NguDavid Swanson, ngoFebruwari 25, 2019
Ngibhale ngaphambi mayelana nesayensi-mbumbulu yezakhi zofuzo, ecishe ifane nokuqonda okudumile ngakho. Isiko lethu kudala liphakamisa ukuthi u-Oliver Twist angakhula esezingeni eliphakathi emijondolo ngenxa yezimpawu zakhe azizuza njengefa. Kodwa esikhathini lapho izazi zesayensi emafilimini adumile ziyizazi zofuzo, izinto ziye zaba ngcono.
Incwadi nefilimu ebizwa Umfazi Wesikhathi Sokuvakasha inikeza umfanekiso owusizo cishe wendlela abantu abaningi abacabanga ngayo ngezakhi zofuzo. Umlingiswa “unesici sofuzo” esimenza ahlale ehlehla njalo noma aye phambili iminyaka ethile noma izinyanga. Lapho azi izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo, njengenombolo yelotho ewinayo, uyakwazi ukuwina ilotho. Kodwa uma izehlakalo . . . kahle, noma yini enye ngaphandle kwelotho, akakwazi nhlobo ukuziguqula. Uma azi ukuthi umama wakhe uzoshona engozini yemoto, angeke amtshele ukuthi angangeni emotweni. Lapho azi ukuthi uzodutshulwa, akakwazi ukudada.
Manje, lokhu akuwenzi umqondo ukwedlula noma yiziphi izinkinga ezivamile ngenganekwane yohambo lwesikhathi (njengokuthi: yini eyashintshwa omunye umuntu ongawinanga ilotho?). Okungukuthi, asinikezwa incazelo yokuthi kungani engakwazi ukudada noma ukuthatha unina uhambo olude, noma yini engenzeka uma ezama. Saziswa nje ukuthi akukho okungashintshwa. Konke kunqunywa kusengaphambili naphezu kokwazi, futhi kunqunywa kusengaphambili ngokuyinhloko ngezakhi zofuzo - ezikhishwa kuphela umlingo welotho.
Izakhi zofuzo ziwumthombo ongenakwenzeka wamandla anjalo. Amaphesenti angaba ngu-90 ezakhi zakho zofuzo ziyafana nezakhi zofuzo egundaneni. Ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-99.9 ezakhi zakho zofuzo ziyafana nezami. Ngakho-ke, kuncane kakhulu ngathi noma izakhi zethu zofuzo esingaqhudelana ngazo mayelana nokuzalana, futhi kwenza umqondo omkhulu ukusho ukuthi umusa kumagundane uqondiswa ubugovu bofuzo-mbumbulu lukaDarwin njengoba kwenza ukusho ukuthi imikhuba yobulili yomuntu injalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzimba wakho unezakhi zofuzo ezingezona ezomuntu ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyi-10 kunalezo ezikhona; lezi izakhi zofuzo zezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezihlala emathunjini akho nakwezinye izindawo - futhi zinomthelela ebuntwini bakho; kanjalo nezinguquko ze-epigenetic ezakhini zofuzo zakho phakathi nezizukulwane zangaphambili nezakho. Kanjalo nokudla kukamama wakho, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho ngaphambi nangemuva kokuzalwa, naphakathi nenkathi yobuntwana, kuhlanganise nokudla kwakho nezinto ezingcolisayo endaweni okuyo.
Nakuba ukuhlukunyezwa kwengane ngendlela engavamile kungase kube nomthelela ekuziphatheni komuntu omdala kamuva, icala lenziwe encwadini kaDarcia Narvaez. I-Neurobiology kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kokuziphatha Kwabantu: Evolution, Culture, and Wisdom, ukuthi ukukhulisa izingane okuvamile esikweni lanamuhla laseNtshonalanga kudala abantu abadala abaneziphambeko ezivamile ukukhulisa izingane emaqenjini amancane abazingeli abangabaqoqi. Silindele nokuthi izingane zicindezeleke, izingane zikhala kakhulu, izingane ezisacathula ziziphathe “njengababili ezimbi,” futhi intsha ibhekane nesiyaluyalu. Simemezela ukuthi izinto ezinjalo “zijwayelekile,” noma kunjalo, kuphikisa uNarvaez, azivamile emiphakathini yabazingeli abancane beqembu elalidlangile ezikhathini eziningi zokuphila kuze kube manje kwezinhlobo zabantu.
UNarvaez uthi izici eziningi ngaphandle kwezakhi zofuzo ezinobuntu bamasiko athile abonwa abantu baseNtshonalanga zinokuthula okucishe kungaqondakali: ama-Ifaluk aseMicronesia ashaqeka, ethukile, futhi eguliswa umfanekiso waseHollywood wokubulawa kwabantwana base-US. baye babona izikhathi eziningi; abakwaSemai baseMalaysia abachaza ukuntula kwabo udlame kubahlaseli ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abahlaseli balimala.
Iluphi uhlobo lobuntwana obunengxenye esikweni elinokuthula? Ukunikeza amazwibela ambalwa nje: ukuzizwisa ngaphambi kokubeletha okupholisayo, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ngokushesha, ukuba khona ngokomzimba njalo nokubantwa, ukuncelisa kuze kube yiminyaka engu-4, abanakekeli abaningi abadala, ukusekelwa okuhle komphakathi, kanye nokudlala mahhala ngokwemvelo nozakwethu abaneminyaka eminingi.
UNarvaez uthi abantu abadala bangashintsha, futhi mhlawumbe bangavuma ukuthi iningi lethu kufanele. Okungukuthi, singazishintsha thina, hhayi nje imikhuba yethu yokukhulisa izingane. Kodwa umphakathi esiwudalile manje, ngokusebenzisa umjikelezo ononya owathatha amakhulu eminyaka wokujwayela ukwesaba nokuhlupheka, ubangele inani labantu abathi ezimweni eziningi babe nokulangazelela ngokweqile okujwayelekile nokuphephile, umuzwa wokuba phezulu, nawo. intukuthelo enkulu, ukwesaba okukhulu, isifiso esinamandla sokulawula. Lezi zici azizona “imvelo yomuntu” nganoma iyiphi incazelo yalelo gama elingenangqondo, kodwa ziyilokho kanye abantu abathengisa impi eVenezuela njengothando lokuphana ukuze bakubone ezilalelini zabo.
Incwadi ka-Narvaez inothile futhi iminyene futhi ibheka amathonya amasiko adlule ebuntwaneni, okuhlanganisa namandla ezindaba ezicatshangelwayo noma eziqanjiwe ukuze zibe nomthelela endleleni abantu abazizwa ngayo ngokuba ngokoqobo. Kubalulekile ukuthi amabhomu enza umhlaba ube yindawo engcono kumabhayisikobho ngisho noma “kuwukuzijabulisa nje.”
Le ncwadi iphinde iphathe ngolimi lwe-neurobiology, indawo engingasho ukuthi anginawo amandla kuyo. Kulabo abalwazisayo lolo limi lwesigodi, nakhu, bebeka icala ngokumelene namandla "ezakhi zofuzo" noma "imvelo." Le ndlela nakanjani iza nokuchema okuthile kososayensi. Ukuziphatha kwabantu okwaphawulwa esikhathini esidlule, ngokwesibonelo nguSigmund Freud, akubhekiselwa kukho njengokuye kwabonwa kodwa kunalokho, “okungokwemvelo.” Kuphela ukube ibiphawulwe ebuchosheni lapho “beyiyobhekwa” khona.
Nokho, ukugijima encwadini kaNarvaez kuwumqondo ongavumelani nesayensi “wengqikithi” kanye “nomongo” kanye “nemvelo yomuntu.” Sitshelwa ukuthi imiphumela yokucindezeleka okuqhubekayo ingase ibukeke njengentula isimilo kuyilapho “ngempela kuwukuphindaphinda kwezinto eziphilayo.” Iphuzu elivezwa ngumbhali kulesi siqeshana, yiqiniso, ukuthi zombili. Kodwa i-biological kuphela eba "yangempela."
“Imvelo yomuntu” iyizaba ezindala zokulinda zanoma yini eyihlazo. Angizange ngixolele noma ngikhohlwe noma ngisize noma ngiqonde noma ngidubule inhlamvu noma ngisindise umama wami engozini yemoto ngenxa “yemvelo yomuntu.” Ngicabanga ukuthi umqondo olimazayo ngisho noma umuntu ezama ukuwuchaza “njengokuhambisana nemikhuba evamile noma encomekayo yabaqoqi bamaqembu amancane abazingeli.” Okokuqala, kukhona ukuhlangana kwemibono emibili ehlukene kuleyo ncazelo. Okunye, yincazelo engadingi igama elisha, elingaqondakali kancane. Okunye futhi, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi abantu bake bathambekela ekubeni yikho noma ukuthi kufanele sifune bafane. Futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, sidinga ukuziphatha okuthile manje futhi kuyinto entsha (bheka ngezansi).
Manje, kunokuphikisa okusobala emcabangweni wokuthi impi isesikweni lethu elithandwayo kunezakhi zofuzo zethu, okungukuthi izimpi ngokuvamile azithandwa kakhulu. Mhlawumbe impi isekuntuleni kwethu intando yeningi. Abantu base-Okinawa basanda kuvotela phansi esinye isizinda samasosha ase-US futhi. Kodwa empeleni akekho onendaba. Isisekelo siyakhiwa noma kunjalo. Ngikholelwa ukuthi zombili izincazelo zempi ziyiqiniso. Uma kubhekwa ukuntula kwentando yeningi, sidinga isiko eliphikisana kakhulu nempi kunaleli.
Kukhona futhi ukuphikisa okudalwe izehlakalo zakamuva embonweni engiwuthola encwadini ka-Narvaez wokuthi umuntu omuhle, onomusa, ovikelekile, onobudlelwane nomuntu oziphethe kahle. Ukuziphatha kahle njengamanje ukuzibandakanya ezenzweni ezingezona zobudlova ngokumelene nokucekelwa phansi kwesimo sezulu kanye nempi. Ukuba yinoma yini enye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuhle kangakanani noma yini enye, kuwukuziphatha okubi. Ukuziphatha kwethu okubi kuye kwabangela lesi sidingo sokuziphatha okusha. Yileso izizukulwane eziningi ezidlule zesintu ezingakaze zibhekane naso. Kudingeka ukuhlakanipha nesibonelo sabo, kodwa akwanele.
Umqondo wami wokuziphatha ungase usuke esimweni esithile uye kwesinye, njengoba uNarvaez ephakamisa, kodwa angizitholi ngisekela ngokuzumayo uxhaso lukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi noma izikhali zenuzi. Empeleni sinesidingo esikhona sokuziphatha okuhlakaniphe kakhulu (kanye nokuthobeke kakhulu). Futhi sidinga ukuthi ivumelane nokucabanga komhlaba wonke uma sizoba neplanethi okuhlalwa kuyo.
