ABAKHIWO BEMIHLANGO ABAKHONA IZINHLOBO EZINYE

Izingxoxo eziningi zamanga ezenza izimpi ziza ngokushesha kumbuzo othi "Pho-ke kungani befuna impi?" Ngokuvamile kunezizathu ezingaphezu kwesisodwa esihilelekile, kodwa izisusa azikho nzima ukuthola.

Ngokungafani namasosha amaningi aye aqamba amanga, iningi labalandeli bezimpi eziyisihluthulelo, abaphathi bezempi abaqaphela ukuthi noma kwenzeke yini izimpi, akunandaba nganoma yisiphi isizathu banesisusa esihle ngalokho abakwenzayo. Nakuba izinhloso ezinhle zingatholakala ekucabangeni kwalabo abathintekayo, ngisho nakwezinye zezinga eliphezulu kakhulu zokwenza izinqumo, akungabazeki ukuthi izinhloso ezinhle kangaka ziyoke zenze izimpi.

Izisusa zezomnotho nezombusazwe zinikezwe ngamongameli kanye namalungu enkomfa eziningi zezimpi zethu ezinkulu, kodwa azizange zihlaziywe futhi zilandiswe njengoba kunezinye izinsongo ezithintekayo. Impi neJapane yayiyinhloko ngokubaluleka kwezomnotho kwe-Asia, kodwa ukuphuma embusweni omubi waseJapane wenza iphosta engcono. Iprojekthi ye-New American Century, ithangi lokucabanga elixosha impi e-Iraq, yenza izisusa zalo zicacile eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale impi - izisusa ezazihlanganisa ukubusa kwezempi zase-US emhlabeni wonke ngezindawo ezibalulekile nakwezinye izindawo ezindaweni ezibalulekile "zaseMelika isithakazelo. "Lo mgomo awuphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe noma njengokuthi" i-WMD, "" ubuphekula, "" umenzi wobubi, "noma" ukusakaza intando yeningi. "

Izisusa ezibaluleke kunazo zonke izimpi zikhulunywa kakhulu, futhi izinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu noma ezikhohlisayo kakhulu ezikhulunywe ngazo kakhulu. Izisusa ezibalulekile, izinto izimpi eziqhamuka kakhulu empini ezixoxisana ngasese, zibandakanya izibalo zokukhetha, ukulawulwa kwemithombo yemvelo, ukwesatshwa kwamanye amazwe, ukulawulwa kwezindawo zendawo, izinzuzo zezimali kubangani kanye nabaxhasi bemikhankaso, ukuvula izimakethe zabathengi, namathemba ukuhlola izikhali ezintsha.

Uma osombusazwe beqotho, ukubalwa kokhetho kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhululekile futhi kungabikho isizathu sokuhlazeka noma ukufihlwa. Izikhulu ezikhethiwe kufanele zenze ukuthi yini ezobathola ukuba zichazwe, ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo semithetho esungulwe ngentando yeningi. Kodwa ukukhulelwa kwethu ngentando yeningi sekuye kwaphutha kakhulu kangangokuthi ukuqondisa kabusha njengesisusa sokusebenza kufihlekile eceleni kanye nokuhlomula. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuzo zonke izindawo zomsebenzi kahulumeni; inqubo yokhetho ibonakele kangangokuthi umphakathi ubhekwa njengenye ithonya elilimazayo. Uma kuziwa empini, lo mqondo uphakanyiswa yizombangazwe ukuthi izimpi zidayiswa ngamanga.

Isigaba: AMAMAKHODI AYAKHO

Iprojekthi ye-New American Century (i-PNAC) yayiyi-tank yokucabanga kusuka ku-1997 kuya ku-2006 e-Washington, DC (kamuva yavuselelwa ku-2009). Amalungu ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye e-PNAC asebenza ngezikhundla eziphezulu ekuphathweni kukaGeorge W. Bush, kufaka phakathi iSekela likaMongameli, uMphathi wezeMisebenzi kuMongameli wePhini likaMongameli, uMsizi oPhethe kuMengameli, uSekela likaNobhala "Wezokuvikela," uNgqongqoshe we-Afghanistan ne-Iraq, iSekela likaNobhala State, and Under Under Secretary of State.

Omunye umuntu owayeyingxenye ye-PNAC futhi kamuva kwezokuphatha kweBush, uRichard Perle, kanye nomunye u-Bushcrater-u-Douglas Feith, basebenzele umholi we-Israel Likud uBenjamin Netanyahu ku-1996 futhi bakhiphe iphepha elibizwa ngokuthi i-A Clean Break: A New Isu Lokuthola Indawo. Umbuso wawuyi-Israel, futhi leli cwaningo lalikhuthaza ukuthi ubuzwe bezwe bube namandla futhi kukhishwe ukuhlukunyezwa kwabaholi bamazwe angaphandle kuhlanganise noSaddam Hussein.

Ku-1998, i-PNAC yashicilela incwadi evulekile kuMongameli uBill Clinton emxusa ukuba athole umgomo wokuguqulwa kobuso ku-Iraq, okwenzayo. Leyo ncwadi yayihlanganisa nalokhu:

"I-Saddam ithola amandla okuletha izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu, ngoba cishe uzokwenza uma siqhubeka kule nkambo yamanje, ukuphepha kwamabutho aseMelika esifundeni, kubangane bethu kanye nabalingani bethu njengo-Israyeli amazwe ajwayelekile ase-Arabhu, kanti ingxenye enkulu ye-oil supply world izobe isengozini. "

Ku-2000, i-PNAC yashicilela iphepha elibizwa nge-Rebuilding America's Defenses. Izinhloso ezibekwe kuleli phepha zihambisana ngokuhambisana nokuziphatha kwangempela kwamakhosi empi kunanoma yimiphi imibono "yokusabalalisa intando yeningi" noma "ukumelana nobudlova." Lapho i-Iraq ihlasela i-Iran siyasiza. Uma lihlasela i-Kuwait singena. Uma singenzi lutho siyalibhoboza. Lokhu kuziphatha kungenzi lutho ngokulandelana kwezindaba eziqanjiwe esizitsheliwe, kodwa kuqondakala kahle ngokwemigomo yale PNAC:

• ukugcina ukuvelela kwe-US,
•
• ukuvimbela ukuphakama kombangi omkhulu wamandla, futhi
•
• ukubumba ukuphepha kwamazwe omhlaba ngokuhambisana nemigomo nezintshisekelo zaseMelika.

I-PNAC inqume ukuthi kuzodingeka "silwe futhi sinqobe ngokuphumelelayo impi eminingi, ngesikhathi esisodwa sezemidlalo" futhi "senze imisebenzi 'yokubamba iqhaza ehambisana nokubunjwa kwemvelo ezindaweni ezibucayi." Ephepha elifanayo le-2000, i-PNAC yabhala:

"Nakuba ukungqubuzana okungenakuxazululwa ne-Iraq kuhlinzeka ngokulungiswa okusheshayo, isidingo sokuba khona kwamandla amakhulu aseMelika eGulf kudlulela umbuso kaSaddam Hussein. Ukubekwa kwezisekelo zase-US akukafaneli kubonakalise lezi zingokoqobo. . . . Kusukela kumbono waseMelika, ukubaluleka kwezizindla ezinjalo kuzokukhuthazelela ngisho ngabe uSaddam kumele adlule endaweni yesehlakalo. Esikhathini eside, i-Iran ingase ibonise ukuthi iyisongo esikhulu emazweni ase-US eGulf njengoba i-Iraq inakho. Futhi ngisho ngabe ubuhlobo be-US-Iranian buzoqhubeka, ukugcina amabutho asekelwe phambili esifundeni bekuyobe kuyisici esibalulekile kuhlelo lokuphepha lase-US. . . . "

Lezi zincwadi zanyatheliswa futhi zitholakale kabanzi ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq, kodwa nokho ukuphakamisa ukuthi amabutho ase-US azama ukuhlala futhi akhe izindinganiso ezihlala njalo e-Iraq ngisho nangemva kokubulala uSaddam Hussein wayenamahloni emahholo aseCongress noma abezindaba. Ukuphakamisa ukuthi iMpi e-Iraq yayihlangene nabezinsika zethu zobukhosi noma amafutha noma u-Israyeli, okungenani ukuthi u-Hussein wayengakabi nezikhali, wayeyindlalifa. Okubi kakhulu ukuphakamisa ukuthi lezo zisekelo zingase zisetshenziselwe ukuqalisa ukuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe, ngokuhambisana nomgomo wePNAC ​​wokulondoloza "ubukhulu be-US." Kodwa nokho uMlawuli oPhakeme we-Supreme Allied Yurophu wase-NATO kusukela ku-1997 kuya ku-2000 Wesley Clark uthi ku-2001, uNobhala weMpi uDonald Rumsfeld ubeke isimemo sokuthatha amazwe angama-7 eminyakeni emihlanu: i-Iraq, iSiriya, iLebanon, iLibya, iSomalia, iSudan ne-Iran.

Uhlaka oluyisisekelo lwalolu hlelo lwaqinisekiswa yilokho owayenguNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair, owakhulume nge-2010 ku-Vice-President wangaphambili uDick Cheney:

"UCheney ufuna ukuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe aseMiddle Eastern ukuthi athathe isithakazelo ku-US, ngokusho kukaBlair. Uzobe esebenza kulo lonke izwe, i-Iraq, iSiriya, i-Iran, esebenzisana nazo zonke izikhulu zabo - i-Hezbollah, i-Hamas, njll, "kusho uBlair. 'Ngamanye amazwi, u- [Cheney] wacabanga ukuthi umhlaba kufanele wenziwe kabusha, futhi emva kwe-11 Septemba, kwakudingeka kwenziwe ngenkani futhi ngokuphuthumayo. Ngakho wayengumuntu okhuni, onamandla. Ayikho i-ifs, ayikho imikhakha, ayikho i-maybes. '"

Crazy? Yebo! Kodwa yilokho okuphumelela eWashington. Njengoba ngasinye salezo zihlasela senzeke, izizathu ezintsha zenziwa umphakathi ngenxa ngayinye. Kodwa izizathu eziyinhloko zaziyobe sezilokhu zigcinwe lezo ezicashunwe ngenhla.

Isigaba: CONSPIRACY THEORIES

Ingxenye ye-ethos ethi "ukuqina" okudingekayo kwabenzi bezimpi zase-US kube umkhuba wokucabanga othola isitha esikhulu, sezwe, nesidemoni ngemuva kwayo yonke isithunzi. Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka isitha sasiyiSoviet Union futhi sisongela ukuxhumana komhlaba jikelele. Kodwa iSoviet Union yayingakaze ibe nokulwa kwezempi emhlabeni jikelele we-United States noma isithakazelo esifanayo ekwakheni umbuso. Izikhali zalo kanye nosongelo nokuhlukunyezwa zazilokhu zikhukhumezeka, futhi ukutholakala kwayo kwatholakala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi isizwe esincane, esimpofu sibekezelela ukubuswa kwe-US. AmaKorea namaVietnam, ama-Afrika kanye nabaseNingizimu Melika babengenakukwazi ukuzibamba izithakazelo zabo, kwacatshangwa. Uma benqaba isiqondiso sethu esingacelanga, kwakudingeka othile abeke kuwo.

Ikhomishini eyakhiwe nguMongameli Reagan ebizwa ngokuthi iKhomishane yeSikhathi Esihlanganisiwe Sesikhathi Eside iphakamisa izimpi ezincane e-Asia, e-Afrika naseLatin America. Ukukhathazeka kufaka phakathi "ukufinyeleleka kwe-US ezindaweni ezibucayi," "ukwethembeka kweMelika phakathi kwabalingani nabangane," "ukuzethemba kweMelika," nangokuthi "amandla aseMelika ukuvikela izithakazelo zawo ezifundeni ezibaluleke kakhulu, njengePersian Gulf, iMedithera, futhi i-Western Pacific. "

Kodwa yini okufanele umphakathi utshelwe ukuthi sivikeleka izithakazelo zethu ngokumelene nazo? Kungani, umbuso omubi, yebo! Phakathi nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi iCold War, ukulungiswa komgunyathi wama-communist kwakuvame kakhulu kangangokuba abanye abantu abahlakaniphile bakholelwa ukuthi ukulwa kwempi yase-US kwakungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kwalo. Nangu uRichard Barnet:

"Inkolelo yenkohlakalo yamaKhomanisi - ukuthi yonke imisebenzi yabantu kuyo yonke indawo abazibiza ngokuthi amaKhomanisi noma ukuthi uJ. Edgar Hoover ubiza ngokuthi amaKhomanisi ahlelwe futhi alawulwa eKremlin - ibalulekile emibonweni yezokuphepha kazwelonke. Ngaphandle kwalo uMengameli nabacebisi bakhe babe nesikhathi esinzima sokukhomba isitha. Ngokuqinisekile abazange bathole abaphikisi abafanelekele imizamo 'yokuzivikela' yamandla amakhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wezwe. "

Ha! Ngiyaxolisa uma ngabe unesiphuzo emlonyeni wakho bese uyifaka ezembatho zakho njengoba ufunda lokho. Kunjengokuthi izimpi ngeke ziqhubeke! Njengokuba izimpi bekungesizathu sokusongela kobukominisi, kunokuba ngenye indlela ezungeze! Ukubhala ku-1992, uJohn Quigley wayengabona lokhu ngokucacile:

"[T] izinguquko zezombangazwe ezasempumalanga yeYurophu ku-1989-90 zashiya impi ebandayo emgqeni womlando. Noma kunjalo, ukungenelela kwethu kwezempi akuphelanga. Ku-1989, senele ukusekela uhulumeni ePhilippines futhi sigumbuqela omunye ePanama. Ku-1990, sithumele amandla amakhulu ePersian Gulf.

"Ukuqhutshelwa kokungenelela ezempi akuyona into emangalisa, ngoba inhloso yonke. . . kuye kwaba mncane ukulwa nobuKhomanisi kunokuba sigcine ukulawula kwethu. "

Isongo seSoviet Union noma i-communism, kungakapheli iminyaka eyishumi nambili kusongelwa u-al Qaeda noma ubuphekula. Izimpi ngokumelene nombuso kanye nemibono yayiyoba izimpi ngokumelene neqembu elincane lamaphekula kanye namaqhinga. Ukushintsha kwakunezinzuzo ezithile. Ngesikhathi i-Soviet Union ingaqedwa esidlangalaleni, ukuqoqwa kwamasosha amaphekula okufihlakeleyo futhi okuhlakazeka kakhulu okungawasebenzisa khona igama elithi al Qaeda akukaze kuboniswe ukuthi sekuhambile. I-ideology ingase ingabi nhlobo, kodwa noma kuphi lapho silwa khona izimpi noma sibeka ukulawula okungavumelekile, abantu bayokulwa, futhi ukulwa kwabo kuzoba "ubuphekula" ngoba bebhekiswe kithi. Lokhu kwakuyisilungiso esisha sempi engapheli. Kodwa isisusa kwaba yimpi, hhayi impi yokuqeda ukwesaba okwakungabikho ubuphekula.

Isisusa sasiyi-US ukulawula izindawo "ezithakazelisayo ezibalulekile," okuyizinsiza zemvelo ezinenzuzo kanye nezimakethe kanye nezikhundla zamasu ezisekelo zempi okumele zikhulise amandla ngaphezu kwemithombo kanye nezimakethe eziningi, futhi okuphi ukuphikisana nanoma yikuphi "abaphikisayo" abangacabanga ukuthi " I-American self-confidence. "Yiqiniso, lokhu kuyasizwa futhi kukhuthazwa yizikhuthazo zalabo abazuza ngemali kusukela empini ngokwayo.

Isigaba: IMALI NEMAMAKI

Izinhloso zezomnotho zezimpi akuzona izindaba eziqondile. Imigqa evelele kunazo zonke kusukela ku-Smedley Butler's War Is A Racket ayikho ngempela leyo ncwadi, kodwa kuyi-1935 inkinga yephephandaba leSocialist Common Sense, lapho ebhala khona:

"Ngichitha iminyaka engu-33 nezinyanga ezine ngisebenza empini futhi ngaleso sikhathi ngichitha isikhathi sami esiningi njengesixuku esiphakeme samadoda amakhulu eBusiness Business, eWall Street nakubanki. Ngamafuphi, ngangiyiduna, i-gangster ye-capitalist. Ngasiza ukwenza iMexico futhi ikakhulukazi iTampico iphephile ngama-oli e-America e-1914. Ngisize ukwenza iHaiti neCuba ibe yindawo ehloniphekile yabafana bakaNational Bank Bank ukuqoqa izimali. Ngasiza ekudlwengulweni kwesigamu samaRiphablikhi aseMelika aseMelika ukuze kuzuze Wall Street. Ngisize ukuhlanza iNicaragua kwiNational Banking House of Brown Brothers ku-1902-1912. Ngiletha i-Dominican Republic ukukhanya kwezitshalo zamashukela aseMelika ku-1916. Ngisize ukwenza iHonduras ikwanele ezinkampanini zezithelo zaseMelika e-1903. E-China ku-1927 Ngisize ngibone ukuthi i-Standard Standard ihamba ngendlela yayo ingasetshenzisiwe. Uma ngibheka emuva, ngingase nginike i-Al Capone izici ezimbalwa. Okusemandleni akhe kwakuwukusebenzisa i-racket yakhe ezifundeni ezintathu. Ngasebenza emazwenikazi amathathu. "

Le ncazelo yezizathu zezimpi yayingavamile ukulethwa ngolimi lukaButler olubalabala, kodwa kwakungeyona eyimfihlo. Eqinisweni, sekuyisikhathi eside ama-propagandists empi ephikisa ukuveza izimpi njengenzuzo ebhizinisini elikhulu noma ngabe empeleni kungaba:

"Ngenxa yamadoda ebhizinisi impi kumele ibonakale njengebhizinisi elinenzuzo. I-LG Chiozza, Imali, i-MP, ishicilele isitatimende eLondon Daily Chronicle ngo-Agasti 10th, i-1914, okuyisibonelo salolu hlobo lwezinto. Wabhala:

"'Umqhudelwano wethu oyinhloko eYurophu nangaphandle kwayo ngeke akwazi ukuhweba, futhi ekuphetheni kweMpi ukuphikiswa okungaqondakali okuyinto ukuhlukunyezwa kweJalimane kuyo yonke indawo kuyosisiza ukuthi sigcine ukuhweba nokuthunyelwa esizokuphumelela kuye.'"

KuCar von Clausewitz, owafa e-1831, impi "yayiqhubeka nokuhlangana kwezombusazwe, okwenza okufanayo nangezinye izindlela." Lokhu kuzwakala ngokulungile, uma nje siqonda ukuthi abenzi bempi bavame ukukhetha izindlela yempi ngisho nalapho ezinye izindlela zingase zifinyelele imiphumela efanayo. Ngo-Agasti 31st, i-2010, inkulumo ye-Oval Office idumisa izimpi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, uMongameli Obama wathi: "Izimakethe ezintsha zezimpahla zethu zisuka e-Asia kuya emazweni aseMelika!" Ku-1963, uJohn Quigley, engakabi umhlaziyi wezempi, wayengumkhumbi waseMarti owabelwe ukukhuluma ngeyunithi yakhe ezindabeni zezwe. Lapho omunye wabafundi bakhe engavumi umbono wokulwa eVietnam, uQuigley "wachaza ngesineke ukuthi kwakukhona amafutha ngaphansi kwe-continental ye-continental yaseVietnam, ukuthi inani elikhulu laseVietnam laliyimakethe ebalulekile yemikhiqizo yethu, nokuthi iVietnam yayala indlela eya olwandle esuka eMpumalanga Ephakathi eMpumalanga Ekude. "

Kodwa ake siqale ekuqaleni. Ngaphambi kokuba abe mongameli, uWilliam McKinley uthe "Sifuna imakethe engaphandle kwemikhiqizo yethu esele." Njengomongameli, watshela uMbusi uRobert LaFollette waseWisconsin ukuthi ufuna "ukuzuza ubukhulu baseMelika ezimakethe zomhlaba." Lapho iCuba isengozini yokufeza ukuzimela ngaphandle kweSpain ngaphandle kokusizwa, uMcKinley wanxusa iCongress ukuthi ingaboni umbuso wezombusazwe. Phela, umgomo wakhe wawungeyona ukuzimela kweCuban, noma ukuzimela kwePuerto Rican noma iPhilippines. Lapho ethatha iPhilippines, uMcKinley wacabanga ukuthi uthuthukise umgomo "wokuphakama emakethe yezwe." Lapho abantu basePhilippines behlasela, wabiza ngokuthi "ukuvukela umbuso." Wachaza impi njengomsebenzi wokusiza abantu basePhilippines 'kuhle. UMcKinley waphayona ngokusho kuqala lokho okwakamuva abaongameli bekusho njengendlela yokuzijwayeza lapho behlanganyela izimpi zokusiza noma izimakethe.

Inyanga ngaphambi kokuba i-United States ingene eMpini Yezwe I, ngo-March 5, 1917, ummeli wase-United States e-Great Britain, uWalter Hines Page, wathumela ikhebula kuMongameli Woodrow Wilson, efunda ingxenye:

"Ukucindezeleka kwalesi simo esibucayi, ngiyaqiniseka, uye ngaphesheya kwamandla e-Morgan ejensi yezimali zezokuBrithani neFrance. Izidingo zezezimali ze-Allies zikhulu kakhulu futhi ziphuthumayo kunoma iyiphi i-ejensi yangasese yokuphatha, ngoba wonke ama-ejenti afanele ahlangabezane nemibhikisho yebhizinisi kanye nokuphikisana kwesigaba. Akuyona into engafaneleki ukuthi indlela kuphela yokugcina isikhundla sethu esiphezulu sokuhweba nokuvimbela ukwesaba ngokumemezela impi eJalimane. "

Ngesikhathi kuthula ukuthula neJalimane ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I, uMongameli Wilson wagcina amasosha ase-US eRussia ukuba alwe namaSoviet, naphezu kwalokho athi amabutho ethu aseRussia ukuze anqobe iJalimane futhi athathe izinto eziseJalimane. USenator Hiram Johnson (P., Calif.) Wayejabule ngokusho ngokuqaliswa kwempi: "Ukulimala kokuqala lapho kufika impi, kuyiqiniso." Manje wayenento ethize ngokuhluleka ukuqeda impi lapho isivumelwano soxolo isayinwe. UJohnson ugxeke ukulwa okuqhubekayo eRussia futhi wacaphuna eChicago Tribune lapho ethi umgomo ukusiza iYurophu ukuqoqa isikweletu saseRussia.

Ku-1935, ngokucabangela ukunyuka kwezimali ngokwemali empini neJapane, uNorman Thomas wabonisa ukuthi, okungenani kusukela kumbono kazwelonke, uma kungenjalo ngombono wabathengi abathile, kwakungenangqondo:

"Ukuhwebelana kwethu konke neJapane, eChina nasePhilippines ku-1933 kwaba yizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-525 noma okwanele ukuba kwenziwe iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala izinsuku ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili nengxenye!"

Yebo, wabiza ngokuthi "impi yokuqala" yezwe, ngoba wabona ukuthi kwakuzayini.

Ngonyaka owodwa ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor, uMemo weMbuso kaHulumeni okwandiswa kweJapane wawungasho lutho ngokuzimela kweChina. Kodwa wathi:

". . . isikhundla sethu esivumelwaneni nesiphakamiso sasizocutshungulwa kakhulu - ngokulahlekelwa kwezimakethe zaseShayina, zaseNdiya naseNingizimu Afrika (nangokulahlekelwa kwethu kwemakethe yaseJapane yezimpahla zethu, njengoba iJapane yayizozitholela ngokwengeziwe) kanye nemikhawulo engenakunqotshwa ekufinyeleleni kwethu kwe-rava, i-tin, i-jute, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezifundazweni zase-Asia nase-Oceanic. "

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uNobhala Wombuso uCordell Hull wabambelela "ikomidi lezinkinga zezombusazwe" esinqume ukusingatha ukwesaba komphakathi ukuthi i-United States izama "ukugqoka, ukugqoka, ukuyivuselela, nokuphoyisa umhlaba." Ukwesaba kwakuzobekwa ngokuqinisekisa umphakathi ukuthi imigomo yase-US yayikuvimbela enye impi futhi inikeze "ukutholakala mahhala ezintweni eziwuchungechunge kanye [nentuthuko] yezohwebo zomhlaba wonke." Amagama e-Atlantic Charter ("ukufinyelela okulinganayo") yaba "ukufinyelela okukhululekile," okusho ukufinyelela i-United States, kodwa hhayi ngempela kunoma ubani omunye.

Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, izizathu ezichazwe zezimpi zashintsha okungaphezu kwezinto zangempela, njengoba ukulwa kwama-communist kwanikeza isembozo sokubulala abantu ukuze bathathe izimakethe, abasebenzi bezinye izizwe kanye nezinsiza. Sathi silwela intando yeningi, kodwa sasixhasa abashiqela njengo-Anastasio Somoza eNicaragua, uFulgencio Batista eCuba, noRafael Trujillo eDominican Republic. Umphumela waba igama elibi le-United States, nokunika amandla ohulumeni base-leftist ekuphenduleni ukuphazamiseka kwethu. USeninkulu uFrank Church (D., Idaho) waphetha ngokuthi "sasilahlekile, noma sinzima kabi, igama elihle nedumela le-United States."

Ngisho noma abenzi bempi bengenalo izisusa zezomnotho, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi izinkampani zingaboni ukuzuza kwezomnotho njengabaqashi bempi. Njengoba uGeorge McGovern noWilliam Polk bathi ku-2006:

"Ku-2002, ngaphambi nje kokuhlasela kweMelika [yase-Iraq], enye yezinkampani eziyishumi emhlabeni ezinenzuzo kakhulu yayisezindaweni zamafutha nogesi; ku-2005 abane kwabayishumi babenjalo. Babeyi-Exxon-Mobil no-Chevron Texaco (i-American) ne-Shell ne-BP (yaseBrithani). Impi yase-Iraq iphindwe kabili inani lentengo engcolile; lizokhuphuka elinye iphesenti le-50 phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala ze-2006. "

Isigaba: NGEZINZUZO

Ukuzuza kusukela ekuqothulweni kwempi bekuyingxenye evamile yezimpi zase-US kusukela okungenani iMpi Yombango. Phakathi neMpi ye-2003 ku-Vice-President we-Iraq uCheney uqondise izinkontileka ezinkulu ze-no-bid enkampanini, eHalliburton, lapho esasithola khona isinxephezelo, futhi ezuzwa impi efanayo engekho emthethweni aphanga umphakathi waseMelika ukuba uqale. UNdunankulu waseBrithani u-Tony Blair wayebheke kancane kakhulu ekuzuzeni impi yakhe. I-Stop the War Coalition yaqhubeka nayo, kodwa, kubhala ku-2010:

"UBlair uthola imali engu-£ 2 ngonyaka ngosuku olulodwa ngenyanga, kusukela ebhange lokutshala izimali lase-US uJP Morgan, ovele nje enza inzuzo enkulu ekuxhaseni izimali 'zokuvuselela' amaphrojekthi e-Iraq. Akunakuphela kokubonga izinsizakalo zikaBlair embonini yamafutha, ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngokucacile okuhloswe ukuthi kuhloswe ukulawula izindawo zokugcina zamafutha ezinkulu emhlabeni jikelele. I-Kuwaiti Royal Family yamkhokhela cishe isigidi ukukhiqiza umbiko ngekusasa likaKwait, kanti amadili ebhizinisi kodwa ukubonisana naye ayemisele ukululekwa kwamanye amazwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi kubhekwe ukuba athole cishe amathani ayi-5 ngonyaka. Ngaphandle uma egijima kancane, ubhalisele i-UI Energy Corporation yase-South Korean i-oli ekhamphani yaseNingizimu Korea, enesithakazelo esikhulu e-Iraq futhi okunye okulinganiselwayo ekugcineni kuyosho ukuthi izothatha i-£ 20 million. "

Isigaba: IMALI NAKCASS

Esinye isisusa sezomnotho sempi esivame ukunganakwa ukuthi impi iyinzuzo ehlinzeka isigaba esinabantu abakhathazekile ngokuthi labo abancishwe isabelo esifanele somcebo wesizwe bangahlubuka. Ngo-1916 e-United States, ubusoshiyali babuthola ukuthandwa, kuyilapho noma yiluphi uphawu lomzabalazo wezigaba eYurophu lwaluthuliswe yiMpi Yezwe I. USenator uJames Wadsworth (R., NY) waphakamisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi okuyimpoqo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi “laba bantu okwethu kuzohlukaniswa ngezigaba. ” Uhlaka lobuphofu lungasebenza ngendlela efanayo namuhla. I-American Revolution kungenzeka nayo. Impi Yezwe Yesibili yamisa ukucindezelwa kwenkathi yokudangala okwabona iCongress of Industrial Organisations (CIO) ihlela abasebenzi abamnyama nabamhlophe ndawonye.

Amasosha Wezwe Yezwe II athola imiyalo evela kuDouglas MacArthur, uDwight Eisenhower noGeorge Patton, amadoda ase 1932 ayehole ukuhlasela kwezempi "i-Bonus Army," abahlaseli beMpi Yezwe I-Washington, DC, becela ukuba bakhokhwe amabhonasi abethembisiwe. Lokhu kwakuwumzabalazo obonakala sengathi wehlulekile kuze kube yiMpi Yezwe II yezilwane zanikezwa i-GI Bill of Rights.

I-McCarthyism yaholela abaningi bezama ukuthola amalungelo abantu abasebenza ukubeka impi ngaphambi kwezingxabano zabo zengxenye yokugcina yekhulu lama-20. U-Barbara Ehrenreich wabhala ku-1997:

"Abantu baseMelika bahlonipha iGulf War 'ngokusihlanganisa ndawonye.' Abaholi baseSerbia nabaseCroatia baxazulule ukuphazamiseka komnotho wabantu bakuleli ngemuva kokuhlukunyezwa kobuzwe. "

Ngangisebenza emaqenjini omphakathi ongenayo imali ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, futhi ngiyakhumbula ukuthi konke ukukhuluma ngemali emihle engcono noma izindlu ezingabizi kakhulu kwasuka eWashington lapho izimpi zamacilongo zizwakala.

Isigaba: KWE-OIL

Isisusa esiyinhloko sezimpi ukuthatha ukulawula ezinye izinsiza zezwe. Impi Yezwe I yacacisa abenzi bempi ukubaluleka kwamafutha okubangela izimpi ngokwazo, kanye nokukhuthaza umnotho wezezimboni, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuya phambili ukugqugquzela izimpi eziphethe amafutha. E-1940 i-United States yakhiqiza iningi (amaphesenti angu-63) wamafutha omhlaba, kodwa ku-1943 UNobhala Wezangaphakathi uHarold Ickes wathi,

"Uma kufanele kube neMpi Yezwe III kuzodingeka ilwe nophethiloli womunye umuntu, ngoba i-United States ngeke ibe nayo."

UMongameli uJimmy Carter ukhulumile eNkulumweni yakhe yokugcina ye-Union:

"Umzamo wongaphandle kwamandla ukuze ulawulwe esifundeni sasePersian Gulf uzobhekwa njengokuhlaselwa ezithakazelweni ezibalulekile ze-United States of America, futhi ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kuyodedelwa nganoma iyiphi indlela edingekayo, kuhlanganise nebutho lempi."

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-Gulf War yokuqala ilwelwa ngamafutha, uMongameli uGeorge HW Bush uthe. Uxwayise ukuthi i-Iraq izolawula amafutha amaningi emhlabeni uma ihlasela iSaudi Arabia. Umphakathi wase-United States wamlahla "igazi lamafutha" noBush bashintsha ngokushesha. Indodana yakhe, ehlasela leli zwe eminyakeni eyishumi nambili kamuva, yayizovumela i-vice-president wayo ukuba ihlele impi emhlanganweni wangasese nabaphathi bamafutha, futhi izosebenza kanzima ukubeka "umthetho wama-hydrocarbons" e-Iraq ukuze izuze izinkampani zamafutha angaphandle, kodwa ungazami ukuthengisa emphakathini impi njengemishini yokuba amafutha ase-Iraqi. Noma okungenani, lelo akulona okugxilwe phambili kwe-pitch yokuthengisa. Kwakukhona isihloko esiphezulu seSepthemba 15, 2002, Washington Post esifunda "E-Iraq War Scene, i-Oil Is Key Issue; I-US Drillers Eye Huge Petroleum Pool. "

I-Africom, isakhiwo somyalo wamasosha aseMelika kulokho kwakuqabukela kuxoxiswane ngesiqephu somhlaba omkhulu kunayo yonke iNyakatho Melika, izwekazi lase-Afrika, sakhiwa nguMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ngo-2007. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi yiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili I-Oil Policy Initiative Group (kufaka phakathi abamele iWhite House, iCongress, kanye nezinkampani zikawoyela) njengesakhiwo “esingaveza izinzuzo ezinkulu ekuvikeleni izimali zaseMelika.” Ngokusho kukaGeneral Charles Wald, iphini likamkhuzi wamasosha aseMelika eYurophu,

"Inhloso eyinhloko yamabutho ase-United States [e-Afrika] bekuzoba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo ze-oligeria zaseNigeria, ezingase zilandele cishe amaphesenti angu-25 kuwo wonke amazwe angaphandle amazwe ase-US, zivikelekile."

Ngicabanga ukuthi kusho ukuthini ngokuthi "uvikelekile." Ngandlela-thile ngingabazi ukuthi ukukhathazeka ukukhuthaza ukuzithemba kwamagumbi amafutha.

Ukubandakanyeka kwe-US eYugoslavia ngawo-1990 kwakungahlobene nokuhola, i-zinc, i-cadmium, igolide, nezimayini zesiliva, umsebenzi oshibhile, nemakethe engavunyelwe. Ngo-1996 uNobhala Wezohwebo wase-United States uRon Brown washona engozini yendiza eCroatia kanye nezikhulu eziphezulu zeBoeing, Bechtel, AT & T, Northwest Airlines, nezinye izinkampani eziningi ezazenza izinkontileka zikahulumeni "zokwakha kabusha." U-Enron, inkampani edume ngokukhohlakala eyayizongena ngo-2001, yayiyingxenye yohambo oluningi kangangoba yaze yakhipha abezindaba ukuthi akekho noyedwa umuntu wayo owayekuleli. U-Enron unikeze ama- $ 100,000 kwiDemocratic National Committee ngo-1997, ezinsukwini eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba ahambisane noNobhala omusha wezohwebo uMickey Kantor eBosnia naseCroatia nokusayina isivumelwano sokwakha isizinda samandla sika- $ 100 million. Isijobelelo seKosovo, uSandy Davies ubhala athi Igazi Ezandleni Zethu,

". . . siphumelele ekudaleni isimo esincane esivela phakathi kweYugoslavia kanye nomzila ohlongozwayo wamaphayiphi ka-AMBO e-Bulgaria, eMakedoniya nase-Albania. Leli bhulokhi lakhiwa, ngokusekelwa kukahulumeni wase-US, ukunikeza i-United States ne-Western Europe ithuba lokufinyelela emafutheni oLwandle lwaseCaspian. . . . UNobhala wezeMandla uBill Richardson uchaze isu eliyisisekelo ku-1998. "Lokhu kusho ukuphepha kwamandla eMelika," kuchaza. '. . . Kubaluleke kakhulu kithi ukuthi yonke imephu yamapayipi kanye nezombangazwe ziphuma kahle. '"

Isikhathi eside sempi uZbigniew Brzezinski wakhuluma enkundleni ye-RAND Corporation e-Afghanistan ekamelweni le-Senate e-caucus ngo-Okthoba 2009. Isitatimende sakhe sokuqala ukuthi "ukuhoxiswa okuvela e-Afghanistan esikhathini esiseduze ku-No-No." Akazange anikeze izizathu zokuthi kungani esho nokuthi ezinye izitatimende zakhe zizophikisana kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi sokubuza imibuzo nempendulo, ngabuza uBrzezinski ukuthi kungani isitatimende esinjalo kufanele sicatshangelwe ukuthi asiyinto engavumelani lapho cishe ingxenye engama-Amerika ngaleso sikhathi ephikisa umsebenzi wase-Afghanistan. Ngabuza ukuthi uzokuphendula kanjani izimpikiswano ze-diplomat yase-United States esanda kuhoxisa ngokubhikisha. UBrzezinski uphendule ukuthi abantu abaningi banobuthakathaka futhi abazi kangcono, futhi kufanele banganakwa. UBrzezinski uthe enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zeMpi e-Afghanistan kwakuzokwakha uphethiloli wegesi enyakatho nenyakatho eya e-Indian Ocean. Lokhu akuzange kusimangaze noma ubani ekamelweni.

NgoJuni 2010, ukuxhumana komphakathi okuxoshwe ezempi kwathonya i-New York Times ukuba iqhube indaba ehamba phambili ebika ukutholakala kwemithombo yamaminerali enkulu e-Afghanistan. Iningi lezimangalo zazingabazeki, futhi lezo ezaziqinile zazingekho ezintsha. Kodwa indaba yayitshalwe ngesikhathi ama-senators kanye namalungu e-congress beqala ukuphenduka kancane kancane empini. Ngokusobala i-White House noma i-Pentagon bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukweba i-lithium yase-Afghans izokwenzela ukusekelwa kwempi e-Congress.

Isigaba: NGOMBUSO

Ukulwela insimu, noma yimaphi amadwala angaphansi kwawo, kuyisisusa esihlonishwayo sempi. Kuze kube yiMpi Yezwe I futhi kuyifaka, imibuso yalwa yodwa ezindaweni nezindawo ezahlukahlukene. Endabeni yeMpi Yezwe I kwakukhona i-Alsace-Lorraine, iBalkans, i-Afrika, ne-Middle East. Izimpi nazo zilwelwa ukufakazela ithonya kunokuba ubunikazi ezifundeni zomhlaba. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Yugoslavia eMelika ngeminyaka yama-1990s kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuhilela isifiso sokugcina iYurophu ingaphansi kwe-United States ngeNATO, inhlangano eyayisengozini yokulahlekelwa yisizathu sayo sokuba khona. Impi nayo ingalwelwa ngenhloso yokwenza buthakathaka esinye isizwe ngaphandle kokuhlala kuso. Umeluleki wezokuPhepha kuzwelonke uBrent Scowcroft uthe enye inhloso ye-Gulf War ukushiya i-Iraq “ingenalo ikhono elihlaselayo.” Impumelelo ye-United States kulokhu ibisizakala ngesikhathi ihlasela i-Iraq futhi ngo-2003.

I-Economist yayikhathazekile ukugcina iMpi e-Afghanistan ingena ku-2007: "Ukuqothulwa kwakuyoba umzimba ongaqhubeki kuma-Afghani kuphela, kodwa embusweni we-NATO." Isazi-mlando saseBrithani sasePakistan uTariq Ali sathi:

"Njenganini ngaphambili, i-geopolitics inqoba kakhulu izithakazelo ze-Afghan ku-calculus yamandla amakhulu. Isivumelwano esisayinwe yi-US nomuntu oqokiwe e-Kabul ngoMeyi 2005 sinikeza i-Pentagon ilungelo lokugcina ubukhulu bempi e-Afghanistan ngokuqhubekayo, okungenzeka kuhlanganise nezikhali zenuzi. Ukuthi iWashington ayifuni izisekelo ezisemthethweni kuleli zwe eligcwele futhi elingenakulinganiswa ngenxa yokuthi 'umbuso nokubusa okuhle' kwacaciswa nguNobhala Jikelele we-NATO uJaap de Hoop Scheffer esikhungweni se-Brookings Institute ngoFebruwari 2009: ukuhlala okungapheli kwe-NATO izwe elimingcele ama-republic ase-Soviet, i-China, i-Iran ne-Pakistan kwakungeke neze ilahleke. "

Isigaba: KWE-GUNS

Esinye isisusa sezimpi yilezi zizathu ezifanele zokulondoloza impi emikhulu nokukhiqiza izikhali eziningi. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyisisusa esiyinhloko sezenzo ezihlukahlukene zezempi zase-US ngemuva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ukukhuluma ngenzuzo yokuthula kwaphela njengoba izimpi kanye nokungenelela kwanda. Izimpi nazo zibonakala zilwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngendlela evumela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezithile ngisho noma leli qhinga lingenzi umqondo njengendlela yokunqoba. Ngo-1964, isibonelo, abenzi bezimpi base-US banquma ukuqhuma iBomania eNyakatho yeVietnam nakuba i-intelligence yabo yabatshela ukuthi ukuphikiswa eNingizimu kwakukhulile ekhaya.

Kungani? Mhlawumbe ngoba ibhomu kwakuyilokho okwakufanele basebenze nabo futhi-nganoma yiziphi ezinye izizathu - babefuna impi. Njengoba sibonile ngenhla, amabhomu enuzi ayiswe ngokungadingekile eJapane, owesibili nakakhulu ngokungadingekile kuneyokuqala. Leyo yesibili yayiyindlela ehlukile yebhomu, ibhomu le-plutonium, futhi i-Pentagon yayifuna ukuyibona ihlolwe. Impi Yezwe II eYurophu yayisondele ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu e-US edolobheni laseFrance eRoyan ngokungenasidingo - futhi naphezu kokuba isiFulentshi singabangane bethu. Lokhu kuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwakungukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-napalm kubantu, futhi iPentagon cishe yayifuna ukubona ukuthi izokwenzani.

Isigaba: MACHISMO

Kodwa amadoda angeke aphile ngesinkwa sodwa. Izimpi ezilwa nenhlekelele yomhlaba jikelele (ubukomani, ubuphekula, noma enye) nazo zilwa izimpi ukuze zibonise ukuqina komuntu, ngakho-ke ukuvimbela ukuqhutshwa kwama-dominoes - ingozi engakwazi ukugujwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokulahlekelwa "ukwethembeka." Ngokumangalisayo, "ukwethembeka" okufana nokufudumala "kuyinkulumo ethi" bellicosity, "hhayi" ukwethembeka. "Ngakho-ke, izindlela ezingenasizotha emhlabeni azikho ubudlova kuphela kodwa futhi" ukuthembeka. "Kukhona into engalungile ngabo. NgokukaRichard Barnet,

"Amaphoyisa aseLyndon] uJohnson Administration ahlale ekhuluma ngokuthi izingozi zokuhlukunyezwa nokuhlazeka zazikhulu kunezingozi zokumba izimayini eHaiphong, ukucekela phansi uHanoi, noma ukuqhuma amabhomu 'okukhethiwe' eChina."

Bayazi ukuthi izwe lizocasuka yizenzo ezinjalo, kodwa ngandlela-thile akukho lutho oluhlazisayo mayelana nethemba lokuxoshwa njengabadani ababulalayo. Ukunciphisa kuphela kungadlisa.

Enye yezindaba ezimnandi kakhulu ezivela ekukhululweni kukaDaniel Ellsberg wePentagon Papers kwakuyizindaba zokuthi amaphesenti angu-70 ezisusa abantu abasemuva kweMpi eVietnam kwaba "ukugcina ubuso." Kwakungekhona ukugcina ama-communist ophuma ePeoria noma ukufundisa intando yeningi yaseVietnam noma noma yini enkulu kakhulu. Kwakuwukuvikela isithombe, noma mhlawumbe isithombe soqobo, sabenzi bempi ngokwabo. UNobhala Wesekela "Wokuzivikela" uJohn McNaughton ka-March 24, i-1965, i-memo ithi imigomo yase-US ngokushaya ibhomu abantu baseVietnam ngamaphesenti angu-70 "ukugwema ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-US (igama lethu njenge guarantor)," amaphesenti angu-20 ukugcina insimu Izandla zase-Chinese, namaphesenti angu-10 ukuvumela abantu "indlela engcono yokuphila, engcono."

UMcNaughton wayekhathazekile ukuthi ezinye izizwe, bezibuza ukuthi ngabe i-United States ingaba nobunzima bokubhubhisa isihogo nabo, bangase babuze imibuzo efana nale:

"Ingabe i-United States igxile ekuvimbeleni okungase kudingeke esikhathini esizayo (ukwesaba ukungabi namthetho, i-UN, ukungaboni hlangothi, ukucindezeleka kwekhaya, ukulahlekelwa kwe-US, ukuthumela amabutho aseMelika ase-Asia, empini neChina noma iRussia, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi, njll)? "

Yilokho okuningi ukufakazela ukuthi awusabi. Kodwa-ke sabeka phansi amabhomu amaningi eVietnam ezama ukufakazela, ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-7, uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi ze-2 ezishiye eMpini Yezwe II. U-Ralph Stavins ukhuluma eWashington Plans ngeMpi Ekhukhumezayo ukuthi uJohn McNaughton noWilliam Bundy baqonda ukuthi ukuhoxiswa kuphela kweVietnam kunengqondo, kodwa ukuxhaswa kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi babonakala bebuthakathaka.

Ku-1975, ngemva kokunqotshwa eVietnam, abaphathi bezempi babethinteka ngisho nangokwama-machismo abo kunokujwayelekile. Ngenkathi iKhmer Rouge ithatha isitsha somthengisi esibhalisiwe wase-US, uMongameli uGerald Ford wayefuna ukukhululwa komkhumbi nabasebenzi bayo. I-Khmer Rouge yavumelana. Kodwa ama-jet fighters ase-US aqhubekile futhi aqhubhisa iBambo Cambodia njengendlela yokubonisa ukuthi, njengoba i-White House ibibeka, i-United States "isalungele ukuhlangabezana namandla ukuze ivikele izithakazelo zayo."

Ukuboniswa okunzima kobuchopho kuyaqondakala eWashington, DC, ukuze kungabi khona umsebenzi ozoqhubeka nje kuphela kodwa futhi nokukhulisa izimpendulo ngokuqhubekayo. Sekuyisikhathi eside uMongameli bekholelwa ukuthi angeke bakhunjulwe njengabongameli abakhulu ngaphandle kwempi. U-Theodore Roosevelt wabhalela umngane we-1897,

"Ngokuqiniseka okukhulu. . . Ngifanele ngamukele cishe noma iyiphi impi, ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi leli zwe lidinga elilodwa. "

Ngokusho komlobi wezombusazwe nomlobi u-Gore Vidal, uMengameli uJohn Kennedy utshele ukuthi umengameli udinga impi ngobukhulu nokuthi ngaphandle kweMpi Yombango, u-Abraham Lincoln wayezoba omunye ummeli wesitimela. Ngokusho kukaMickey Herskowitz, owayesebenze noGeorge W. Bush ku-1999 "ngokuzimela kwakhe," uBush wayefuna impi ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumengameli.

Enye into ephazamisayo ngalokhu konke ukulangazelela impi yukuthi, ngenkathi eziningi zokugqugquzela zibonakala ziyisisekelo, zihaha, ziwubuwula, futhi zidelelekile, ezinye zazo zibonakala zizodwa futhi zengqondo. Mhlawumbe "kunengqondo" ukufuna izimakethe zomhlaba ukuthenga imikhiqizo yase-US nokuyikhiqiza ngokubiza kakhulu, kodwa kungani kufanele sibe "nobukhulu ezimakethe zomhlaba?" Kungani sonke sizodinga "ukuzethemba"? umuntu uthola eyedwa? Kungani kugcizelelwe "ubukhulu"? Kungani kukhona inkulumo encane kangako emakamelweni okugcina mayelana nokuvikelwa ezinsongweni zakwamanye amazwe nokuningi ngokuphatha abantu bezinye izizwe ngokuphakama kwethu nokwesaba "kokuthembeka"? Ingabe impi ngokuhlonishwa?

Uma uhlanganisa i-illogic yalezi zisusa zempi ngeqiniso lokuthi izimpi zivame ukuhluleka ngokwemibandela yazo kodwa ziphindaphindiwe ngezikhathi ezithile, kuba khona ukungabaza ukuthi amakhosi empi ahlala ephethe amakhono abo. I-United States ayinqobe iKorea noma iVietnam noma i-Iraq noma i-Afghanistan. Ngokomlando, imibuso ayizange iqhubeke. Ezweni elinengqondo singadlula izimpi futhi sihambe ngqo ezixoxweni zokuthula ezibalandela. Noma kunjalo, kaningi, asikho.

Phakathi neMpi eVietnam, i-United States ngokusobala yaqala impi yomoya, yaqala impi yasemhlabeni, yaqhubeka isinyathelo ngasinye sokukhula ngoba abahleli bezempi babengenakucabanga ukuthi yini enye yokwenza ngaphandle kokuphela impi, futhi naphezu kokuphakama kwabo ukuqiniseka ukuthi lokho abakwenzayo ngeke kusebenze. Ngemuva kwesikhathi eside lapho lokhu kulindeleke kugcwaliseke khona, benza lokho abakwazi ukukwenza kusukela ekuqaleni futhi baqeda impi.

Isigaba: INGABE ABANTU ABANTU ABAZALI?

Njengoba sibonile esahlukweni sesibili, abenzi bempi baxoxisana ngokuthi umphakathi kufanele utshelwe yiphi injongo ngempi. Kepha baphikisana nokuthi iyiphi inhloso yokuzitshela ukuthi impi isebenza. Ngokwesazi-mlando sePentagon, ngoJuni 26, 1966, "isu lelo lase liphelile," eVietnam, "futhi impikiswano kusukela lapho yagxila ekutheni kungakanani amandla nokuthi kuyini." Ngayiphi injongo? Umbuzo omuhle kakhulu. Lokhu bekuyimpikiswano yangaphakathi ebicabanga ukuthi impi izoqhubeka futhi efuna ukuxazululwa ngesizathu sokuthi kungani. Ukuthatha isizathu sokutshela umphakathi kwakuyisinyathelo esihlukile ukudlula leso.

UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush kwesinye isikhathi ubephakamisa ukuthi iMpi e-Iraq ibiziphindisela ngendima kaSaddam Hussein (futhi okungenzeka ibe yinsumansumane) ekuzameni ukubulala ubaba kaBush, futhi kwesinye isikhathi uBush the Lesser uveze ukuthi uNkulunkulu ubemtshele ukuthi enzeni. Ngemuva kokuqhuma ngebhomu eVietnam, uLyndon Johnson kuthiwa wajabula “Angigcinanga nje ngokucwenga uHo Chi Minh, ngamnqamula.” UBill Clinton ngo-1993, ngokusho kukaGeorge Stephanopoulos, waphawula ngeSomalia:

"Asilusizi kulaba bantu. Lapho abantu bebulalayo, kufanele babulawe ngamanani amaningi. Ngikholelwa ekubulaleni abantu abazama ukukulimaza. Futhi angikholwa ukuthi sisunduzwa yizimbongolo ezimbili. "

NgoMeyi 2003, umlobi wekhomishana weNew York Times uTom Friedman uthe ku-Charlie Rose Show ku-PBS, ukuthi inhloso yempi yase-Iraq kwakuwukuthumela amasosha ase-United States ngendlu ngendlu e-Iraq ukuthi "Suck kulokhu."

Ingabe laba bantu bangathí sina, bahlanya, becatshangelwe nge-penises yabo, noma abadakamizwa? Izimpendulo zibonakala ziyi: yebo, yebo, yebo, yebo, yebo, yebo, njalo, futhi bonke baphuze utshwala njengoba kudingeka. Ngesikhathi somkhankaso wokongameli we-1968, uRichard Nixon utshele umsizi wakhe uBob Haldeman ukuthi uzophoqa amaVietnam ukuba azinikezele ngokusebenza ngobuqili (lokhu kusebenza ngokuphumelelayo kumongameli, noma ngabe yini engase ikhulume nge-electorate yethu):

"[I-North Vietnamese izobe] ikholelwa noma yisiphi isongo samandla uNixon enza, ngoba yiNixon. . . . Ngikubiza ngokuthi i-Madman Theory, uBob. Ngifuna iNorth Vietnamese ukuba ikholwe ukuthi ngifinyelele iphuzu lapho ngingenza khona noma yini ukuvimba impi. "

Omunye wemibono ka-Nixon's madman kwakuwukwehlisa ama-nukes, kodwa omunye kwaba ukuqhuma kwamabhomu eHanoi naseHaiphong. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wayezenza sengathi uyaziqhenya noma cha, ngempela uNixon wenza lokhu, wehlisa amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-36 emadolobheni amabili ezinsukwini ezingu-12 ngaphambi kokuba avumelane nemigomo efanayo eyayinikezwe ngaphambi kwalokhu kufana nokubulawa kwabantu. Uma bekukhona iphuzu kulokhu, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakunjalo kamuva okwashukumisela ukuqhuma okukhulu kwe-Iraq ne-Afghanistan - isifiso sokubukeka singakafiki ngaphambi kokushiya, ngaleyo ndlela shintsha ukunqotshwa kube yisimangalo esingaqondakali sokuthi "siphelile umsebenzi." Kodwa mhlawumbe bekungekho iphuzu.

Esahlukweni sesihlanu sibheke ukungahambisani nodlame ngaphandle kwezimpi. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukwenza izimpi kungabe kungenangqondo? Njengoba nje umuntu engase aphange isitolo ngoba adinga ukudla kodwa futhi aqhutshwe yisidingo esingenangqondo sokubulala umabhalane, ingabe impi yezempi ingalwela ama-bases kanye nemithombo yamanzi kodwa futhi iqhutshwa yilokho uDkt. Martin Luther King, Jr., kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlanya kwempi?

Uma uBarbara Ehrenreich ulungile ukulandelela umlando wangaphambili wempi-ukulangazelela abantu njengempango yezilwane ezinkulu, ukuzingela amabhande ukuphendulela amatafula kulabo abadliwayo, nasezinkolweni zakuqala zokukhulekelwa kwezilwane, ukunikela ngemfuyo, nokuzinikela kwabantu, impi ingase ilahlekelwe ezinye zezinkazimulo nokuziqhenya kwayo kodwa iqondwe kalula. Ngisho nalabo abavikela izindlela zamanje zokuhlukunyezwa, ngisho nokuhlushwa ngenxa yokukhipha izizathu ezingamanga zempi, abakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani sihlupha abantu ekufeni.

Ingabe le ngxenye yombukiso wempi osemdala kunomlando wethu? Ingabe abafudumalayo bazibonakalisa ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu imbangela yabo ngokubamba isitha sabo? Ingabe zivusa ukwesaba nokudabuka kwamandla amakhulu obubi abengaba ingwe futhi manje amaSulumane, futhi ziqhayisa ngesibindi nomhlatshelo ezidingekayo ukuze okuhle kuphumelele? Ingabe empeleni, impi isimo samanje somuntu "umhlatshelo," igama esisisebenzisa ngaphandle kokukhumbula umlando walo omude noma umlando wangaphambili? Ingabe imihlatshelo yokuqala yayiwukuphela kwabantu abalahlekelwe yizilwane? Ingabe abasinda babo baduduzeka ngokuchaza amalungu omndeni wabo njengomnikelo wokuzithandela? Ingabe siye saqamba amanga ngokuphila nokufa isikhathi eside? Futhi yizindaba zezimpi inguqulo yamanje yamanga afanayo?

UKonrad Lorenz waphawula ingxenye engamashumi amahlanu edlule ukufana kwengqondo phakathi kokuhlonipha inkolo nokuvuswa okuhlangenwe nakho kwesilwane esibhekene nengozi yokufa.

"Yini eyaziwa ngesiJalimane njengesixhasi Schauer, noma 'ukuthuthumela okungcwele' kokumangalisa, angase abe 'isakhiwo,' wasikisela, ukuthi impendulo evamile futhi engazi lutho evikela ukuthi isilwane sesilwane simele ekupheleni, ngaleyo ndlela sikhulise ubukhulu obonakalayo. "

U-Lorenz wayekholelwa ukuthi "kumuntu othobekile ofuna iqiniso lezinto eziphilayo akungabazeki nakancane ukuthi intshiseko yamasosha omuntu yavela ekuphenduleni komphakathi kokhokho bethu bangaphambi kokuba ngabantu." Kwakumnandi ukuhlangana ndawonye silwe nebhubesi elinolaka noma ibhere. Amabhubesi namabhere ikakhulukazi ahambile, kepha ukulangazelela leyo njabulo akuyona. Njengoba sibonile esahlukweni sesine, amasiko amaningi abantu awangeni kulolo langazelelo futhi awangeni empini. Okwethu, kuze kube manje, yisinye esisasebenza namanje.

Lapho ubhekene nengozi noma ngisho nokubona ukuchithwa kwegazi, inhliziyo yomuntu nokuphefumula kwanda, igazi likhishwa kude nesikhumba kanye ne-viscera, abafundi bahlupha, i-bronchi iphazamisa, isibindi sichitha i-glucose kumisipha, futhi ukuvinjelwa kwegazi kuyashesha. Lokhu kungahle kusabe noma kujabulise, futhi akungabazeki ukuthi isiko lomuntu ngamunye sinomthelela endleleni okubonwa ngayo. Kwezinye izimo ukuzwa okunjalo kugwenywe ngazo zonke izindleko. Ngokwethu, lesi senzakalo sinezela esiqubulo sezindaba zasebusuku kubonisa: "Uma kuphuma igazi, kuholele." Futhi okuthakazelisayo nakakhulu kunokufakaza noma ukubhekana nengozi kuhlangana ndawonye njengeqembu ukubhekana nokuliqeda.

Angikungabazeki ukuthi ukufisa okudangayo kwenza abaphathi bezempi, kodwa uma sebezitholile isimo sengqondo sezenhlalo, izitatimende zabo zizwakala zipholile futhi zibalwa. UHarry Truman wakhuluma eSenate ngoJuni 23, 1941:

"Uma sibona ukuthi iJalimane inqoba kufanele sikwazi ukusiza iRussia, futhi uma iRussia inqoba kufanele sikwazi ukusiza iJalimane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela bavumele ukuba babulale ngangokunokwenzeka, nakuba ngingathandi ukubona uHitler anqobile kunoma yiziphi izimo. "

Ngoba uHitler wayengenalo ukuziphatha.

Isigaba: UKUKHULUMA IDEMOCRACY NOKWENZA

Amakhosi empi atshela amanga abo ukuze anqobe ukusekelwa komphakathi, kodwa ugcine izimpi zabo zihamba iminyaka eminingi lapho kubhekene nokuphikiswa okuqinile komphakathi. Ku-1963 naku-1964 njengoba abenzi bempi bezama ukuthola indlela yokwandisa impi eVietnam, i-Sullivan Task Force yahlaziya indaba; Impi yempi eyenziwa yizinduna ezihlangene zabasebenzi futhi eyaziwa ngokuthi iMigma Games ibeka abenzi bempi ngezimo ezinokwenzeka; futhi i-United States Information Agency yalinganisa umhlaba kanye nombono wokubamba iqhaza kuphela ukuze ufunde ukuthi umhlaba uzophikisa ukunyuka kwamandla kodwa iCongress izohamba nayo yonke into. Noma kunjalo,

". . . okungekho kulokhu kucwaninga kwakukhona isifundo sombono womphakathi waseMelika; abenzi bempi babengenandaba nombono wesizwe. "

Kodwa-ke, kwenzeka ukuthi lesi sizwe sinesithakazelo emibonweni yabenzi bempi. Umphumela waba yisinqumo sikaMengameli uLyndon Johnson, esifana nezinqumo zangaphambili zikaPolk noTruman, hhayi ukugijima ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha. Kodwa nokho impi yaqhubeka yaqhubeka futhi yanda ngomyalo kaMongameli Nixon.

U-Truman wayenesilinganiso sokuvunyelwa kwephesenti lika-54 kuze kube yilapho eya empini eKorea khona-ke yawela kuma-20s. U-Lyndon Johnson uhambe esuka ku-74 waya ku-42 amaphesenti. Ukwamukelwa kukaGeorge W. Bush kwehlelwa ngamaphesenti angu-90 kuya ngaphansi kukaTruman. Ekhethweni le-2006, abavoti banikeze ukunqoba okukhulu kumaDemokhrasi phezu kwamaRephabhulikhi, futhi yonke imithombo yabezindaba kulelizwe ithi ukuphuma kwezingxoxo kwakuthola ukuthi inani elilodwa labagqugquzeli bevoti laliphikisana nempi e-Iraq. Amademokhrasi athatha iCongress futhi aqhuma ngokushesha leyo mpi. Ukhetho olufanayo ku-2008 nalo lwahluleka ukuqeda izimpi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Ukuvota kwemibono phakathi kokhetho nakho kubonakala kungeke kuthinte ngokushesha ukuziphatha kwalabo abenza izimpi. Ngama-2010 iMpi yase-Iraq ibuyiselwe emuva, kodwa iMpi e-Afghanistan kanye nokuqhuma kwamabhomu ePakistan kwanda.

Emashumini eminyaka, umphakathi wase-US uye wahamba kakhulu nezimpi uma zifushane. Uma behudula, bangase bahlale bedumile, njengeMpi Yezwe II, noma bangathandeki, njengeKorea neVietnam, kuye ngokuthi ngabe umphakathi ukholelwa yini imibono kahulumeni yokuthi kungani impi iyadingeka. Izimpi eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-1990 Persian Gulf War, zigcinwe zifinyelele ngokwanele kangangokuthi umphakathi awuzange ucabangele imiqondo emangalisa.

Izimpi e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq ezaqala ngo-2001 no-2003, ngokuphambene, zadonsa iminyaka eminingana ngaphandle kokulungiswa okucacile. Umphakathi waphenduka ngokumelene nalezi zimpi, kodwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe zavela zingabakhathaleli. Bobabili uMengameli uGeorge W. Bush noCongress bahlukumezile isikhathi esiphezulu sokungena komongameli kanye nezilinganiso zokuvunywa komhlangano. Umkhankaso wokongameli we-2008 kaBarack Obama wasebenzisa isihloko esithi "Shintsha," njengoba kwenza imikhankaso eminingi ye-congressional ku-2008 no-2010. Noma yiluphi ushintsho lwangempela, noma kunjalo, lwalube lukhulu kakhulu.

Lapho becabanga ukuthi kuzosebenza, noma okwesikhashana, abenzi bezimpi bazomane baqambe amanga emphakathini ukuthi impi ayenzeki nhlobo. I-United States ihloma ezinye izizwe futhi isize ezimpini zayo. Imali yethu, izikhali, kanye / noma amasosha ethu abambe iqhaza ezimpini ezindaweni ezinjenge-Indonesia, i-Angola, iCambodia, iNicaragua, ne-El Salvador, ngenkathi omongameli bethu besho okuhlukile noma bengasho lutho. Amarekhodi akhishwe ngo-2000 aveza ukuthi umphakathi waseMelika ungazi, i-United States yayiqale ukuqhuma kwamabhomu amakhulu eCambodia ngo-1965, hhayi ngo-1970, ilahla amathani ayizigidi ezingama-2.76 phakathi kuka-1965 no-1973, futhi yaba neqhaza ekuphakameni kweKhmer Rouge. Ngenkathi uMongameli Reagan ebhebhezela impi eNicaragua, yize iCongress yayikuvimbile, kwavela ihlazo ngo-1986 elathola igama elithi "Iran-Contra," ngoba uReagan wayethengisa izikhali ngokungemthetho e-Iran ukuze axhase impi yaseNicaragua. Umphakathi ubuthethelela kahle, kanti iCongress nabezindaba babethethelela kakhulu, ngamacala adaluliwe.

Isigaba: IZIMBUZO EZINYE ZONKE

Amakhosi empi ayesaba, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinto ezimbili: obala nokuthula. Abafuni umphakathi ukuthi uthole ukuthi benzani noma kungani. Futhi abafuni ukuthula ukuba bangene endleleni yokwenza kwabo.

URichard Nixon ukholelwa ukuthi "indoda eyingozi kunazo zonke eMelika" kwakunguDaniel Ellsberg, indoda eyayiqothule ama-Pentagon Papers kanye neminyaka eminyaka yempi evezwe yi-Eisenhower, uKennedy noJohnson. Ngesikhathi i-Ambassador uJoseph Wilson, e-2003, enyathelisa ikholomu eNew York Times debunking eminye yempi ye-Iraq, i-Bush White House iphindiselela ngokuveza ukuthi ungubani umkakhe njenge-agent engaphansi, ebeka impilo yakhe engozini. Ku-2010, uMnyango wezoBulungiswa kaMongameli we-Obama utshele iBlack First Class uBradley Manning ngezinsolo ezithwele isigwebo esiphezulu se-52 iminyaka ejele. UManning usolwa ngokuvulela umphakathi ividiyo yokubulawa kwabantu abasizwe ngabasebenzi base-United States abasebenza e-Iraq kanye nolwazi mayelana nokuhlelwa kweMpi e-Afghanistan.

Ukunikezwa kokuthula kuye kwanqatshwa futhi kwaphazamiseka ngaphambi noma phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, Korea, Afghanistan, Iraq nezinye izimpi eziningi. EVietnam, izindawo zokuthula zaphakanyiswa yiVietnam, amaSoviet kanye namaFulentshi, kodwa zenqatshwa futhi zaxoshwa yi-United States. Into yokugcina oyifunayo uma uzama ukuqala noma ukuqhubeka impi - kanti uma uzama ukuyithengisa njengesenzo sokungabaza sokuthatha isikhathi sokugcina - kungenxa yezwi ukuphazamisa ukuthi olunye uhlangothi lusethula izinkulumo zokuthula.

Isigaba: YENZA AMERICANS UKUQALA

Uma ungaqala impi futhi ucele ukuhlukunyezwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, akekho oyozwa ukukhala kwabo kokuthula. Kodwa kuzodingeka uqiniseke ukuthi abanye baseMelika bafa. Khona-ke impi angeke iqale kuphela kodwa iphinde iqhubeke ngokungapheli ukuze labo abavele bebulewe bangeke bafe ngeze. UMongameli uPolk wayazi lokhu esimweni saseMexico. Kwaba njalo nalabo abenza impi yezwe "abaye bakhumbula iMaine." Njengoba uRichard Barnet echaza, esimweni saseVietnam:

"Umhlatshelo wempilo yaseMelika iyisinyathelo esibalulekile emzimbeni wokuzibophezela. Ngakho uWilliam P. Bundy ugcizelele emaphepheni okusebenza ukubaluleka 'kokuchitha igazi laseMelika' hhayi nje ukushaya umphakathi ukusekela impi engathinta imizwelo yabo nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, kodwa futhi ukumbamba uMongameli. "

WayenguWilliam P. Bundy? WayeseCIA futhi waba umeluleki wabaMengameli uKennedy noJohnson. Wayengumhlobo we-bureaucrat ophumelela eWashington, DC Empeleni wayebhekwa njengengamajuba ngamazinga alabo ababengamandla, abantu abanjengomfowabo uMcGeorge Bundy, Umeluleki Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke kuKennedy noJohnson, noma ubaba kaWilliam Bundy sika- umalokazana uDean Acheson, uNobhala Wombuso kaTruman. Abenzi bempi benza lokho abakwenzayo, ngoba abenzi bezimpi kuphela abahamba phambili empini futhi baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo njengabacebisi bezinga eliphakeme kuhulumeni wethu. Nakuba ukuphikisana nempi kuyindlela enhle yokudambisa umsebenzi wakho, akekho obonakala ewake wezwa ukuthi i-bureaucrat i-DC ibhekene nokufudumala ngokweqile. Iseluleko se-Pro-war singanqatshwa, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi sithathwa njengokuhlonipha futhi kubalulekile.

Umuntu angaziwa njengothambile ngaphandle kokuncoma noma iyiphi inkambo yesenzo. Okudingwa yilolo lwazi lombuzo owodwa olusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izinqubomgomo ezinzima. Sikubonile lokhu ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa i-Iraq ngo-2003, njengoba abaphathi bezwa ukuthi imininingwane ephikisa izimangalo ngezikhali e-Iraq ayemukelekile futhi ngeke iqhubekisele phambili imisebenzi yabo. Ngokunjalo, abasebenzi boMnyango Wezwe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940 ababazi noma yini ngeChina futhi babe nesibindi sokukhomba ukuthandwa kukaMao (hhayi ukukuvuma, ukukubona nje) babizwa ngokungathembeki futhi nemisebenzi yabo yaphazanyiswa. Abenzi bempi bakuthola kulula ukuqamba amanga uma behlela ukuthi bazikhohlise.

Isigaba: CATAPULTING THE PROPAGANDA

Ukungathembeki kwabenzi bempi kungatholakala umahluko phakathi kwalokho abakushoyo esidlangalaleni nokuthi yini abakwenzayo, kuhlanganise nalokho abakushoyo ngasese. Kodwa kubonakala nangokwemvelo kwezitatimende zabo zomphakathi, ezenzelwe ukulawula imizwelo.

I-Institute for Propaganda Analysis, eyayivela ku-1937 kuya ku-1942 ithola amasu ayisikhombisa awusizo wokukhohlisa abantu ukwenza okufunayo ukuthi benze:

I-1. Ukubiza amagama (isibonelo kungaba "amaphekula")

I-2. Ukujwayelekile okukhazimulayo (uma uthi usakaza intando yeningi bese uchaza ukuthi usebenzisa amabhomu, abantu bazobe sebevumile kakade ngaphambi kokuba bezwe ngamabhomu)

I-3. Ukudlulisa (uma utshela abantu ukuthi uNkulunkulu noma isizwe sabo noma isayensi bayavuma, bangase bafune futhi)

I-4. Ubufakazi (ukubeka isitatimende emlonyeni wegunya elihlonishweyo)

I-5. Abantu abathandekayo (bacabange ukuthi abaningi bezombangazwe baqothula izinkuni noma babiza indlu yabo i-gargantuan "i-ranch")

I-6. Ukufakwa kwekhadi (ukufaka ubufakazi)

I-7. I-Bandwagon (wonke umuntu okwenzayo, ungashiywa ngaphandle)

Kukhona okuningi okuningi. Okuvelele phakathi kwabo kuwukusebenzisa ukwesaba nje.

Singaya empini noma sife ukufa okulimazayo ezandleni zezilwane eziqhakazile, kodwa kuyisinqumo sakho, ngokuphelele kuwe, akukho ukucindezelwa, ngaphandle kokuthi ababulali bethu bazoba ngesonto elizayo uma ungasheshi!

Inqubo yobufakazi isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nokwesaba. Iziphathimandla ezinkulu kufanele zilandelwe, hhayi nje ngoba kulula, kodwa futhi ngoba zizokusindisa engozini uma uzilalela, futhi ungaqala ukuzilalela ngokuzikholelwa. Cabanga ngabantu abasesimweni se-Milgram abazimisele ukuphatha ukushaywa ngogesi kulokho ababekukholelwa ukuthi bekuyiqiniso lokubulala uma umuntu ophethe igunya ebaxelela ukuba benze kanjalo. Cabanga ngokudumile kukaGeorge W. Bush ukudubula kwamaphesenti angu-55 kuya ku-90 amaphesenti avunyelwe kuphela ngenxa yokuthi wayengumongameli wezwe lapho izindiza zifika ezakhiweni e-2001 futhi wavumela impi noma impi. UMeya waseNew York City ngaleso sikhathi, uRudy Giuliani, waphumelela ekushintsheni okufanayo. UBush (no-Obama) abafaki i-9-11 ezinkulumweni zabo zempi ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Labo abakha amandla okushayela empini ngemuva kwempi bayazi ukuthi baqamba amanga ngani nokuthi kungani. Amalungu ekomidi afana ne-White House Iraq Group, ababenomsebenzi wokuthengisa impi e-Iraq emphakathini, ukhethe ngokucophelela amanga aphumelele kakhulu futhi uwabeke emkhatsini wabo ngezindlebe ezamukelekayo nemilomo yezombusazwe kanye ne-pundits. UMacavavelli utshele abahlukumezi ukuthi kumele baqambe amanga, futhi bebengaba yizikhulu bebelokhu belalela iseluleko sakhe amakhulu eminyaka.

U-Arthur Bullard, intatheli enobhala owakhuthaza uWorkrow Wilson, ukuba asebenzise ukungathembeki kunokuba aqaphele, wathi

"Iqiniso namanga yizimiso ezingenasisekelo. . . . Akukho okuhlangenwe nakho okusitshela ukuthi umuntu uhlala ethandwa komunye. . . . Kukhona amaqiniso angenampilo namanga abalulekile. . . . Amandla omqondo ukhona enenani lalo elikhuthazayo. Akubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi kuyiqiniso noma kungamanga. "

Umbiko wekomiti yeSenate ku-1954 weluleka,

"Sibhekene nesitha esingenakuphulukiswa esizimisele ngokubusa umhlaba nganoma yiziphi izindlela kanye nanoma yiziphi izindleko. Akukho mithetho kumdlalo onjalo. Kuze kube manje izimiso ezamukelekayo zokuziphatha kwabantu azisebenzi. "

Uprofesa wefilosofi uLeon Strauss, ithonya labakwaNeoconservatives elihlobene ne-PNAC, lisekela umqondo we "amanga ahloniphekile," ngesidingo sokuba u-elite ohlakaniphile amangalele emphakathini jikelele ngokwayo. Inkathazo enezinkolelo ezinjalo yilokho, ngokusemandleni, uma sithola ukuthi siqambe amanga ngoba asigcini nje ngokuthukuthela kakhulu ngamanga kunokuba sibonge ngakho konke okuhle abasenzele ngakho, sithukuthele ngoba abakaze basenzele okuhle.