100 + njengezisulu eziningi zomphakathi  njengo-9/11 - futhi izenzo zabo zazifana nezecala

NguPaul W. Lovinger, Impi noMthetho, Ngo-September 28, i-2021

The ukubulawa kwasemoyeni womndeni wabangu-10, kufaka phakathi izingane eziyisikhombisa, eKabul ngo-Agasti 29 bekungekho okungahambi kahle. Lalifanekisela impi yase-Afghanistan yeminyaka engu-20 — ngaphandle kokuthi ukudalulwa kwezindaba okugqamile kwaphoqa amasosha ase-US ukuba axolise “ngephutha” lawo.

Isizwe sakithi sakhala abantu baseMelika abangenacala abangama-2,977 ababulawa ebushokobezi bangoSepthemba 11, 2001. Phakathi kwezikhulumi ezazibuka iminyaka engama-20^th umgubho wesikhumbuzo, owayenguMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ukugxekile ukweqisa kodlame “ngokunganaki impilo yomuntu.”

Impi yase-Afghanistan, eyaqala nguBush emasontweni amathathu ngemuva kuka-9/11, mhlawumbe yathatha ngaphezulu kwezikhathi eziyi-100 izimpilo zabantu abaningi laphaya.

The Izindleko zempi Iphrojekthi (iYunivesithi yaseBrown, iProvidence, i-RI) ilinganisela ukubulawa kwabantu ngempi ngo-Ephreli 2021 cishe ku-241,000, kufaka phakathi abantu abangaphezu kuka-71,000, i-Afghan nePakistan. Imiphumela engaqondile, efana nezifo, indlala, ukoma, nokuqhuma kwe-dud kungabamba izisulu "eziphindwe kaningi".

A isilinganiso esisodwa kuya kwesinye, ngokungaqondile ekufeni okuqondile, kuveza inani lokufa kwabantu abangu-355,000 (kuze kube ngu-Ephreli odlule) - ephindwe izikhathi eziyi-119 inani elikhokhelwe ngu-9/11.

Izibalo ziyadla ngoludala. Ngo-2018 umbhali oyedwa walinganisela lokho 1.2 abayizigidi ezingu Abantu base-Afghanistan nabasePakistan babulawa ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan ngo-2001.

Izakhamizi zabhekana nezindiza zempi, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, ama-drones, izikhali kanye nokuhlaselwa kwamakhaya. Amashumi amabili e-US futhi ahlangene amabhomu nemicibisholo ngosuku kubikwa ukuthi ushaye abantu base-Afghanistan. Lapho iPentagon ivuma noma ikuphi ukuhlaselwa, izisulu eziningi zaba "amaTaliban," "amaphekula," "amasosha," njll. Izintatheli ziveze okunye ukuhlaselwa kwabantu. IWikileaks.org yaveza amakhulu ezifihliwe.

Kwesinye isigameko esasicindezelwe, ukuqhuma kwahlasela onogada baseMarine ngo-2007. Okuwukuphela kwengozi eyalimala engalweni. Ukubuyela esikhungweni sabo, i- AmaMarines adubula noma ngubani—Abashayeli bezimoto, intombazane eyeve eshumini nambili, indoda esikhulile — ibulala abantu base-Afghanistan abangu-19, kwalimala abangu-50. La madoda abuthulisa lobu bugebengu kodwa kwadingeka ukuthi aphume e-Afghanistan ngemuva kwemibhikisho. Abazange bajeziswe.

“Besifuna ukuthi bafe”

Usolwazi waseNew Hampshire wakhuluma ngokuhlasela kwempi kwasekuqaleni emiphakathini yase-Afghanistan, isib. Ukubulawa kwabantu okungenani abangama-93 bezolimo Idolobhana laseChowkar-Karez. Ingabe kwenziwe iphutha? Isikhulu sePentagon sathi, ngokungagwegwesi okungajwayelekile, "Abantu bakhona bafile ngoba besifuna ukuba bafe."

Abezindaba bakwamanye amazwe badlale izindaba ezinjengalezi: “I-US isolwa ngokubulala abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu esitelekeni sasemoyeni. ” Owesilisa utshele iReuters ukuthi yena yedwa emndenini wabangu-24 usindile ekugaseleni kwantathakusa eQalaye Niazi. Abekho abalwa lapho, esho. Inhloko yesizwe ibike ukuthi bangu-107 abashonile, kubalwa izingane nabesifazane.

Izindiza zihlasele kaninginingi abagubhi bomshado, isib. esigodini saseKakarak, lapho amabhomu namarokhethi abulala khona abangu-63, kwalimala abangu-100 +.

Kudutshulwe izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zaseMelika amabhasi amathathu esifundazweni sase-Uruzgan, kwabulawa abantu abangu-27 ngo-2010. Izikhulu zase-Afghanistan zabhikisha. Umkhuzi wase-US wakhala “ngokungazi” ngokulimaza izakhamizi futhi wathembisa ukunakekelwa okuphindwe kabili. Kepha ngemuva kwamasonto, amasosha ase-US esifundazweni saseKandahar adubula elinye ibhasi, kubulala abantu abangafika kwabahlanu.

Phakathi ukubulawa kwabantu okungaqondakali, Abahlali abayi-10 abalele esigodini saseGhazi Khan Ghondi, iningi labo okungabafana besikole abaneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, bahudulwa emibhedeni yabo badutshulwa, emkhankasweni ogunyazwe yiNATO ngasekupheleni kuka-2009.

Emasontweni kamuva, amabutho akhethekile kugasele ikhaya ngesikhathi kunedili lokuqanjwa kwabantwana esigodini sakwaKhataba nalapho kudutshulwe kwabulawa khona izakhamizi eziyisikhombisa, okubalwa kuzo nabesifazane ababili abakhulelwe, intombazane esakhula nezingane ezimbili. Amasosha aseMelika ayesuse izinhlamvu emizimbeni futhi aqamba amanga ukuthi azitholile izisulu, kodwa awatholanga sijeziso.

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Imithombo yezindaba yase-US ivame ukugwinya izinhlobo zamasosha. Isibonelo: Ngo-2006 babika “ngesiteleka somoya wobumbano saphikisana nomuntu owaziwayo Isiphephelo saseTaliban, ”Isigodi sase-Azizi (noma iHajiyan), cishe sabulala“ amaTaliban angaphezu kwama-50. ”

Kodwa abasindile bakhuluma. I- IMelbourne Herald Sun ichaze "ukuphuma kwegazi nokushiswa kwezingane, abesifazane nabesilisa" abangena esibhedlela saseKandahar ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-35, kulandela ukuhlaselwa okungapheli, "bekufana ncamashi nangesikhathi amaRussia esihlasela ngamabhomu," kusho indoda eyodwa.

Umdala wesigodi utshele iFrance Press Agency (AFP) ukuthi lesi sigameko sibulale abangu-24 emndenini wakhe; futhi uthisha wabona izidumbu zabantu abangu-40, kubandakanya nezingane, wasiza ukuzingcwaba. AbakwaReuters baxoxisane nentsha eyalimala ebuka inqwaba yezisulu, kubalwa nabafowabo ababili.

“Amabhomu abulala abantu basemaphandleni ase-Afghan” abhekise phambili izindaba zaseToronto IGlobe neMeyili. Isicashunwa: “UMahmood oneminyaka engu-12 ubesalwa nezinyembezi…. Umndeni wakhe wonke - umama, ubaba, odadewabo abathathu, abafowabo abathathu — babulewe…. 'Manje ngedwa.' Eduze, embhedeni wasesibhedlela sabagula kakhulu, umzala wakhe oneminyaka emithathu equlekile wayelele ediyazela futhi ehefuzela. ” Isithombe esikhulu sikhombisa umfana omncane ophakanyisiwe, amehlo avalekile, kufakwe amabhandeshi namashubhu.

I-AFP ixoxisane nogogo onezinwele ezimhlophe, esiza isihlobo sakhe esilimele. Ulahlekelwe amalungu omndeni angama-25. Ngesikhathi indodana yakhe endala, ubaba wezingane eziyisishiyagalolunye, elungiselela ukulala, kwakhanya isibani esikhanyayo. “Ngibone u-Abdul-Haq elele egazini…. Ngabona amadodana namadodakazi akhe, bonke befile. O Nkulunkulu, wonke umndeni wendodana yami wabulawa. Ngabona imizimba yabo ichithekile futhi idwengulwa. ”

Ngemuva kokushaya ikhaya labo, izindiza zempi zashaya imizi eseduze, zabulala indodana yesibili yowesifazane, unkosikazi wakhe, indodana kanye namadodakazi amathathu. Indodana yakhe yesithathu yalahlekelwa ngamadodana amathathu nomlenze. Ngakusasa, wathola ukuthi indodana yakhe encane nayo yayishonile. Waquleka, engazi ukuthi ezinye izihlobo nomakhelwane bakhe sebeshonile.

UBush: "Iphula inhliziyo yami"

Owayengumongameli uBush ubize ukuphuma kwe-US e-Afghanistan njengephutha, engxoxweni abenayo nenethiwekhi yase-Germany ye-DW (7/14/21). Abesifazane namantombazane “bazokulimala ngendlela engachazeki…. Bazosala nje emuva ukuthi bazohlatshwa yilaba bantu abanesihluku futhi kungiphula inhliziyo. ”

Vele, abesifazane namantombazane bavela phakathi kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane abazidela empini yeminyaka engama-20 eyaqalwa nguBush ngo-Okthoba 7, 2001. Ake sibuyekeze.

Abaphathi bakaBush babexoxisane ngasese namaTaliban, eWashington, eBerlin, ekugcineni i-Islamabad, ePakistan, mayelana nepayipi elinqamula i-Afghanistan. UBush wayefuna izinkampani zaseMelika zisebenzise uwoyela ophakathi wase-Asia. Isivumelwano sehlulekile emasontweni amahlanu ngaphambi kuka-9/11.

Ngokwencwadi ka-2002 Iqiniso Elinqatshelwe nguBrisard noDasquié, abasebenza ngobunhloli baseFrance, ngemuva nje kokuthatha isikhundla, uBush wehlise ijubane uphenyo lwe-FBI nge-al-Qaeda nobushokobezi ukuze kuxoxiswane ngesivumelwano sepayipi. Ubekezelele ukwenyuswa kobuphekula ngokungekho emthethweni kweSaudi Arabia. "Isizathu?…. Izintshisekelo zikawoyela ezinkampanini. ” NgoMeyi 2001, uMongameli Bush wamemezela ukuthi iPhini likaMongameli uDick Cheney uzohola iqembu elizofunda izindlela zokulwa nobuphekula. USepthemba 11 wafika engakahlangani.

Abaphathi babephindwe kaningi uxwayiswe ngokuhlaselwa okuzayo ngamaphekula angahle ahambise izindiza ekwakheni. Kuqhamuke iWorld Trade Center nePentagon. UBush ubonakale eyisithulu ngezexwayiso. Wadelela iphepha elalibhalwe ngo-Agasti 6, 2001, elalibhalwe ukuthi, “Bin Laden Determined to Strike in US”

Ngabe uBush noCheney babezimisele ukuvumela ukuhlaselwa kwenzeke?

I-imperialist evulekile, i-Militarist Project yeNew American Century yathonya izinqubomgomo zikaBush. Amanye amalungu abe nezikhundla ezibalulekile ekuphathweni. Iphrojekthi ibidingeka “Itheku elisha lasePearl” ukuguqula iMelika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBush wayefisa ukuba ngu- umongameli wesikhathi sempi. Ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan kuzofinyelela leyo nhloso. Okungenani bekuyisandulela: Umcimbi omkhulu uzoba ehlasela i-Iraq. Bese futhi kukhona uwoyela.

Ngomhlaka 9/11/01 uBush wezwa ngobushokobezi ngesikhathi kwenziwa isithombe esithombeni ekilasini laseFlorida, yena nezingane babenza isifundo sokufunda ngezimbuzi ezifuywayo, angakhombisanga ukuthi uzoziqeda.

Manje uBush wayenesizathu sempi. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, isinqumo sokusebenzisa amandla sahamba ngeCongress. UBush ukhiphe isinqumo sokuthi amaTaliban aguqule u-Osama bin Laden. Ezimisele ukunikela ngabangakholwa amaSulumane, amaTaliban afuna ukuyekethisa: ukuzama u-Osama e-Afghanistan noma ezweni elingathathi hlangothi, wanikezwa ubufakazi bokuba necala. UBush wenqabile.

Ngemuva kokusebenzisa uBin Laden njenge i-casus belli, UBush wamziba ngokungalindelekile enkulumweni yeSacramento ezinsukwini eziyishumi empini, lapho athembisa khona ukuthi "uzonqoba amaTaliban." UBush wakhombisa ukungabi nandaba noBin Laden esithangamini nabezindaba ngoMashi olandelayo: “Ngakho angazi ukuthi ukuphi. Uyazi, angisebenzisi leso sikhathi esiningi kuye…. Angikhathali kangako ngaye. ”

Impi yethu engenamthetho

Leyo mpi ende kunazo zonke e-US yayingekho emthethweni kusukela ekuqaleni. Iphule uMthethosisekelo kanye nezivumelwano eziningana zase-US (imithetho yenhlangano ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo, i-Article 6). Konke kubhalwe ngezansi ngokulandelana kwesikhathi.

Muva nje izibalo zomphakathi ezahlukahlukene zibuze ukuthi ukhona yini ongakwazi themba izwi laseMelika, fakaza ukuphuma kwe-Afghanistan. Akekho oke waveza ukwephulwa kweMelika kwemithetho yayo.

UMTHETHOSISEKELO WETHU.

ICongress ayikaze imemezele impi ne-Afghanistan noma isho ne-Afghanistan esinqumweni se-9/14/01. Kusho ukuthi wayevumela uBush ukuthi alwe nanoma ngubani anquma ukuthi "uhlelile, wagunyaza, wazibophezela noma wasiza ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula" ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambili noma "wafaka" noma ngubani owenza lokho. Inhloso leyo bekuwukuvikela ubuphekula obengeziwe.

Izikhulu zaseSaudi Arabia ngokusobala isekele abaduni baka-9/11; Abangu-15 kwabangu-19 kwakunguSaudi, akekho noyedwa wase-Afghan. UBin Laden wayexhumana nezikhulu ezahlukahlukene zaseSaudi futhi waxhaswa ngezimali e-Arabia ngo-1998 (Iqiniso Elinqatshelwe). Ukufakwa kwezisekelo zase-US lapho ngo-1991 kwamenza wazonda iMelika. Kepha uBush, onemali yaseSaudi, ukhethe ukuhlasela abantu abangakaze basilimaze.

Noma kunjalo, uMthethosisekelo ubungamvumeli ukuthi athathe leso sinqumo.

“Mongameli UBush umemezele impi ngobuphekula, ”kusho uMmeli Jikelele uJohn Ashcroft. YiCongress kuphela engamemezela impi, ngaphansi kwe-Article I, Isigaba 8, Isigaba 11 (yize kungaphikiswana ngokuthi impi ingalwiwa yini “ku-ism”). Kodwa-ke iCongress, ngokuphikisana okukodwa (Rep. UBarbara Lee, D-CA), wafaka isitampu samandla ayo ngokungahambisani nomthethosisekelo.

IMIHLANGANO EMIKHULU.

Abenzi bezimpi e-Afghanistan balishaya indiva leli lungiselelo: "Ukuhlaselwa noma ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, nganoma iyiphi indlela, yamadolobha, amadolobhana, izindawo zokuhlala noma izakhiwo ezingavikelekile akuvunyelwe." Kusuka kuConference Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, phakathi kwemithetho yamazwe aphuma ezingqungqutheleni ezaziseThe Hague, Holland, ngo-1899 nango-1907.

Imikhawulo ifaka phakathi ukusebenzisa izikhali ezinobuthi noma ezidala ukuhlupheka okungadingekile; ukubulala noma ukulimaza ngokukhohlisa noma ngemuva kokuthi isitha sesizinikele; bengabonisi isihe; nokuqhuma ngamabhomu ngaphandle kwesixwayiso.

I-KELLOGG-BRIAND (IPHEPHA LE-PARIS).

Ngokusemthethweni yisivumelwano sokuQulwa kabusha kweMpi njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo kazwelonke. Ngo-1928, ohulumeni abayi-15 (abangu-48 abasazokwenzeka) bamemezela ukuthi “bayazigxeka izindlela zokulwa nezisombululo zezingxabano zomhlaba wonke, futhi bayilahla njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo yezwe ebudlelwaneni babo.”

Bavumelene ngokuthi "ukuxazululwa noma ukuxazululwa kwazo zonke izingxabano noma izingxabano zanoma imuphi uhlobo noma imvelaphi engavela phakathi kwazo, ngeke kuze kufunwe ngaphandle kwendlela ye-pacific."

U-Aristide Briand, ungqongqoshe wezangaphandle waseFrance, ekuqaleni waphakamisa isivumelwano esinjalo ne-US Frank B. Kellogg, unobhala wezwe (ngaphansi kukaMongameli Coolidge), wasifuna emhlabeni jikelele.

Izinkantolo zamacala obugebengu aseNuremberg-Tokyo zithathe eKellogg-Briand ekutholeni ukuthi kuyicala ukuqala impi. Ngalelo zinga, ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan ne-Iraq akungabazeki ukuthi kungaba ngamacala.

Lesi sivumelwano sisebenza namanje bonke omongameli abali-15 ngemuva kokuthi uHoover ayephulile.

ISHWANKATHELO SE-UN.

Ngokuphikisana nokungakholelwa, i-United Nations Charter, yango-1945, ayizange iyivune impi nge-Afghanistan. Ngemuva kuka-9/11, igxeke ubuphekula, iphakamisa amakhambi angewona abulalayo.

I-Article 2 idinga ukuthi wonke amalungu "axazulule izingxabano zawo ngezindlela ezinokuthula" futhi agweme "ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ukulwa nobuqotho bendawo noma ukuzimela kwezepolitiki kwanoma yimuphi umbuso…" Ngaphansi kwe-Article 33, amazwe kunoma iyiphi impikiswano ebeka ukuthula “engozini yokuqala, azofuna isisombululo ngokuxoxisana, ukubuza, ukulamula, ukubuyisana, ukulamula, ukulungisa izinkantolo… noma ezinye izindlela zokuthula…”

UBush akafunanga sisombululo esinokuthula, wasebenzisa amandla ukulwa nenkululeko yezepolitiki yase-Afghanistan, futhi wenqaba noma yimaphi amaTaliban isithembiso sokuthula.

UKWELASHWA KWE-ATLANTIC

Lesi sivumelwano, esivela ngo-1949, sinanela umqulu we-UN: Amaqembu azoxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula futhi ayeke ukusongela noma ukusebenzisa amandla angahambisani nezinhloso ze-UN. Ngokwenzayo, iNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) ibilokhu iyiqhawe laseWashington e-Afghanistan nakwezinye izindawo.

IMIHLANGANO EMIKHULU YASEGENEVA.

Lezi zivumelwano zangesikhathi sempi zidinga ukuphathwa ngobuntu kweziboshwa, izakhamizi kanye namasosha akhubazekile. Bayakwenqabela ukubulala, ukuhlukumeza, unya, nokuqondiswa kwamayunithi ezokwelapha. Ngokuyinhloko ebhalwe ngo-1949, kwakungu-OK'd yizizwe eziyi-196, i-US ifakiwe.

Ngo-1977 izivumelwano ezengeziwe zahlanganisa izimpi zombango futhi kwavinjelwa ukuhlaselwa kwabantu, ukuhlaselwa ngokungakhethi, nokucekelwa phansi kwezindlela zokuphila kwabantu. Izizwe ezingaphezu kwe-160, kufaka phakathi i-US, zasayina lezo. ISenate kusafanele ivume.

Mayelana nezakhamizi, uMnyango Wezokuvikela awuliboni ilungelo lokubahlasela bese uthi uzama ukuzivikela. Empeleni umbutho wezempi waziwa ngokwenza  ukuhlaselwa okubaliwe kwezakhamizi.

Ukwephulwa okukhulu kweGeneva kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-2001. Amakhulu, mhlawumbe izinkulungwane zamasosha aseTaliban aboshwa yiNorthern Alliance kubulawa, kusolwa ngokubambisana kwe-US. Iningi liminyaniswe ngeziqukathi ezivaliwe. Abanye badutshulwe, abanye bathi babulawa yimicibisholo edutshulwe ezindizeni zaseMelika.

Izindiza ziqhumise izibhedlela eHerat, eKabul, eKandahar naseKunduz. Futhi emibikweni eyimfihlo, Amasosha avumile ukuhlukunyezwa okuvamile kwababoshiwe e-Afghanistan eBagram Collection Point. Ngo-2005 kwavela ubufakazi bokuthi amasosha lapho bahlukumeza futhi bashaya iziboshwa zaze zafa.

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Umbutho wethu wezempi nawo uyavuma ukusebenzisa iqhinga lokwesaba. Ama-guerilla “anonya ngesihluku” futhigxilisa ukwesaba ezinhliziyweni zezitha. ” E-Afghanistan nakwezinye izindawo “Amasosha ase-US asebenzise amaqhinga e-guerilla ukuze abulale.” Futhi ungakhohlwa "Ukuthuthumela nokwesaba."

UPaul W. Lovinger yintatheli yaseSan Francisco, umbhali, umhleli, nesishoshovu (bheka www.warandlaw.org).