NguDavid Swanson
Emasontweni ambalwa edlule ngamenywa ukuthi ngizokhuluma ngo-Okthoba ozayo enyuvesi yase-US ngokuqeda impi nokudala ukuthula. Njengoba ngivame ukwenza, ngibuze ukuthi ngabe abahleli bebengeke yini bazame ukuthola umsekeli wempi engingaphikisana naye noma ngixoxe ngesihloko, ngaleyo ndlela (ngethemba) ukuletha izethameli eziningi zabantu abangakaqinisekiswa ngesidingo sokuqeda. isikhungo sempi.
Njengoba kwakungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili, abahleli bomcimbi abagcinanga ngokuthi yebo kodwa empeleni bathola umsekeli wempi owayezimisele ukubamba iqhaza engxoxweni yomphakathi. Kuhle! Ngacabanga, lokhu kuzokwenzela umcimbi okholisayo. Ngafunda izincwadi namaphepha omkhulumeli wami wesikhathi esizayo, futhi ngabhala isikhundla sami, ngiphikisa ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono yakhe ethi “Just War” ayikwazanga ukubekezelela ukucutshungulwa, ukuthi empeleni ayikho impi engaba “elungile.”
Kunokuba ngihlele ukumangaza umphikisi wami “wempi nje” ngezimpikiswano zami, ngamthumelela engangikubhalile ukuze ahlele izimpendulo zakhe futhi mhlawumbe anikele ekushintshaneni okushicilelwe, okubhaliwe. Kodwa, esikhundleni sokuphendula esihlokweni, ngokuzumayo wamemezela ukuthi "unezibopho zochwepheshe nezomuntu siqu" ezizomvimbela ukuba ahlanganyele emcimbini ngo-Okthoba. Bubula!
Kodwa abahleli bomcimbi abangcono kakhulu asebake bamthola ozongena esikhundleni. Ngakho-ke inkulumo-mpikiswano izoqhubekela phambili e-St. Michael's College, e-Colchester, e-VT, ngo-Okthoba 5. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngisanda kushicilela njengencwadi ingxabano yami yokuthi impi ayikaze ibe nje. Ungaba ngowokuqala ukuyithenga, ukuyifunda, noma ukuyibuyekeza lapha.
Ingxenye yesizathu sokuqhubekisela phambili le mpikiswano manje ukuthi emuva ngo-Ephreli 11-13 iVatican ubambe umhlangano mayelana nokuthi iSonto LamaKatolika, umsunguli wenkolelo-mbono ye-Just War, kufanele yini ekugcineni liyenqabe. Nakhu isicelo ongasisayina, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumKatolika noma cha, ekhuthaza isonto ukuba lenze lokho kanye.
Uhlaka lwempikiswano yami lungatholakala ohlwini lokuqukethwe lencwadi yami:
Iyini Impi Elungile?
I-Just War Theory Isiza Izimpi Ezingenabulungiswa
Ukulungiselela Impi Elungile Kungukungabi Nabulungisa Okukhulu Kunanoma iyiphi Impi
Isiko Lempi Nje Lisho Impi Eyengeziwe
The Isikhangiso Bellum / Ku-Bello Ukwehlukanisa Kulimaza
Eminye Imibandela Yempi Nje Ayilinganiseki
Inhloso efanele
Cause nje
Ukulinganisa
Ezinye Izimo Zempi Nje Azinakwenzeka
Last Resort
Ithemba Elizwakalayo Lempumelelo
Abangalwi Bavikelekile Ekuhlaselweni
Amasosha Ezitha Ahlonishwa Njengabantu
Iziboshwa Zempi Ziphathwa Njengabantu Abangalwi
Ezinye Izimo Zempi Nje Azizona Izinto Zokuziphatha Nakancane
Kumenyezelwe Obala
Iqhutshwa Igunya Elisemthethweni Futhi Elinekhono
Imibandela Yokubulala Nge-Drone Nje Aziziphathi Kahle, Ayihlangani, Futhi Ayinakwa
Kungani Amakilasi Okuziphatha Ecabanga Ngokubulala Kangaka?
Ukube Yonke Imibandela Yempi Beyihlangatshezwana Nempi Namanje Ayikabe Ilungile
I-War Theorists Nje Aziboni Izimpi Ezintsha Ezingenabulungiswa Noma Kunini Ngokusheshisa Noma yimuphi Omunye
Umsebenzi Osezimpini Nje Wezwe Elinqotshiwe Akukona Nje
I-Just War Theory Ivula Umnyango We-Pro-War Theory
Singaqeda Impi Ngaphandle Kokulinda UJesu
Ubani Owayengaba Ibhomu Lokhaphethi LomSamariya Olungile?
Impi Yezwe Yesibili Yayingeyona Nje
I-US Revolution yayingeyona nje
Impi Yombango Yase-US Yayingeyona Nje
Impi YaseYugoslavia Yayingeyona Nje
Impi ngeLibya ayiyona nje
Impi YaseRwanda Yayingeke Ibe Nje
Impi ngeSudan yayingeke ibe nje
Impi Ku-ISIS Ayiyona Nje
Okhokho Bethu Babehlala Ezweni Elihlukile Lamasiko
Singavumelana Ngokwenza Ukuthula Nje
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Nasi isigaba sokuqala:
IYINI “IMPI NJE”?
I-Just War ithi impi ifaneleka ngokokuziphatha ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izazi ze-Just War zibeka futhi zichaza kabanzi mayelana nenqubo yazo yokuqala nje impi, ukuziphatha kahle kwempi, futhi-kwezinye izimo, kuhlanganise no-Mark Allman's-umsebenzi olungile wezindawo ezinqotshiwe ngemva kwesimemezelo esithile esisemthethweni sokuthi impi " phezu.” Abanye ochwepheshe be-Just War nabo babhala mayelana nokuziphatha kwangaphambi kwempi, okuwusizo uma kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okwenza impi ibe mancane amathuba. Kodwa akukho ukuziphatha kwangaphambi kwempi nje, ngokubuka engikubeka ngezansi, okungasithethelela isinqumo sokusungula impi.
Izibonelo zenqubo ye-Just War (okuzoxoxwa ngayo ngezansi) yilezi: inhloso efanele, ukulingana, isizathu esinobulungiswa, indlela yokugcina, ithemba elizwakalayo lempumelelo, ukungavikeleki kwabangalwi ekuhlaselweni, amasosha ezitha ahlonishwa njengabantu, iziboshwa zempi ziphathwa njengabantu. abangahlanganyeli, impi imenyezelwa obala, kanye nezimpi eziqhutshwa igunya elisemthethweni nelinekhono. Kukhona abanye, futhi akubona bonke ochwepheshe be-Just War abavumelanayo kubo bonke.
I-Just War theory noma "isiko Lempi Elungile" ibilokhu ikhona kusukela iSonto LamaKatolika lahlanganyela noMbuso WaseRoma ngesikhathi sikaSaints Ambrose no-Augustine ekhulwini lesine CE. U-Ambrose wayephikisa ukuganana namaqaba, izihlubuki, noma amaJuda, futhi wavikela ukushiswa kwamasinagoge. U-Augustine wavikela kokubili impi nobugqila ngokusekelwe emibonweni yakhe “yesono sokuqala,” nomqondo wokuthi “lokhu kuphila” awubalulekile kangako uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphila ngemva kokufa. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukubulala abantu empeleni kwabasiza ukuba bafinyelele endaweni engcono futhi akufanele nanini ube yisiphukuphuku kangangokuba uhlanganyele ekuzivikeleni kumuntu ozama ukukubulala.
Ithiyori yeJust War yabuye yathuthukiswa nguSaint Thomas Aquinas ngekhulu leshumi nantathu. U-Aquinas wayengumsekeli wobugqila nobukhosi njengohlobo olufanele lukahulumeni. U-Aquinas wayekholelwa ukuthi isisusa esiyinhloko sabenzi bempi kufanele kube ukuthula, umbono ophilayo kuze kube yilolu suku, hhayi nje emisebenzini kaGeorge Orwell. U-Aquinas naye wacabanga ukuthi izihlubuki zazifanelwe ukubulawa, nakuba ayekholelwa ukuthi isonto kufanele libe nesihe, futhi wayekhetha ukuba umbuso ubulale.
Yebo kwakukhona okuningi okutusekayo kakhulu ngalezi zibalo zasendulo nezenkathi ephakathi. Kodwa imibono yabo ye-Just War ifanelana kangcono nemibono yabo yomhlaba kuneyethu. Kuwo wonke umbono (okuhlanganisa imibono yabo ngabesifazane, ubulili, izilwane, imvelo, imfundo, amalungelo abantu, njll., njll., njll.) okwenza umqondo omncane kwabaningi bethu namuhla, lesi siqeshana esibizwa ngokuthi "i-Just War theory" igcinwe iphila ngaphambi kosuku lokuphelelwa kwayo yisikhathi.
Abagqugquzeli abaningi be-Just War theory ngokungangabazeki bakholelwa ukuthi ngokukhuthaza izindlela "zempi elungile" bathatha ukwesaba okungenakugwemeka kwempi futhi banciphise umonakalo, ukuthi benza izimpi ezingalungile zingabi nabulungisa kancane noma mhlawumbe ngisho nokungabi nabulungisa okuningi. , kuyilapho uqinisekisa ukuthi izimpi nje ziyaqalwa futhi zibulawa ngendlela efanele. "Kuyadingeka" igama i-Just War theorists akufanele liphikise. Abanakusolwa ngokubiza impi ngokuthi iyinhle noma imnandi noma ithokozile noma iyafiseleka. Kunalokho, bathi ezinye izimpi zingadingeka—hhayi ezidingekayo ngokomzimba kodwa ezifanelekile ngokokuziphatha nakuba zidabukisa. Ukube bengingahlanganyela ngaleyo nkolelo, bengizothola isibindi sokuzifaka engozini ezimpini ezinjalo ukuze ngibe nesizotha futhi ngibe namaqhawe, nokho zisangathandeki futhi zingafiseleki—futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngomqondo othile kuphela wegama elithi: “zinhle.”
Iningi labasekeli e-United States bezimpi ezithile abawona ama-theorists aqinile we-Just War. Bangase bakholelwe ukuthi impi iyazivikela ngandlela thize, kodwa ngokuvamile abakaze bacabange ukuthi iyisinyathelo “esidingekile” yini, “isinyathelo sokugcina.” Imvamisa bavuleleka kakhulu ngokufuna ukuziphindiselela, futhi ngokuvamile mayelana nokukhomba ukuziphindiselela kwabangalwi abajwayelekile, konke okunqatshwa ithiyori ye-Just War. Kwezinye izimpi, kodwa hhayi kwezinye, ingxenye ethile yabasekeli nayo ikholelwa ukuthi impi ihloselwe ukuhlenga abangenacala noma ukunikeza intando yeningi namalungelo abantu kwabahluphekile. Ngo-2003 kwakukhona abantu baseMelika ababefuna i-Iraq iqhunyiswe ngamabhomu ukuze kubulawe inqwaba yama-Iraqis, namaMelika ayefuna i-Iraq iqhunyiswe ngamabhomu ukuze kukhululwe ama-Iraqi kuhulumeni ononya. Ngo-2013 umphakathi wase-US wenqaba isiphakamiso sikahulumeni wawo sokuqhumisa amabhomu eSyria ukuze kuzuze abaseSyria. Ngo-2014 umphakathi wase-US wasekela ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Iraq naseSyria ukuze bazivikele ku-ISIS. Ngokusho kwethiyori ye-Just War yakamuva akumele kube nandaba ukuthi ubani ovikelwayo. Kuningi lomphakathi wase-US, kubaluleke kakhulu.
Yize kungekho ochwepheshe be-Just War abanele ukwethula impi ngaphandle kosizo oluningi oluvela kubameli bempi abangalungile, izici ze-Just War theory zitholakala ekucabangeni kwabo bonke abasekeli bempi. Labo abajatshuliswe impi entsha basazoyibiza ngokuthi “iyadingeka.” Labo abamagange ukusebenzisa kabi zonke izindinganiso nezingqungquthela ekuziphatheni kwempi basazogxeka okufanayo ngakolunye uhlangothi. Labo abajabulela ukuhlaselwa kwezizwe ezingasongeli eziqhele ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha abasoze bakubiza ngokuthi ulaka, njalo “ukuzivikela” noma “ukuvikela” noma “ukukhululwa” noma ukujezisa izenzo ezingalungile. Labo abagxeka ngokusobala noma abagwema iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene basazothi izimpi zikahulumeni wabo zisekela kunokudicilela phansi umthetho. Nakuba ama-theorists e-Just War ekude kakhulu nokuvumelana kuwo wonke amaphuzu, kunezindikimba ezithile ezivamile, futhi zisebenzela ukusiza ukulwa kwempi ngokujwayelekile-yize iningi noma zonke izimpi zingalungile ngezindinganiso ze-Just War theory. .
