Amazwi e-Chicago okugubha iminyaka engama-87 ye-Kellogg-Briand Pact, Agasti 27, 2015.
Ngiyabonga kakhulu ngokungimema lapha futhi ngibonga u-Kathy Kelly ngakho konke akwenzayo futhi ngibonga u-Frank Goetz kanye nawo wonke umuntu obambe iqhaza ekudaleni lo mncintiswano wendatshana futhi uqhubeke. Lo mncintiswano ukude futhi ukude into engcono kakhulu ephume encwadini yami Lapho iMpi Yezwe Ephuliwe.
Ngiphakamise ukuthi ngenze u-Agasti 27 ube yiholide yonke indawo, futhi akukenzeki lokho, kodwa sekuqalile. Idolobha laseSt. Paul, eMinnesota, selikwenzile. UFrank Kellogg, okuqanjwe ngaye i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, wayevela lapho. Iqembu e-Albuquerque libambe umcimbi namuhla, njengoba kunjalo namaqembu kwamanye amadolobha namuhla kanye neminyaka yakamuva. Ilungu leCongress liwubonile umcimbi ku-Congressional Record.
Kodwa izimpendulo ezinikezwa ezinye zezindatshana ezivela kubafundi abahlukene nezifakwe ebhukwana zijwayelekile, futhi ukuhluleka kwazo akufanele kuveze kabi lezi zindaba. Cishe wonke umuntu akazi ukuthi kunomthetho ezincwadini ovimbela yonke impi. Futhi lapho umuntu ethola, ngokuvamile akathathi ngaphezu kwemizuzu embalwa ukulahla iqiniso njengelingenangqondo. Funda izimpendulo zemibhalo. Abekho kubaphenduli abaxoshiwe abacabangele izindatshana ngokucophelela noma bafunde imithombo eyengeziwe; ngokusobala akekho kubo owafunda nezwi lencwadi yami.
Noma yiziphi izaba ezindala ziyasebenza ukuze kuchithwe i-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Ngisho nenhlanganisela yezaba eziphikisanayo isebenza kahle. Kodwa ezinye zazo zitholakala kalula. Okuvame kakhulu ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwempi akuzange kusebenze ngenxa yokuthi kuye kwaba nezimpi eziningi kusukela ngo-1928. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa, isivumelwano esivimbela impi siwumbono omubi, omubi eqinisweni kunanoma yini nhlobo; umbono ofanele obekumele uzanywe yizingxoxo zamanxusa noma ukuhoxiswa kwezikhali noma … khetha okunye ongakwenza.
Ungacabanga nje othile ebona ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kusaqhubeka kusukela kwamiswa imingcele eminingi engokomthetho yokuhlukumeza, futhi ememezela ukuthi umthetho omelene nokuhlukunyezwa kufanele ulahlwe kusetshenziswe enye into esikhundleni salokho, mhlawumbe amakhamera omzimba noma ukuqeqeshwa okufanele noma yini? Ungakucabanga lokho? Ungacabanga ukuthi othile, noma ubani, ebona ukuthi ukushayela uphuzile sekudlule imingcele kukho futhi wamemezela ukuthi umthetho wehlulekile futhi kufanele uchithwe esikhundleni sokuzama izikhangiso zethelevishini noma okhiye bokuphefumula ukuze bafinyelele noma yini? Ukuhlanya okungenangqondo, akunjalo? Ngakho-ke, kungani kungewona ubuhlanya nje ukuchitha umthetho ovimbela impi?
Lokhu akufani nokuvinjelwa kotshwala noma izidakamizwa ezibangela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuhambe ngaphansi komhlaba futhi kwande lapho ngemiphumela emibi eyengeziwe eyengeziwe. Impi inzima kakhulu ukuyenza ngasese. Imizamo iyenziwa ukufihla izici ezihlukahlukene zempi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe, futhi zazihlale zikhona, kodwa impi ihlale isesidlangalaleni, futhi umphakathi wase-US ugcwele ukukhuthazwa kokwamukelwa kwayo. Zama ukuthola ithiyetha yama-movie yase-US ekhona hhayi okwamanje ibonisa noma yimaphi amafilimu akhazimulisa impi.
Umthetho ovimbela impi awukho ngaphansi noma ngaphansi kwalokho obuhloselwe ukuba yikho, ingxenye yephakeji yezinqubo ezihloselwe ukunciphisa nokuqeda impi. I-Kellogg-Briand Pact ayiqhudelani nezingxoxo zamanxusa. Akunangqondo ukuthi "ngimelene nokuvinjelwa kwempi futhi ngivumelana nokusebenzisa i-diplomacy esikhundleni salokho." I-Peace Pact ngokwayo igunyaza i-pacific, okungukuthi, i-diplomatic, izindlela zokuxazulula zonke izingxabano. ISivumelwano asiphikisani nokuhoxiswa kwezikhali kodwa sihloselwe ukukusiza.
Ukushushiswa kwempi ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II eJalimane naseJapane kwakuwubulungisa bomnqobi ohlangothini olulodwa, kodwa kwakungamacala okuqala obugebengu bempi okwake kwenzeka futhi kwakusekelwe ku-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izizwe ezihlome ngezikhali azikaphinde zilwe zodwa, zilwa kuphela nezizwe ezimpofu ezazingakaze zibhekwe njengezifanele ukuphathwa kahle ngisho nawuhulumeni babazenzisi abasayina lesi sivumelwano eminyakeni engu-87 edlule. Lokho kwehluleka kweMpi Yezwe Yesithathu ukufika nokho kungase kungapheli, kungase kubangelwe ukwakhiwa kwamabhomu enuzi, futhi/noma kungase kube indaba yenhlanhla. Kodwa ukube akekho owake washayela ephuzile futhi ngemva kokuboshwa kokuqala ngalelo cala, ukukhipha umthetho kubi kakhulu kunokungasizi kungabukeka kuyinqaba kunokuwuxosha kuyilapho imigwaqo igcwele izidakwa.
Pho kungani abantu besichitha ngokulangazela kangaka iSivumelwano Sokuthula cishe ngokushesha lapho befunda ngaso? Ngangivame ukucabanga ukuthi lokhu kwakuwumbuzo nje wobuvila nokwamukela ama-memes amabi asakazwa kakhulu. Manje ngicabanga ukuthi kuyindaba yokukholelwa ekungagwemeni, isidingo, noma inzuzo yempi. Futhi ezimweni eziningi ngicabanga ukuthi kungase kube yindaba yokutshala imali komuntu siqu empini, noma ukungabaza ukucabanga ukuthi iphrojekthi eyinhloko yomphakathi wethu ingase ibe yimbi ngokuphelele futhi ibe yingozi kakhulu futhi ingekho emthethweni ngokusobala. Ngicabanga ukuthi kungase kuphazamise abanye abantu ukucabanga ngombono wokuthi iphrojekthi emaphakathi kahulumeni wase-US, ethatha u-54% wezindleko zombuso, futhi ibusa ukuzijabulisa kwethu kanye nesithombe somuntu siqu, ibhizinisi lobugebengu.
Bheka ukuthi abantu bahambisana kanjani neCongress okuthiwa ivimbela ukuhlukunyezwa njalo eminyakeni embalwa nakuba yayivinjelwe ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuhlukunyezwa okwaqala ngaphansi kukaGeorge W. Bush, futhi ukuvinjelwa okusha kuhloswe ukuvula izintuba zokuhlushwa, njengoba nje ne-UN. I-Charter isebenzela impi. I Washington Post empeleni waphuma futhi wathi, njengoba nje umngane wakhe wakudala uRichard Nixon wayezosho, ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi uBush wahlukumeza kufanele ukuthi kwakusemthethweni. Lona umkhuba wokucabanga ovamile futhi oduduzayo. Ngenxa yokuthi i-United States ilwa izimpi, impi kufanele ibe semthethweni.
Kuke kwaba nezikhathi esikhathini esidlule ezingxenyeni ezithile zezwe lapho ukucabanga ukuthi aboMdabu baseMelika banamalungelo omhlaba, noma ukuthi abantu abagqilaziwe banelungelo lokukhululeka, noma ukuthi abesifazane bangabantu njengamadoda, kwakuyimicabango engacabangeki. Uma becindezelwa, abantu babeyichitha leyo mibono nganoma yiziphi izaba ezitholakalayo. Siphila emphakathini otshala imali eningi empini kunanoma yini enye futhi lokho okwenzayo njengokujwayelekile. Icala elifakwe owesifazane wase-Iraqi manje selidluliswa ku-9th Circuit efuna ukubamba izikhulu zase-US ezinesibopho ngaphansi kwemithetho yaseNuremberg ngempi yase-Iraq eyasungulwa ngo-2003. Ngokomthetho icala liwukuwina okuqinisekile. Ngokwesiko yinto engacabangeki. Cabanga ngesibonelo esingabekelwa izigidi zezisulu emazweni amaningi! Ngaphandle koshintsho olukhulu esikweni lethu, icala aliliniki ithuba. Ushintsho oludingekayo esikweni lethu alulona ushintsho olungokomthetho, kodwa isinqumo sokuthobela imithetho ekhona, ngokwesiko lethu lamanje, engakholakali ngempela futhi engaqondakali, ngisho noma ibhalwe ngokucacile nangokufingqiwe futhi itholakala esidlangalaleni futhi yamukelwe.
IJapane inesimo esifanayo. UNdunankulu usewahumushe kabusha lawa magama ngokusekelwe ku-Kellogg-Briand Pact futhi etholakala kuMthethosisekelo waseJapane: "Abantu baseJapane bayayilahla impi njengelungelo elizimele lesizwe kanye nosongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ... [ L]kanye, amabutho olwandle, nawomoya, kanye namanye amandla empi, akusoze kwanakekelwa. Ilungelo lokulwa nombuso ngeke lihlonishwe.” UNdunankulu usewahumushe kabusha lawo magama ngokuthi "iJapan izogcina impi yezempi nezimpi noma kuphi emhlabeni." I-Japan ayidingi ukulungisa uMthethosisekelo wayo kodwa ihambisane nolimi lwayo olucacile - njengoba nje i-United States ingase iyeke ukunikeza amalungelo abantu ezinkampanini ngokumane ifunde igama elithi "abantu" kuMthethosisekelo wase-US ukuze lisho "abantu."
Angicabangi ukuthi ngingavumela ukuxoshwa okuvamile kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact njengento engelutho ngabantu abangazange babone imizuzu emihlanu ngaphambili ukuthi kukhona okungikhathazayo ukuthi baningi abantu abangabulawa yimpi noma ngibhale i-tweet esikhundleni sencwadi. Ukube bengisanda kubhala ku-Twitter ngezinhlamvu ze-140 noma ezimbalwa ukuthi isivumelwano esivimbela impi singumthetho wezwe, ngingabhikisha kanjani lapho othile eyichitha ngesisekelo se-factoid ethile ababeyithathile, njengaleyo Monsieur Briand, ngobani isivumelwano esiqanjwe kanye noKellogg, wayefuna isivumelwano sokuphoqa i-US ukuthi ihlanganyele ezimpini zaseFrance? Kunjalo lokho kuyiqiniso, yingakho umsebenzi wezishoshovu ukunxenxa uKellogg ukuba anxenxe uBriand ukuthi andise isivumelwano kuzo zonke izizwe, aqede ngempumelelo umsebenzi wawo njengokuzibophezela eFrance ikakhulukazi, kwakuyisibonelo sobuhlakani nokuzinikezela okufanele ubhale incwadi mayelana. esikhundleni se-tweet.
Ngibhale incwadi Lapho iMpi Yezwe Ephuliwe hhayi nje ukuvikela ukubaluleka kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact, kodwa ngokuyinhloko ukugubha umnyakazo owenze waba khona kanye nokuvuselela lowo mnyakazo, owawuqonda ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi wawusenayo, futhi okusenendlela ende okufanele ihambe. Lena kwakuyinhlangano eyayinombono wokuqedwa kwempi njengesinyathelo sokwakhiwa kokuqedwa kwemibango yegazi kanye nokudunyiswa nokugqilazwa kanye nokuhlukunyezwa nokubulawa. Kwakuzodinga ukuchithwa kwezikhali, nokudalwa kwezikhungo zomhlaba wonke, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhuba emisha yamasiko. Kungaleso sikhathi sokugcina, ngenhloso yokucwasa impi njengento engekho emthethweni futhi engathandeki, lapho inhlangano ye-Outlawry yafuna ukuvala impi.
Indaba enkulu yezindaba yango-1928, eyayinkulu ngaleso sikhathi ngisho nangaphezu kokundiza kukaCharles Lindbergh ngo-1927 okwaba nesandla empumelelweni yayo ngendlela engahlobene neze nezinkolelo zikaLindbergh zobufascist, kwaba ukusayinwa kweSivumelwano Sokuthula eParis ngo-August 27. Ingabe wayekhona owayengenangqondo ngokwanele ukuba akholelwe ukuthi iphrojekthi yokuqeda impi yayisisendleleni eya empumelelweni? Kwakungenzeka kanjani ukuthi babengekho? Abanye abantu abanalwazi ngakho konke okwenzekayo. Izigidi ngezigidi zabantu baseMelika zikholelwa ukuthi impi ngayinye entsha ekugcineni iyoba yileyo eletha ukuthula, noma ukuthi uDonald Trump unazo zonke izimpendulo, noma ukuthi iTrans-Pacific Partnership izosilethela inkululeko nokuchuma. UMichele Bachmann uyaseseka isivumelwano sase-Iran ngoba ethi sizoqeda umhlaba sibuyise uJesu. (Leso akusona isizathu, noma kunjalo, sokuthi singasekeli isivumelwano sase-Iran.) Uma kuncane ukuthi ukucabanga okujulile kufundiswa futhi kuthuthukiswe, futhi lapho umlando ufundiswa futhi uqondwe kancane, inkundla yokusebenza i-naiveté kufanele isebenze. ngo, kodwa naiveté uhlale ekhona kuzo zonke izenzakalo, njengoba nje ukuphelelwa ithemba. Kungenzeka ukuthi uMose noma ezinye zezingqapheli zakhe zazicabanga ukuthi uzoqeda ukubulala ngomthetho, futhi zingaki izinkulungwane zeminyaka kamuva lapho i-United States isiqalile ukuthatha umqondo wokuthi amaphoyisa akufanele abulale abantu abamnyama? Nokho akekho ophakamisa ukuthi kukhishwe imithetho ephikisana nokubulala.
Futhi abantu abenza u-Kellogg-Briand kwenzeke, ababengabizwa ngokuthi u-Kellogg noma u-Briand, babekude nokungazi. Babelindele umshikashika wezizukulwane eziningi futhi bazomangala, badideke, futhi baphatheke kabuhlungu ngokuhluleka kwethu ukuqhubeka nomzabalazo kanye nokulahla kwethu umsebenzi wabo ngesizathu sokuthi awukakaphumeleli.
Kukhona futhi, ngendlela, ukwenqaba okusha nokucashile komsebenzi wokuthula okungena ekuphenduleni ama-eseyi nasemicimbini eminingi efana nalena kulezi zinsuku, futhi nginovalo lokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukhula ngokushesha. Lesi yisenzakalo engibiza ngokuthi i-Pinkerism, ukwenqatshwa kokugqugquzela ukuthula ngesisekelo senkolelo yokuthi impi iyahamba yodwa. Kunezinkinga ezimbili ngalo mbono. Esinye siwukuthi ukube impi yayizophela, cishe lokho bekuyoba yingxenye enkulu ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu abaphikisana nayo futhi belwela ukufaka izikhungo ezinokuthula esikhundleni sayo. Okwesibili, impi ayipheli. Izifundiswa zase-US zenza icala lokunyamalala kwempi elisekelwe esisekelweni sokukhwabanisa. Bachaza kabusha izimpi zase-US njengokunye ngaphandle kwezimpi. Balinganisa abalimala ngokuqhathaniswa nenani labantu bomhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela begwema iqiniso lokuthi izimpi zamuva ziye zaba zimbi kubantu abahilelekile njenganoma yiziphi izimpi zesikhathi esidlule. Badlulisela isihloko ekwehleni kwezinye izinhlobo zodlame.
Lokho kwehla kwezinye izinhlobo zodlame, okuhlanganisa nesigwebo sentambo ezifundazweni zase-US, kufanele kugujwe futhi kuphakanyiswe njengamamodeli alokho okungenziwa ngempi. Kodwa akukenziwa ngempi, futhi impi ngeke izenze ngokwayo ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu nokuzidela kwethu nabanye abantu abaningi.
Ngiyajabula ukuthi abantu base-St. Paul bakhumbula u-Frank Kellogg, kodwa indaba yomzabalazo wokuthula ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920 iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu somzabalazo ngoba u-Kellogg wayephikisana nawo wonke umbono esikhathini esifushane ngaphambi kokuba awusebenzele ngentshiseko. Walethwa umkhankaso womphakathi owaqalwa ummeli waseChicago kanye nesishoshovu esibizwa ngokuthi u-Salmon Oliver Levinson, ithuna lakhe lilele elingaziwa e-Oak Woods Cemetery, futhi amaphepha akhe ayi-100,000 ahlala engafundiwe eNyuvesi yaseChicago.
Ngithumele i-op-ed ku-Levinson ku- Tribune eyenqaba ukuyiphrinta, njengoba kwenza i- Sun. The IHerald Herald yansuku zonke wagcina eyiphrinta. I Tribune ngithole indawo emasontweni ambalwa edlule ukuze ngiphrinte ikholomu efisa sengathi isiphepho esifana no-Katrina singagadla e-Chicago, sidale isiphithiphithi nomonakalo owanele ukuze kubhujiswe ngokushesha uhlelo lwezikole zikahulumeni zaseChicago. Indlela elula yokubhidliza uhlelo lwesikole kungaba ukuphoqa bonke abafundi ukuthi bafunde Chicago Tribune.
Lokhu kuyingxenye yalokho engikubhalile: U-SO Levinson wayengummeli owayekholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zazisingatha izingxabano phakathi kwabantu kangcono kunalokho okwakukwenzile ngaphambi kokuba kuvinjelwe. Wayefuna ukuvimbela impi njengendlela yokusingatha izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Kuze kube ngu-1928, ukuqala impi bekulokhu kusemthethweni ngokuphelele. U-Levinson wayefuna ukuvala yonke impi. “Ake sithi,” wabhala, “ngaleso sikhathi kwase kunxuswe ukuthi ‘ukuxabana okunolaka’ kuphela okufanele kuqedwe futhi ‘ukuxabana kokuzivikela’ kuyekwe kungaguquki.”
Kufanele ngengeze ukuthi isifaniso singase singaphelele ngendlela ebalulekile. Ohulumeni bezwe bakuvimbele ukulwa futhi bakhipha izijeziso ngakho. Akekho uhulumeni womhlaba wonke ojezisa izizwe ezenza impi. Kodwa ukulwa akuzange kuphele kwaze kwaba yilapho isiko likwenqaba. Umthetho wawunganele. Futhi ingxenye yokuguquguquka kwamasiko ngokumelene nempi ngokuqinisekile idinga ukufaka ukudalwa nokuguqulwa kwezikhungo zomhlaba wonke ezivuza ukudala ukuthula futhi zijezise ukwenza impi, njengoba empeleni izikhungo ezinjalo sezivele zijezisa ukulwa nezizwe ezimpofu eziphikisana ne-ajenda yaseNtshonalanga.
U-Levinson kanye nokunyakaza kwama-Outlawrists awaqoqa ngaye, kuhlanganise no-Chicagoan owaziwayo uJane Addams, bakholelwa ukuthi ukwenza impi ubugebengu bekuzoqala ukuyibeka phansi futhi kube lula ukuguqulwa komthetho. Baphishekela kanye nokudala imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlelo zokubambisana kanye nezinye izindlela zokusingatha izingxabano. Ukuqothula impi kwakuzoba yisinyathelo sokuqala esimisweni eside eside sokuphela kwalesi sikhungo esiyingqayizivele.
Inhlangano ye-Outlawry yethulwe ngendatshana kaLevinson eyiphakamisa ukuthi ingene The New Republic ngo-March 7, 1918, futhi kwathatha iminyaka eyishumi ukufeza i-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Umsebenzi wokuqeda impi uyaqhubeka, futhi iSivumelwano siyithuluzi elisengasiza. Lesi sivumelwano sibophezela izizwe ekuxazululeni izingxabano zazo ngezindlela ezinokuthula zodwa. Iwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika ibhala ukuthi isasebenza, njengoba kwenza i-Department of Defence Law of War Manual eyanyatheliswa ngoJuni 2015.
Isiyaluyalu sokuhlela nobushoshovu okwadala isivumelwano sokuthula sasisikhulu. Ngitholele inhlangano ekhona kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1920s futhi ngizokutholela inhlangano erekhodiwe esekela ukulwa nokuqeda impi. Lokho kufaka i-American Legion, iNational League of Women Voters, kanye ne-National Association of Parents and Teachers. Ngo-1928 isicelo sokunqanyulwa kwempi sasingenakuvinjelwa, futhi uKellogg owayesanda kuklolodela futhi waqalekisa izishoshovu zokuthula, waqala ukulandela ukuhola kwazo futhi watshela umkakhe ukuthi angase athole iNobel Peace Prize.
Ngo-Agasti 27, 1928, eParis, amafulegi aseJalimane naseSoviet Union asanda kundiza nabanye abaningi, njengoba kudlalwa indawo echazwe engomeni ethi “Last Night I had the Strangest Dream.” Amaphepha la madoda abewasayina empeleni asho ukuthi ngeke baphinde balwe. Abaphula umthetho banxenxa iSenate yase-US ukuthi iqinisekise lesi sivumelwano ngaphandle kokubekelwa okusemthethweni.
I-UN Charter yagunyazwa ngo-Okthoba 24, 1945, ngakho iminyaka engu-70 yayo isondela. Amandla ayo awakafezeki. Isetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuvimbela imbangela yokuthula. Sidinga ukuzinikela kabusha emgomweni wayo wokusindisa izizukulwane ezilandelayo esihlahleni sempi. Kodwa kufanele sicacise ukuthi i-UN Charter ibuthakathaka kangakanani kune-Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Nakuba i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ivimbela yonke impi, i-UN Charter ivula ithuba lempi esemthethweni. Nakuba izimpi eziningi zingahlangabezani neziqu ezincane zokuzivikela noma ukugunyazwa yi-UN, izimpi eziningi zithengiswa njengokungathi ziyahlangabezana nalezo zimfanelo, futhi abantu abaningi bayakhohliswa. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-70 akusona yini isikhathi sokuba iZizwe Ezihlangene ziyeke ukugunyaza izimpi futhi zenze kucace emhlabeni ukuthi ukuhlasela kwezizwe ezikude akuzivikeli?
I-UN Charter inanela iSivumelwano sikaKellogg-Briand ngala mazwi: “Wonke Amalungu ayoxazulula izingxabano zawo zomhlaba wonke ngezindlela ezinokuthula ngendlela yokuthi ukuthula nokulondeka kwezizwe zonke, nobulungisa, kungabi engcupheni.” Kodwa i-Charter iphinde idale lezo zikhala zempi, futhi kufanele sicabange ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi uMqulu ugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwempi ukuvimbela impi kungcono kunokuvalwa ngokuphelele kwempi, kubi kakhulu, kuyaphoqelela, - emshweni ovezayo - amazinyo. Iqiniso lokuthi uMqulu we-UN ubulokhu uhluleka ukuqeda impi iminyaka engama-70 alithathwa njengezizathu zokwenqaba uMqulu we-UN. Kunalokho, iphrojekthi ye-UN yokulwa nezimpi ezimbi ngezimpi ezinhle ucatshangelwa njengomsebenzi waphakade ongase uqedwe yiziwula kuphela ngolunye usuku. Inqobo nje uma utshani bukhula noma amanzi egijima, inqobo nje uma inqubo yokuthula yasePalestine yakwa-Israel izobamba izingqungquthela, inqobo nje uma iSivumelwano Sokunqanda Ukusabalalisa sisaqhutshwa phambi kwezizwe ezingezona zenuzi ngamagunya angapheli aphula umthetho weNhlangano Yezizwe. izoqhubeka nokugunyaza ukuvikelwa kwabantu baseLibya noma abanye ngabakhi bempi abaqavile emhlabeni abazoqhubeka ngokushesha nokudala isihogo emhlabeni eLibya noma kwenye indawo. Lena yindlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene.
Kunokuphenduka okubili kwakamuva kule nhlekelele eqhubekayo, ngicabanga. Enye inhlekelele ezayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ebeka umkhawulo wesikhathi okungenzeka ukuthi sesiwudlulile kakade kodwa lokho akusekude ekumosheni kwethu izinsiza eziqhubekayo empini kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okukhulu. Ukuqeda impi kufanele kube nosuku lokuphela futhi kufanele kube maduze nje, noma impi nomhlaba esikuwo kuzosiqeda. Ngeke sikwazi ukungena enkingeni ebangelwa yisimo sezulu esibheke kuyona nempi eshalofini njengenketho etholakalayo. Asisoze sasinda kukho.
Okwesibili ukuthi umqondo weNhlangano Yezizwe njengomenzi wempi unomphela wokuqeda yonke impi uye welulela ngaphezu kwesimiso kokubili kokuvela kwemfundiso “yomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela” kanye nokudala lokho okubizwa ngokuthi impi yomhlaba wonke. mayelana nokwesaba kanye nekhomishini yezimpi ze-drone nguMongameli Obama.
IZizwe Ezihlangene, ezakhelwe ukuvikela umhlaba empini, manje sekucatshangwa kabanzi ukuthi zinesibopho sokulwa izimpi ngokwenza sengathi ukwenza kanjalo kuvikela othile kokuthile okubi kakhulu. Ohulumeni, noma okungenani uhulumeni wase-US, manje sebengakwazi ukulwa ngokumemezela ukuthi bavikela othile noma (futhi ohulumeni abaningi sebekwenzile lokhu) ngokumemezela ukuthi iqembu abalihlaselayo lingamaphekula. Umbiko we-UN ngezimpi zama-drone ukhuluma ngokungananazi ukuthi ama-drones enza impi ibe yinto evamile.
Kufanele sikhulume ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ubugebengu bempi" njengohlobo oluthile, ngisho nohlobo olubi kakhulu, lobugebengu. Kodwa zibhekwa njengezingxenye ezincane zezimpi, hhayi ubugebengu bempi ngokwayo. Lona umqondo wangaphambi kwe-Kellogg-Briand. Impi ngokwayo ibonakala isemthethweni ngokuphelele, kodwa izenzo zonya ezivame ukuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yempi ziqondwa njengezingekho emthethweni. Eqinisweni, ukuba semthethweni kwempi kunjengoba ubugebengu obubi kakhulu obungenzeka bugunyazwe ngokumemezela ukuthi buyingxenye yempi. Sibone osolwazi benkululeko befakaza phambi kweCongress ukuthi ukubulawa kwe-drone kungukubulala uma kungeyona ingxenye yempi futhi kuhle uma kuyingxenye yempi, nokuzimisela ukuthi kuyingxenye yempi eshiywe kumongameli eyala. ukubulala. Izinga elincane nelomuntu siqu lokubulala ngama-drone kufanele lisisize ukuthi siqaphele ukubulawa okubanzi kwazo zonke izimpi njengokubulawa kwabantu abaningi, hhayi ukugunyaza ukubulala ngokusemthethweni ngokukuhlanganisa nempi. Ukubona ukuthi lokho kuholela kuphi, ungabheki kude kunamaphoyisa ahlomile emigwaqweni yase-United States okungenzeka kakhulu ukukubulala kune-ISIS.
Ngibone isishoshovu esiqhubekayo sizwakalisa intukuthelo yokuthi ijaji lizomemezela ukuthi i-United States isempini e-Afghanistan. Ukwenza kanjalo ngokusobala kuvumela i-United States ukuthi igcine abantu base-Afghan bevalelwe eGuantanamo. Futhi-ke kuphinde kube yi-mar enganekwaneni kaBarack Obama eqeda izimpi. Kepha amasosha aseMelika ase-Afghanistan abulala abantu. Besingafuna ijaji limemezele ukuthi ngaphansi kwalezo zimo i-US ayikho impi e-Afghanistan ngoba uMongameli uthi impi isiphelile ngokusemthethweni? Ngabe sifuna ukuthi umuntu olwa impi abe namandla asemthethweni okuphinda ahlukanise impi njenge-Overseas Contingency Genocide noma yini ebizwa ngayo? I-United States isempini, kodwa impi ayikho emthethweni. Njengoba ingekho emthethweni, ayikwazi ukwenza kube semthethweni amanye amacala okuthumba, ukuboshwa ngaphandle kwecala, noma ukuhlukumeza. Ukube bekusemthethweni bekungeke kube semthethweni nalezo zinto, kodwa akukho emthethweni, futhi sesincishisiwe saze safuna ukwenza sengathi akwenzeki ukuze sithathe lokhu okubizwa ngama “war crimes” njengamacala. ngaphandle kokumelana nesihlangu esisemthethweni esidalwe ukuba yingxenye yomsebenzi obanzi wokubulalana kwabantu abaningi.
Esikudingayo ukuvuselela kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1920 ukunyakaza kwesimilo ngokumelene nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Ukungabi semthethweni kwecala kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenhlangano. Kodwa kanjalo nokuziphatha okubi kwawo. Ukufuna ukubamba iqhaza okulinganayo ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi ngobulili obuhlukile akugeja iphuzu. Ukuphikelela embuthweni wezempi lapho amasosha wesifazane angadlwengulwa khona kugeja iphuzu. Ukukhansela izinkontileka ezithile zezikhali eziwumgunyathi akugeji iphuzu. Sidinga ukugcizelela ukuthi kuqedwe ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Uma i-diplomacy ingasetshenziswa ne-Iran kungani ingasetshenziswa nazo zonke ezinye izizwe?
Kunalokho impi manje isiyisivikelo sabo bonke ububi obuncane, imfundiso eqhubekayo yokushaqeka. Ngo-September 11, 2001, ngangizama ukubuyisela inani lemali eholweni elincane futhi ngatshelwa ngokushesha ukuthi akukho okuhle okwakungenziwa ngoba kwase kuyisikhathi sempi. Ngenkathi i-CIA ilandela umzwilili uJeffrey Sterling ngokuthi nguyena owadalula ukuthi i-CIA yayinikeze amabhomu enuzi e-Iran, wacela usizo emaqenjini alwela amalungelo abantu. WayengowaseMelika waseMelika owayesole i-CIA ngokubandlulula futhi manje ukholelwa ukuthi ubhekene nokuziphindiselela. Azikho izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu ezazizosondela. Amaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi abhekana nobugebengu obuncane bempi ngeke aphikisane nempi ngokwayo, i-drone noma ngenye indlela. Izinhlangano zezemvelo ezazi ukuthi amasosha angumngcolisi wethu oyedwa omkhulu, ngeke asho ukuba khona kwawo. Umuntu ozongenela ukhetho kumongameli wezenhlalakahle akakwazi ukusho ukuthi izimpi azilungile, kunalokho uphakamisa ukuthi intando yeningi enomusa eSaudi Arabia ihole ekuqhubeni nasekubekeni phansi umthethosivivinywa wezimpi.
I-Pentagon's Law of War Manual entsha ethatha indawo yenguqulo yayo ye-1956, iyavuma kumbhalo waphansi ukuthi i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ingumthetho wezwe, kodwa iyaqhubeka nokufuna ukuba semthethweni kwempi, ngokuqondisa izakhamuzi noma izintatheli, ngokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi ne-napalm. kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula kanye namabhomu e-uranium namaqoqo aphelile kanye nezinhlamvu eziqhumayo, kanye nokubulawa kwabantu ngama-drone. Uprofesa oseduze nalapha, uFrancis Boyle, waphawula ukuthi lo mbhalo wawungase ubhalwe amaNazi.
Isu Likazwelonke Lezempi Elihlanganyelwe Lezinduna Zabasebenzi kufanele lifundwe futhi. Inikeza njengokuthethelelwa kwayo kwezempi kulele emazweni amane, aqala ngeRussia, esola “ngokusebenzisa amandla ukufeza izinhloso zayo,” into iPentagon engasoze yayenza! Okulandelayo kuqamba amanga ukuthi i-Iran "iphishekela" ama-nukes. Okulandelayo ithi ama-nukes aseNyakatho Korea ngelinye ilanga "azosongela izwe laseMelika." Ekugcineni, ithi iChina "yengeza ukungezwani endaweni yase-Asia-Pacific." Lo mbhalo uyavuma ukuthi azikho izizwe ezine ezifuna impi ne-United States. Ithi, “Noma kunjalo, ngayinye ibangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokulondeka.”
Futhi ukukhathazeka okungathi sína kwezokuphepha, njengoba sonke sazi, kubi kakhulu kunempi, futhi ukuchitha i- $ 1 trillion ngonyaka empini kuyinani elincane ongalikhokha ukubhekana nalezo zinto ezikhathazayo. Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesikhombisa edlule lokhu bekuyobonakala kuwukusangana. Ngenhlanhla sinezindlela zokubuyisa ukucabanga kweminyaka edlule, ngoba ngokuvamile umuntu ohlushwa ukusangana akanayo indlela yokungena emqondweni womunye umuntu obuka ukusangana kwakhe ngaphandle. Sinakho lokho. Singabuyela enkathini eyayicabanga ukuphela kwempi bese siqhubekisela phambili lowo msebenzi sinomgomo wokuwuqeda.
